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Cataldi S, Follett J, Fox JD, Tatarnikov I, Kadgien C, Gustavsson EK, Khinda J, Milnerwood AJ, Farrer MJ. Altered dopamine release and monoamine transporters in Vps35 p.D620N knock-in mice. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 4:27. [PMID: 30155515 PMCID: PMC6104078 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-018-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35) is a core component of the retromer trimer required for endosomal membrane-associated protein trafficking. The discovery of a missense mutation, Vps35 p.D620N implicates retromer dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We have characterized a knock-in mouse with a Vps35 p.D620N substitution (hereafter referred to as VKI) at 3 months of age. Standardized behavioral testing did not observe overt movement disorder. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive nigral neuron counts and terminal expression in striata were comparable across genotypes. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry revealed increased dopamine release in VKI striatal slices. While extracellular dopamine collected via striatal microdialysis of freely moving animals was comparable across genotypes, the ratio of dopamine metabolites to dopamine suggests increased dopamine turnover in VKI homozygous mice. Western blot of striatal proteins revealed a genotype-dependent decrease in dopamine transporter (DAT) along with an increase in vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), albeit independent of changes in other synaptic markers. The reduction in DAT was further supported by immunohistochemical analysis. The data show that the dopaminergic system of VKI mice is profoundly altered relative to wild-type littermates. We conclude early synaptic dysfunction contributes to age-related pathophysiology in the nigrostriatal system that may lead to parkinsonism in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cataldi
- 1Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jordan Follett
- 1Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jesse D Fox
- 1Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Igor Tatarnikov
- 1Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chelsie Kadgien
- 1Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Emil K Gustavsson
- 1Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,2Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jaskaran Khinda
- 1Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Austen J Milnerwood
- 1Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- 1Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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152
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Kim C, Spencer B, Rockenstein E, Yamakado H, Mante M, Adame A, Fields JA, Masliah D, Iba M, Lee HJ, Rissman RA, Lee SJ, Masliah E. Immunotherapy targeting toll-like receptor 2 alleviates neurodegeneration in models of synucleinopathy by modulating α-synuclein transmission and neuroinflammation. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:43. [PMID: 30092810 PMCID: PMC6085656 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synucleinopathies of the aging population are an heterogeneous group of neurological disorders that includes Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and are characterized by the progressive accumulation of α-synuclein in neuronal and glial cells. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a pattern recognition immune receptor, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies because TLR2 is elevated in the brains of patients with PD and TLR2 is a mediator of the neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of extracellular α-synuclein aggregates. Therefore, blocking TLR2 might alleviate α-synuclein pathological and functional effects. For this purpose, herein, we targeted TLR2 using a functional inhibitory antibody (anti-TLR2). METHODS Two different human α-synuclein overexpressing transgenic mice were used in this study. α-synuclein low expresser mouse (α-syn-tg, under the PDGFβ promoter, D line) was stereotaxically injected with TLR2 overexpressing lentivirus to demonstrate that increment of TLR2 expression triggers neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. α-synuclein high expresser mouse (α-Syn-tg; under mThy1 promoter, Line 61) was administrated with anti-TLR2 to examine that functional inhibition of TLR2 ameliorates neuropathology and behavioral defect in the synucleinopathy animal model. In vitro α-synuclein transmission live cell monitoring system was used to evaluate the role of TLR2 in α-synuclein cell-to-cell transmission. RESULTS We demonstrated that administration of anti-TLR2 alleviated α-synuclein accumulation in neuronal and astroglial cells, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and behavioral deficits in an α-synuclein tg mouse model of PD/DLB. Moreover, in vitro studies with neuronal and astroglial cells showed that the neuroprotective effects of anti-TLR2 antibody were mediated by blocking the neuron-to-neuron and neuron-to-astrocyte α-synuclein transmission which otherwise promotes NFκB dependent pro-inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION This study proposes TLR2 immunotherapy as a novel therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies of the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Michael Mante
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Deborah Masliah
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Michiyo Iba
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - He-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, and Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA
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153
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Paiva I, Jain G, Lázaro DF, Jerčić KG, Hentrich T, Kerimoglu C, Pinho R, Szegő ÈM, Burkhardt S, Capece V, Halder R, Islam R, Xylaki M, Caldi Gomes LA, Roser AE, Lingor P, Schulze-Hentrich JM, Borovečki F, Fischer A, Outeiro TF. Alpha-synuclein deregulates the expression of COL4A2 and impairs ER-Golgi function. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 119:121-135. [PMID: 30092270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is the major protein component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, the typical pathological hallmarks in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies. aSyn is capable of inducing transcriptional deregulation, but the precise effect of specific aSyn mutants associated with familial forms of PD, remains unclear. Here, we used transgenic mice overexpressing human wild-type (WT) or A30P aSyn to compare the transcriptional profiles of the two animal models. We found that A30P aSyn promotes strong transcriptional deregulation and increases DNA binding. Interestingly, COL4A2, a major component of basement membranes, was found to be upregulated in both A30P aSyn transgenic mice and in dopaminergic neurons expressing A30P aSyn, suggesting a crucial role for collagen related genes in aSyn-induced toxicity. Finally, we observed that A30P aSyn alters Golgi morphology and increases the susceptibility to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in dopaminergic cells. In total, our findings provide novel insight into the putative role of aSyn on transcription and on the molecular mechanisms involved, thereby opening novel avenues for future therapeutic interventions in PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Paiva
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Gaurav Jain
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diana F Lázaro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Kristina Gotovac Jerčić
- Department for Functional Genomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Thomas Hentrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Cemil Kerimoglu
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raquel Pinho
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Èva M Szegő
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Susanne Burkhardt
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Capece
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rashi Halder
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rezaul Islam
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mary Xylaki
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Lucas A Caldi Gomes
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Elisa Roser
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia M Schulze-Hentrich
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Fran Borovečki
- Department for Functional Genomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - André Fischer
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany; CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
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154
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Schommer J, Marwarha G, Nagamoto-Combs K, Ghribi O. Palmitic Acid-Enriched Diet Increases α-Synuclein and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression Levels in the Mouse Brain. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:552. [PMID: 30127714 PMCID: PMC6087752 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulation of the α-synuclein (α-syn) protein and depletion of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Currently, α-syn is under scrutiny as a potential pathogenic factor that may contribute to dopaminergic neuronal death in PD. However, there is a significant gap in our knowledge on what causes α-syn to accumulate and dopaminergic neurons to die. It is now strongly suggested that the nature of our dietary intake influences both epigenetic changes and disease-related genes and may thus potentially increase or reduce our risk of developing PD. Objective: In this study, we determined the extent to which a 3 month diet enriched in the saturated free fatty acid palmitate (PA) influences levels of α-syn and tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis in mice brains. Methods: We fed the m-Thy1-αSyn (m-Thy1) mouse model for PD and its matched control, the B6D2F1/J (B6D2) mouse a PA-enriched diet or a normal diet for 3 months. Levels of α-syn, tyrosine hydroxylase, and the biogenic amines dopamine and dopamine metabolites, serotonin and noradrenaline were determined. Results: We found that the PA-enriched diet induces an increase in α-syn and TH protein and mRNA expression levels in m-Thy1 transgenic mice. We also show that, while it didn't affect levels of biogenic amine content in the B6D2 mice, the PA-enriched diet significantly reduces dopamine metabolites and increases the level of serotonin in m-Thy1 mice. Conclusion: Altogether, our results demonstrate that a diet rich in the saturated fatty acid palmitate can modulate levels of α-syn, TH, dopamine, and serotonin which all are proteins and neurochemicals that play key roles in increasing or reducing the risk for many neurodegenerative diseases including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Schommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Gurdeep Marwarha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Kumi Nagamoto-Combs
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Othman Ghribi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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155
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Sumitomo A, Horike K, Hirai K, Butcher N, Boot E, Sakurai T, Nucifora FC, Bassett AS, Sawa A, Tomoda T. A mouse model of 22q11.2 deletions: Molecular and behavioral signatures of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar6637. [PMID: 30116778 PMCID: PMC6093626 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar6637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with chromosome 22q11.2 deletions are at increased risk of developing psychiatric conditions, most notably, schizophrenia (SZ). Recently, clinical studies have also implicated these recurrent 22q11.2 deletions with the risk of early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus far, the multiple mouse models generated for 22q11.2 deletions have been studied primarily in the context of congenital cardiac, neurodevelopmental, and psychotic disorders. One of these is the Df1/+ model, in which SZ-associated and developmental abnormalities have been reported. We present the first evidence that the mouse model for the 22q11.2 deletion exhibits motor coordination deficits and molecular signatures (that is, elevated α-synuclein expression) relevant to PD. Reducing the α-synuclein gene dosage in Df1/+ mice ameliorated the motor deficits. Thus, this model of the 22q11.2 deletion shows signatures of both SZ and PD at the molecular and behavioral levels. In addition, both SZ-associated and PD-relevant deficits in the model were ameliorated by treatment with a rapamycin analog, CCI-779. We now posit the utility of 22q11.2 deletion mouse models in investigating the mechanisms of SZ- and PD-associated manifestations that could shed light on possible common pathways of these neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sumitomo
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kouta Horike
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuko Hirai
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nancy Butcher
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik Boot
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto General Research Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Frederick C. Nucifora
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto General Research Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Toshifumi Tomoda
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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156
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157
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Ghatak S, Trudler D, Dolatabadi N, Ambasudhan R. Parkinson's disease: what the model systems have taught us so far. J Genet 2018; 97:729-751. [PMID: 30027906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder, for which people above the age of 60 show an increased risk. Although there has been great advancement in understanding the disease-related abnormalities in brain circuitry and development of symptomatic treatments, a cure for PD remains elusive. The discovery of PD associated gene mutations and environmental toxins have yielded animal models of the disease. These models could recapitulate several key aspects of PD, and provide more insights into the disease pathogenesis. They have also revealed novel aspects of the disease mechanism including noncell autonomous events and spreading of pathogenic protein species across the brain. Nevertheless, none of these models so far can comprehensively represent all aspects of the human disease. While the field is still searching for the perfect model system, recent developments in stem cell biology have provided a new dimension to modelling PD, especially doing it in a patient-specific manner. In the current review, we attempt to summarize the key findings in the areas discussed above, and highlight how the core PD pathology distinguishes itself from other neurodegenerative disorders while also resembling them in many aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Ghatak
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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158
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Dirr ER, Ekhator OR, Blackwood R, Holden JG, Masliah E, Schultheis PJ, Fleming SM. Exacerbation of sensorimotor dysfunction in mice deficient in Atp13a2 and overexpressing human wildtype alpha-synuclein. Behav Brain Res 2018; 343:41-49. [PMID: 29407413 PMCID: PMC5829010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in the gene ATP13A2 are associated with Kufor-Rakeb Syndrome and Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, the former designated as an inherited form of Parkinson's disease (PD). The function of ATP13A2 is unclear but in vitro studies indicate it is a lysosomal protein and may interact with the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (aSyn) and certain heavy metals. Accumulation of aSyn is a major component of lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of PD. Atp13a2-deficient (13a2) mice develop age-dependent sensorimotor deficits, and accumulation of insoluble aSyn in the brain. To better understand the interaction between ATP13A2 and aSyn, double mutant mice with loss of Atp13a2 function combined with overexpression of human wildtype aSyn were generated. Female and male wildtype (WT), 13a2, aSyn, and 13a2-aSyn mice were tested on a battery of sensorimotor tests including adhesive removal, challenging beam traversal, spontaneous activity, gait, locomotor activity, and nest-building at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Double mutant mice showed an earlier onset and accelerated alterations in sensorimotor function that were age, sex and test-dependent. Female 13a2-aSyn mice showed early and progressive dysfunction on the beam and in locomotor activity. In males, 13a2-aSyn mice showed more severe impairments in spontaneous activity and adhesive removal. Sex differences were also observed in aSyn and 13a2-aSyn mice on the beam, cylinder, and adhesive removal tests. In other tasks, double mutant mice displayed deficits similar to aSyn mice. These results indicate loss of Atp13a2 function exacerbates the sensorimotor phenotype in aSyn mice in an age and sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Dirr
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, USA
| | - Osunde R Ekhator
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, USA
| | - Rachel Blackwood
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, USA
| | - John G Holden
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, USA
| | | | | | - Sheila M Fleming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, USA.
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159
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Weinshenker D. Long Road to Ruin: Noradrenergic Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Disease. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:211-223. [PMID: 29475564 PMCID: PMC5878728 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for decades that degeneration of the locus coeruleus (LC), the major noradrenergic nucleus in the brain, occurs in both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), but it was given scant attention. It is now recognized that hyperphosphorylated tau in the LC is the first detectable AD-like neuropathology in the human brain, α-synuclein inclusions in the LC represent an early step in PD, and experimental LC lesions exacerbate neuropathology and cognitive/behavioral deficits in animal models. The purpose of this review is to consider the causes and consequences of LC pathology, dysfunction, and degeneration, as well as their implications for early detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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160
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Betzer C, Lassen LB, Olsen A, Kofoed RH, Reimer L, Gregersen E, Zheng J, Calì T, Gai WP, Chen T, Moeller A, Brini M, Fu Y, Halliday G, Brudek T, Aznar S, Pakkenberg B, Andersen JP, Jensen PH. Alpha-synuclein aggregates activate calcium pump SERCA leading to calcium dysregulation. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201744617. [PMID: 29599149 PMCID: PMC5934765 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of α‐synuclein is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. We here investigate the relationship between cytosolic Ca2+ and α‐synuclein aggregation. Analyses of cell lines and primary culture models of α‐synuclein cytopathology reveal an early phase with reduced cytosolic Ca2+ levels followed by a later Ca2+ increase. Aggregated but not monomeric α‐synuclein binds to and activates SERCA in vitro, and proximity ligation assays confirm this interaction in cells. The SERCA inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) normalises both the initial reduction and the later increase in cytosolic Ca2+. CPA protects the cells against α‐synuclein‐aggregate stress and improves viability in cell models and in Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo. Proximity ligation assays also reveal an increased interaction between α‐synuclein aggregates and SERCA in human brains affected by dementia with Lewy bodies. We conclude that α‐synuclein aggregates bind SERCA and stimulate its activity. Reducing SERCA activity is neuroprotective, indicating that SERCA and down‐stream processes may be therapeutic targets for treating α‐synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Betzer
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Louise Berkhoudt Lassen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Olsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hahn Kofoed
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lasse Reimer
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil Gregersen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jin Zheng
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Wei-Ping Gai
- Neuropathological Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Center for Neurological Diseases, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Arne Moeller
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Structural Biology, Max Plank Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marisa Brini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Yuhong Fu
- Brain & Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda Halliday
- Brain & Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tomasz Brudek
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Aznar
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark .,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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161
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SLC39A14 deficiency alters manganese homeostasis and excretion resulting in brain manganese accumulation and motor deficits in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1769-E1778. [PMID: 29437953 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720739115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family 39, member 14 (SLC39A14) is a transmembrane transporter that can mediate the cellular uptake of zinc, iron, and manganese (Mn). Studies of Slc39a14 knockout (Slc39a14-/-) mice have documented that SLC39A14 is required for systemic growth, hepatic zinc uptake during inflammation, and iron loading of the liver in iron overload. The normal physiological roles of SLC39A14, however, remain incompletely characterized. Here, we report that Slc39a14-/- mice spontaneously display dramatic alterations in tissue Mn concentrations, suggesting that Mn is a main physiological substrate for SLC39A14. Specifically, Slc39a14-/- mice have abnormally low Mn levels in the liver coupled with markedly elevated Mn concentrations in blood and most other organs, especially the brain and bone. Radiotracer studies using 54Mn reveal that Slc39a14-/- mice have impaired Mn uptake by the liver and pancreas and reduced gastrointestinal Mn excretion. In the brain of Slc39a14-/- mice, Mn accumulated in the pons and basal ganglia, including the globus pallidus, a region susceptible to Mn-related neurotoxicity. Brain Mn accumulation in Slc39a14-/- mice was associated with locomotor impairments, as assessed by various behavioral tests. Although a low-Mn diet started at weaning was able to reverse brain Mn accumulation in Slc39a14-/- mice, it did not correct their motor deficits. We conclude that SLC39A14 is essential for efficient Mn uptake by the liver and pancreas, and its deficiency results in impaired Mn excretion and accumulation of the metal in other tissues. The inability of Mn depletion to correct the motor deficits in Slc39a14-/- mice suggests that the motor impairments represent lasting effects of early-life Mn exposure.
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162
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Giraldo G, Brooks M, Giasson BI, Janus C. Locomotor differences in mice expressing wild-type human α-synuclein. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 65:140-148. [PMID: 29477894 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease manifests as a progressive movement disorder with underlying degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, consequent depletion of dopamine levels, and the accumulation of Lewy bodies in the brain. Because α-synuclein (α-Syn) protein is the major component of Lewy bodies, mouse models expressing wild-type or mutant SNCA/α-Syn genes provide a useful tool to investigate canonical characteristics of the disease. We evaluated a mouse model (denoted M20) that expresses human wild-type SNCA gene. The M20 mice showed abnormal locomotor behavior and reduced species-specific home cage activity. However, the direction of behavioral changes was task specific. In comparison with their control littermates, the M20 mice exhibited shorter grip endurance, and longer times to traverse elevated beams, but they descended the vertical pole faster and stayed longer on the accelerated rod than the control mice. The M20 mice were also impaired in burrowing and nest building activities. These results indicate a possible role of α-Syn in motor coordination and the motivation to perform species-specific behaviors in the presymptomatic model of synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesys Giraldo
- Department of Neuroscience, and CTRND, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mieu Brooks
- Department of Neuroscience, and CTRND, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, and CTRND, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher Janus
- Department of Neuroscience, and CTRND, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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163
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Trigo-Damas I, del Rey NLG, Blesa J. Novel models for Parkinson’s disease and their impact on future drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 13:229-239. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1428556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Trigo-Damas
- HM CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Blesa
- HM CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Móstoles, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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164
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Jiang P, Dickson DW. Parkinson's disease: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:13-32. [PMID: 29151169 PMCID: PMC5828522 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive movement disorder of adults and the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathologic diagnosis of PD requires moderate-to-marked neuronal loss in the ventrolateral substantia nigra pars compacta and α-synuclein (αS) Lewy body pathology. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration correlates with the Parkinsonian motor features, but involvement of other peripheral and central nervous system regions leads to a wide range of non-motor features. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration is shared with other parkinsonian disorders, including some genetic forms of parkinsonism, but many of these disorders do not have Lewy bodies. An ideal animal model for PD, therefore, should exhibit age-dependent and progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration, motor dysfunction, and abnormal αS pathology. Rodent models of PD using genetic or toxin based strategies have been widely used in the past several decades to investigate the pathogenesis and therapeutics of PD, but few recapitulate all the major clinical and pathologic features of PD. It is likely that new strategies or better understanding of fundamental disease processes may facilitate development of better animal models. In this review, we highlight progress in generating rodent models of PD based on impairments of four major cellular functions: mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, autophagy-lysosomal metabolism, ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response. We attempt to evaluate how impairment of these major cellular systems contribute to PD and how they can be exploited in rodent models. In addition, we review recent cell biological studies suggesting a link between αS aggregation and impairment of nuclear membrane integrity, as observed during cellular models of apoptosis. We also briefly discuss the role of incompetent phagocytic clearance and how this may be a factor to consider in developing new rodent models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Jiang
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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165
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McGee DJ, Lu XH, Disbrow EA. Stomaching the Possibility of a Pathogenic Role for Helicobacter pylori in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2018; 8:367-374. [PMID: 29966206 PMCID: PMC6130334 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While a small subset of Parkinson's disease cases have genetic causes, most cases are sporadic and may have an environmental contributor that has largely remained enigmatic. Remarkably, gastrointestinal symptoms in PD patients serve as a prodrome for the eventual motor dysfunctions. Herein, we review studies exploring a possible link between the gastric human pathogen Helicobacter pylori and PD. We provide plausible and testable hypotheses for how this organism might contribute to PD: 1) a toxin(s) produced by the bacteria; 2) disruption of the intestinal microbiome; 3) local inflammation that crosses the gut-brain axis, leading to neuroinflammation; and 4) manipulation of the pharmacokinetics of the PD drug levodopa by H. pylori, even in those not receiving exogenous levodopa. Key findings are: 1) people with PD are 1.5-3-fold more likely to be infected with H. pylori than people without PD; 2) H. pylori-infected PD patients display worse motor functions than H. pylori-negative PD patients; 3) eradication of H. pylori improves motor function in PD patients over PD patients whose H. pylori was not eradicated; and 4) eradication of H. pylori improves levodopa absorption in PD patients compared to that of PD patients whose H. pylori was not eradicated. Evidence is accumulating that H. pylori has a link with PD, but the mechanism is unclear. Future work should explore the effects of H. pylori on development of PD in defined PD animal models, focusing on the roles of H. pylori toxins, inflammation, levodopa absorption, and microbiome dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. McGee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Disbrow
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Department of Neurology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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166
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Impact of DHA intake in a mouse model of synucleinopathy. Exp Neurol 2017; 301:39-49. [PMID: 29229294 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 (n-3 PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to prevent, and partially reverse, neurotoxin-induced nigrostriatal denervation in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the accumulation of α-synuclein (αSyn) in cerebral tissues is equally important to the pathophysiology. To determine whether DHA intake improves various aspects related to synucleinopathy, ninety male mice overexpressing human αSyn under the Thy-1 promoter (Thy1-αSyn) were fed one of three diets (specially formulated control, low n-3 PUFA or high DHA) and compared to non-transgenic C57/BL6 littermate mice exposed to a control diet. Thy1-αSyn mice displayed impaired motor skills, lower dopaminergic neuronal counts within the substantia nigra (-13%) in parallel to decreased levels of the striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) (-24%), as well as reduced NeuN (-41%) and synaptic proteins PSD-95 (-51%), synaptophysin (-80%) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VChAT) (-40%) in the cerebral cortex compared to C57/BL6 mice. However, no significant difference in dopamine concentrations was observed by HPLC analysis between Thy1-αSyn and non-transgenic C57/BL6 littermates under the control diet. The most striking finding was a favorable effect of DHA on the survival/longevity of Thy1-αSyn mice (+51% survival rate at 12months of age). However, dietary DHA supplementation did not have a significant effect on other parameters examined in this study, despite increased striatal dopamine concentrations. While human αSyn monomers and oligomers were detected in the cortex of Thy1-αSyn mice, the effects of the diets were limited to a small increase of 42kDa oligomers in insoluble protein fractions upon n-3 PUFA deprivation. Overall, our data indicate that a diet rich in n-3 PUFA has a beneficial effect on the longevity of a murine model of α-synucleinopathy without a major impact on the dopamine system and motor impairments, nor αSyn levels.
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167
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Khenniche Y, Lutete E, Bobé P. [When germs get involved in Parkinson's disease]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:950-953. [PMID: 29200392 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173311011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Khenniche
- M1 Biologie-Santé et magistère de biologie d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Esther Lutete
- M1 Biologie-Santé, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Bobé
- ICPH (interactions cellulaires et physiopathologie hépatique), Inserm UMR S1174, Université Paris-Saclay, bâtiments 440-443, rue des Adèles, 91400 Orsay, France
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168
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Frahm S, Melis V, Horsley D, Rickard JE, Riedel G, Fadda P, Scherma M, Harrington CR, Wischik CM, Theuring F, Schwab K. Alpha-Synuclein transgenic mice, h-α-SynL62, display α-Syn aggregation and a dopaminergic phenotype reminiscent of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2017; 339:153-168. [PMID: 29180135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn) accumulation is considered a major risk factor for the development of synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies. We have generated mice overexpressing full-length human α-Syn fused to a membrane-targeting signal sequence under the control of the mouse Thy1-promotor. Three separate lines (L56, L58 and L62) with similar gene expression levels, but considerably heightened protein accumulation in L58 and L62, were established. In L62, there was widespread labelling of α-Syn immunoreactivity in brain including spinal cord, basal forebrain, cortex and striatum. Interestingly, there was no detectable α-Syn expression in dopaminergic neurones of the substantia nigra, but strong human α-Syn reactivity in glutamatergic synapses. The human α-Syn accumulated during aging and formed PK-resistant, thioflavin-binding aggregates. Mice displayed early onset bradykinesia and age progressive motor deficits. Functional alterations within the striatum were confirmed: L62 showed normal basal dopamine levels, but impaired dopamine release (upon amphetamine challenge) in the dorsal striatum measured by in vivo brain dialysis at 9 months of age. This impairment was coincident with a reduced response to amphetamine in the activity test. L62 further displayed greater sensitivity to low doses of the dopamine receptor 1 (D1) agonist SKF81297 but reacted normally to the D2 agonist quinpirole in the open field. Since accumulation of α-Syn aggregates in neurones and synapses and alterations in the dopaminergic tone are characteristics of PD, phenotypes reported for L62 present a good opportunity to further our understanding of motor dysfunction in PD and Lewy body dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Frahm
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valeria Melis
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David Horsley
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Janet E Rickard
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Gernot Riedel
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Paula Fadda
- University of Cagliari, Department of Neuroscience, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Scherma
- University of Cagliari, Department of Neuroscience, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Charles R Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore 068805, Singapore
| | - Claude M Wischik
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore 068805, Singapore
| | - Franz Theuring
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Karima Schwab
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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169
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Morphological analysis of mitochondria for evaluating the toxicity of α-synuclein in transgenic mice and isolated preparations by atomic force microscopy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1380-1388. [PMID: 29169728 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A key molecular event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is mitochondrial damage caused by α-synuclein (α-syn). Mitochondria mediates both necrosis and apoptosis, which are associated with morphological changes. However, the mechanism by which α-syn alters mitochondrial morphology remains unclear. To address this issue, we investigated mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and changes in cardiolipin (CL) levels in mitochondria isolated from the brain of Thy1α-syn mice. Cytoplasmic cytochrome C and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels were upregulated in the brain of transgenic mice. Morphological analysis by atomic force microscopy (AFM) suggested a correlation between mitochondrial morphology and function in these animals. Incubation of isolated mitochondria with recombinant human α-synuclein N terminus (α-syn/N) decreased mitochondrial CL content. An AFM analysis showed that α-syn/N induced mitochondrial swelling and the formation of pore-like structures, which was associated with decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential and complex I activity. The observed mitochondrial dysfunction was abrogated by treatment with the mPTP inhibitor cyclosporin A, although there was no recovery of CL content. These results provide insight into the mechanism by which α-syn/N directly undermines mitochondrial structure and function via modulation of mPTP opening and CL levels, and suggests that morphological analysis of isolated mitochondria by AFM is a useful approach for evaluating mitochondrial injury.
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170
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Mann AP, Scodeller P, Hussain S, Braun GB, Mölder T, Toome K, Ambasudhan R, Teesalu T, Lipton SA, Ruoslahti E. Identification of a peptide recognizing cerebrovascular changes in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1403. [PMID: 29123083 PMCID: PMC5680235 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular changes occur in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Using in vivo phage display, we searched for molecular markers of the neurovascular unit, including endothelial cells and astrocytes, in mouse models of AD. We identified a cyclic peptide, CDAGRKQKC (DAG), that accumulates in the hippocampus of hAPP-J20 mice at different ages. Intravenously injected DAG peptide homes to neurovascular unit endothelial cells and to reactive astrocytes in mouse models of AD. We identified connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a matricellular protein that is highly expressed in the brain of individuals with AD and in mouse models, as the target of the DAG peptide. We also showed that exogenously delivered DAG homes to the brain in mouse models of glioblastoma, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson’s disease. DAG may potentially be used as a tool to enhance delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents to sites of vascular changes and astrogliosis in diseases associated with neuroinflammation. Cerebrovascular changes and astrogliosis occur in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Using an in vivo phage display technique, the authors identified a peptide that upon systematic administration, can home to brain endothelial cells and astrocytes in mouse models of AD at the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman P Mann
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Pablo Scodeller
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Sazid Hussain
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,AivoCode Inc., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gary B Braun
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tarmo Mölder
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Kadri Toome
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Rajesh Ambasudhan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Tambet Teesalu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Erkki Ruoslahti
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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171
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Vingill S, Connor-Robson N, Wade-Martins R. Are rodent models of Parkinson's disease behaving as they should? Behav Brain Res 2017; 352:133-141. [PMID: 29074404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years our understanding of Parkinson's disease has expanded both in terms of pathological hallmarks as well as relevant genetic influences. In parallel with the aetiological discoveries a multitude of PD animal models have been established. The vast majority of these are rodent models based on environmental, genetic and mechanistic insight. A major challenge in many of these models is their ability to only recapitulate some of the complex disease features seen in humans. Although symptom alleviation and clinical signs are of utmost importance in therapeutic research many of these models lack comprehensive behavioural testing. While non-motor symptoms become increasingly important as early diagnostic markers in PD, they are poorly characterized in rodents. In this review we look at well-established and more recent animal models of PD in terms of behavioural characterization and discuss how they can best contribute to progression in Parkinson's research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv Vingill
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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172
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Tailor-made purified human platelet lysate concentrated in neurotrophins for treatment of Parkinson's disease. Biomaterials 2017; 142:77-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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173
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Richter F, Subramaniam SR, Magen I, Lee P, Hayes J, Attar A, Zhu C, Franich NR, Bove N, De La Rosa K, Kwong J, Klärner FG, Schrader T, Chesselet MF, Bitan G. A Molecular Tweezer Ameliorates Motor Deficits in Mice Overexpressing α-Synuclein. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:1107-1119. [PMID: 28585223 PMCID: PMC5722755 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant accumulation and self-assembly of α-synuclein are tightly linked to several neurodegenerative diseases called synucleinopathies, including idiopathic Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy. Deposition of fibrillar α-synuclein as insoluble inclusions in affected brain cells is a pathological hallmark of synucleinopathies. However, water-soluble α-synuclein oligomers may be the actual culprits causing neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in synucleinopathies. Accordingly, therapeutic approaches targeting the toxic α-synuclein assemblies are attractive for these incurable disorders. The "molecular tweezer" CLR01 selectively remodels abnormal protein self-assembly through reversible binding to Lys residues. Here, we treated young male mice overexpressing human wild-type α-synuclein under control of the Thy-1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn mice) with CLR01 and examined motor behavior and α-synuclein in the brain. Intracerebroventricular administration of CLR01 for 28 days to the mice improved motor dysfunction in the challenging beam test and caused a significant decrease of buffer-soluble α-synuclein in the striatum. Proteinase-K-resistant, insoluble α-synuclein deposits remained unchanged in the substantia nigra, whereas levels of diffuse cytoplasmic α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons increased in mice receiving CLR01 compared with vehicle. More moderate improvement of motor deficits was also achieved by subcutaneous administration of CLR01, in 2/5 trials of the challenging beam test and in the pole test, which requires balance and coordination. The data support further development of molecular tweezers as therapeutic agents for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Richter
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sudhakar R Subramaniam
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Iddo Magen
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Lee
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane Hayes
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aida Attar
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chunni Zhu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Franich
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Bove
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Krystal De La Rosa
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacky Kwong
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Schrader
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marie-Françoise Chesselet
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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174
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α-synuclein interacts with PrP C to induce cognitive impairment through mGluR5 and NMDAR2B. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1569-1579. [PMID: 28945221 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, are neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (aSyn) in intracellular inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Prefibrillar soluble aSyn oligomers, rather than larger inclusions, are currently considered to be crucial species underlying synaptic dysfunction. We identified the cellular prion protein (PrPC) as a key mediator in aSyn-induced synaptic impairment. The aSyn-associated impairment of long-term potentiation was blocked in Prnp null mice and rescued following PrPC blockade. We found that extracellular aSyn oligomers formed a complex with PrPC that induced the phosphorylation of Fyn kinase via metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGluR5). aSyn engagement of PrPC and Fyn activated NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and altered calcium homeostasis. Blockade of mGluR5-evoked phosphorylation of NMDAR in aSyn transgenic mice rescued synaptic and cognitive deficits, supporting the hypothesis that a receptor-mediated mechanism, independent of pore formation and membrane leakage, is sufficient to trigger early synaptic damage induced by extracellular aSyn.
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175
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Helmschrodt C, Höbel S, Schöniger S, Bauer A, Bonicelli J, Gringmuth M, Fietz SA, Aigner A, Richter A, Richter F. Polyethylenimine Nanoparticle-Mediated siRNA Delivery to Reduce α-Synuclein Expression in a Model of Parkinson's Disease. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:57-68. [PMID: 29246324 PMCID: PMC5602522 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based strategies that mediate the specific knockdown of target genes by administration of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) could be applied for treatment of presently incurable neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. However, inefficient delivery of siRNA into neurons hampers in vivo application of RNAi. We have previously established the 4–12 kDa branched polyethylenimine (PEI) F25-LMW with superior transfection efficacy for delivery of siRNA in vivo. Here, we present that siRNA complexed with this PEI extensively distributes across the CNS down to the lumbar spinal cord after a single intracerebroventricular infusion. siRNA against α-synuclein (SNCA), a pre-synaptic protein that aggregates in Parkinson’s disease, was complexed with PEI F25-LMW and injected into the lateral ventricle of mice overexpressing human wild-type SNCA (Thy1-aSyn mice). Five days after the single injection of 0.75 μg PEI/siRNA, SNCA mRNA expression in the striatum was reduced by 65%, accompanied by reduction of SNCA protein by ∼50%. Mice did not show signs of toxicity or adverse effects. Moreover, ependymocytes and brain parenchyma were completely preserved and free of immune cell invasion, astrogliosis, or microglial activation. Our results support the efficacy and safety of PEI nanoparticle-mediated delivery of siRNA to the brain for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Helmschrodt
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Sabrina Höbel
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Sandra Schöniger
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Anne Bauer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jana Bonicelli
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Marieke Gringmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Simone A Fietz
- Veterinary Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Achim Aigner
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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176
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Joers V, Tansey MG, Mulas G, Carta AR. Microglial phenotypes in Parkinson's disease and animal models of the disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:57-75. [PMID: 27107797 PMCID: PMC5073045 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade the important concept has emerged that microglia, similar to other tissue macrophages, assume different phenotypes and serve several effector functions, generating the theory that activated microglia can be organized by their pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory and repairing functions. Importantly, microglia exist in a heterogenous population and their phenotypes are not permanently polarized into two categories; they exist along a continuum where they acquire different profiles based on their local environment. In Parkinson's disease (PD), neuroinflammation and microglia activation are considered neuropathological hallmarks, however their precise role in relation to disease progression is not clear, yet represent a critical challenge in the search of disease-modifying strategies. This review will critically address current knowledge on the activation states of microglia as well as microglial phenotypes found in PD and in animal models of PD, focusing on the expression of surface molecules as well as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production during the disease process. While human studies have reported an elevation of both pro- or anti-inflammatory markers in the serum and CSF of PD patients, animal models have provided insights on dynamic changes of microglia phenotypes in relation to disease progression especially prior to the development of motor deficits. We also review recent evidence of malfunction at multiple steps of NFκB signaling that may have a causal interrelationship with pathological microglia activation in animal models of PD. Finally, we discuss the immune-modifying strategies that have been explored regarding mechanisms of chronic microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Joers
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Giovanna Mulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.
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177
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Titova N, Schapira AHV, Chaudhuri KR, Qamar MA, Katunina E, Jenner P. Nonmotor Symptoms in Experimental Models of Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:63-89. [PMID: 28802936 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) range from neuropsychiatric, cognitive to sleep and sensory disorders and can arise from the disease process as well as from drug treatment. The clinical heterogeneity of nonmotor symptoms of PD is underpinned by a wide range of neuropathological and molecular pathology, affecting almost the entire range of neurotransmitters present in brain and the periphery. Understanding the neurobiology and pathology of nonmotor symptoms is crucial to the effective treatment of PD and currently a key unmet need. This bench-to-bedside translational concept can only be successful if robust animal models of PD charting the genesis and natural history of nonmotor symptoms can be devised. Toxin-based and transgenic rodent and primate models of PD have given us important clues to the underlying basis of motor symptomatology and in addition, can provide a snapshot of some nonmotor aspects of PD, although the data are far from complete. In this chapter, we discuss some of the nonmotor aspects of the available experimental models of PD and how the development of robust animal models to understand and treat nonmotor symptoms needs to become a research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Titova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College London and King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mubasher A Qamar
- National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College London and King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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178
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Titova N, Chaudhuri KR. Nonmotor Parkinson's and Future Directions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 134:1493-1505. [PMID: 28805581 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) are integral to the condition largely regarded as a motor syndrome. A range of NMS underpin the prodromal stage of Parkinson's and are present with variable frequency, range, and nature across the whole journey of a patient with Parkinson's from the onset of the motor disease to palliative stage. These symptoms also are key determinants of quality of life of the patient as well as the carer. Despite this, recognition management and focused treatment of NMS of PD remain poor. Future would, therefore, need to focus on better definition and management of NMS of PD. This would include development of robust animal models of specific NMS such as cognitive, sleep, and autonomic dysfunctions as well as pain to understand the mechanistic pathways of these symptoms. In turn this will lead to better drug development using a bench to bedside model. Nonmotor clinical subtypes of PD have also been described and, in future, proper biomarkers will consolidate these findings in addition to defining the natural history of the subtypes. Revised versions of established scales and questionnaires will enable the adoption of good clinical practice with recognition of these subtypes in clinic. This will enhance the delivery of true subtype-specific therapies. Drug development should also include nondopaminergic and cell replacement restorative therapies with a nonmotor focus. An additional key area of future research would be the formalizing of true personalized medicine for PD. Personalized medicine pathways should concentrate on the role of exercise, complementary medicine as well as age, body weight, ethnicity on various NMS of PD. Genetics and pharmacogenetic developments in PD will add to the precision of the individualized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Titova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- National Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College London and King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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179
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Subramaniam SR, Federoff HJ. Targeting Microglial Activation States as a Therapeutic Avenue in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28642697 PMCID: PMC5463358 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized neuropathologically by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, intracellular proteinaceous inclusions, reduction of dopaminergic terminals in the striatum, and increased neuroinflammatory cells. The consequent reduction of dopamine in the basal ganglia results in the classical parkinsonian motor phenotype. A growing body of evidence suggest that neuroinflammation mediated by microglia, the resident macrophage-like immune cells in the brain, play a contributory role in PD pathogenesis. Microglia participate in both physiological and pathological conditions. In the former, microglia restore the integrity of the central nervous system and, in the latter, they promote disease progression. Microglia acquire different activation states to modulate these cellular functions. Upon activation to the M1 phenotype, microglia elaborate pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic molecules promoting inflammation and cytotoxic responses. In contrast, when adopting the M2 phenotype microglia secrete anti-inflammatory gene products and trophic factors that promote repair, regeneration, and restore homeostasis. Relatively little is known about the different microglial activation states in PD and a better understanding is essential for developing putative neuroprotective agents. Targeting microglial activation states by suppressing their deleterious pro-inflammatory neurotoxicity and/or simultaneously enhancing their beneficial anti-inflammatory protective functions appear as a valid therapeutic approach for PD treatment. In this review, we summarize microglial functions and, their dual neurotoxic and neuroprotective role in PD. We also review molecules that modulate microglial activation states as a therapeutic option for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard J Federoff
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CAUnited States
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180
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Kamagata K, Zalesky A, Hatano T, Ueda R, Di Biase MA, Okuzumi A, Shimoji K, Hori M, Caeyenberghs K, Pantelis C, Hattori N, Aoki S. Gray Matter Abnormalities in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: Evaluation by Diffusional Kurtosis Imaging and Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3704-3722. [PMID: 28470878 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mapping gray matter (GM) pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) with conventional MRI is challenging, and the need for more sensitive brain imaging techniques is essential to facilitate early diagnosis and assessment of disease severity. GM microstructure was assessed with GM-based spatial statistics applied to diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and neurite orientation dispersion imaging (NODDI) in 30 participants with PD and 28 age- and gender-matched controls. These were compared with currently used assessment methods such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), voxel-based morphometry (VBM), and surface-based cortical thickness analysis. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was also used to test whether subject diagnosis could be predicted based on a linear combination of regional diffusion metrics. Significant differences in GM microstructure were observed in the striatum and the frontal, temporal, limbic, and paralimbic areas in PD patients using DKI and NODDI. Significant correlations between motor deficits and GM microstructure were also noted in these areas. Traditional VBM and surface-based cortical thickness analyses failed to detect any GM differences. LDA indicated that mean kurtosis (MK) and intra cellular volume fraction (ICVF) were the most accurate predictors of diagnostic status. In conclusion, DKI and NODDI can detect cerebral GM abnormalities in PD in a more sensitive manner when compared with conventional methods. Hence, these methods may be useful for the diagnosis of PD and assessment of motor deficits. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3704-3722, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kamagata
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Taku Hatano
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ueda
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Angelique Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ayami Okuzumi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Shimoji
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hori
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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181
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Orr AL, Rutaganira FU, de Roulet D, Huang EJ, Hertz NT, Shokat KM, Nakamura K. Long-term oral kinetin does not protect against α-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2017; 109:106-116. [PMID: 28434973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the mitochondrial kinase PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) cause Parkinson's disease (PD), likely by disrupting PINK1's kinase activity. Although the mechanism(s) underlying how this loss of activity causes degeneration remains unclear, increasing PINK1 activity may therapeutically benefit some forms of PD. However, we must first learn whether restoring PINK1 function prevents degeneration in patients harboring PINK1 mutations, or whether boosting PINK1 function can offer protection in more common causes of PD. To test these hypotheses in preclinical rodent models of PD, we used kinetin triphosphate, a small-molecule that activates both wild-type and mutant forms of PINK1, which affects mitochondrial function and protects neural cells in culture. We chronically fed kinetin, the precursor of kinetin triphosphate, to PINK1-null rats in which PINK1 was reintroduced into their midbrain, and also to rodent models overexpressing α-synuclein. The highest tolerated dose of oral kinetin increased brain levels of kinetin for up to 6 months, without adversely affecting the survival of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. However, there was no degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons lacking PINK1, which precluded an assessment of neuroprotection and raised questions about the robustness of the PINK1 KO rat model of PD. In two rodent models of α-synuclein-induced toxicity, boosting PINK1 activity with oral kinetin provided no protective effects. Our results suggest that oral kinetin is unlikely to protect against α-synuclein toxicity, and thus fail to provide evidence that kinetin will protect in sporadic models of PD. Kinetin may protect in cases of PINK1 deficiency, but this possibility requires a more robust PINK1 KO model that can be validated by proof-of-principle genetic correction in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Orr
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Florentine U Rutaganira
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevan M Shokat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Mitokinin LLC, 2 Wall Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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182
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erny
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.,University of Freiburg
| | - Marco Prinz
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg
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183
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Abstract
Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) were recognized by the great James Parkinson himself who mentioned symptoms such as sleep dysfunction, delirium, dementia, and dysautonomia, in his seminal 1817 essay, "An Essay on the Shaking Palsy" (Parkinson, 1817). In spite of the key impact of PD NMS on quality of life, there was little holistic research and awareness till the validation and use of comprehensive tools such as the NMS questionnaire, scale, and the revised version of the unified PD rating scale. Research studies using these tools highlighted the key impact of the burden of NMS on quality of life of PD patients and the need for NMS to be routinely assessed in clinic. We now define PD as a motor and nonmotor disorder, and the natural history includes a long prodromal phase of PD dominated by a range of NMS. The prodromal phase is the subject of much research particularly in relation to neuroprotection and identifying subjects at risk. Use of NMS tools has also validated burden grading of NMS with cutoff values, which can be used as outcome measure in clinical trials. Finally, the complex multineurotransmitter dysfunction that is seen in PD has been shown to manifest clinically as nonmotor subtypes. Recognition of such subtypes is likely to lead to the emergence of personalized and precision medicine in PD.
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184
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Early and progressive microstructural brain changes in mice overexpressing human α-Synuclein detected by diffusion kurtosis imaging. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:197-208. [PMID: 27923670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) is sensitive in detecting α-Synuclein (α-Syn) accumulation-associated microstructural changes at late stages of the pathology in α-Syn overexpressing TNWT-61 mice. The aim of this study was to perform DKI in young TNWT-61 mice when α-Syn starts to accumulate and to compare the imaging results with an analysis of motor and memory impairment and α-Syn levels. Three-month-old (3mo) and six-month-old (6mo) mice underwent DKI scanning using the Bruker Avance 9.4T magnetic resonance imaging system. Region of interest (ROI) analyses were performed in the gray matter; tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analyses were performed in the white matter. In the same mice, α-Syn expression was evaluated using quantitative immunofluorescence. Mean kurtosis (MK) was the best differentiator between TNWT-61 mice and wildtype (WT) mice. We found increases in MK in 3mo TNWT-61 mice in the striatum and thalamus but not in the substantia nigra (SN), hippocampus, or sensorimotor cortex, even though the immunoreactivity of human α-Syn was similar or even higher in the latter regions. Increases in MK in the SN were detected in 6mo mice. These findings indicate that α-Syn accumulation-associated changes may start in areas with a high density of dopaminergic nerve terminals. We also found TBSS changes in white matter only at 6mo, suggesting α-Syn accumulation-associated changes start in the gray matter and later progress to the white matter. MK is able to detect microstructural changes induced by α-Syn overexpression in TNWT-61 mice and could be a useful clinical tool for detecting early-stage Parkinson's disease in human patients.
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185
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Kikuchi T, Morizane A, Doi D, Okita K, Nakagawa M, Yamakado H, Inoue H, Takahashi R, Takahashi J. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease patient‐derived induced pluripotent stem cells function as midbrain dopaminergic neurons in rodent brains. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1829-1837. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Kikuchi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and ApplicationKyoto UniversityKyoto Japan
| | - Asuka Morizane
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and ApplicationKyoto UniversityKyoto Japan
| | - Daisuke Doi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and ApplicationKyoto UniversityKyoto Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and ApplicationKyoto UniversityKyoto Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Department of Reprogramming Science, Center for iPS Cell Research and ApplicationKyoto UniversityKyoto Japan
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department of NeurologyKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyoto Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentation, Center for iPS Cell Research and ApplicationKyoto UniversityKyoto Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of NeurologyKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyoto Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and ApplicationKyoto UniversityKyoto Japan
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186
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Jung SY, Choi JM, Rousseaux MWC, Malovannaya A, Kim JJ, Kutzera J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Zhu W, Maity S, Zoghbi HY, Qin J. An Anatomically Resolved Mouse Brain Proteome Reveals Parkinson Disease-relevant Pathways. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:581-593. [PMID: 28153913 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.061440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a mouse brain protein atlas that covers 17 surgically distinct neuroanatomical regions of the adult mouse brain, each less than 1 mm3 in size. The protein expression levels are determined for 6,500 to 7,500 gene protein products from each region and over 12,000 gene protein products for the entire brain, documenting the physiological repertoire of mouse brain proteins in an anatomically resolved and comprehensive manner. We explored the utility of our spatially defined protein profiling methods in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. We compared the proteome from a vulnerable region (substantia nigra pars compacta) of wild type and parkinsonian mice with that of an adjacent, less vulnerable, region (ventral tegmental area) and identified several proteins that exhibited both spatiotemporal- and genotype-restricted changes. We validated the most robustly altered proteins using an alternative profiling method and found that these modifications may highlight potential new pathways for future studies. This proteomic atlas is a valuable resource that offers a practical framework for investigating the molecular intricacies of normal brain function as well as regional vulnerability in neurological diseases. All of the mouse regional proteome profiling data are published on line at http://mbpa.bprc.ac.cn/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yun Jung
- From the ‡Verna & Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77003; .,§Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77003
| | - Jong Min Choi
- From the ‡Verna & Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77003.,§Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77003
| | - Maxime W C Rousseaux
- **Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77003
| | - Anna Malovannaya
- From the ‡Verna & Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77003.,§Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77003
| | - Jean J Kim
- ‡‡Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Joachim Kutzera
- §§Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yi Wang
- From the ‡Verna & Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77003.,§Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77003
| | - Yin Huang
- ¶¶State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- ¶¶State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Suman Maity
- ‖‖Advanced Technology Core. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; and
| | - Huda Yahya Zoghbi
- **Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77003.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jun Qin
- From the ‡Verna & Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77003; .,§Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77003.,¶¶State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing, China
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187
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Kim YC, Miller A, Lins LCRF, Han SW, Keiser MS, Boudreau RL, Davidson BL, Narayanan NS. RNA Interference of Human α-Synuclein in Mouse. Front Neurol 2017; 8:13. [PMID: 28197125 PMCID: PMC5281542 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is postulated to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Aggregates of α-synuclein contribute to neurodegeneration and cell death in humans and in mouse models of PD. Here, we use virally mediated RNA interference to knockdown human α-synuclein in mice. We used an siRNA design algorithm to identify eight siRNA sequences with minimal off-targeting potential. One RNA-interference sequence (miSyn4) showed maximal protein knockdown potential in vitro. We then designed AAV vectors expressing miSyn4 and injected them into the mouse substantia nigra. miSyn4 was robustly expressed and did not detectably change dopamine neurons, glial proliferation, or mouse behavior. We then injected AAV2-miSyn4 into Thy1-hSNCA mice over expressing α-synuclein and found decreased human α-synuclein (hSNCA) in both midbrain and cortex. In separate mice, co-injection of AAV2-hSNCA and AAV2-miSyn4 demonstrated decreased hSNCA expression and rescue of hSNCA-mediated behavioral deficits. These data suggest that virally mediated RNA interference can knockdown hSNCA in vivo, which could be helpful for future therapies targeting human α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Cho Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Adam Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA; Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Livia C R F Lins
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Sang-Woo Han
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Megan S Keiser
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Ryan L Boudreau
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nandakumar S Narayanan
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA; Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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188
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Rabl R, Breitschaedel C, Flunkert S, Duller S, Amschl D, Neddens J, Niederkofler V, Rockenstein E, Masliah E, Roemer H, Hutter-Paier B. Early start of progressive motor deficits in Line 61 α-synuclein transgenic mice. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:22. [PMID: 28143405 PMCID: PMC5282838 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy are characterized by Lewy bodies in distinct brain areas. These aggregates are mainly formed by α-synuclein inclusions, a protein crucial for synaptic functions in the healthy brain. Transgenic animal models of synucleinopathies are frequently based on over-expression of human wild type or mutated α-synuclein under the regulatory control of different promoters. A promising model is the Line 61 α-synuclein transgenic mouse that expresses the transgene under control of the Thy-1 promoter. RESULTS Here, we show an extended characterization of this mouse model over age. To this end, we analyzed animals for the progression of human and mouse protein expression levels in different brain areas as well as motor and memory deficits. Our results show, that Line 61 mice exhibited an age dependent increase of α-synuclein protein levels in the hippocampus but not the striatum. While murine α-synuclein was also increased with age, it was lower expressed in Line 61 mice than in non-transgenic littermates. At the age of 9 months animals exhibited increased neuroinflammation. Furthermore, we found that Line 61 mice showed severe motor deficits as early as 1 month of age as assessed by the wire hanging and nest building tests. At later ages, initial motor deficits were validated with the RotaRod, pasta gnawing and beam walk tests. At 8 months of age animals exhibited emotional memory deficits as validated with the contextual fear conditioning test. CONCLUSION In summary, our results strengthen and further expand our knowledge about the Line 61 mouse model, emphasizing this mouse model as a valuable in vivo tool to test new compounds directed against synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rabl
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | - C Breitschaedel
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria.,Institute of Zoology, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - S Flunkert
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | - S Duller
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | - D Amschl
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | - J Neddens
- QPS Austria GmbH, Parkring 12, 8074, Grambach, Austria
| | | | - E Rockenstein
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E Masliah
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - H Roemer
- Institute of Zoology, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
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189
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Richter F, Gabby L, McDowell KA, Mulligan CK, De La Rosa K, Sioshansi PC, Mortazavi F, Cely I, Ackerson LC, Tsan L, Murphy NP, Maidment NT, Chesselet MF. Effects of decreased dopamine transporter levels on nigrostriatal neurons and paraquat/maneb toxicity in mice. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 51:54-66. [PMID: 28038352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
How genetic variations in the dopamine transporter (DAT) combined with exposure to environmental toxins modulate the risk of Parkinson's disease remains unclear. Using unbiased stereology in DAT knock-down mice (DAT-KD) and wild-type (WT) littermates, we found that decreased DAT caused a loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (dopaminergic) neurons in subregions of the substantia nigra pars compacta at 3-4 days, 5 weeks, and 18 months of age. Both genotypes lost dopaminergic neurons with age and remaining neurons at 11 months were resilient to paraquat/maneb. In 5-week-old mice, the toxins decreased substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons in both genotypes but less in DAT-KD. Regional analysis revealed striking differences in the subsets of neurons affected by low DAT, paraquat/maneb, and aging. In particular, we show that a potentially protective effect of low DAT against toxin exposure is not sufficient to reduce death of all nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Thus, different regional vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons may contribute to an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease when multiple factors are combined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauryn Gabby
- Department of Neurology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ingrid Cely
- Hatos Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Larry C Ackerson
- Hatos Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda Tsan
- Hatos Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Niall P Murphy
- Hatos Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nigel T Maidment
- Hatos Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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190
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Sampson TR, Debelius JW, Thron T, Janssen S, Shastri GG, Ilhan ZE, Challis C, Schretter CE, Rocha S, Gradinaru V, Chesselet MF, Keshavarzian A, Shannon KM, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Wittung-Stafshede P, Knight R, Mazmanian SK. Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell 2016; 167:1469-1480.e12. [PMID: 27912057 PMCID: PMC5718049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2153] [Impact Index Per Article: 269.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota influence neurodevelopment, modulate behavior, and contribute to neurological disorders. However, a functional link between gut bacteria and neurodegenerative diseases remains unexplored. Synucleinopathies are characterized by aggregation of the protein α-synuclein (αSyn), often resulting in motor dysfunction as exemplified by Parkinson's disease (PD). Using mice that overexpress αSyn, we report herein that gut microbiota are required for motor deficits, microglia activation, and αSyn pathology. Antibiotic treatment ameliorates, while microbial re-colonization promotes, pathophysiology in adult animals, suggesting that postnatal signaling between the gut and the brain modulates disease. Indeed, oral administration of specific microbial metabolites to germ-free mice promotes neuroinflammation and motor symptoms. Remarkably, colonization of αSyn-overexpressing mice with microbiota from PD-affected patients enhances physical impairments compared to microbiota transplants from healthy human donors. These findings reveal that gut bacteria regulate movement disorders in mice and suggest that alterations in the human microbiome represent a risk factor for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Sampson
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Justine W Debelius
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Taren Thron
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Stefan Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Gauri G Shastri
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zehra Esra Ilhan
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Collin Challis
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Catherine E Schretter
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sandra Rocha
- Biology and Biological Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kathleen M Shannon
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede
- Biology and Biological Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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191
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Elevated levels of alpha-synuclein blunt cellular signal transduction downstream of Gq protein-coupled receptors. Cell Signal 2016; 30:82-91. [PMID: 27871937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is central to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis and pathology, however its precise functions are still unclear. It has been shown to bind both PLCβ1 and MAPKs, but how this property influences the downstream signaling of Gq protein-coupled receptors has not been elucidated. Here we show that recombinant expression of alpha-synuclein in human neuroblastoma cells enhances cellular levels of PLCβ1 but blunts its signaling pathway, preventing the agonist-dependent rise of cytoplasmic Ca2+. In addition, overexpressing alpha-synuclein abolishes the activation of ERK1/2 upon agonist stimulation, indicating an upstream action in the signal transduction pathway. This data demonstrates that alpha-synuclein, when recombinantly expressed, interferes with the normal signaling of Gq-protein coupled receptors, which are then dysfunctional. Since many neurotransmitter systems utilize these receptor signaling pathways to mediate different abilities affected in Parkinson's disease, we argue this novel perspective might be helpful in designing treatment strategies for some of the non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease and synucleinopathies.
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192
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Rousseaux MW, de Haro M, Lasagna-Reeves CA, De Maio A, Park J, Jafar-Nejad P, Al-Ramahi I, Sharma A, See L, Lu N, Vilanova-Velez L, Klisch TJ, Westbrook TF, Troncoso JC, Botas J, Zoghbi HY. TRIM28 regulates the nuclear accumulation and toxicity of both alpha-synuclein and tau. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27779468 PMCID: PMC5104516 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases are driven by the toxic gain-of-function of specific proteins within the brain. Elevated levels of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) appear to drive neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease (PD); neuronal accumulation of tau is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD); and their increased levels cause neurodegeneration in humans and model organisms. Despite the clinical differences between AD and PD, several lines of evidence suggest that α-Syn and tau overlap pathologically. The connections between α-Syn and tau led us to ask whether these proteins might be regulated through a shared pathway. We therefore screened for genes that affect post-translational levels of α-Syn and tau. We found that TRIM28 regulates α-Syn and tau levels and that its reduction rescues toxicity in animal models of tau- and α-Syn-mediated degeneration. TRIM28 stabilizes and promotes the nuclear accumulation and toxicity of both proteins. Intersecting screens across comorbid proteinopathies thus reveal shared mechanisms and therapeutic entry points. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19809.001 Behind many neurodegenerative diseases are specific proteins that abnormally accumulate inside neurons and damage the cells. In Parkinson’s disease, the protein alpha-synuclein accumulates; in Alzheimer’s disease, the protein tau is one of the toxic culprits; and in other neurodegenerative diseases, alpha-synuclein and tau both accumulate. Genetic studies suggest that accumulation of the two proteins may be linked, but little is known about the factors that regulate the levels of these proteins inside neurons. Rousseaux et al. set out to identify how these proteins are regulated in the hope of finding new ways of targeting them and reducing their toxicity. Screening a subset of human genes led to one that encodes a protein called TRIM28, which regulates the levels of both alpha-synuclein and tau. When the TRIM28 protein was depleted in human and mouse cells, the levels of alpha-synuclein and tau also went down. This effect was specific because the levels of other proteins with the potential to cause neurodegeneration remained unaffected. Models of neurodegenerative disease in fruit flies and mice were then used to explore how TRIM28 affects the levels of tau and alpha-synuclein in animals. In each case, the proteins’ levels dropped when TRIM28 was suppressed and this in turn protected the neurons from damage. Rousseaux et al. went on to show that TRIM28 affected how alpha-synuclein and tau were cleared in cells. Overexpressing TRIM28 revealed that it could encourage both alpha-synuclein and tau to accumulate in the nucleus of cells over time. Finally, Rousseaux et al. compared post-mortem brain tissue from people who had neurodegenerative conditions that are driven by or associated with tau and alpha-synuclein with tissue from those who did not. The cell nuclei in the diseased tissue had much more TRIM28 associated with alpha-synuclein and tau than those in the healthy tissues. Overall, the findings show that TRIM28 promotes the accumulation and damaging effects of both alpha-synuclein and tau. The next steps will be to understand how TRIM28 does this. It will also be important to determine if this effect can be targeted, whilst leaving others roles of TRIM28 intact, in order to explore it as a potential target to treat or prevent neurodegenerative diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19809.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Wc Rousseaux
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Maria de Haro
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Cristian A Lasagna-Reeves
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Antonia De Maio
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Canada
| | - Jeehye Park
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Paymaan Jafar-Nejad
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Ismael Al-Ramahi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Lauren See
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Luis Vilanova-Velez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Tiemo J Klisch
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Thomas F Westbrook
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,The Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Juan Botas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Canada.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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193
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Rabl R, Horvath A, Breitschaedel C, Flunkert S, Roemer H, Hutter-Paier B. Quantitative evaluation of orofacial motor function in mice: The pasta gnawing test, a voluntary and stress-free behavior test. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 274:125-130. [PMID: 27746230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of motor deficits in rodents is mostly restricted to limb motor tests that are often high stressors for the animals. NEW METHOD To test rodents for orofacial motor impairments in a stress-free environment, we established the pasta gnawing test by measuring the biting noise of mice that eat a piece of spaghetti. Two parameters were evaluated, the biting speed and the biting peaks per biting episode. To evaluate the power of this test compared to commonly used limb motor and muscle strength tests, three mouse models of Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Niemann-Pick disease were tested in the pasta gnawing test, RotaRod and wire suspension test. RESULTS Our results show that the pasta gnawing test reliably displays orofacial motor deficits. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The test is especially useful as additional motor test in early onset disease models, since it shows first deficits later than the RotaRod or wire suspension test. The test depends on a voluntary eating behavior of the animal with only a short-time food deprivation and should thus be stress-free. CONCLUSIONS The pasta gnawing test represents a valuable tool to analyze orofacial motor deficits in different early onset disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rabl
- QPS Austria GmbH, Neuropharmacology, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria.
| | - A Horvath
- QPS Austria GmbH, Neuropharmacology, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria.
| | - C Breitschaedel
- QPS Austria GmbH, Neuropharmacology, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria; Karl Franzens University, Institute of Zoology, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - S Flunkert
- QPS Austria GmbH, Neuropharmacology, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria.
| | - H Roemer
- Karl Franzens University, Institute of Zoology, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - B Hutter-Paier
- QPS Austria GmbH, Neuropharmacology, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria.
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194
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Magen I, Torres ER, Dinh D, Chung A, Masliah E, Chesselet MF. Social Cognition Impairments in Mice Overexpressing Alpha-Synuclein Under the Thy1 Promoter, a Model of Pre-manifest Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:669-680. [PMID: 25588356 PMCID: PMC5757648 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may exhibit deficits in “Theory of Mind”, the ability to read others’ mental states and react appropriately, a prerequisite for successful social interaction. Alpha-synuclein overexpression is widely distributed in the brain of patients with sporadic PD, suggesting that it may contribute to the non-motor deficits observed in PD patients. Mice over-expressing human wild-type alpha-synuclein under the Thy1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn mice) have synaptic deficits in the frontostriatal pathway, low cortical acetylcholine, and high level of expression of mGluR5 receptors, which have all been implicated in social recognition deficits. Objective: To determine whether Thy1-aSyn mice present alterations in their response to social stimuli. Methods: We have submitted Thy1-aSyn mice to tests adapted from autism models. Results: At 7–8 month of age Thy1-aSyn mice explored their conspecifics significantly less than did wild-type littermates, without differences in exploration of inanimate objects, and pairs of Thy1-aSyn mice were involved in reciprocal interactions for a shorter duration than wild-type mice at this age. These deficits persisted when the test animal was enclosed in a beaker and were not present at 3–4 months of age despite the presence of olfactory deficits at that age, indicating that they were not solely caused by impairment in olfaction. Conclusion: Thy1-aSyn mice present progressive deficits in social recognition, supporting an association between alpha-synuclein overexpression and Theory of Mind deficits in PD and providing a useful model for identifying mechanisms and testing novel treatments for these deficits which impact patients and caretakers quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iddo Magen
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eileen Ruth Torres
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diana Dinh
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Chung
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
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195
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Infiltrating T lymphocytes reduce myeloid phagocytosis activity in synucleinopathy model. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:174. [PMID: 27364890 PMCID: PMC4929755 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Synucleinopathies comprise a group of neurodegenerative diseases associated with abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein. One of the key factors that contribute to the progression of synucleinopathies is neuroinflammation. However, the role of lymphocytes in synucleinopathies like Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains largely unclear. Methods To investigate how lymphocytes impact synucleinopathies, human wild-type α-synuclein (WTS) transgenic mice were crossed with mice lacking mature lymphocytes (Rag2−/−). In this in vivo model, we quantified α-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum and determined the numbers of innate and adaptive immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). The activation state of resident and infiltrated CNS myeloid cells (M1 vs. M2) was further classified by gene and protein expression analyses. The impact of T and B lymphocytes on the phagocytic activity of microglia in the presence of α-synuclein aggregates was addressed in BV2 microglia in vitro. Results Compared to WTS+ Rag2+/+ mice, where T but not B lymphocytes infiltrated the CNS, decreased amounts of α-synuclein aggregates were found in WTS+ Rag2−/− mice devoid of mature lymphocytes. The presence of T lymphocytes did not alter the number of Iba1+ microglia but increased the frequency of the CD11b+ CD45hi population in the CNS, indicative of an increased number of infiltrated macrophages. Moreover, the M1 phenotype was more prominent in WTS+ Rag2+/+ mice, whereas the M2 activation state was dominating in the absence of lymphocytes in WTS+ Rag2−/− mice. In vitro, in the presence of T but not B lymphocytes, significantly less α-synuclein was phagocytosed by BV2 microglia, further supporting the prevalence of the M1 phenotype in the presence of T lymphocytes. Conclusions Peripheral T lymphocytes strongly contribute to increased α-synuclein pathology via modulation of CNS myeloid cell function. In the presence of T lymphocytes, microglia phagocytosis of aggregated α-synuclein is reduced, which increases the severity of synucleinopathy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0632-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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196
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Rockenstein E, Clarke J, Viel C, Panarello N, Treleaven CM, Kim C, Spencer B, Adame A, Park H, Dodge JC, Cheng SH, Shihabuddin LS, Masliah E, Sardi SP. Glucocerebrosidase modulates cognitive and motor activities in murine models of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2645-2660. [PMID: 27126635 PMCID: PMC5181635 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding glucocerebrosidase, are associated with an enhanced risk of developing synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies. A higher prevalence and increased severity of motor and non-motor symptoms is observed in PD patients harboring mutant GBA1 alleles, suggesting a link between the gene or gene product and disease development. Interestingly, PD patients without mutations in GBA1 also exhibit lower levels of glucocerebrosidase activity in the central nervous system (CNS), implicating this lysosomal enzyme in disease pathogenesis. Here, we investigated whether modulation of glucocerebrosidase activity in murine models of synucleinopathy (expressing wild type Gba1) affected α-synuclein accumulation and behavioral phenotypes. Partial inhibition of glucocerebrosidase activity in PrP-A53T-SNCA mice using the covalent inhibitor conduritol-B-epoxide induced a profound increase in soluble α-synuclein in the CNS and exacerbated cognitive and motor deficits. Conversely, augmenting glucocerebrosidase activity in the Thy1-SNCA mouse model of PD delayed the progression of synucleinopathy. Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of glucocerebrosidase in the Thy1-SNCA mouse striatum led to decrease in the levels of the proteinase K-resistant fraction of α-synuclein, amelioration of behavioral aberrations and protection from loss of striatal dopaminergic markers. These data indicate that increasing glucocerebrosidase activity can influence α-synuclein homeostasis, thereby reducing the progression of synucleinopathies. This study provides robust in vivo evidence that augmentation of CNS glucocerebrosidase activity is a potential therapeutic strategy for PD, regardless of the mutation status of GBA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Rockenstein
- Neuroscience Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Changyoun Kim
- Neuroscience Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Neuroscience Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Neuroscience Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - E Masliah
- Neuroscience Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Pathology Department, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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197
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Dzamko N, Rowe DB, Halliday GM. Increased peripheral inflammation in asymptomatic leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutation carriers. Mov Disord 2016; 31:889-97. [PMID: 26917005 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to determine if peripheral or central inflammatory cytokines are altered in healthy subjects carrying a leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S mutation, and thus genetically at risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). We also aimed to identify differences in inflammatory cytokines between LRRK2 G2019S-associated and idiopathic PD once the disease manifests. METHODS Participants were genetically screened and phenotyped, and biological samples were collected and stored by the Michael J. Fox Foundation LRRK2 Cohort Consortium. Serum samples and matching clinical data were obtained from 71 asymptomatic LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers (CSF n = 25), 75 neurologically normal controls (CSF n = 22), 75 idiopathic PD patients (CSF n = 29), and 76 PD patients with a LRRK2 G2019S mutation (CSF n = 20). Inflammatory cytokines were measured using multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Serum levels of interleukin 1 beta could discriminate asymptomatic LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers from controls, with a high inflammatory subgroup of carriers identified. This subgroup was significantly higher in a number of PD-implicated pro-inflammatory cytokines. Once PD had manifest, LRRK2 G2019S patients were discriminated from idiopathic PD by higher serum platelet-derived growth factor, and higher CSF vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin 8. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that peripheral inflammation is higher in a percentage of subjects carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. Replication and longitudinal follow-up is required to determine whether the increased peripheral cytokines can predict clinical PD. Importantly, these biological changes were observed prior to the clinical manifestations thought to herald PD. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Kensington, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - Dominic B Rowe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Kensington, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
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198
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Gerstenberger J, Bauer A, Helmschrodt C, Richter A, Richter F. The novel adaptive rotating beam test unmasks sensorimotor impairments in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 304:102-10. [PMID: 26880341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of disease modifying therapeutics for Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, relies on availability of animal models which recapitulate the disease hallmarks. Only few transgenic mouse models, which mimic overexpression of alpha-synuclein, show dopamine loss, behavioral impairments and protein aggregation. Mice overexpressing human wildtype alpha-synuclein under the Thy-1 promotor (Thy1-aSyn) replicate these features. However, female mice do not exhibit a phenotype. This was attributed to a potentially lower transgene expression located on the X chromosome. Here we support that female mice overexpress human wildtype alpha-synuclein only about 1.5 fold in the substantia nigra, compared to about 3 fold in male mice. Since female Thy1-aSyn mice were shown previously to exhibit differences in corticostriatal communication and synaptic plasticity similar to their male counterparts we hypothesized that female mice use compensatory mechanisms and strategies to not show overt motor deficits despite an underlying endophenotype. In order to unmask these deficits we translated recent findings in PD patients that sensory abnormalities can enhance motor dysfunction into a novel behavioral test, the adaptive rotating beam test. We found that under changing sensory input female Thy1-aSyn mice showed an overt phenotype. Our data supports that the integration of sensorimotor information is likely a major contributor to symptoms of movement disorders and that even low levels of overexpression of human wildtype alpha-synuclein has the potential to disrupt processing of these information. The here described adaptive rotating beam test represents a sensitive behavioral test to detect moderate sensorimotor alterations in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gerstenberger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anne Bauer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christin Helmschrodt
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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199
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Khairnar A, Ruda‐Kucerova J, Drazanova E, Szabó N, Latta P, Arab A, Hutter‐Paier B, Havas D, Windisch M, Sulcova A, Starcuk Z, Király A, Rektorova I. Late‐stage α‐synuclein accumulation in TNWT‐61 mouse model of Parkinson's disease detected by diffusion kurtosis imaging. J Neurochem 2016; 136:1259-1269. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khairnar
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ruda‐Kucerova
- Experimental and Applied Neuropsychopharmacology Group CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Eva Drazanova
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
- Institute of Scientific Instruments Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno Czech Republic
| | - Nikoletta Szabó
- Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine Albert Szent‐Györgyi Clinical Centre University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Peter Latta
- Multimodal and Functional Imaging Laboratory CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Anas Arab
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra Sulcova
- Experimental and Applied Neuropsychopharmacology Group CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Zenon Starcuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno Czech Republic
- Multimodal and Functional Imaging Laboratory CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - András Király
- Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine Albert Szent‐Györgyi Clinical Centre University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
- Multimodal and Functional Imaging Laboratory CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Irena Rektorova
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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200
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Catorce MN, Gevorkian G. LPS-induced Murine Neuroinflammation Model: Main Features and Suitability for Pre-clinical Assessment of Nutraceuticals. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:155-64. [PMID: 26639457 PMCID: PMC4825946 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151204122017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important feature in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer´s disease (AD), Parkinson´s disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Based on current knowledge in the field, suggesting that targeting peripheral inflammation could be a promising additional treatment/prevention approach for neurodegenerative diseases, drugs and natural products with anti-inflammatory properties have been evaluated in animal models of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we provide an extensive analysis of one of the most important and widely-used animal models of peripherally induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration - lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice, and address the data reproducibility in published research. We also summarize briefly basic features of various natural products, nutraceuticals, with known anti-inflammatory effects and present an overview of data on their therapeutic potential for reducing neuroinflammation in LPS-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, Mexico DF, CP 04510, Mexico.
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