151
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Johansson AS, Norén-Nyström U, Larefalk Å, Holmberg D, Lindskog M. Fish oil delays lymphoma progression in theTLLmouse. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:2092-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.522284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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152
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Szala S, Mitrus I, Sochanik A. Can inhibition of angiogenesis and stimulation of immune response be combined into a more effective antitumor therapy? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1449-55. [PMID: 20552191 PMCID: PMC11030740 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer initiation and progression is strongly influenced by the tumor microenvironment consisting of various types of host cells (inflammatory cells, vascular cells and fibroblasts), extracellular matrix and non-matrix molecules. Host cells play a defining role in two major processes crucial for tumor growth: angiogenesis and escape from immune surveillance. The interdependence of these processes resemble the principles of Yin and Yang, as the stimulation of tumor angiogenesis inhibits effective immune responses, while angiogenesis inhibition may have the opposite effect. These considerations may be useful in developing anticancer strategies based on the potentially synergistic combinations of antiangiogenic and immunostimulatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Szala
- Department of Molecular Biology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, ul. Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland.
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153
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Zorzi P, Aplin AC, Smith KD, Nicosia RF. Technical Advance: The rat aorta contains resident mononuclear phagocytes with proliferative capacity and proangiogenic properties. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1051-9. [PMID: 20628067 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0310178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis in the aortic ring model is preceded by activation of the immune system and impaired by ablation of adventitial macrophages. Treatment of aortic cultures with M-CSF induced extensive periaortic outgrowth of CD45(+) CD68(+) mononuclear cells with ultrastructural features of macrophages and DCs. Periaortic lysis of collagen caused many CD45(+) CD68(+) cells to attach to the bottom of the culture dish. Lifting the collagen gels left behind patches of CD45(+) CD68(+) cells, which focally organized into branching cords. These cells also expressed CD14, CD169, F4/80, and α-SMA but not CD31, vWF, desmin, or CD163. DNA synthesis studies showed that M-CSF-stimulated cells were actively proliferating. Aortic patch cells showed phagocytic properties and responded to IL-4 and GM-CSF by expressing MHC II, differentiating into DCs, and forming multinucleated giant cells. They also stimulated angiogenesis and VEGF production in aortic ring cultures. This study demonstrates that the rat aorta contains a distinct subset of immature immunocytes capable of proliferating, differentiating into macrophages and DCs, and stimulating angiogenesis. Isolation of these cells in patches from M-CSF-stimulated aortic rings provides a reproducible system to study the biology and angiogenic role of the resident immune system of the aortic wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Zorzi
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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154
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Ganta VC, Cromer W, Mills GL, Traylor J, Jennings M, Daley S, Clark B, Michael Mathis J, Bernas M, Jordan P, Witte M, Steven Alexander J, Alexander JS. Angiopoietin-2 in experimental colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1029-39. [PMID: 19902545 PMCID: PMC2881632 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes leukocyte infiltration, blood and lymphatic remodeling, weight loss and protein enteropathy. The roles of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in initiating gut inflammation, leukocyte infiltration and angiogenesis are not well understood. METHODS Disease activity index, histopathological scoring, myeloperoxidase assay, immunohistochemistry and sodium dodecyl sulphate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic methods were employed in the present study to address the roles of Ang-2 in experimental colitis. RESULTS Several important differences were seen in the development of experimental IBD in Ang-2(-/-) mice. Although weight change and disease activity differ only slightly in WT and Ang-2(-/-) + DSS treated mice, leukocyte infiltration, inflammation and blood and lymphatic vessel density is significantly attenuated compared to WT + DSS mice. Gut capillary fragility and water export (stool blood and form) appear significantly earlier in Ang-2(-/-) + DSS mice vs. WT. Colon lengths were also significantly reduced in Ang-2(-/-) and gut histopathology was less severe in Ang-2(-/-) compared to WT + DSS. Lastly, the decrease in serum protein content in WT + DSS was less severe in Ang-2(-/-) + DSS, thus protein losing enteropathy (PLE) a feature of IBD is relieved by Ang-2(-/-). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that in DSS colitis, Ang-2 mediates inflammatory hemangiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and neutrophil infiltration to reduce some, but not all clinical features of IBD. The implications for Ang-2 manipulation in the development of IBD and other inflammatory diseases and treatments involving Ang-2 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay C. Ganta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana Health Sciences Centre-Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Walter Cromer
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy Louisiana Health Sciences Centre-Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Ginny L. Mills
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana Health Sciences Centre-Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - James Traylor
- Department of Pathology Louisiana Health Sciences Centre-Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Merilyn Jennings
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana Health Sciences Centre-Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Sarah Daley
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Arizona
| | - Benjamin Clark
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana Health Sciences Centre-Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - J. Michael Mathis
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy Louisiana Health Sciences Centre-Shreveport, Louisiana
| | | | - Paul Jordan
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Arizona, Arizona
| | - Marlys Witte
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Arizona
| | - J. Steven Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana Health Sciences Centre-Shreveport, Louisiana
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155
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Angiogenesis: from chronic liver inflammation to hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:272170. [PMID: 20592752 PMCID: PMC2878677 DOI: 10.1155/2010/272170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, new information relating to the potential relevance of chronic hepatic inflammation to the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been generated. Persistent hepatocellular injury alters the homeostatic balance within the liver; deregulation of the expression of factors involved in wound healing may lead to the evolution of dysplastic lesions into transformed nodules. Progression of such nodules depends directly on the development and organization of a vascular network, which provides the nutritional and oxygen requirements to an expanding nodular mass. Angiogenic stimulation promotes intense structural and functional changes in liver architecture and physiology, in particular, it facilitates transformation of dysplasia to nodular lesions with carcinogenic potential. HCC depends on the growth and spreading of vessels throughout the tumor. Because these vascular phenomena correlate with disease progression and prognosis, therapeutic strategies are being developed that focus on precluding vascular expansion in these tumors. Accordingly, an in-depth study of factors that promote and support pathological angiogenesis in chronic hepatic diseases may provide insights into methods of preventing the development of HCC and/or stimulating the regression of established HCC.
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156
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Laschke MW, Vollmar B, Menger MD. Inosculation: connecting the life-sustaining pipelines. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2010; 15:455-65. [PMID: 19552605 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in engineering microvascular networks in vitro and in vivo offers exciting opportunities to create tissue constructs with preformed blood vessels, which are rapidly blood perfused by developing interconnections to the preexisting blood vessels of the host tissue after implantation. This process, termed as inosculation, is well known from the revascularization of various tissue grafts, such as transplanted skin, nerves, or bone. It is characterized by the close interaction of the implant's preformed microvascular network and the host microvasculature. The sprouting angiogenic activity of both counterparts determines whether inosculation takes place internally within the implant or externally within the surrounding host tissue. Successful inosculation involves vascular remodeling as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells and stem cells. With the use of sophisticated in vitro and in vivo models, more detailed analysis of regulatory mechanisms of inosculation will help to develop novel strategies, aiming at further accelerating the establishment of a life-sustaining blood supply to implanted tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland , Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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157
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Winnicka B, O'Conor C, Schacke W, Vernier K, Grant CL, Fenteany FH, Pereira FE, Liang B, Kaur A, Zhao R, Montrose DC, Rosenberg DW, Aguila HL, Shapiro LH. CD13 is dispensable for normal hematopoiesis and myeloid cell functions in the mouse. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:347-59. [PMID: 20430777 PMCID: PMC2908940 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0210065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While the myeloid marker CD13 has been implicated in numerous myeloid cell functions, its genetic ablation reveals a nominal contribution of CD13 to these functions. The robust and consistent expression of the CD13 cell surface marker on very early as well as differentiated myeloid hematopoietic cells has prompted numerous investigations seeking to define roles for CD13 in myeloid cells. To address the function of myeloid CD13 directly, we created a CD13 null mouse and assessed the responses of purified primary macrophages or DCs from WT and CD13 null animals in cell assays and inflammatory disease models, where CD13 has been implicated previously. We find that mice lacking CD13 develop normally with normal hematopoietic profiles except for an increase in thymic but not peripheral T cell numbers. Moreover, in in vitro assays, CD13 appears to be largely dispensable for the aspects of phagocytosis, proliferation, and antigen presentation that we tested, although we observed a slight decrease in actin‐independent erythrocyte uptake. However, in agreement with our published studies, we show that lack of monocytic CD13 completely ablates anti‐CD13‐dependent monocyte adhesion to WT endothelial cells. In vivo assessment of four inflammatory disease models showed that lack of CD13 has little effect on disease onset or progression. Nominal alterations in gene expression levels between CD13 WT and null macrophages argue against compensatory mechanisms. Therefore, although CD13 is highly expressed on myeloid cells and is a reliable marker of the myeloid lineage of normal and leukemic cells, it is not a critical regulator of hematopoietic development, hemostasis, or myeloid cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Winnicka
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030-3501, USA
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158
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Abstract
Selected inflammatory conditions increase the risk of cancer. An inflammatory component is present also in the micro-environment of tumours epidemiologically unrelated to inflammation. An intrinsic (driven by genetic events that cause neoplasia) and an extrinsic (driven by inflammatory conditions which predispose to cancer) pathway link inflammation and cancer. Smouldering inflammation in the tumour microenvironment contributes to proliferation and survival of malignant cells, angiogenesis, metastasis, subversion of adaptive immunity, response to hormones, and chemotherapeutic agents. Emerging evidence also suggests that cancer-related inflammation promotes genetic instability. Thus, cancer-related inflammation represents a target for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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159
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Gregory AD, Capoccia BJ, Woloszynek JR, Link DC. Systemic levels of G-CSF and interleukin-6 determine the angiogenic potential of bone marrow resident monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:123-31. [PMID: 20354107 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0709499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the potential of cell-based approaches to mediate therapeutic angiogenesis for acute and chronic vascular syndromes. Using a mouse model of HLI, we showed previously that adoptive transfer of a small number of donor monocytes enhanced revascularization significantly. Herein, we provide data suggesting that the BM resident monocytes sense systemic signals that influence their future functional capacity. Specifically, following induction of distant ischemia, the angiogenic capacity of BM resident monocytes is reduced markedly. We provide evidence that G-CSF and IL-6 represent such "conditioning" signals. Systemic levels of G-CSF and IL-6 are increased significantly following induction of HLI. Accordingly, BM resident monocytes from ischemic mice exhibited increased pSTAT3 and STAT3 target gene expression. Finally, G-CSFR(-/-) and IL-6(-/-) mice were resistant to the deleterious effects of ischemic conditioning on monocyte angiogenic potential. RNA expression profiling suggested that ischemia-conditioned monocytes in the BM up-regulate the well-described M2 polarization markers Chi3l4 and Lrg1. Consistent with this observation, M2-skewed monocytes from SHIP(-/-) mice also had impaired angiogenic capacity. Collectively, these data show that G-CSF and IL-6 provide signals that determine the angiogenic potential of BM resident monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa D Gregory
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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160
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Germano G, Frapolli R, Simone M, Tavecchio M, Erba E, Pesce S, Pasqualini F, Grosso F, Sanfilippo R, Casali PG, Gronchi A, Virdis E, Tarantino E, Pilotti S, Greco A, Nebuloni M, Galmarini CM, Tercero JC, Mantovani A, D'Incalci M, Allavena P. Antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects of trabectedin on human myxoid liposarcoma cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2235-44. [PMID: 20215499 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators present in the tumor milieu may promote cancer progression and are considered promising targets of novel biological therapies. We previously reported that the marine antitumor agent trabectedin, approved in Europe in 2007 for soft tissue sarcomas and in 2009 for ovarian cancer, was able to downmodulate the production of selected cytokines/chemokines in immune cells. Patients with myxoid liposarcoma (MLS), a subtype characterized by the expression of the oncogenic transcript FUS-CHOP, are highly responsive to trabectedin. The drug had marked antiproliferative effects on MLS cell lines at low nanomolar concentrations. We tested the hypothesis that trabectedin could also affect the inflammatory mediators produced by cancer cells. Here, we show that MLS express several cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL12, MIF, VEGF, SPARC) and the inflammatory and matrix-binder protein pentraxin 3 (PTX3), which build up a prominent inflammatory environment. In vitro treatment with noncytotoxic concentrations of trabectedin selectively inhibited the production of CCL2, CXCL8, IL-6, VEGF, and PTX3 by MLS primary tumor cultures and/or cell lines. A xenograft mouse model of human MLS showed marked reduction of CCL2, CXCL8, CD68+ infiltrating macrophages, CD31+ tumor vessels, and partial decrease of PTX3 after trabectedin treatment. Similar findings were observed in a patient tumor sample excised after several cycles of therapy, indicating that the results observed in vitro might have in vivo relevance. In conclusion, trabectedin has dual effects in liposarcoma: in addition to direct growth inhibition, it affects the tumor microenvironment by reducing the production of key inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Germano
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
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161
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Abstract
Eicosanoids, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, are biologically active lipids that have been implicated in various pathological processes, such as inflammation and cancer. This Review highlights our understanding of the intricate roles of eicosanoids in epithelial-derived tumours and their microenvironment. The knowledge of how these lipids orchestrate the complex interactions between transformed epithelial cells and the surrounding stromal cells is crucial for understanding tumour evolution, progression and metastasis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids in cancer progression will help to develop more effective cancer chemopreventive and/or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
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162
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Kishuku M, Nishioka Y, Abe S, Kishi J, Ogino H, Aono Y, Azuma M, Kinoshita K, Batmunkh R, Rentsenhand B, Makino H, Ranjan P, Minakuchi K, Sone S. Expression of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 in human monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells contributes to their antiangiogenic property. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:8176-85. [PMID: 20007583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The soluble form of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) is produced from endothelial cells by alternative splicing of VEGFR-1 mRNA, and can inhibit angiogenesis by blocking the biological effects of VEGF. In this study, we show the expression of a large amount of sVEGFR-1 in human monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells (mDCs). As compared with monocytes and immature DCs, mDCs generated by TNF-alpha or soluble CD40L with IFN-gamma, but not LPS or other stimuli, preferentially produce sVEGFR-1. We also detected the mRNA of sVEGFR-1 generated by alternative splicing of VEGFR-1 mRNA in mDCs induced by TNF-alpha. The production of sVEGFR-1 showed a distinct contrast to those of VEGF in each DC matured with various stimuli. The supernatant of DCs matured with TNF-alpha or soluble CD40L with IFN-gamma showed inhibition of the tube formation of HUVECs, which was neutralized by anti-VEGFR-1 Ab, indicating that sVEGFR-1 secreted from mDCs was biologically active. Interestingly, the supernatant of mDCs generated with LPS increased HUVEC capillary-like formation in vitro. The ratio of sVEGFR-1 to VEGF clearly reflected the net angiogenic property of mDCs. Administration of mDCs induced by TNF-alpha into the s.c. tumor of PC-14 cells implanted in SCID mice demonstrated the inhibition of tumor growth via reduction of the number of CD31-positive vessels, indicating their in vivo antiangiogenic potential. These results suggest that sVEGFR-1 produced by mDCs contribute to their antiangiogenic property, and the ratio of sVEGFR-1 to VEGF might be a useful tool for evaluating their ability to regulate angiogenesis mediated by VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Kishuku
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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163
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Marttila-Ichihara F, Auvinen K, Elima K, Jalkanen S, Salmi M. Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 Enhances Tumor Growth by Supporting Recruitment of Gr-1+CD11b+ Myeloid Cells into Tumors. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7875-83. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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164
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Fujimoto H, Sangai T, Ishii G, Ikehara A, Nagashima T, Miyazaki M, Ochiai A. Stromal MCP-1 in mammary tumors induces tumor-associated macrophage infiltration and contributes to tumor progression. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:1276-84. [PMID: 19479998 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumor growth and dissemination. Many individual reports have focused on the protumor function of molecules linked to the recruitment of macrophages, but little is known about which factor has the strongest impact on recruitment of macrophages in breast cancer. To elucidate this question, we performed RT-PCR using species-specific primers and evaluated tumoral and stromal mRNA expression of macrophage chemoattractants separately in human breast tumor xenografts. The correlation between the tumoral or stromal chemoattractant mRNA expression including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (CCL2), MIP-1alpha (CCL3), RANTES (CCL5), colony-stimulating factor 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and macrophage infiltration were compared. There was significant positive correlation between stromal MCP-1 expression and macrophage number (r = 0.63), and negative correlation between tumoral RANTES expression and macrophage number (r = -0.75). However, no significant correlation was found for the other tumoral and stromal factors. The interaction between the tumor cells and macrophages was also investigated. Tumor cell-macrophage interactions augmented macrophage-derived MCP-1 mRNA expression and macrophage chemotactic activity in vitro. Treatment of immunodeficient mice bearing human breast cancer cells with a neutralizing antibody to MCP-1 resulted in significant decrease of macrophage infiltration, angiogenetic activity and tumor growth. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of human breast cancer tissue showed stromal MCP-1 had a significant correlation with relapse free survival (p = 0.029), but tumoral MCP-1 did not (p = 0.105). These findings indicate that stromal MCP-1 produced as a result of tumor-stromal interactions may be important for the progression of human breast cancer and macrophages may play an important role in this tumor-stroma interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fujimoto
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa-City, Chiba, Japan
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165
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Skivka LM, Gorbik GV, Fedorchuk OG, Pozur VV. Tumor-associated macrophages in the prospect of development of targeted anticancer. CYTOL GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452709040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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166
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Caruso RA, Bonanno A, Finocchiaro G, Cavaliere R, Gitto G, Plutino FM, Quattrocchi E, Cuppari MC, Fabiano V, Basile G. Ultrastructural Observations on Inflammatory Angiogenesis in Gastric Carcinomas with Massive Neutrophil Infiltration. Ultrastruct Pathol 2009; 33:1-5. [DOI: 10.1080/01913120802636696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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167
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Laschke MW, Strohe A, Scheuer C, Eglin D, Verrier S, Alini M, Pohlemann T, Menger MD. In vivo biocompatibility and vascularization of biodegradable porous polyurethane scaffolds for tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:1991-2001. [PMID: 19286433 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds for tissue engineering should be biocompatible and stimulate rapid blood vessel ingrowth. Herein, we analyzed in vivo the biocompatibility and vascularization of three novel types of biodegradable porous polyurethane scaffolds. The polyurethane scaffolds, i.e., PU-S, PU-M and PU-F, were implanted into dorsal skinfold chambers of BALB/c mice. Using intravital fluorescence microscopy we analyzed vascularization of the implants and venular leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction in the surrounding host tissue over a 14 day period. Incorporation of the scaffolds was analyzed by histology, and a WST-1 assay was performed to evaluate their cell biocompatibility in vitro. Our results indicate that none of the polyurethane scaffolds was cytotoxic. Accordingly, rolling and adherent leukocytes in venules of the dorsal skinfold chamber were found in a physiological range after scaffold implantation and did not significantly differ between the groups, indicating a good in vivo biocompatibility. However, the three scaffolds induced a weak angiogenic response with a microvessel density of only approximately 47-60 and approximately 3-10cm/cm(2) in the border and centre zones of the scaffolds at day 14 after implantation. Histology demonstrated that the scaffolds were incorporated in a granulation tissue, which exhibited only a few blood vessels and inflammatory cells. In conclusion, PU-S, PU-M and PU-F scaffolds may be used to generate tissue constructs which do not induce a strong inflammatory reaction after implantation into patients. However, the scaffolds should be further modified or conditioned in order to accelerate and improve the process of vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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168
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Roland CL, Dineen SP, Lynn KD, Sullivan LA, Dellinger MT, Sadegh L, Sullivan JP, Shames DS, Brekken RA. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor reduces angiogenesis and modulates immune cell infiltration of orthotopic breast cancer xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1761-71. [PMID: 19567820 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a primary stimulant of angiogenesis and is a macrophage chemotactic protein. Inhibition of VEGF is beneficial in combination with chemotherapy for some breast cancer patients. However, the mechanism by which inhibition of VEGF affects tumor growth seems to involve more than its effect on endothelial cells. In general, increased immune cell infiltration into breast tumors confers a worse prognosis. We have shown previously that 2C3, a mouse monoclonal antibody that prevents VEGF from binding to VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), decreases tumor growth, angiogenesis, and macrophage infiltration into pancreatic tumors and therefore hypothesized that r84, a fully human IgG that phenocopies 2C3, would similarly affect breast tumor growth and immune cell infiltration. In this study, we show that anti-VEGF therapy with bevacizumab, 2C3, or r84 inhibits the growth of established orthotopic MDA-MB-231 breast tumors in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, reduces tumor microvessel density, limits the infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages, but is associated with elevated numbers of tumor-associated neutrophils. In addition, we found that treatment with r84 reduced the number of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) double-positive cells in the tumor compared with tumors from control-treated animals. These results show that selective inhibition of VEGFR2 with an anti-VEGF antibody is sufficient for effective blockade of the protumorigenic activity of VEGF in breast cancer xenografts. These findings further define the complex molecular interactions in the tumor microenvironment and provide a translational tool that may be relevant to the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Roland
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
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169
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Colotta F, Allavena P, Sica A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1073-81. [PMID: 19468060 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1986] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions in selected organs increase the risk of cancer. An inflammatory component is present also in the microenvironment of tumors that are not epidemiologically related to inflammation. Recent studies have begun to unravel molecular pathways linking inflammation and cancer. In the tumor microenvironment, smoldering inflammation contributes to proliferation and survival of malignant cells, angiogenesis, metastasis, subversion of adaptive immunity, reduced response to hormones and chemotherapeutic agents. Recent data suggest that an additional mechanism involved in cancer-related inflammation (CRI) is induction of genetic instability by inflammatory mediators, leading to accumulation of random genetic alterations in cancer cells. In a seminal contribution, Hanahan and Weinberg [(2000) Cell, 100, 57-70] identified the six hallmarks of cancer. We surmise that CRI represents the seventh hallmark.
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170
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Yuan YM, Fang SH, Qian XD, Liu LY, Xu LH, Shi WZ, Zhang LH, Lu YB, Zhang WP, Wei EQ. Leukotriene D4 stimulates the migration but not proliferation of endothelial cells mediated by the cysteinyl leukotriene cyslt(1) receptor via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 109:285-92. [PMID: 19234368 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08321fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The actions of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are mediated by activating CysLT receptors, CysLT(1), and CysLT(2). The CysLT(1) receptor mediates vascular responses to CysLTs; however, its effect on the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells is not clarified. To determine this effect, we observed proliferation and migration in EA.hy926 cells, a human endothelial cell line, and the involvement of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). We found that LTD(4) did not affect the proliferation, but significantly stimulated the migration of endothelial cells. LTD(4) also induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, but not those of p38 or JNK. The LTD(4)-induced migration and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were blocked by the CysLT(1)-receptor antagonist montelukast and the dual antagonist Bay u9773, but not by the CysLT(2)-receptor antagonist Bay cysLT2; the migration was also inhibited by the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126. Our findings indicate that LTD(4) stimulates the CysLT(1) receptor-mediated migration of endothelial cells; this may be regulated by the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
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171
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Seavey MM, Maciag PC, Al-Rawi N, Sewell D, Paterson Y. An anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2/fetal liver kinase-1 Listeria monocytogenes anti-angiogenesis cancer vaccine for the treatment of primary and metastatic Her-2/neu+ breast tumors in a mouse model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:5537-46. [PMID: 19380802 PMCID: PMC2850569 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years after angiogenesis was shown to play an enabling role in cancer, modern medicine is still trying to develop novel compounds and therapeutics to target the tumor vasculature. However, most therapeutics require multiple rounds of administration and can have toxic side effects. In this study, we use anti-angiogenesis immunotherapy to target cells actively involved in forming new blood vessels that support the growth and spread of breast cancer. Targeting a central cell type involved in angiogenesis, endothelial cells, we immunized against host vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 to fight the growth of Her-2/neu(+) breast tumors. Using the bacterial vector, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), we fused polypeptides from the mouse vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 molecule (fetal liver kinase-1) to the microbial adjuvant, listeriolysin-O, and used Lm to deliver the Ags and elicit potent antitumor CTL responses. Lm-listeriolysin-O-fetal liver kinase-1 was able to eradicate some established breast tumors, reduce microvascular density in the remaining tumors, protect against tumor rechallenge and experimental metastases, and induce epitope spreading to various regions of the tumor-associated Ag Her-2/neu. Tumor eradication was found to be dependent on epitope spreading to HER-2/neu and was not solely due to the reduction of tumor vasculature. However, vaccine efficacy did not affect normal wound healing nor have toxic side effects on pregnancy. We show that an anti-angiogenesis vaccine can overcome tolerance to the host vasculature driving epitope spreading to an endogenous tumor protein and drive active tumor regression.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/genetics
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/immunology
- Animals
- Bacterial Toxins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Growth Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Growth Inhibitors/genetics
- Growth Inhibitors/immunology
- Heat-Shock Proteins/administration & dosage
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Heat-Shock Proteins/immunology
- Hemolysin Proteins/administration & dosage
- Hemolysin Proteins/genetics
- Hemolysin Proteins/immunology
- Listeria monocytogenes/genetics
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/blood supply
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/administration & dosage
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Seavey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | | | - Yvonne Paterson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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172
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Lorusso G, Vannini N, Sogno I, Generoso L, Garbisa S, Noonan DM, Albini A. Mechanisms of Hyperforin as an anti-angiogenic angioprevention agent. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:1474-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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173
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Xiang X, Poliakov A, Liu C, Liu Y, Deng ZB, Wang J, Cheng Z, Shah SV, Wang GJ, Zhang L, Grizzle WE, Mobley J, Zhang HG. Induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells by tumor exosomes. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2621-33. [PMID: 19235923 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) promote tumor progression. The mechanisms of MDSC development during tumor growth remain unknown. Tumor exosomes (T-exosomes) have been implicated to play a role in immune regulation, however the role of exosomes in the induction of MDSCs is unclear. Our previous work demonstrated that exosomes isolated from tumor cells are taken up by bone marrow myeloid cells. Here, we extend those findings showing that exosomes isolated from T-exosomes switch the differentiation pathway of these myeloid cells to the MDSC pathway (CD11b(+)Gr-1(+)). The resulting cells exhibit MDSC phenotypic and functional characteristics including promotion of tumor growth. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in vivo MDSC mediated promotion of tumor progression is dependent on T-exosome prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and TGF-beta molecules. T-exosomes can induce the accumulation of MDSCs expressing Cox2, IL-6, VEGF, and arginase-1. Antibodies against exosomal PGE2 and TGF-beta block the activity of these exosomes on MDSC induction and therefore attenuate MDSC-mediated tumor-promoting ability. Exosomal PGE2 and TGF-beta are enriched in T-exosomes when compared with exosomes isolated from the supernatants of cultured tumor cells (C-exosomes). The tumor microenvironment has an effect on the potency of T-exosome mediated induction of MDSCs by regulating the sorting and the amount of exosomal PGE2 and TGF-beta available. Together, these findings lend themselves to developing specific targetable therapeutic strategies to reduce or eliminate MDSC-induced immunosuppression and hence enhance host antitumor immunotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
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174
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Kim GY, Lee JW, Cho SH, Seo JM, Kim JH. Role of the low-affinity leukotriene B4 receptor BLT2 in VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:915-20. [PMID: 19286633 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.185793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) receptor BLT2 is expressed in endothelium, but no clear physiological function for it has yet been identified, especially in vascular angiogenesis. The purpose of this study is to characterize the potential function of BLT2 in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS VEGF significantly upregulates BLT2 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and BLT2 knockdown by siRNA or inhibition of BLT2 by a specific BLT2 antagonist LY255283 attenuates VEGF-induced angiogenesis, which was determined by its effect on the formation of tube-like structures and on transmigration. The role of BLT2 in VEGF-induced angiogenesis was more evident in vivo, where BLT2 inhibition by LY255283 almost completely blocked VEGF-induced vessel formation in Matrigel-plug assays. In addition, we found that VEGF upregulates synthesis of the BLT2 ligand, 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE). siRNA knockdown of 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) expression attenuates VEGF-induced angiogenesis in HUVECs, and the addition of 12(S)-HETE to the 12-LO knockdown-HUVECs restores VEGF-induced angiogenesis. The activation of BLT2 itself by either 12(S)-HETE or LTB(4) evoked significant angiogenic phenotypes, both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that BLT2 plays an essential role in mediating VEGF-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Young Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
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175
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Geiger C, Nößner E, Frankenberger B, Falk CS, Pohla H, Schendel DJ. Harnessing innate and adaptive immunity for adoptive cell therapy of renal cell carcinoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:595-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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176
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Ebos JM, Lee CR, Cruz-Munoz W, Bjarnason GA, Christensen JG, Kerbel RS. Accelerated metastasis after short-term treatment with a potent inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 2009; 15:232-9. [PMID: 19249681 PMCID: PMC4540346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1396] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report that the VEGFR/PDGFR kinase inhibitor sunitinib/SU11248 can accelerate metastatic tumor growth and decrease overall survival in mice receiving short-term therapy in various metastasis assays, including after intravenous injection of tumor cells or after removal of primary orthotopically grown tumors. Acceleration of metastasis was also observed in mice receiving sunitinib prior to intravenous implantation of tumor cells, suggesting possible "metastatic conditioning" in multiple organs. Similar findings with additional VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors implicate a class-specific effect for such agents. Importantly, these observations of metastatic acceleration were in contrast to the demonstrable antitumor benefits obtained when the same human breast cancer cells, as well as mouse or human melanoma cells, were grown orthotopically as primary tumors and subjected to identical sunitinib treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M.L. Ebos
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Christina R. Lee
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - William Cruz-Munoz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | | | | | - Robert S. Kerbel
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
- Correspondence:
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177
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VEGF and angiogenesis in acute and chronic MOG((35-55)) peptide induced EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 209:6-15. [PMID: 19233483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is associated with demyelinated lesions in both multiple sclerosis (MS) and its model (EAE), implicating changes in vasculature as a potential component of CNS plaque formation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vascular changes in acute and chronic EAE in C57BL/6 mice induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG ((35-55))) peptide. We investigated the functional contribution of VEGF to acute and chronic EAE by treating immunized mice with SU5416 (Semaxinib), a potent and selective inhibitor of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Animals received seven daily injections of SU5416 (50 mg/kg) or vehicle beginning on the day after disease onset (acute study) or on day 45 post-immunization (chronic study). Spinal cord sections were collected on the day of sacrifice. Modulation of angiogenic gene expression was determined using RNA isolated from 4 acute and 4 non-immunized controls. MOG peptide induction produced extensive demyelination, immune cell infiltration, tissue laminin deposits, and axonal loss in lesions. VEGF expression was extensively increased in the acute mice, which correlated positively with clinical score. In the acute study, SU5416 treatment produced a significant clinical improvement versus vehicle controls (p<0.001), with less demyelination (-37%) and cellular infiltration (-23%) in the spinal cord (p<0.05). Treated animals also had significantly fewer blood vessels per section than controls (56.1+/-6.1 v. 81.6+/-11.5, p<0.05), and significantly reduced laminin abnormalities (28.9% of lesion area v. 46.8%, p<0.05). There was no improvement in clinical score or tissue pathology, and no difference in vessel number or lesion laminin expression, when SU5416 was administered during the chronic disease (all p>0.05). In the acute study only, VEGF staining correlated with demyelination and the extent of cellular infiltration in both control (r=0.723, r=0.665) and treated (r=0.681, r=0.487) animals (all p<0.05). Laminin staining in lesion areas was strongly correlated with tissue pathology for all animals in both the acute and chronic study (all p<0.001). Vascular alterations in MOG peptide-induced EAE in the mouse are accompanied by increased lesion-specific levels of VEGF, extensive laminin deposits in the tissue and altered transcription of numerous angiogenic factors. In the microarray studies, acute mice showed a significant increase in several angiogenic RNA transcripts, six of which were verified by RT-PCR, alanyl aminopeptidase, caspase 8, Hif1a, MMP-19, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and thrombospondin1.
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178
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Beckmann N, Cannet C, Babin AL, Blé F, Zurbruegg S, Kneuer R, Dousset V. In vivo
visualization of macrophage infiltration and activity in inflammation using magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 1:272-98. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Cannet
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Louise Babin
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, King's College, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - François‐Xavier Blé
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Canada M5T 3H7
| | - Stefan Zurbruegg
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kneuer
- Global Imaging Group, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH‐4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Dousset
- University Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, EA 2966 Neurobiology of Myelin Disease Laboratory, CHU de Bordeaux, F‐33076 Bordeaux, France
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179
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Schwartz M, Bukshpan S, Kunis G. Application of glatiramer acetate to neurodegenerative diseases beyond multiple sclerosis: the need for disease-specific approaches. BioDrugs 2008; 22:293-9. [PMID: 18778111 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200822050-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive and innate immunity, if well controlled, contribute to the maintenance of the CNS, as well as to downregulation of adverse acute and chronic neurological conditions. T cells that recognize CNS antigens are needed to activate resident immune cells and to recruit blood-borne monocytes, which act to restore homeostasis and facilitate repair. However, boosting such a T-cell response in a risk-free way requires a careful choice of the antigen, carrier, and regimen. A single vaccination with CNS-derived peptides or their weak agonists reduces neuronal loss in animal models of acute neurodegeneration. Repeated injections are needed to maintain a long-lasting effect in chronic neurodegenerative conditions, yet the frequency of the injections seems to have a critical effect on the outcome. An example is glatiramer acetate, a compound that is administered in a daily regimen to patients with multiple sclerosis. A single injection of glatiramer acetate, with or without an adjuvant, is neuroprotective in some animal models of acute CNS injuries. However, in an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a single injection of adjuvant-free glatiramer acetate is insufficient, while daily injections are not only ineffective but can carry an increased risk of mortality in female mice.Thus, considering immune-based therapies as a single therapy, rather than as a family of therapies that are regimen dependent, may be misleading. Moreover, the vaccination regimen and administration of a compound, even one shown to be safe in humans for the treatment of a particular neurodegenerative disease, must be studied in preclinical experiments before it is tested in a clinical trial for a novel indication; otherwise, an effective drug in a certain regimen for one disease may be ineffective or even carry risks when used for another disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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180
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Lorusso G, Rüegg C. The tumor microenvironment and its contribution to tumor evolution toward metastasis. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:1091-103. [PMID: 18987874 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells acquire cell-autonomous capacities to undergo limitless proliferation and survival through the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Nevertheless, the formation of a clinically relevant tumor requires support from the surrounding normal stroma, also referred to as the tumor microenvironment. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, leukocytes, bone marrow-derived cells, blood and lymphatic vascular endothelial cells present within the tumor microenvironment contribute to tumor progression. Recent evidence indicates that the microenvironment provides essential cues to the maintenance of cancer stem cells/cancer initiating cells and to promote the seeding of cancer cells at metastatic sites. Furthermore, inflammatory cells and immunomodulatory mediators present in the tumor microenvironment polarize host immune response toward specific phenotypes impacting tumor progression. A growing number of studies demonstrate a positive correlation between angiogenesis, carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, and inflammatory infiltrating cells and poor outcome, thereby emphasizing the clinical relevance of the tumor microenvironment to aggressive tumor progression. Thus, the dynamic and reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment orchestrate events critical to tumor evolution toward metastasis, and many cellular and molecular elements of the microenvironment are emerging as attractive targets for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girieca Lorusso
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Epalinges sur Lausanne, Switzerland
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181
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Martinez OM, de Gruijl FR. Molecular and immunologic mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:2205-11. [PMID: 18801025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The increased risk for the development of malignancies in transplant recipients is generally attributed to the debilitated immune system that results from chronic exposure to potent immunosuppressive drugs required to prevent graft rejection. While impaired immunity is clearly a key determinant, there is strong evidence that a constellation of other factors contribute to the pathogenesis of posttransplant cancers. In this article we discuss the underlying molecular and immunologic mechanisms that contribute to the development of de novo malignancies in transplant recipients, with particular focus on the two leading posttransplant neoplasia, skin cancer and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Martinez
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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182
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Translational strategies exploiting TNF-alpha that sensitize tumors to radiation therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 16:373-81. [PMID: 18974777 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TNFerade is a radioinducible adenoviral vector expressing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (Ad.Egr-TNF) currently in a phase III trial for inoperable pancreatic cancer. We studied B16-F1 melanoma tumors in TNF receptor wild-type (C57BL/6) and deficient (TNFR1,2-/- and TNFR1-/-) mice. Ad.Egr-TNF+IR inhibited tumor growth compared with IR in C57BL/6 but not in receptor-deficient mice. Tumors resistant to TNF-alpha were also sensitive to Ad.Egr-TNF+IR in C57BL/6 mice. Ad.Egr-TNF+IR produced an increase in tumor-associated endothelial cell apoptosis not observed in receptor-deficient animals. Also, B16-F1 tumors in mice with germline deletions of TNFR1,2, TNFR1 or TNF-alpha, or in mice receiving anti-TNF-alpha exhibited radiosensitivity. These results show that tumor-associated endothelium is the principal target for Ad.Egr-TNF radiosensitization and implicate TNF-alpha signaling in tumor radiosensitivity.
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183
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Abstract
The mediators and cellular effectors of inflammation are important constituents of the local environment of tumours. In some types of cancer, inflammatory conditions are present before a malignant change occurs. Conversely, in other types of cancer, an oncogenic change induces an inflammatory microenvironment that promotes the development of tumours. Regardless of its origin, 'smouldering' inflammation in the tumour microenvironment has many tumour-promoting effects. It aids in the proliferation and survival of malignant cells, promotes angiogenesis and metastasis, subverts adaptive immune responses, and alters responses to hormones and chemotherapeutic agents. The molecular pathways of this cancer-related inflammation are now being unravelled, resulting in the identification of new target molecules that could lead to improved diagnosis and treatment.
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184
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Schiffelers RM, Storm G. Liposomal nanomedicines as anticancer therapeutics: beyond targeting tumor cells. Int J Pharm 2008; 364:258-64. [PMID: 18773947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells have long been the primary target cell type of liposomes for anticancer therapy. At present, it appears that tumor growth and metastasis is facilitated by interactions between tumor cells and supporting cells. These supporting cells consist of adaptive and innate immune cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, stromal and mesenchymal cells. Insight into the activity of these cells and communication between these cells has provided new tactics for targeting alternative cell types in tumor treatment and offered new drug classes that could be used to modulate the activity of these supporting cells. Here, we provide an overview of liposomal systems that have been designed to target supporting cells in tumor tissue and therapeutic results of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M Schiffelers
- Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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185
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Germano G, Allavena P, Mantovani A. Cytokines as a key component of cancer-related inflammation. Cytokine 2008; 43:374-9. [PMID: 18701317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions in some tissues increase the risk of cancer. Cytokines and chemokines are components of an intensive dialog promoting angiogenesis, metastasis, subversion of adaptive immunity and changing response to hormones and to chemotherapeutic agents. Cytokines involved in cancer-related inflammation represent a target for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, and a future challenge for scientists and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Germano
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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186
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Kurozumi K, Hardcastle J, Thakur R, Shroll J, Nowicki M, Otsuki A, Chiocca EA, Kaur B. Oncolytic HSV-1 infection of tumors induces angiogenesis and upregulates CYR61. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1382-91. [PMID: 18545226 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy is under evaluation for toxicity and efficacy in clinical trials relating to several different tumors. We report a significant increase in the angiogenic index of oncolytic virus (OV)-treated glioma-matrigel implants (2.83-fold, P < 0.02). In a rat intracranial glioma model, large tumors from OV-treated animals were significantly more angiogenic than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control tumors (OV: 101 +/- 21.6; PBS: 19.8 +/- 10; P = 0.0037). Transcript profiling of OV-treated tumors revealed dysregulation of several transcripts involved in glioma angiogenesis. OV-mediated induction of CYR61 gene expression (8.94-fold, P = 0.001) correlated significantly with the presence of OV in tumor tissue in vivo (R = 0.7, P < 0.001). Further, induction of CYR61 mRNA and protein were confirmed in multiple human cancer cell lines and primary human tumor-derived cells in vitro, and in tumor lysate and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in vivo. Finally, we show that treatment of glioma cells with Cilengitide, known to counter CYR61-induced integrin activation, significantly suppressed the proangiogenic effect of OV treatment of gliomas (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Kurozumi
- Dardinger Laboratory for Neuro-oncology and Neurosciences, Department of Neurological Surgery, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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187
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Laconi E, Doratiotto S, Vineis P. The microenvironments of multistage carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:322-9. [PMID: 18456510 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Overt neoplasia is often the result of a chronic disease process encompassing an extended segment of the lifespan of any species. A common pathway in the natural history of the disease is the appearance of focal proliferative lesions that are known to act as precursors for cancer development. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the emergence of such lesions is not a cell-autonomous phenomenon, but is heavily dependent on microenvironmental cues derived from the surrounding tissue. Specific alterations in the tissue microenvironment that can foster the selective growth of focal lesions are discussed herein. Furthermore, we argue that a fundamental property of focal lesions as it relates to their precancerous nature lies in their altered growth pattern as compared to the tissue where they reside. The resulting altered tissue architecture translates into the emergence of a unique tumor microenvironment inside these lesions, associated with altered blood vessels and/or blood supply which in turn can trigger biochemical and metabolic changes fueling tumor progression. A deeper understanding of the role(s) of tissue and tumor microenvironments in the pathogenesis of cancer is essential to design more effective strategies for the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Laconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Sezione di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Cagliari, 09125 Cagliari, Italy.
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Linton NF, Wessels JM, Cnossen SA, Croy BA, Tayade C. Immunological mechanisms affecting angiogenesis and their relation to porcine pregnancy success. Immunol Invest 2008; 37:611-29. [PMID: 18716940 DOI: 10.1080/08820130802191540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal mortality due to loss of lymphocyte-promoted endometrial angiogenesis is being investigated as a major cause of litter reductions during pregnancy in pigs. This review discusses immune mechanisms influencing porcine endometrial angiogenesis as well as additional signalling molecules that may play important roles in the compromise of peri-implantation and mid-gestation fetal pig survival. These include dendritic cells, signalling molecules such as toll-like receptors, chemokines and ficolins. Together these cells and molecules regulate immune responses and, ideally, protect the mother and prevent immune-based conceptus losses. Dendritic cells were recently shown to be angiogenic. Their tolerogenic role at the maternal-fetal interface coupled with the ability to secrete and respond to angiogenic factors suggests that dendritic cells are the key coordinators of angiogenesis at the porcine maternal-fetal interface. Chemokines coordinate the localization of immune effector and endothelial cells. The balance between pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic chemokines is addressed in relation to conceptus viability. Ficolins, components of the lectin-mediated complement activation pathway, are used for self/non-self recognition. Together, these components of the immune system could regulate lymphocyte- and non-lymphocyte-promoted endometrial angiogenesis to determine conceptus survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola F Linton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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