151
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Zeman R, Vojtísek V. Cell aggregates of Escherichia coli with benzylpenicillin amidase activity. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1991; 36:375-82. [PMID: 1822839 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intact cells Escherichia coli CCM 2843, exhibiting substantial benzylpenicillin amidase activity, were bound mutually with supporting waste microbial cells, native or treated, to obtain an inexpensive biocatalyst for the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA). The bond was effected by glutaraldehyde (GA) and Sedipur CL-930 (PEI), without any carrier. The optimal concentration of GA was 2%, that of PEI 1%. The optimal biocatalyst was obtained by immobilization of productive cells with their fragments at a mass ratio of 4:1. The cell aggregates were used for hydrolysis of potassium benzyl-penicillin at a concentration of 5% to 6-APA. After 25 repeated batch conversions the degree of conversion did not decrease; its average value was 96.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zeman
- Research Institute of Antibiotics and Biotransformations, Roztoky near Prague, Czechoslovakia
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152
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153
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Kang JH, Hwang Y, Yoo OJ. Expression of penicillin G acylase gene from Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14945 in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. J Biotechnol 1991; 17:99-108. [PMID: 1367491 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(91)90001-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin G acylase gene from Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14945 has been isolated. Recombinant Escherichia coli clones were screened for clear halo forming activity on the lawn of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P using the enzymatic acylating reaction of 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) and D-(alpha)-phenylglycine methylester. The gene was contained within a 2.8 kb DNA fragment and expressed efficiently when transferred from E. coli to Bacillus subtilis. A twenty times greater amount of enzyme was produced in B. subtilis transformant than that in B. megaterium. The purified enzyme from subcloned B. subtilis showed that the native enzyme consisted of two identical subunits, each with a molecular weight of 57,000. The enzyme was able to react on various cephalosporins, i.e., cephalothin, cefamandole, cephaloridine, cephaloglycin, cephalexin and cephradine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kang
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul
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154
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Panbangred W, Udombunditkul M, Meevootisom V. High expression of the penicillin acylase gene in genetically engineered Escherichia coli. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990; 613:455-9. [PMID: 2075995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb18200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Panbangred
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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155
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Prabhune AA, Sivaraman H. Evidence for involvement of arginyl residue at the catalytic site of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173:317-22. [PMID: 2256921 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli with phenylglyoxal or 2,3-butanedione results in enzyme inactivation. Both benzylpenicillin and phenylacetate protect the enzyme against the inactivation, indicating the presence of arginine at or near the catalytic site. The reactions follow pseudofirst order kinetics and the inactivation kinetics indicate the presence of a single essential arginine moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Prabhune
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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156
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Sizmann D, Keilmann C, Böck A. Primary structure requirements for the maturation in vivo of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli ATCC 11105. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 192:143-51. [PMID: 2205499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The two constituent subunits of the enzyme penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli strain ATCC 11105 are derived from a single precursor polypeptide by post-translational processing. Mutant penicillin acylase precursors were constructed carrying insertions and deletions in various domains and they were analysed for their processing behaviour. It was found that an endopeptide region of appropriate size and an intact C-terminus were absolutely necessary for the maturation process. Internal deletions within the beta-subunit domain also prevented post-translational cleavage. Processing competence, therefore, was not merely determined by the amino acid sequence in the vicinity of the processing sites but relied on a correct overall conformation of the protein. The processing pathway in vivo proceeds via an intermediate comprising the alpha subunits plus endopeptide and is thus identical to the pathway which has been determined previously by in vitro analysis. The post-translational modification of the precursor is probably not carried out by a specific processing enzyme(s) as the heterologous expression of the penicillin acylase (pac) structural gene yielded processed and active enzyme in different enterobacteria and in a Pseudomonas species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sizmann
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Universität München, Federal Republic of Germany
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157
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Kim DJ, Byun SM. Purification and properties of ampicillin acylase from Pseudomonas melanogenum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1040:12-8. [PMID: 2165818 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(90)90140-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ampicillin acylase, which is known to have a novel substrate spectrum, was purified to homogeneity from Pseudomonas melanogenum by the crude extract preparation and chromatography with S-Sepharose, hydroxyapatite, CM-cellulose C-52, and CM-Sepharose. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was calculated to be 146,000 by Protein PAK-300 sw HPLC chromatography. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the enzyme consisted of two identical subunits with a molecular weight of 72,000. The enzyme was a glycoprotein containing 13% of total carbohydrate, and its isoelectric point was 7.2. The enzyme catalyzed both synthesis and hydrolysis of ampicillin and hydrolysis of the ester bond of phenylglycinemethylester hydrochloride substrate. The substrate specificity showed that the enzyme required a free amino group on the alpha-carbon of the acyl group. Chemical modification by diethylpyrocarbonate or N-bromosuccinimide resulted in time-dependent inactivation of the enzyme, and other results suggest the participation of essential histidine residue(s) in the catalytic activity of ampicillin acylase. Substrates of the enzyme, 6-aminopenicillanic acid and ampicillin, exhibited protective effects against N-bromosuccinimide inactivation, suggesting that the modification occurred near or at the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul
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158
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Abstract
Bioconversions involving enzymes and/or microbial cells in aqueous two-phase systems are reviewed. The partitioning of biocatalysts, substrates, and products is discussed in relation to their size. The efficiency of retaining biocatalysts in aqueous two-phase systems is summarized in relation to other methods of recirculating. The influence of phase components on the activity and the stability of enzymatic biocatalysts is exemplified with penicillin acylase and the cellulolytic enzyme system, and the effect of phase components on biocatalytic living cells is exemplified with the production of alpha-amylase with Bacillus sp. Process design costs in bioconversions in aqueous two-phase systems are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Andersson
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Lund University, Sweden
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159
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Martín J, Prieto I, Barbero JL, Pérez-Gil J, Mancheño JM, Arche R. Thermodynamic profiles of penicillin G hydrolysis catalyzed by wild-type and Met----Ala168 mutant penicillin acylases from Kluyvera citrophila. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1037:133-9. [PMID: 2306469 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(90)90158-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Met-168 residue in penicillin acylase from Kluyvera citrophila was changed to Ala by oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis. The Ala-168 mutant exhibited different substrate specificity than wild-type and enhanced thermal stability. The thermodynamic profiles for penicillin G hydrolysis catalyzed by both enzymes were obtained from the temperature dependence of the steady-state kinetic parameters Km and kcat. The high values of enthalpy and entropy of activation determined for the binding of substrate suggest that an induced-fit-like mechanism takes place. The Met----Ala168 mutation unstabilizes the first transition-state (E..S not equal to) and the enzyme-substrate complex (ES) causing a decrease in association equilibrium and specificity constants in the enzyme. However, no change is observed in the acyl-enzyme formation. It is concluded that residue 168 is involved in the enzyme conformational rearrangements caused by the interaction of the acid moiety of the substrate at the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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160
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Kim DJ, Byun SM. Evidence for involvement of 2 histidine residues in the reaction of ampicillin acylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 166:904-8. [PMID: 2302245 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)90896-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The chemical modification of purified ampicillin acylase by N-bromosuccinimide and diethylpyrocarbonate resulted in time-dependent inactivation of the enzyme. Both substrates, ampicillin and 6-aminopenicillanic acid, protected the enzyme against inactivation, suggesting that the modification occurred near or at the active site. Amino acid analyses and other data indicated that two histidyl residues per subunit molecule were essential for catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul
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161
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The role of phenylacetic acid in biosynthesis of penicillin amidase in E. coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00369280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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162
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Forney LJ, Wong DC. Alteration of the catalytic efficiency of penicillin amidase from Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:2556-60. [PMID: 2690734 PMCID: PMC203121 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.10.2556-2560.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ampicillin and cephalexin are beta-lactam antibiotics that are synthesized by the condensation of D-(-)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid with 6-aminopenicillanic acid or 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid, respectively. The rates at which the penicillin amidase of Escherichia coli catalyzes these reactions are too low to be of practical use. The objective of this study was to determine whether it is possible to alter the substrate specificity of penicillin amidase and select enzymes that efficiently hydrolyze substrates with alpha-aminophenylacetyl moieties at low pH, at which the alpha-amino group is nearly completely protonated. In this study, D-(-)-alpha-aminophenylacetyl-(L)-leucine (APAL) was used as a substrate analog of ampicillin and cephalexin. The gene for the penicillin amidase of E. coli ATCC 11105 was cloned and transferred to a leucine auxotroph of E. coli; numerous amidase mutants were selected by their ability to cleave APAL and provide leucine for growth in low-pH medium. The plasmid encoding one of the mutant amidases (pA135) was used to transform naive cells, and transformants that expressed the mutant amidase were shown to grow more rapidly in medium at pH 6.5 containing 0.1 mM APAL as the sole leucine source than did cells with the wild-type amidase. The mutant amidase was purified, and the second-order rate constant (kcat/Km) for APAL hydrolysis at pH 6.5 was found to be 10-fold greater than the rate observed with the wild-type enzyme. The difference between the rates of APAL hydrolysis by the mutant and wild-type amidases increased as the pH of the reactions decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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163
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Braun J, Le Chanu P, Le Goffic F. The immobilization of penicillin G acylase on chitosan. Biotechnol Bioeng 1989; 33:242-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260330217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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164
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Bryjak J, Trochimczuk A, Noworyta A. Immobilization of penicillin acylase on acrylic carriers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00369394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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165
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166
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Andersson E, Hahn-Hägerdal B. Enzyme action in polymer and salt solutions. I. Stability of penicillin acylase in poly(ethylene glycol) and potassium phosphate solutions in relation to water activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 912:317-24. [PMID: 3567202 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(87)90034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The stability of penicillin acylase (penicillin aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.11) was studied in poly(ethylene glycol) and potassium phosphate solutions. Enzyme stability measured as the half-life of the enzymatic activity and the transition temperature determined by differential scanning calorimetry, correlated well. The enzyme stability could not be related to the water activity as a measure of solute-solvent interaction. It seems to be related more to the concentration of the solutes and much less to the molecular weight of poly(ethylene glycol). The stabilizing effect of poly(ethylene glycol) is also discussed in terms of poly(ethylene glycol)-protein interactions.
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167
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Bodhe AM, Sivaraman C. Immobilization ofKluyvera citrophila penicillins acylase on controlled-pore ceramics. J Biosci 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02704704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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168
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Liou JK, Rousseau I. Mathematical model for internal pH control in immobilized enzyme particles. Biotechnol Bioeng 1986; 28:1582-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260281017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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169
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Cardoso JP, Da Costa MBC. Modelling of the Hydrolysis of Benzylpenicillin to 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid and Phenyl Acetic Acid by an Immobilised Penicillin Amidase in a Small Pilot Plant Batch Recirculated Reactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4980180509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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170
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Schumacher G, Sizmann D, Haug H, Buckel P, Böck A. Penicillin acylase from E. coli: unique gene-protein relation. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:5713-27. [PMID: 3016663 PMCID: PMC311587 DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.14.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the gene (pac) coding for penicillin G acylase from E. coli ATCC 11105 was determined and correlated with the primary structure of the two constituent subunits of this enzyme. The pac gene open reading frame consists of four structural domains: Nucleotide positions 1-78 coding for a signal peptide, positions 79-705 coding for the alpha subunit, positions 706-867 coding for a spacer peptide, and positions 868-2538 coding for the beta subunit. Plasmids were constructed which direct the synthesis of a pac gene product lacking the signal peptide, and the synthesis of the alpha subunit or the beta subunit. The following results were obtained: The two dissimilar subunits are processing products of a single precursor polypeptide; the spacer peptide is removed during processing; the precursor polypeptide lacking the signal sequence is accumulated in the cytoplasm; it is not processed proteolytically in the cytoplasm and it does not display enzyme activity. Processing, therefore, requires translocation through the cytoplasmic membrane; processing follows a distinct sequential pathway in vitro.
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171
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García J, Buesa J. An improved method to clone penicillin acylase genes: Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of penicillin G acylase from Kluyvera citrophila. J Biotechnol 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(86)90001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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172
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Barbero JL, Buesa JM, González de Buitrago G, Méndez E, Péz-Aranda A, García JL. Complete nucleotide sequence of the penicillin acylase gene from Kluyvera citrophila. Gene X 1986; 49:69-80. [PMID: 3032748 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The penicillin acylase (PAC) from Kluyvera citrophila ATCC21285 has been purified to homogeneity and found to be composed of two non-identical subunits of 23 and 62 kDa, in contrast with the previous findings [Shimizu et al., Agr. Biol. Chem. 39 (1975) 1655-1661]. The nucleotide (nt) sequence of the K. citrophila pac gene contained in the 3-kb PvuI-HindIII fragment of pKAP1 [García and Buesa, J. Biotechnol. 3 (1986) 187-195] has been determined, showing that it encodes a protein of 844 amino acid (aa) residues. The aa analysis of the N-terminal and C-terminal sequences of the purified subunits showed that they were derived from a common precursor protein of 93.5 kDa, from which a signal peptide of 26 aa, responsible for the periplasmic translocation of the protein, and an internal connecting polypeptide of 54 aa, have been removed in the maturation of the PAC. The comparison of the nt sequences of the pac genes from K. citrophila and Escherichia coli ATCC11105 [Schumacher et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 14 (1986) 5713-5727] revealed 80% homology, suggesting a common ancestral pac gene origin. The results reported here should allow investigation of the unusual mechanism of maturation of this prokaryotic protein, as well as manipulation, using DNA recombinant techniques, of the catalytic properties of this industrially important enzyme.
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173
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Valle F, Gosset G, Tenorio B, Oliver G, Bolivar F. Characterization of the regulatory region of the Escherichia coli penicillin acylase structural gene. Gene 1986; 50:119-22. [PMID: 3556321 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Penicillin acylase is utilized in the enzymatic production of semisynthetic penicillins. The enzyme is composed of two different subunits that originate from a common precursor. The partial nucleotide (nt) sequence of the structural gene has been published. This paper reports the nt sequence of the regulatory region of this gene, the identification of a functional promoter, the transcriptional start point, and the description of possible regulatory regions.
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174
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Molecular cloning and structure of the gene for 7 beta-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanic acid acylase from a Pseudomonas strain. J Bacteriol 1985; 163:1222-8. [PMID: 2993240 PMCID: PMC219263 DOI: 10.1128/jb.163.3.1222-1228.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A Pseudomonas strain produced an enzyme capable of deacylating 7 beta-(4-carboxybutanamido)cephalosporanic acid to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid in response to glutaric acid. The gene for the enzyme was cloned within the PstI site of pBR325 as a 7.35-kilobase-pair DNA segment from a mutant of this strain whose enzyme is produced constitutively. The gene expression in the primary clone appeared to be low in Escherichia coli but was significantly enhanced by reducing the size of the initial segment coupled with E. coli promoters. Subsequent subcloning resulted in localization of the gene to a 2.45-kilobase-pair fragment. Three clone-specific polypeptides with molecular weights of ca. 16,000, 54,000, and 70,000 were shown by maxicell analysis. The former two corresponded to the small and large subunits of the purified enzyme from the Pseudomonas strain, and the third polypeptide was suggested to be their precursor. This was supported by DNA sequence study together with amino acid sequencing of the amino terminus of both subunits: the sequences for the small and large subunits were localized contiguously in this order on the structural gene without termination codons between them. The nucleotide sequence also disclosed the presence of a signallike sequence preceding that for the small subunit, consistent with the previous observation that the enzyme might be periplasmic in the Pseudomonas strain. Those results suggest a process for the formation of an active enzyme complex from a precursor through two steps of processing.
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175
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Nam DH, Kim C, Ryu DDY. Reaction kinetics of cephalexin synthesizing enzyme fromXanthomonas citri. Biotechnol Bioeng 1985; 27:953-60. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260270705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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176
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Oliver G, Valle F, Rosetti F, Gómez-Pedrozo M, Santamaría P, Gosset G, Bolivar F. A common precursor for the two subunits of the penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli ATCC11105. Gene X 1985; 40:9-14. [PMID: 3005131 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillin acylase (PA) is an industrial enzyme that is used to convert penicillin G into a precursor for semisynthetic penicillins. We have cloned a segment of DNA that codes for the two subunits required for PA activity. We also report the nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment that codes for (i) the small subunit, (ii) the N-terminal region of the large subunit and (iii) a putative connecting peptide. These results confirm the existence of a common precursor for both peptides.
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177
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178
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Andersson E, Mattiasson B, Hahn-Hägerdal B. Enzymatic conversion in aqueous two-phase systems: deacylation of benzylpenicillin to 6-aminopenicillanic acid with penicillin acylase. Enzyme Microb Technol 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(84)90057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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179
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Schömer U, Segner A, Wagner F. Penicillin acylase from the hybrid strains Escherichia coli 5K(pHM12): enzyme formation and hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotics with whole cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 47:307-12. [PMID: 6370134 PMCID: PMC239665 DOI: 10.1128/aem.47.2.307-312.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillin acylase formation by the hybrid strain Escherichia coli 5K(pHM12) was studied under different culture conditions and reached 200 to 250 mumol of 6-aminopenicillanic acid per min per g of bacteria (wet weight) for penicillin G. The Km of whole-cell acylase was determined with 9 to 11 mM for penicillin G at a pH optimum of 7.8 at 45 degrees C. A competitive product inhibition for phenylacetic acid of Ki = 130 mM was found. 6-Aminopenicillanic acid acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor, with a Ki of 131. The temperature optimum of the reaction lies at 54 degrees C. Penicillin G inhibits the reaction at Ki(S) = 1,565 to 1,570 mM. Whole-cell acylase reacts on a wide spectrum of penicillins and cephalosporins, but those substrates with a delta-aminoadipyl rest are not hydrolized. beta-Lactamase activity of less than 1% relative to the acylase activity was found at reaction temperatures between 28 and 45 degrees C. After a comparison of different methods for the estimation of beta-lactamase activity, we found that high-pressure liquid chromatography is to be preferred. During batch fermentation of E. coli 5K(pHM12), problems of plasmid stability in the host strain arose which were overcome by the addition of 4 mg of tetracycline per liter to the medium as a selective marker.
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180
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Meevootisom V, Somsuk P, Prachaktam R, Flegel TW. Simple screening method for isolation of penicillin acylase-producing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 46:1227-9. [PMID: 6316854 PMCID: PMC239545 DOI: 10.1128/aem.46.5.1227-1229.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new screening method for bacteria capable of producing penicillin acylase is described. The method is based on the use of Serratia marcescens sensitive to 6-aminopenicillanic acid but comparatively resistant to benzylpenicillin. It is simple, quite specific, and requires no special equipment. It can also be used to screen for phenoxymethylpenicillin acylase activity. We also suggest an acidimetric method for rapid detection of cloned genes in genetic engineering studies of penicillin acylase.
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181
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Greco G, Veronese F, Largajolli R, Gianfreda L. Purified penicillin acylase performance in a stabilized ultrafiltration membrane reactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00504741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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182
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Konecny J, Schneider A, Sieber M. Kinetics and mechanism of acyl transfer by penicillin acylases. Biotechnol Bioeng 1983; 25:451-67. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260250212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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183
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Baker WL. Application of the fluorescamine reaction with 6-aminopenicillanic acid to estimation and detection of penicillin acylase activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983; 23:26-30. [PMID: 6299183 PMCID: PMC184610 DOI: 10.1128/aac.23.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Aminopenicillanic acid may be quantitatively estimated by its reaction with fluorescamine in the concentration range of 1 to 10 micrograms/ml. The difference in reactivity between 6-aminopenicillanic acid and benzylpenicillin, which does not react with fluorescamine, can be used to determine penicillin acylase activity and obtain data on enzyme parameters and inhibitors. Unlike amino acids and peptides, 6-aminopenicillanic acid reacts strongly with fluorescamine at pH 4, an observation which can be used to determine the presence of penicillin acylase in whole bacterial cell preparations.
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Park JM, Choi CY, Seong BL, Han MH. The production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid by a multistage tubular reactor packed with immobilized penicillin amidase. Biotechnol Bioeng 1982; 24:1623-37. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260240714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lee S, Ryu DD. Reaction kinetics and mechanisms of penicillin amidase: A comparative study by computer simulation. Enzyme Microb Technol 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(82)90008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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187
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Seong BL, Han MH, Park JM, Choi CY. A graphical method of determining the Michaelis-Menten constant free of external mass transfer resistance for immobilized enzymes in a packed bed reactor. Biotechnol Lett 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00158687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Margolin AL, Svedas VK, Berezin IV. Substrate specificity of penicillin amidase from E. coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 616:283-9. [PMID: 7011386 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
1. The kinetic parameters of 12 substrates of penicillin amidase (penicillin amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.11) from E. coli have been determined. Most of the penicillin amidase amide substrates containing a phenylacetyl group in the acyl moiety have been shown to have similar catalytic constants of 50 s-1. Substitution of the phenylacetyl group b 2-thienylacetyl group (cephalothin, cephaloridine) having a similar structure leads to a slight decrease in kcat. 2. Nonspecific penicillin amidase substrates, which contain a free amino group in their acyl moiety, are characterized by a strong dependence of kcat, on the structure of the leaving group with Km being constant. To investigate the free amino group influence on the reaction kinetics, pH-dependences of kcat/Km of enzymatic hydrolysis of phenylacetic and D-(-)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid p-nitroanilides have been studied. It has been shown that enzyme binds the deprotonated form of the substrate only. 3. Under thermodynamically favourable conditions for the synthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics (at low pH), a concentration of the deprotonated substrate form is very low, and the reaction proceeds in the bimolecular regime. The value of the second-order rate constant for the substrate having a free amino group is small even at pH 7.5, and sharply decreases as does the pH. Hence, despite the favourable thermodynamic conditions for the production of all beta-lactam antibiotics, low reaction rate is the basic hindrance for enzymatic synthesis of penicillins and cephalosporins having a free amino group in the acyl moiety.
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Carleysmith SW, Dunnill P, Lilly MD. Kinetic behavior of immobilized Penicillin acylase. Biotechnol Bioeng 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260220403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Berezin IV, Klibanov AM, Klyosov AA, Martinek K, Svedas VK. The effect of ultrasound as a new method of studying conformational transitions in enzyme active sites. pH- and temperature-induced conformational transitions in the active centre of penicillin amidase. FEBS Lett 1975; 49:325-8. [PMID: 234079 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Warburton D, Dunnill P, Lilly MD. Conversion of benzylpenicillin to 6-aminopenicillanic acid in a batch reactor and continuous feed stirred tank reactor using immobilized penicillin amidase. Biotechnol Bioeng 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260150103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vandamme EJ, Voets JP. Some aspects of the penicillin V-acylase produced by Rhodotorula glutinis var. glutinis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1973; 13:701-10. [PMID: 4360823 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630130808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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