151
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Sanhueza CA, Cartmell J, El-Hawiet A, Szpacenko A, Kitova EN, Daneshfar R, Klassen JS, Lang DE, Eugenio L, Ng KKS, Kitov PI, Bundle DR. Evaluation of a focused virtual library of heterobifunctional ligands for Clostridium difficile toxins. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:283-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01838a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Higher activity glycopeptoid ligands for two largeClostridium difficiletoxins TcdA and TcdB were discoveredviamodular fragment-based design and virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amr El-Hawiet
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Adam Szpacenko
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | | | | | | | - Dean E. Lang
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada
| | - Luiz Eugenio
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada
| | - Kenneth K.-S. Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada
| | - Pavel I. Kitov
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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152
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Yao Y, Shams-Ud-Doha K, Daneshfar R, Kitova EN, Klassen JS. Quantifying protein-carbohydrate interactions using liquid sample desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:98-106. [PMID: 25315460 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The application of liquid sample desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (liquid sample DESI-MS) for quantifying protein-carbohydrate interactions in vitro is described. Association constants for the interactions between lysozyme and β-D-GlcNAc-(1 → 4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1 → 4)-D-GlcNAc and β-D-GlcNAc-(1 → 4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1 → 4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1 → 4)-D-GlcNAc, and between a single chain antibody and α-D-Galp-(1 → 2)-[α-D-Abep-(1 → 3)]-α-D-Manp-OCH3 and β-D-Glcp-(1 → 2)-[α-D-Abep-(1 → 3)]-α-D-Manp-OCH3 measured using liquid sample DESI-MS were found to be in good agreement with values measured by isothermal titration calorimetry and the direct ESI-MS assay. The reference protein method, which was originally developed to correct ESI mass spectra for the occurrence of nonspecific ligand-protein binding, was shown to reliably correct liquid sample DESI mass spectra for nonspecific binding. The suitability of liquid sample DESI-MS for quantitative binding measurements carried out using solutions containing high concentrations of the nonvolatile biological buffer phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was also explored. Binding of lysozyme to β-D-GlcNAc-(1 → 4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1 → 4)-D-GlcNAc in aqueous solutions containing up to 1× PBS was successfully monitored using liquid sample DESI-MS; with ESI-MS the binding measurements were limited to concentrations less than 0.02 X PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Yao
- Alberta Glycomics Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
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153
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Stojko J, Fieulaine S, Petiot-Bécard S, Van Dorsselaer A, Meinnel T, Giglione C, Cianférani S. Ion mobility coupled to native mass spectrometry as a relevant tool to investigate extremely small ligand-induced conformational changes. Analyst 2015; 140:7234-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Native and ion-mobility mass spectrometry reveal the conformational evolution over time of a peptide deformylase binding different ligands, which is consistent with slow-tight inhibition of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Stojko
- BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO)
- IPHC
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67087 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Sonia Fieulaine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)
- CEA
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
| | - Stéphanie Petiot-Bécard
- BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO)
- IPHC
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67087 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO)
- IPHC
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67087 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)
- CEA
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
| | - Carmela Giglione
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)
- CEA
- CNRS
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO)
- IPHC
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67087 Strasbourg
- France
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154
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Hopper JTS, Robinson CV. Mass spectrometry quantifies protein interactions--from molecular chaperones to membrane porins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14002-15. [PMID: 25354304 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteins possess an intimate relationship between their structure and function, with folded protein structures generating recognition motifs for the binding of ligands and other proteins. Mass spectrometry (MS) can provide information on a number of levels of protein structure, from the primary amino acid sequence to its three-dimensional fold and quaternary interactions. Given that MS is a gas-phase technique, with its foundations in analytical chemistry, it is perhaps counter-intuitive to use it to study the structure and non-covalent interactions of proteins that form in solution. Herein we show, however, that MS can go beyond simply preserving protein interactions in the gas phase by providing new insight into dynamic interaction networks, dissociation mechanisms, and the cooperativity of ligand binding. We consider potential pitfalls in data interpretation and place particular emphasis on recent studies that revealed quantitative information about dynamic protein interactions, in both soluble and membrane-embedded assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T S Hopper
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ (UK)
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155
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Kitova EN, El-Hawiet A, Klassen JS. Screening carbohydrate libraries for protein interactions using the direct ESI-MS assay. Applications to libraries of unknown concentration. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1908-16. [PMID: 25135608 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A semiquantitative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) binding assay suitable for analyzing mixtures of oligosaccharides, at unknown concentrations, for interactions with target proteins is described. The assay relies on the differences in the ratio of the relative abundances of the ligand-bound and free protein ions measured by ESI-MS at two or more initial protein concentrations to distinguish low affinity (≤10(3) M(-1)) ligands from moderate and high affinity (>10(5) M(-1)) ligands present in the library and to rank their affinities. Control experiments were performed on solutions of a single chain antibody and a mixture of synthetic oligosaccharides, with known affinities, in the absence and presence of a 40-component carbohydrate library to demonstrate the implementation and reliability of the assay. The application of the assay for screening natural libraries of carbohydrates against proteins is also demonstrated using mixtures of human milk oligosaccharides, isolated from breast milk, and fragments of a bacterial toxin and human galectin 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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156
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Hopper JTS, Robinson CV. Massenspektrometrie zur Quantifizierung von Wechselwirkungen zwischen Proteinen - von molekularen Chaperonen zu Membranporinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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157
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Han L, Kitova EN, Tan M, Jiang X, Pluvinage B, Boraston AB, Klassen JS. Affinities of human histo-blood group antigens for norovirus capsid protein complexes. Glycobiology 2014; 25:170-80. [PMID: 25395406 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding profiles of many human noroviruses (huNoVs) for human histo-blood group antigens have been characterized. However, quantitative-binding data for these important virus-host interactions are lacking. Here, we report on the intrinsic (per binding site) affinities of HBGA oligosaccharides for the huNoV VA387 virus-like particles (VLPs) and the associated subviral P particles measured using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The affinities of 13 HBGA oligosaccharides, containing A, B and H epitopes, with variable sizes (disaccharide to tetrasaccharide) and different precursor chain types (types 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6), were measured for the P particle, while the affinities of the A and B trisaccharides and A and B type 6 tetrasaccharides for the VLP were determined. The intrinsic affinities of the HBGA oligosaccharides for the P particle range from 500 to 2300 M(-1), while those of the A and B trisaccharides and the A and B type 6 tetrasaccharides for the VLP range from 1000 to 4000 M(-1). Comparison of these binding data with those measured previously for the corresponding P dimer reveals that the HBGA oligosaccharides tested exhibit similar intrinsic affinities for the P dimer and P particle. The intrinsic affinities for the VLP are consistently higher than those measured for the P particle, but within a factor of three. While the cause of the subtle differences in HBGA oligosaccharide affinities for the P dimer and P particle and those for the VLP remains unknown, the present data support the use of P dimers or P particles as surrogates to the VLP for huNoV-receptor-binding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Han
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin Pluvinage
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P6
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada V8W 3P6
| | - John S Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
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158
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Han L, Tan M, Xia M, Kitova EN, Jiang X, Klassen JS. Gangliosides are ligands for human noroviruses. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12631-7. [PMID: 25105447 PMCID: PMC4160279 DOI: 10.1021/ja505272n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Human
noroviruses (NoVs) are known to recognize histo-blood group
antigens (HBGAs) as attachment factors. We report the first experimental
evidence that sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids (gangliosides)
are also ligands for human NoVs. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry-based
carbohydrate binding measurements performed on assemblies (P dimer,
P particle, and virus-like particle) of recombinant viral capsid proteins
of two NoV strains, VA387 (GII.4) and VA115 (GI.3), identified binding
to the oligosaccharides of mono-, di-, and trisialylated gangliosides.
The intrinsic (per binding site) affinities measured for these ligands
are similar in magnitude (102–103 M–1) to those of human HBGAs. Binding of NoV VLPs, P
particles, and glutathione S-transferase (GST)-P domain fusion proteins
to sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates, observed in enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assays, provided additional confirmation of the NoV–ganglioside
interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Han
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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159
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Boija S, Almesåker A, Hedenström E, Bylund D, Edlund H, Norgren M. Determination of conditional stability constants for some divalent transition metal ion-EDTA complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:550-556. [PMID: 25044839 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Conditional stability constants of coordination complexes comprising divalent transition metals, Cu(2+), Ni(2+), Zn(2+), Co(2+), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were determined utilizing electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The deviation of signal response of a reference complex was monitored at addition of a second metal ion. The conditional stability constant for the competing metal was then determined through solution equilibria equations. The method showed to be applicable to a system where Co(2+) and Zn(2+) competed for EDTA at pH 5. When Cu(2+) and Ni(2+) competed for EDTA, the equilibrium changed over time. This change was shown to be affected in rate and size by the type of organic solvent added. In this work, 30% of either methanol or acetonitrile was used. It was found that if calibration curves are prepared for both metal complexes in solution and the measurements are repeated with sufficient time space, any change in equilibrium of sample solutions will be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Boija
- Fibre Science and Communication Network (FSCN), Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70, Sundsvall, Sweden
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160
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Sowole MA, Konermann L. Effects of Protein–Ligand Interactions on Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Kinetics: Canonical and Noncanonical Scenarios. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6715-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501849n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Modupeola A. Sowole
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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161
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Leney AC, Fan X, Kitova EN, Klassen JS. Nanodiscs and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: A Tool for Screening Glycolipids Against Proteins. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5271-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4041179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneika C. Leney
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xuxin Fan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Elena N. Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - John S. Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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162
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Fechner P, Bleher O, Ewald M, Freudenberger K, Furin D, Hilbig U, Kolarov F, Krieg K, Leidner L, Markovic G, Proll G, Pröll F, Rau S, Riedt J, Schwarz B, Weber P, Widmaier J. Size does matter! Label-free detection of small molecule-protein interaction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4033-51. [PMID: 24817356 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on methods for detecting small molecules and, in particular, the characterisation of their interaction with natural proteins (e.g. receptors, ion channels). Because there are intrinsic advantages to using label-free methods over labelled methods (e.g. fluorescence, radioactivity), this review only covers label-free techniques. We briefly discuss available techniques and their advantages and disadvantages, especially as related to investigating the interaction between small molecules and proteins. The reviewed techniques include well-known and widely used standard analytical methods (e.g. HPLC-MS, NMR, calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction), newer and more specialised analytical methods (e.g. biosensors), biological systems (e.g. cell lines and animal models), and in-silico approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fechner
- Biametrics GmbH, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany,
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163
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Faggi E, Moure A, Bolte M, Vicent C, Luis SV, Alfonso I. Pseudopeptidic Cages as Receptors for N-Protected Dipeptides. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4590-601. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500629d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Faggi
- Departamento
de Química Biológica y Modelización Molecular, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona
18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Moure
- Departamento
de Química Biológica y Modelización Molecular, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona
18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, J.-W.-Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Departamento
de Química Biológica y Modelización Molecular, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona
18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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164
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Liu J, Konermann L. Cation-induced stabilization of protein complexes in the gas phase: mechanistic insights from hemoglobin dissociation studies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:595-603. [PMID: 24452299 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of electrosprayed protein complexes usually involves asymmetric charge partitioning, where a single unfolded chain gets ejected that carries a disproportionately large fraction of charge. Using hemoglobin (Hb) tetramers as model system, we confirm earlier reports that bound metal ions can stabilize protein complexes under CID conditions. We examine the mechanism underlying this effect. Nonvolatile salts cause extensive adduct formation. Significant stabilization was observed for Mg(2+) and Ca(2+), whereas K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+) had no effect. Precursor ion selection was used to examine Hb subpopulations with well-defined metal binding levels. K(+), Rb(+), and Cs(+)-adducted tetramers eject monomers that carry roughly one-quarter of the metal ions that were bound to the precursor. This demonstrates that charge migration during CID is exclusively due to proton transfer, not metal ion transfer. Also, replacement of highly mobile charge carriers (protons) with less mobile species (metal ions) does not exert a stabilizing influence under the conditions used here. Interestingly, Hb carrying stabilizing ions (Mg(2+) and Ca(2+)) generates monomeric CID products that are metal depleted. This effect is attributed to a combination of two factors: (1) Me(2+) binding stabilizes Hb via formation of chelation bridges (e.g., R-COO(-) Me(2+) (-)OOC-R); the more Me(2+) a subunit contains the more stable it is. (2) More than ~90% of the tetramers contain at least one subunit with a below-average number of Me(2+). The prevalence of monomeric CID products with depleted Me(2+) levels is caused by the tendency of these low metal-containing subunits to undergo preferential unfolding/ejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiangJiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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165
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Twenty years of gas phase structural biology. Structure 2014; 21:1541-50. [PMID: 24010713 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, mass spectrometry (MS) of protein complexes from their native state has made inroads into structural biology. To coincide with the 20(th) anniversary of Structure, and given that it is now approximately 20 years since the first mass spectra of noncovalent protein complexes were reported, it is timely to consider progress of MS as a structural biology tool. Early reports focused on soluble complexes, contributing to ligand binding studies, subunit interaction maps, and topological models. Recent discoveries have enabled delivery of membrane complexes, encapsulated in detergent micelles, prompting new opportunities. By maintaining interactions between membrane and cytoplasmic subunits in the gas phase, it is now possible to investigate the effects of lipids, nucleotides, and drugs on intact membrane assemblies. These investigations reveal allosteric and synergistic effects of small molecule binding and expose the consequences of posttranslational modifications. In this review, we consider recent progress in the study of protein complexes, focusing particularly on complexes extracted from membranes, and outline future prospects for gas phase structural biology.
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166
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Jafari MR, Deng L, Kitov PI, Ng S, Matochko WL, Tjhung KF, Zeberoff A, Elias A, Klassen JS, Derda R. Discovery of light-responsive ligands through screening of a light-responsive genetically encoded library. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:443-50. [PMID: 24195775 DOI: 10.1021/cb4006722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Light-responsive ligands are useful tools in biochemistry and cell biology because the function of these ligands can be spatially and temporally controlled. Conventional design of such ligands relies on previously available data about the structure of both the ligand and the receptor. In this paper, we describe de novo discovery of light-responsive ligands through screening of a genetically encoded light-responsive library. We ligated a photoresponsive azobenzene core to a random CX7C peptide library displayed on the coat protein of M13 phage. A one-pot alkylation/reduction of the cysteines yielded a photoresponsive library of random heptapeptide macrocycles with over 2 × 10(8) members. We characterized the reaction on-phage and optimized the yield of the modifications in phage libraries. Screening of the library against streptavidin yielded three macrocycles that bind to streptavidin in the dark and cease binding upon irradiation with 370 nm light. All ligands restored their binding properties upon thermal relaxation and could be turned ON and OFF for several cycles. We measured dissociation constants, Kd, by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) binding assay. For ligand ACGFERERTCG, the Kd of cis and trans isomers differed by 22-fold; an incomplete isomerization (85%), however, resulted in the apparent difference of 4.5-fold between the dark and the irradiated state. We anticipate that the selection strategy described in this report can be used to find light-responsive ligands for many targets that do not have known natural ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Jafari
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lu Deng
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Pavel I. Kitov
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Simon Ng
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wadim L. Matochko
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Katrina F. Tjhung
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Anthony Zeberoff
- Department
of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Anastasia Elias
- Department
of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - John S. Klassen
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department
of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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167
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Kanev IL, Mikheev AY, Shlyapnikov YM, Shlyapnikova EA, Morozova TY, Morozov VN. Are Reactive Oxygen Species Generated in Electrospray at Low Currents? Anal Chem 2014; 86:1511-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403129f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor L. Kanev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
region 142290, Russia
| | - Andrei Y. Mikheev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
region 142290, Russia
| | - Yuri M. Shlyapnikov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
region 142290, Russia
| | - Elena A. Shlyapnikova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
region 142290, Russia
| | - Tamara Y. Morozova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
region 142290, Russia
| | - Victor N. Morozov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
region 142290, Russia
- National
Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, United States
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168
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Cubrilovic D, Haap W, Barylyuk K, Ruf A, Badertscher M, Gubler M, Tetaz T, Joseph C, Benz J, Zenobi R. Determination of protein-ligand binding constants of a cooperatively regulated tetrameric enzyme using electrospray mass spectrometry. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:218-26. [PMID: 24128068 DOI: 10.1021/cb4007002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study highlights the benefits of nano electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) as a fast and label-free method not only for determination of dissociation constants (KD) of a cooperatively regulated enzyme but also to better understand the mechanism of enzymatic cooperativity of multimeric proteins. We present an approach to investigate the allosteric mechanism in the binding of inhibitors to the homotetrameric enzyme fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), a potential therapeutic target for glucose control in type 2 diabetes. A series of inhibitors binding at an allosteric site of FBPase were investigated to determine their KDs by nanoESI-MS. The KDs determined by ESI-MS correlate very well with IC50 values in solution. The Hill coefficients derived from nanoESI-MS suggest positive cooperativity. From single-point measurements we could obtain information on relative potency, stoichiometry, conformational changes, and mechanism of cooperativity. A new X-ray crystal structure of FBPase tetramer binding ligand 3 in a 4:4 stoichiometry is also reported. NanoESI-MS-based results match the current understanding of the investigated system and are in agreement with the X-ray structural data, but provide additional mechanistic insight on the ligand binding, due to the better dynamic resolution. This method offers a powerful approach for studying other proteins with allosteric binding sites, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Cubrilovic
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Haap
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Discovery Research, Grenzacherstr. 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Barylyuk
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Armin Ruf
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Discovery Research, Grenzacherstr. 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Badertscher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Gubler
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Discovery Research, Grenzacherstr. 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Tetaz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Discovery Research, Grenzacherstr. 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Joseph
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Discovery Research, Grenzacherstr. 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Benz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Discovery Research, Grenzacherstr. 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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169
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Konermann L, Pan Y. Exploring membrane protein structural features by oxidative labeling and mass spectrometry. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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170
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Wolfram F, Kitova EN, Robinson H, Walvoort MTC, Codée JDC, Klassen JS, Howell PL. Catalytic mechanism and mode of action of the periplasmic alginate epimerase AlgG. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6006-19. [PMID: 24398681 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.533158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that forms chronic biofilm infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. A major component of the biofilm during these infections is the exopolysaccharide alginate, which is synthesized at the inner membrane as a homopolymer of 1-4-linked β-D-mannuronate. As the polymer passages through the periplasm, 22-44% of the mannuronate residues are converted to α-L-guluronate by the C5-epimerase AlgG to produce a polymer of alternating β-D-mannuronate and α-L-guluronate blocks and stretches of polymannuronate. To understand the molecular basis of alginate epimerization, the structure of Pseudomonas syringae AlgG has been determined at 2.1-Å resolution, and the protein was functionally characterized. The structure reveals that AlgG is a long right-handed parallel β-helix with an elaborate lid structure. Functional analysis of AlgG mutants suggests that His(319) acts as the catalytic base and that Arg(345) neutralizes the acidic group during the epimerase reaction. Water is the likely catalytic acid. Electrostatic surface potential and residue conservation analyses in conjunction with activity and substrate docking studies suggest that a conserved electropositive groove facilitates polymannuronate binding and contains at least nine substrate binding subsites. These subsites likely align the polymer in the correct register for catalysis to occur. The presence of multiple subsites, the electropositive groove, and the non-random distribution of guluronate in the alginate polymer suggest that AlgG is a processive enzyme. Moreover, comparison of AlgG and the extracellular alginate epimerase AlgE4 of Azotobacter vinelandii provides a structural rationale for the differences in their Ca(2+) dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Wolfram
- From the Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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171
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Snijder J, Heck AJR. Analytical approaches for size and mass analysis of large protein assemblies. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:43-64. [PMID: 25014341 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the size and mass of nanoparticles, whether they are natural biomacromolecular or synthetic supramolecular assemblies, is an important step in the characterization of such molecular species. In recent years, electrospray ionization (ESI) has emerged as a technology through which particles with masses up to 100 MDa can be ionized and transferred into the gas phase, preparing them for accurate mass analysis. Here we review currently used methodologies, with a clear focus on native mass spectrometry (MS). Additional complementary methodologies are also covered, including ion-mobility analysis, nanomechanical mass sensors, and charge-detection MS. The literature discussed clearly demonstrates the great potential of ESI-based methodologies for the size and mass analysis of nanoparticles, including very large naturally occurring protein assemblies. The analytical approaches discussed are powerful tools in not only structural biology, but also nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; ,
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172
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Konermann L, Rodriguez AD, Sowole MA. Type 1 and Type 2 scenarios in hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry studies on protein–ligand complexes. Analyst 2014; 139:6078-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01307g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ligand binding to a protein can elicit a wide range of responses when studied by HDX mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London, Canada
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173
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Lin H, Kitova EN, Klassen JS. Measuring positive cooperativity using the direct ESI-MS assay. Cholera toxin B subunit homopentamer binding to GM1 pentasaccharide. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:104-110. [PMID: 24122305 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0751-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) assay was used to investigate the stepwise binding of the GM1 pentasaccharide β-D-Galp-(1→3)-β-D-GalpNAc-(1→4)[α-D-Neu5Ac-(2→3)]-β-D-Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Glcp (GM1os) to the cholera toxin B subunit homopentamer (CTB5) and to establish conclusively whether GM1os binding is cooperative. Apparent association constants were measured for the stepwise addition of one to five GM1os to CTB5 at pH 6.9 and 22 °C. The intrinsic association constant, which was established from the apparent association constant for the addition of a single GM1os to CTB5, was found to be (3.2 ± 0.2) × 106 M(–1). This is in reasonable agreement with the reported value of (6.4 ± 0.3) × 106 M(–1), which was measured at pH 7.4 and 25 °C using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Analysis of the apparent association constants provides direct and unambiguous evidence that GM1os binding exhibits small positive cooperativity. Binding was found to be sensitive to the number of ligand-bound nearest neighbor subunits, with the affinities enhanced by a factor of 1.7 and 2.9 when binding occurs next to one or two ligand-bound subunits, respectively. These findings, which provide quantitative support for the binding model proposed by Homans and coworkers [14], highlight the unique strengths of the direct ESI-MS assay for measuring cooperative ligand binding.
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174
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Cubrilovic D, Barylyuk K, Hofmann D, Walczak MJ, Gräber M, Berg T, Wider G, Zenobi R. Direct monitoring of protein–protein inhibition using nano electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53360c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the inhibition of the protein–protein interactions by nanoESI-MS to monitor the extent of inhibition and the binding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Cubrilovic
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Barylyuk
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Hofmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Jerzy Walczak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Gräber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Berg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wider
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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175
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Han L, Kitova EN, Tan M, Jiang X, Klassen JS. Identifying carbohydrate ligands of a norovirus P particle using a catch and release electrospray ionization mass spectrometry assay. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:111-119. [PMID: 24096878 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs), the major cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis, recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are present as free oligosaccharides in bodily fluid or glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surfaces of cells. The subviral P particle formed by the protruding (P) domain of the NoV capsid protein serves as a useful model for the study NoV-HBGA interactions. Here, we demonstrate the application of a catch-and-release electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CaR-ESI-MS) assay for screening carbohydrate libraries against the P particle to rapidly identify NoV ligands and potential inhibitors. Carbohydrate libraries of 50 and 146 compounds, which included 18 and 24 analogs of HBGA receptors, respectively, were screened against the P particle of VA387, a member of the predominant GII.4 NoVs. Deprotonated ions corresponding to the P particle bound to carbohydrates were isolated and subjected to collision-induced dissociation to release the ligands in their deprotonated forms. The released ligands were identified by ion mobility separation followed by mass analysis. All 13 and 16 HBGA ligands with intrinsic affinities >500 M(-1) were identified in the 50 and the 146 compound libraries, respectively. Furthermore, screening revealed interactions with a series of oligosaccharides with structures found in the cell wall of mycobacteria and human milk. The affinities of these newly discovered ligands are comparable to those of the HBGA receptors, as estimated from the relative abundance of released ligand ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Han
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
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176
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Konermann L, Vahidi S, Sowole MA. Mass Spectrometry Methods for Studying Structure and Dynamics of Biological Macromolecules. Anal Chem 2013; 86:213-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4039306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Siavash Vahidi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Modupeola A. Sowole
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
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177
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Barylyuk K, Gülbakan B, Xie X, Zenobi R. DNA oligonucleotides: a model system with tunable binding strength to study monomer-dimer equilibria with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11902-12. [PMID: 24274465 DOI: 10.1021/ac402669e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is increasingly used to measure binding strengths, but it is not always clear whether the ESI process introduces artifacts. Here we propose a model monomer-dimer equilibrium system based on DNA oligonucleotides to systematically explore biomolecular self-association with the ESI-mass spectrometry (MS) titration method. The oligonucleotides are designed to be self-complementary and have the same chemical composition and mass, allowing for equal ionization probability, ion transmission, and detection efficiency in ESI-MS. The only difference is the binding strength, which is determined by the nucleotide sequence and can be tuned to cover a range of dissociation constant values. This experimental design allows one to focus on the impact of ESI on the chemical equilibrium and to avoid the other typical sources of variation in ESI-MS signal responses, which yields a direct comparison of samples with different binding strengths. For a set of seven model DNA oligonucleotides, the monomer-dimer binding equilibrium was probed with the ESI-MS titration method in both positive and negative ion modes. A mathematical model describing the dependence of the monomer-to-dimer peak intensity ratio on the DNA concentration was proposed and used to extract apparent Kd values and the fraction of DNA duplex that irreversibly dissociates in the gas phase. The Kd values determined via ESI-MS titration were compared to those determined in solution with isothermal titration calorimetry and equilibrium thermal denaturation methods and were found to be significantly lower. The observed discrepancy was attributed to a greater electrospray response of dimers relative to that of monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Barylyuk
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich , Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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178
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Lin H, Kitova EN, Klassen JS. Quantifying Protein–Ligand Interactions by Direct Electrospray Ionization-MS Analysis: Evidence of Nonuniform Response Factors Induced by High Molecular Weight Molecules and Complexes. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8919-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401936x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Department
of Chemistry and
Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Elena N. Kitova
- Department
of Chemistry and
Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - John S. Klassen
- Department
of Chemistry and
Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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179
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Santambrogio C, Favretto F, D'Onofrio M, Assfalg M, Grandori R, Molinari H. Mass spectrometry and NMR analysis of ligand binding by human liver fatty acid binding protein. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:895-903. [PMID: 23893635 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Human liver fatty acid binding protein (hL-FABP) is the most abundant cytosolic protein in the liver. This protein plays important roles associated to partitioning of fatty acids (FAs) to specific metabolic pathways, nuclear signaling and protection against oxidative damage. The protein displays promiscuous binding properties and can bind two internal ligands, unlike FABPs from other tissues. Different topologies for the ligand located in the more accessible site have been reported, with either a 'head-in' or 'head-out' orientation of the carboxylate end. Electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance titrations are employed here in order to investigate in further detail the binding properties of this system, the equilibria established in solution and the pH dependence of the complexes. The results are consistent with two binding sites with different affinity and a unique head-out topology for the second molecule of either ligand. Competition experiments indicate a higher affinity for oleic acid relative to palmitic acid at each binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Santambrogio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy
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180
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Deng L, Kitova EN, Klassen JS. Mapping protein-ligand interactions in the gas phase using a functional group replacement strategy. Comparison of CID and BIRD activation methods. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:988-996. [PMID: 23702709 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions in the gaseous ions of two protein-ligand complexes, a single chain antibody (scFv) and its trisaccharide ligand (α-D-Galp-(1→2)-[α-D-Abep-(1→3)]-α-Manp-OCH3, L1) and streptavidin homotetramer (S4) and biotin (B), were investigated using a collision-induced dissociation (CID)-functional group replacement (FGR) strategy. CID was performed on protonated ions of a series of structurally related complexes based on the (scFv + L1) and (S4 + 4B) complexes, at the +10 and +13 charge states, respectively. Intermolecular interactions were identified from decreases in the collision energy required to dissociate 50% of the reactant ion (Ec50) upon modification of protein residues or ligand functional groups. For the (scFv + L1)(10+) ion, it was found that deoxygenation of L1 (at Gal C3 and C6 and Man C4 and C6) or mutation of His101 (to Ala) resulted in a decrease in Ec50 values. These results suggest that the four hydroxyl groups and His101 participate in intermolecular H-bonds. These findings agree with those obtained using the blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD)-FGR method. However, the CID-FGR method failed to reveal the relative strengths of the intermolecular interactions or establish Man C4 OH and His101 as an H-bond donor/acceptor pair. The CID-FGR method correctly identified Tyr43, but not Ser27, Trp79, and Trp120, as a stabilizing contact in the (S4 + 4B)(13+) ion. In fact, mutation of Trp79 and Trp120 led to an increase in the Ec50 value. Taken together, these results suggest that the CID-FGR method, as implemented here, does not represent a reliable approach for identifying interactions in the gaseous protein-ligand complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
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181
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Soper MT, DeToma AS, Hyung SJ, Lim MH, Ruotolo BT. Amyloid-β-neuropeptide interactions assessed by ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:8952-61. [PMID: 23612608 PMCID: PMC3664942 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, small peptides have been shown to modulate aggregation and toxicity of the amyloid-β protein (Aβ). As such, these new scaffolds may help discover a new class of biotherapeutics useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Many of these inhibitory peptide sequences have been derived from natural sources or from Aβ itself (e.g., C-terminal Aβ fragments). In addition, much earlier work indicates that tachykinins, a broad class of neuropeptides, display neurotrophic properties, presumably through direct interactions with either Aβ or its receptors. Based on this work, we undertook a limited screen of neuropeptides using ion mobility-mass spectrometry to search for similar such peptides with direct Aβ binding properties. Our results reveal that the neuropeptides leucine enkephalin (LE) and galanin interact with both the monomeric and small oligomeric forms of Aβ(1-40) to create a range of complexes having diverse stoichiometries, while some tachyknins (i.e., substance P) do not. LE interacts with Aβ more strongly than galanin, and we utilized ion mobility-mass spectrometry, molecular dynamics simulations, gel electrophoresis/Western blot, and transmission electron microscopy to study the influence of this peptide on the structure of Aβ monomer, small Aβ oligomers, as well as the eventual formation of Aβ fibrils. We find that LE binds selectively within a region of Aβ between its N-terminal tail and hydrophobic core. Furthermore, our data indicate that LE modulates fibril generation, producing shorter fibrillar aggregates when added in stoichiometric excess relative to Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly T. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Alaina S. DeToma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Suk-Joon Hyung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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182
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Woods L, Radford S, Ashcroft A. Advances in ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry reveal key insights into amyloid assembly. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1834:1257-68. [PMID: 23063533 PMCID: PMC3787735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Interfacing ion mobility spectrometry to mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) has enabled mass spectrometric analyses to extend into an extra dimension, providing unrivalled separation and structural characterization of lowly populated species in heterogeneous mixtures. One biological system that has benefitted significantly from such advances is that of amyloid formation. Using IMS-MS, progress has been made into identifying transiently populated monomeric and oligomeric species for a number of different amyloid systems and has led to an enhanced understanding of the mechanism by which small molecules modulate amyloid formation. This review highlights recent advances in this field, which have been accelerated by the commercial availability of IMS-MS instruments. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mass spectrometry in structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S.E. Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology & School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A.E. Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology & School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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183
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Testa L, Brocca S, Santambrogio C, D'Urzo A, Habchi J, Longhi S, Uversky VN, Grandori R. Extracting structural information from charge-state distributions of intrinsically disordered proteins by non-denaturing electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2013; 1:e25068. [PMID: 28516012 PMCID: PMC5424789 DOI: 10.4161/idp.25068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) exert key biological functions but tend to escape identification and characterization due to their high structural dynamics and heterogeneity. The possibility to dissect conformational ensembles by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) offers an attracting possibility to develop a signature for this class of proteins based on their peculiar ionization behavior. This review summarizes available data on charge-state distributions (CSDs) obtained for IDPs by non-denaturing ESI-MS, with reference to globular or chemically denatured proteins. The results illustrate the contributions that direct ESI-MS analysis can give to the identification of new putative IDPs and to their conformational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Testa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Brocca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Santambrogio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa D'Urzo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan, Italy
| | - Johnny Habchi
- Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB); Marseille, France
| | - Sonia Longhi
- Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB); Marseille, France
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine; College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation; Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Rita Grandori
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan, Italy
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184
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Hilton GR, Hochberg GKA, Laganowsky A, McGinnigle SI, Baldwin AJ, Benesch JLP. C-terminal interactions mediate the quaternary dynamics of αB-crystallin. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20110405. [PMID: 23530258 PMCID: PMC3638394 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
αB-crystallin is a highly dynamic, polydisperse small heat-shock protein that can form oligomers ranging in mass from 200 to 800 kDa. Here we use a multifaceted mass spectrometry approach to assess the role of the C-terminal tail in the self-assembly of αB-crystallin. Titration experiments allow us to monitor the binding of peptides representing the C-terminus to the αB-crystallin core domain, and observe individual affinities to both monomeric and dimeric forms. Notably, we find that binding the second peptide equivalent to the core domain dimer is considerably more difficult than the first, suggesting a role of the C-terminus in regulating assembly. This finding motivates us to examine the effect of point mutations in the C-terminus in the full-length protein, by quantifying the changes in oligomeric distribution and corresponding subunit exchange rates. Our results combine to demonstrate that alterations in the C-terminal tail have a significant impact on the thermodynamics and kinetics of αB-crystallin. Remarkably, we find that there is energy compensation between the inter- and intra-dimer interfaces: when one interaction is weakened, the other is strengthened. This allosteric communication between binding sites on αB-crystallin is likely important for its role in binding target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian R Hilton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
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185
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Han L, Kitov PI, Kitova EN, Tan M, Wang L, Xia M, Jiang X, Klassen JS. Affinities of recombinant norovirus P dimers for human blood group antigens. Glycobiology 2013; 23:276-85. [PMID: 23118206 PMCID: PMC3555502 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs), the major cause of viral acute gastroenteritis, recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors or attachment factors. To gain a deeper understanding of the interplay between NoVs and their hosts, the affinities of recombinant P dimers (P₂'s) of a GII.4 NoV (VA387) to a library of 41 soluble analogs of HBGAs were measured using the direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry assay. The HBGAs contained the A, B, H and Lewis epitopes, with variable sizes (2-6 residues) and different types (1-6). The results reveal that the P₂'s exhibit a broad specificity for the HBGAs and bind to all of the oligosaccharides tested. Overall, the affinities are relatively low, ranging from 400 to 3000 M⁻¹ and are influenced by the chain type: 3 > 1 ≈ 2 ≈ 4 ≈ 5 ≈ 6 for H antigens; 6 > 1 ≈ 3 ≈ 4 ≈ 5 > 2 for A antigens; 3 > 1 ≈ 4 ≈ 5 ≈ 6 > 2 for B antigens, but not by chain length. The highest-affinity ligands are B type 3 (3000 ± 300 M⁻¹) and A type 6 (2350 ± 60 M⁻¹). While the higher affinity to the type 3 H antigen was previously observed, preferential binding to the types 6 and 3 antigens with A and B epitopes, respectively, has not been previously reported. A truncated P domain dimer (lacking the C-terminal arginine cluster) exhibits similar binding. The central-binding motifs in the HBGAs were identified by molecular-docking simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Han
- Department of Chemistry, Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, CanadaT6G 2G2
| | - Pavel I Kitov
- Department of Chemistry, Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, CanadaT6G 2G2
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, CanadaT6G 2G2
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, CanadaT6G 2G2
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: +1-780-492-3501; Fax: +1-780-492-8231; e-mail:
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186
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Cubrilovic D, Zenobi R. Influence of dimehylsulfoxide on protein-ligand binding affinities. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2724-30. [PMID: 23347283 DOI: 10.1021/ac303197p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Because of its favorable physicochemical properties, DMSO is the standard solvent for sample storage and handling of compounds in drug discovery. To date, little attention was given to how DMSO influences protein-ligand binding strengths. In this study we investigated the effects of DMSO on different noncovalent protein-ligand complexes, in particular in terms of the binding affinities, which we determined using nanoESI-MS. For the investigation, three different protein-ligand complexes were chosen: trypsin-Pefabloc, lysozyme-tri-N-acetylchitotriose (NAG3), and carbonic anhydrase-chlorothiazide. The DMSO content in the nanoESI buffer was increased systematically from 0.5 to 8%. For all three model systems, it was shown that the binding affinity decreases upon addition of DMSO. Even 0.5-1% DMSO alters the KD values, in particular for the tight binding system carbonic anhydrase-chlorothiazide. The determined dissociation constant (KD) is up to 10 times higher than for a DMSO-free sample in the case of carbonic anhydrase-chlorothiazide binding. For the trypsin-Pefabloc and lysozyme-NAG3 complexes, the dissociation constants are 7 and 3 times larger, respectively, in the presence of DMSO. This work emphasizes the importance of effects of DMSO as a co-solvent for quantification of protein-ligand binding strengths in the early stages of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Cubrilovic
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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187
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Moore SJ, Haynes CJE, González J, Sutton JL, Brooks SJ, Light ME, Herniman J, Langley GJ, Soto-Cerrato V, Pérez-Tomás R, Marques I, Costa PJ, Félix V, Gale PA. Chloride, carboxylate and carbonate transport by ortho-phenylenediamine-based bisureas. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21112b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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188
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Deng L, Kitova EN, Klassen JS. Dissociation kinetics of the streptavidin-biotin interaction measured using direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:49-56. [PMID: 23247970 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dissociation rate constants (k (off)) for the model high affinity interaction between biotin (B) and the homotetramer of natural core streptavidin (S(4)) were measured at pH 7 and temperatures ranging from 15 to 45 °C using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Two different approaches to data analysis were employed, one based on the initial rate of dissociation of the (S(4) + 4B) complex, the other involving nonlinear fitting of the time-dependent relative abundances of the (S(4) + iB) species. The two methods were found to yield k (off) values that are in good agreement, within a factor of two. The Arrhenius parameters for the dissociation of the biotin-streptavidin interaction in solution were established from the k (off) values determined by ESI-MS and compared with values measured using a radiolabeled biotin assay. Importantly, the dissociation activation energies determined by ESI-MS agree, within 1 kcal mol(-1), with the reported value. In addition to providing a quantitative measure of k (off), the results of the ESI-MS measurements revealed that the apparent cooperative distribution of (S(4) + iB) species observed at short reaction times is of kinetic origin and that sequential binding of B to S(4) occurs in a noncooperative fashion with the four ligand binding sites being kinetically and thermodynamically equivalent and independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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189
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Khanal A, Pan Y, Brown LS, Konermann L. Pulsed hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry for time-resolved membrane protein folding studies. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1620-6. [PMID: 23280751 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic folding experiments by pulsed hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry (MS) are a well-established tool for water-soluble proteins. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first that applies this approach to an integral membrane protein. The native state of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) comprises seven transmembrane helices and a covalently bound retinal cofactor. BR exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) induces partial unfolding and retinal loss. We employ a custom-built three-stage mixing device for pulsed-HDX/MS investigations of BR refolding. The reaction is triggered by mixing SDS-denatured protein with bicelles. After a variable folding time (10 ms to 24 h), the protein is exposed to excess D(2) O buffer under rapid exchange conditions. The HDX pulse is terminated by acid quenching after 24 ms. Subsequent off-line analysis is performed by size exclusion chromatography and electrospray MS. These measurements yield the number of protected backbone N-H sites as a function of folding time, reflecting the recovery of secondary structure. Our results indicate that much of the BR secondary structure is formed quite late during the reaction, on a time scale of 10 s and beyond. It is hoped that in the future it will be possible to extend the pulsed-HDX/MS approach employed here to membrane proteins other than BR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Khanal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
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190
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Lin H, Kitova EN, Johnson MA, Eugenio L, Ng KKS, Klassen JS. Electrospray ionization-induced protein unfolding. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:2122-2131. [PMID: 22993046 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) measurements were performed under a variety of solution conditions on a highly acidic sub-fragment (B3C) of the C-terminal carbohydrate-binding repeat region of Clostridium difficile toxin B, and two mutants (B4A and B4B) containing fewer acidic residues. ESI-MS measurements performed in negative ion mode on aqueous ammonium acetate solutions of B3C at low ionic strength (I < 80 mM) revealed evidence, based on the measured charge state distribution, of protein unfolding. In contrast, no evidence of unfolding was detected from ESI-MS measurements made in positive ion mode at low I or in either mode at higher I. The results of proton nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy measurements and gel filtration chromatography performed on solutions of B3C under low and high I conditions suggest that the protein exists predominantly in a folded state in neutral aqueous solutions with I > 10 mM. The results of ESI-MS measurements performed on B3C in a series of solutions with high I at pH 5 to 9 rule out the possibility that the structural changes are related to ESI-induced changes in pH. It is proposed that unfolding of B3C, observed in negative mode for solutions with low I, occurs during the ESI process and arises due to Coulombic repulsion between the negatively charged residues and liquid/droplet surface charge. ESI-MS measurements performed in negative ion mode on B4A and B4B also reveal a shift to higher charge states at low I but the magnitude of the changes are smaller than observed for B3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2G2
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191
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Konermann L, Ahadi E, Rodriguez AD, Vahidi S. Unraveling the Mechanism of Electrospray Ionization. Anal Chem 2012; 85:2-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302789c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Konermann
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Elias Ahadi
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Antony D. Rodriguez
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Siavash Vahidi
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
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192
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Zhang Y, Liu L, Daneshfar R, Kitova EN, Li C, Jia F, Cairo CW, Klassen JS. Protein–Glycosphingolipid Interactions Revealed Using Catch-and-Release Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7618-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3023857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhang
- Alberta Glycomics
Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
| | - Lan Liu
- Alberta Glycomics
Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
| | - Rambod Daneshfar
- Alberta Glycomics
Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
| | - Elena N. Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics
Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
| | - Caishun Li
- Alberta Glycomics
Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
| | - Feng Jia
- Alberta Glycomics
Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics
Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
| | - John S. Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics
Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
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193
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El-Hawiet A, Kitova EN, Klassen JS. Quantifying Carbohydrate–Protein Interactions by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4244-53. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300436x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Hawiet
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
| | - Elena N. Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
| | - John S. Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G
2G2
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