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Espinoza EM, Røise JJ, He M, Li IC, Agatep AK, Udenyi P, Han H, Jackson N, Kerr DL, Chen D, Stentzel MR, Ruan E, Riley L, Murthy N. A self-immolative linker that releases thiols detects penicillin amidase and nitroreductase with high sensitivity via absorption spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3166-3169. [PMID: 35170593 PMCID: PMC9097719 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the synthesis and characterization of a novel self-immolative linker, based on thiocarbonates, which releases a free thiol upon activation via enzymes. We demonstrate that thiocarbonate self-immolative linkers can be used to detect the enzymes penicillin G amidase (PGA) and nitroreductase (NTR) with high sensitivity using absorption spectroscopy. Paired with modern thiol amplification technology, the detection of PGA and NTR were achieved at concentrations of 160 nM and 52 nM respectively. In addition, the PGA probe was shown to be compatible with both biological thiols and enzymes present in cell lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli M Espinoza
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Joachim J Røise
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Maomao He
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - I-Che Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Alvin K Agatep
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Patrick Udenyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hesong Han
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Nicole Jackson
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - D Lucas Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dake Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Michael R Stentzel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Emily Ruan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lee Riley
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Niren Murthy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Innovative Genomics Institute (IGI), 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
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2
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods using proteins as the chiral selectors have been developed for the separation of enantiomeric mixtures. For chiral separations in protein-based CE, two methods were utilized. One is affinity capillary electrochromatography (ACEC), and the other is affinity CE (ACE). This chapter deals with the advantages and disadvantages of ACEC and ACE. Furthermore, enantioseparations utilizing ACEC based on packed α(1)-acid glycoprotein-immobilized silica gels, immobilized avidin to fused silica capillaries and ACE based on penicillin G-acylase dissolved in the running buffer are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Haginaka
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan.
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3
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Suck K, Walter J, Menzel F, Tappe A, Kasper C, Naumann C, Zeidler R, Scheper T. Fast and efficient protein purification using membrane adsorber systems. J Biotechnol 2006; 121:361-7. [PMID: 16159680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purification of proteins from complex cell culture samples is an essential step in proteomic research. Traditional chromatographic methods often require several steps resulting in time consuming and costly procedures. In contrast, protein purification via membrane adsorbers offers the advantage of fast and gentle but still effective isolation. In this work, we present a new method for purification of proteins from crude cell extracts via membrane adsorber based devices. This isolation procedure utilises the membranes favourable pore structure allowing high flow rates without causing high back pressure. Therefore, shear stress to fragile structures is avoided. In addition, mass transfer takes place through convection rather than diffusion, thus allowing very rapid separation processes. Based on this membrane adsorber technology the separation of two model proteins, human serum albumin (HSA) and immungluboline G (IgG) is shown. The isolation of human growth hormone (hGH) from chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture supernatant was performed using a cation exchange membrane. The isolation of the enzyme penicillin acylase from the crude Escherichia coli supernatant was achieved using an anion exchange spin column within one step at a considerable purity. In summary, the membrane adsorber devices have proven to be suitable tools for the purification of proteins from different complex cell culture samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Suck
- Institut für Technische Chemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 3, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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4
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van Roon JL, Arntz MMHD, Kallenberg AI, Paasman MA, Tramper J, Schroën CGPH, Beeftink HH. A multicomponent reaction–diffusion model of a heterogeneously distributed immobilized enzyme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:263-78. [PMID: 16397772 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A physical model was derived for the synthesis of the antibiotic cephalexin with an industrial immobilized penicillin G acylase, called Assemblase. In reactions catalyzed by Assemblase, less product and more by-product are formed in comparison with a free-enzyme catalyzed reaction. The model incorporates reaction with a heterogeneous enzyme distribution, electrostatically coupled transport, and pH-dependent dissociation behavior of reactants and is used to obtain insight in the complex interplay between these individual processes leading to the suboptimal conversion. The model was successfully validated with synthesis experiments for conditions ranging from heavily diffusion limited to hardly diffusion limited, including substrate concentrations from 50 to 600 mM, temperatures between 273 and 303 K, and pH values between 6 and 9. During the conversion of the substrates into cephalexin, severe pH gradients inside the biocatalytic particle, which were previously measured by others, were predicted. Physical insight in such intraparticle process dynamics may give important clues for future biocatalyst design. The modular construction of the model may also facilitate its use for other bioconversions with other biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L van Roon
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Science, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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5
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van Roon JL, Boom RM, Paasman MA, Tramper J, Schroën CGPH, Beeftink HH. Enzyme distribution and matrix characteristics in biocatalytic particles. J Biotechnol 2005; 119:400-15. [PMID: 15927297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a study of Assemblase, an industrial immobilized penicillin-G acylase, various electron microscopic techniques were used to relate intra-particle enzyme heterogeneity with the morphological heterogeneity of the support material at various levels of detail. Transmission electron microscopy was used for the study of intra-particle penicillin-G acylase distribution in Assemblase particles of various sizes; it revealed an abrupt increase in enzyme loading at the particle surface (1.4-fold) and in the areas (designated halo's) surrounding internal macro-voids (7.7-fold). Cryogenic field-emission scanning electron microscopy related these abrupt local enzyme heterogeneities to local heterogeneity of the support material by revealing the presence of dense top layers surrounding both the particle exterior and the internal macro-voids. Furthermore, it showed a very distinct morphological appearance of the halo. Most probably, all these regions contained relatively more chitosan than gelatin (the polymers Assemblase was constructed of), which suggested local polymer demixing during particle production. A basic thermodynamic line of reasoning suggested that a difference in hydrophilicity between the two polymers induced local demixing. In the future, thermodynamic knowledge on such polymer interactions resulting in matrix heterogeneity may be used as a tool for biocatalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L van Roon
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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van Roon JL, van Aelst AC, Schroën CGPH, Tramper J, Beeftink HH. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy analysis of morphology and enzyme distribution within an industrial biocatalytic particle. Scanning 2005; 27:181-9. [PMID: 16089302 DOI: 10.1002/sca.4950270405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used in a technical feasibility study to obtain insight into the internal morphology and the intraparticle enzyme distribution of Assemblase, an industrial biocatalytic particle containing immobilized penicillin-G acylase. The results were compared with previous studies based on light and transmission electron microscopic techniques. The integrated FESEM approach yielded the same quantitative results as the microscopic techniques used previously. Given this technical equivalence, the integrated approach offers several advantages. First, the single preparation method and detection system avoids interpretation discrepancies between corresponding areas that were examined for different properties with different detection techniques in different samples. Second, the specimen size suitable for whole particle study is virtually unlimited, which simplifies sectioning and puts less stringent demands on the embedding technique. Furthermore, the sensitivity toward enzyme presence and distribution increases because the epitopes inside thick sections become available for labeling. Quick and unambiguous analysis of the relation between particle morphology and enzyme distribution is important because this information may be used in the future for the design of enzyme distributions in which the particle morphology can be used as a control parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L van Roon
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Abstract
The quantitative intraparticle enzyme distribution of Assemblase, an industrially employed polydisperse immobilized penicillin-G acylase, was measured. Because of strong autofluorescence of the carrier, the generally applied technique of confocal scanning microscopy could not be used; light microscopy was our method of choice. To do so, Assemblase particles of various sizes were sectioned, labeled with antibodies specifically against the enzyme, and analyzed light microscopically. Image analysis software was developed and used to determine the intraparticle enzyme distribution, which was found to be heterogeneous, with most enzyme located in the outer regions of the particles. Larger particles showed steeper gradients than smaller ones. A mathematical representation of the intraparticle profiles, based on in-stationary enzyme diffusion into the particles, was validated successfully for a broad range of particle sizes using data for volume-averaged particle size and enzyme loading. The enzyme gradients determined in this work will be used as input for a physical model that quantitatively describes the complex behavior of Assemblase. Such a physical model will lead to identification of the current bottlenecks in Assemblase and can serve as a starting point for the design of improved biocatalysts that also may be based on intelligent use of enzyme gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L van Roon
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Kumar RS, Suresh CG, Pundle A, Prabhune A. Evidence for the involvement of arginyl residue at the active site of penicillin G acylase from Kluyvera citrophila. Biotechnol Lett 2004; 26:1601-6. [PMID: 15604805 DOI: 10.1023/b:bile.0000045660.65728.ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is used for the commercial production of semi-synthetic penicillins. It hydrolyses the amide bond in penicillin producing 6-aminopenicillanic acid and phenylacetate. 6-Aminopenicillanic acid, having the beta-lactam nucleus, is the parent compound for all semi-synthetic penicillins. Penicillin G acylase from Kluyvera citrophila was purified and chemically modified to identify the role of arginine in catalysis. Modification with 20 mM phenylglyoxal and 50 mM 2,3-butanedione resulted in 82% and 78% inactivation, respectively. Inactivation was prevented by protection with benzylpenicillin or phenylacetate at 50 mM. The reaction followed psuedo-first order kinetics and the inactivation kinetics (V(max), K(m), and k(cat)) of native and modified enzyme indicates the essentiality of arginyl residue in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Suresh Kumar
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
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9
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Calleri E, Temporini C, Massolini G, Caccialanza G. Penicillin G acylase-based stationary phases: analytical applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:243-58. [PMID: 15063459 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A review of Penicillin G Acylase (PGA)-based stationary phases is given, focusing on immobilisation methods, selection of immobilisation material and applications in chiral liquid chromatography. Two immobilization methods, namely "in situ" and "in batch" techniques, are described for the immobilisation of PGA on silica supports. Microparticulate and monolithic silica, both functionalized with aminopropyl- and epoxy-groups, were used in the development of the PGA immobilised enzyme reactor (IMER). The best results, in terms of PGA immobilised amount and enzyme activity, were obtained with the "in situ" immobilisation on epoxy monolithic silica. The use of PGA columns as enzyme reactors for the preparation of 6-APA and for the production of enantiomeric pure drugs in a one-step reaction in described. The review also covers the application of PGA-columns as chiral stationary phases for the separation of acidic enantiomers. An on-line chromatographic system based on the PGA-IMER combined with a switching valve to an analytical column is also described as a highly efficient tool to study the enantioselective hydrolyses properties of PGA. Finally a molecular modelling study is reported with the aim to give more insights into PGA-substrates interactions and to expand the application of these stationary phases as a chiral biocatalysts for pharmaceutical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Calleri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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10
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Zhu S, Huang X, Zhao G, Jiang W. [Selection of A strain producing beta-lactam antibiotics acylases]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2003; 43:79-86. [PMID: 16276875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of substrates analogues containing the same or similar side chain of its substrate have been synthesized and applied to screen cephalosporin acylase producers from a mass of microorganisms. The deacylation products of these analogues can be detected conveniently and used as screening indicators for the cephalosporin-acylase-producing-microorganism. Six strains possessing deacylation activity have been screened out with these substrate analogs. Among them, strain ZH0650 can simultaneously hydrolyze GL-7ACA, NIPAB and other analogues including AD-NABA. Further investigation on this strain confirmed that it could produce at least three acylases, ADNABA acylase, penicillin G acylase and cephalosporin acylase, which were characterized by bioassay with multiple substrate analogues. This is the first report that three different acylases were produced by one strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songcheng Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for, Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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11
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Van Langen LM, Janssen MHA, Oosthoek NHP, Pereira SRM, Svedas VK, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA. Active site titration as a tool for the evaluation of immobilization procedures of penicillin acylase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 79:224-8. [PMID: 12115439 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Native and immobilized preparations of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli and Alcaligenes faecalis were studied using an active site titration technique. Knowledge of the number of active sites allowed the calculation of the average turnover rate of the enzyme in the various preparations and allowed us to quantify the contribution of irreversible inactivation of the enzyme to the loss of catalytic activity during the immobilization procedure. In most cases a loss of active sites as well as a decrease of catalytic activity per active site (turnover rate) was observed upon immobilization. Immobilization techniques affected the enzymes differently. The effect of increased loading of penicillin acylase on the average turnover rate was determined by active site titration to assess diffusion limitations in the carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk M Van Langen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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12
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Janssen MHA, van Langen LM, Pereira SRM, van Rantwijk F, Sheldon RA. Evaluation of the performance of immobilized penicillin G acylase using active-site titration. Biotechnol Bioeng 2002; 78:425-32. [PMID: 11948449 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin G acylase from Escherichia coli was immobilized on Eupergit C with different enzyme loading. The activity of the immobilized preparations was assayed in the hydrolysis of penicillin G and was found to be much lower than would be expected on the basis of the residual enzyme activity in the immobilization supernatant. Active-site titration demonstrated that the immobilized enzyme molecules on average had turnover rates much lower than that of the dissolved enzyme. This was attributed to diffusion limitations of substrate and product inhibition. Indeed, when the immobilized preparations were crushed, the activity increased from 587 U g-1 to up to 974 U g-1. The immobilized preparations exhibited up to 15% lower turnover rates than the dissolved enzyme in cephalexin synthesis from 7-ADCA and D-(-)-phenylglycine amide. The synthesis over hydrolysis ratios of the immobilized preparations were also much lower than that of the dissolved enzyme. This was partly due to diffusion limitations but also to an intrinsic property of the immobilized enzyme because the synthesis over hydrolysis ratio of the crushed preparations was much lower than that of the dissolved enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel H A Janssen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL, Delft, The Netherlands
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13
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Li X, Zhang W, Mao X, Cai X, Yang YL, Zhao GP, Jiang WH. [Establishment of detective systems for GL-7ACA acylase expression]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2001; 17:673-7. [PMID: 11910763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Glutaryl-7-amino cephalosporanic acid (GL-7ACA) acylase catalyzes the conversion of GL-7ACA to 7-amino cephalosporanic acid (7-ACA). The product 7-ACA is a starting compound for semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotics in industry. In order to detect the expression and specific activity of protein-engineered GL-7ACA acylase accurately, two useful detective systems for its expression has been established, in which reporter genes xylE and lacZ were fused to the downstream the GL-7ACA acylase gene acy respectively and the activity of catechol dioxygenase or beta-galactosidase could indicate the amount of acy expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Zhao JM, Du JY, Zhang MJ. [Determination of degraded products of penicillin by high performance liquid chromatography]. Se Pu 2001; 19:88-90. [PMID: 12541856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the determination of main composition in degraded products of penicillin, 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), penicillin G kalium (PGK), phenylacetic acid (PAA), and the by-product benzylpenicilloic acid (BPA) by HPLC was studied. Separation conditions were as follows: Spherisorb C18 column, 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 10 micrograms; mobile phase: V (methanol): V(0.004 mol/L KH2PO4 buffer, pH 4.5) = 50:50; flow rate: 1 mL/min; detector: UV 230 nm. The method is effective, quick, accurate and reproducible. The satisfactory results show that this new method has certain practical values as an approach of quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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15
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Abstract
Determination of kinetic parameters of penicillin acylases for phenylacetylated compounds is complicated due to the low K(m) values for these substrates, the lack of a spectroscopic signal, and the strong product inhibition by phenylacetic acid. To overcome these difficulties, a spectrophotometric method was developed, with which kinetic parameters could be determined by measuring the effects on the hydrolysis of the chromogenic reference substrate 2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid (NIPAB). To that end, spectrophotometric progress curves with NIPAB in the absence and presence of the phenylacetylated substrates and their products were measured and analyzed by numerical fitting to the appropriate equations for competing substrates with product inhibition. This analysis yielded kinetic constants for phenylacetylated substrates such as penicillin G, which are in close agreement with those obtained in independent initial velocity experiments. Using NIPAB analogs with lower k(cat)/K(m) values, kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of cephalexin and penicillin V were determined. This method was suitable for determining the kinetic constants of penicillin acylases in periplasmic extracts from Escherichia coli, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Kluyvera citrophila. The use of chromogenic reference substrates thus appears to be a rapid and reliable method for determining kinetic constants with various substrates and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Alkema
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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16
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Youshko MI, Shamolina TA, Guranda DF, Synev AV, Svedas VK. Specific substrates for spectrophotometric determination of penicillin acylase activity. Biochemistry (Mosc) 1998; 63:1104-9. [PMID: 9795283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Penicillin acylase substrates suitable for colorimetric determination of the enzyme activity have been tested in this study. The kinetic parameters (Km and kcat) have been elucidated for the following nine substrates: six phenylacetic acid derivatives (p-nitroanilide, p-nitrophenyl ester, p-nitro-m-carboxyanilide, p-nitro-o-carboxyanilide, p-nitro-o-hydroxyanilide, m-nitro-p-carboxyanilide), two D-phenylglycine derivatives (p-nitroanilide, p-nitro-m-carboxyanilide), and also p-nitrophenyl ester of acetic acid (p-nitrophenyl acetate). With the exception of p-nitrophenyl acetate, all the compounds studied are highly specific chromogenic substrates for penicillin acylase, but their reactivity is very variable and kcat/Km values are in a range from 0.8.10(4) to 5.10(6) M(-1).sec(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Youshko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia
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17
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Fargues C, Chanel S, Grévillot G. An efficient three steps preparative purification of penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli cells. Bioseparation 1997; 6:343-51. [PMID: 9352682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A new and efficient safe system for the purification of the penicillin acylase from Escherichia coli G271 is presented. It was found that after a selective precipitation with ammnonium sulphate, followed by two chromatographic steps (anion exchange followed by adsorption on hydroxyapatite support), the enzyme was enriched 98 times with a 100% activity recovery. An original way has also been used to study the chromatographic separation of the protein mixture in three major categories on DEAE resin, by an analysis of the concentrations of the different species in the breakthrough curve obtained from a complete saturation of the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fargues
- LSGC-Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique, ENSIC-CNRS, Nancy, France
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18
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Abstract
The hydrolysis of penicillin-V to phenoxyacetic acid and 6-aminopenicillanic acid by the fungal enzyme penicillin-V amidase is of industrial importance since the 6-aminopenicillanic acid produced is an intermediate for semisynthetic penicillins. A rapid colorimetric assay of penicillin-V amidase was developed which uses 2-nitro-5-(phenoxyacetamido)-benzoic acid as a substrate. The released chromophore, 2-amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid, was detected at 405 nm. Using penicillin-V amidase from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, the KM and Vmax for this substrate were 0.89 mM and 2.6 mumol/min/mg enzyme, respectively. Hydrolysis could be competitively inhibited by penicillin-V with a Ki of 4 mM. The change in the initial velocity of hydrolysis of 2-nitro-5-(phenoxyacetamido)-benzoic acid at 500 microM was linear over the range of 0.5 to 10 micrograms/ml enzyme. These results show that this new compound is useful in determining the presence and levels of penicillin-V amidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Kerr
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98121
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19
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Baker WL. Co-existence of beta-lactamase and penicillin acylase in bacteria; detection and quantitative determination of enzyme activities. J Appl Bacteriol 1992; 73:14-22. [PMID: 1512174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb04963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-six bacteria were examined for the presence of penicillin acylase and beta-lactamase. A copper reducing assay, which was sensitive in the analytical range 2-20 micrograms/ml, was used for determination of penicilloates and a fluorescamine assay was used to determine 6-aminopenicillanic acid concentrations when both substances were produced by the action of the enzymes on a single substrate. Seventeen bacteria contained beta-lactamases, six contained penicillin acylases and four contained both enzymes. Two bacteria contained a Type 1 penicillin acylase and four bacteria contained a Type II enzyme. No ampicillin acylases were detected. All beta-lactamases were constitutive enzymes in those organisms where both enzymes co-existed. Bacillus subtilis and B. cereus produced inducible and extracellular beta-lactamases. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 21288 produced a constitutive beta-lactamase which was detected extracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Baker
- Swinburne Institute of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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Chen KC. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography for simultaneous detection of bacterial beta-lactam acylases and beta-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 30:536-41. [PMID: 3539008 PMCID: PMC176476 DOI: 10.1128/aac.30.4.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and specific procedure was developed for the simultaneous detection of bacterial acylases and beta-lactamases, using ampicillin and cephalexin as substrates. Bacterial suspensions from agar plates were incubated separately with each beta-lactam substrate for 1 h at 37 degrees C. The supernatant of the reaction mixture was dansylated, and the dansyl derivatives were separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on polyamide sheets. The end products resulting from acylase hydrolysis, including the intact beta-lactam nucleus, 6-aminopenicillanic acid or 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid, and the acyl side chain acid, D-(-)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid, and the end product resulting from beta-lactamase hydrolysis (D-phenylglycylpenicilloic acid or D-phenylglycyldeacetoxycephalosporoic acid) were separated from each unhydrolyzed substrate and amino acids by this procedure. The presence of the intact beta-lactam nucleus in the reaction mixture is the indication of acylase activity. This method is sensitive and reproducible and has been successfully applied to screening for acylase activity in a variety of bacteria. It may be pharmaceutically useful for identifying organisms capable of removing the acyl side chain from naturally occurring beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin G, penicillin V, and cephalosporin C for production of the beta-lactam nuclei which serve as the starting materials for semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics.
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Zhang QJ, Zhang LF, Han HX, Zhang YY. A method for screening penicillin G acylase-producing bacteria by means of 2-nitro-5-phenylacetaminobenzoic acid test paper. Anal Biochem 1986; 156:413-6. [PMID: 3532862 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid assay for screening penicillin G acylase-producing bacteria is presented. The method is based on the formation of yellow 2-nitro-5-aminobenzoic acid by penicillin G acylase acting on 2-nitro-5-phenylacetaminobenzoic acid (NIPAB). NIPAB test paper is briefly applied to bacterial colonies on the agar surface, which are subsequently scored individually on the paper by color; bright yellow indicates the presence of penicillin G acylase, natural color its absence. The present method is suitable not only for screening penicillin G acylase-production by a variety of bacteria but also for detection from a large number of transformant colonies of clones containing a gene encoding for the enzyme.
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Abstract
A procedure is described for screening bacteria for the presence of penicillin amidase. Cells, grown in the presence of phenylacetic acid, are incubated with phenoxymethylpenicillin (type I), benzylpenicillin (type II) or ampicillin and the 6-aminopenicillanic acid formed is detected and quantitatively estimated by its strong reaction with fluorescamine at pH 4. There is no requirement for separation of the penicillin substrate from the product but when alpha-aminobenzylpenicillin derivatives are used as enzyme substrates the amount of 6-aminopenicillanic acid formed must be determined by calculation. The procedure allowed positive and reliable identification of penicillin amidases in six organisms known to produce the enzyme and indicated that some of these enzymes had different properties in reactivity towards alpha-aminobenzylpenicillin derivatives.
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Veronese F, Lazzarini R, Schiavon O, Bettero A. Evaluation of E. coli penicillin acylase activity by HPLC and fluorescence. Farmaco Prat 1983; 37:390-6. [PMID: 6337061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Pavlovich NV, Shimaniuk NI, Mishan'kin BN. [Mechanism of natural penicillin resistance in the causative agent of tularemia]. Antibiotiki 1983; 28:517-21. [PMID: 6605111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
beta-Lactamase and penicillinacylase were detected in the tularemia causative agent. These enzymes participated in the mechanism of natural resistance of the microorganisms to penicillins. It was shown that the growth temperature had a significant effect on the beta-lactamase activity. The penicillin resistance marker was not eliminated with the use of acridine orange, ethidium bromide or sodium dodecylsulfate.
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Mahajan PB, Borkar PS. Chemical modifications of Escherichia coli penicillin acylase I, tryptophan involvement at the catalytic site. Hindustan Antibiot Bull 1983; 25:6-10. [PMID: 6355016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Baker WL. Application of the fluorescamine reaction with 6-aminopenicillanic acid to estimation and detection of penicillin acylase activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983; 23:26-30. [PMID: 6299183 PMCID: PMC184610 DOI: 10.1128/aac.23.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Aminopenicillanic acid may be quantitatively estimated by its reaction with fluorescamine in the concentration range of 1 to 10 micrograms/ml. The difference in reactivity between 6-aminopenicillanic acid and benzylpenicillin, which does not react with fluorescamine, can be used to determine penicillin acylase activity and obtain data on enzyme parameters and inhibitors. Unlike amino acids and peptides, 6-aminopenicillanic acid reacts strongly with fluorescamine at pH 4, an observation which can be used to determine the presence of penicillin acylase in whole bacterial cell preparations.
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Nys PS, Saratova DE, Podshibiakina LV, Korchagin VB. [Penicillin amidase from E. coli. The determination of the ionization constants of the Michaelis complex ionogenic groups in the enzymatic deacylation reactions of the phenacetyl derivatives of phenylglycine and 7-aminodesacetoxychephalosporanic acid]. Antibiotiki 1980; 25:914-21. [PMID: 7008689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
pH and temperature relationships of the maximum rate of the reaction of enzymatic hydrolysis of phenacetyl derivatives of phenylglycine (PPG) and 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-PADCA) catalysed by immobilized penicillinamidase (IPA) (penicillinamidohydrolase CE 3.5.1.11) were studied. A possibility of applying for the routine methods used in determination of electrochemical properties of ampholites for estimation of the ionization constants of the functional groups of both the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex was shown. The applicability of various methods for estimation of the ionization constants is discussed and the ways of determination of the ionization constants and the means of quantitative description of the bell-like pH relationship of the kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the biocatalytic reaction are presented. The equations described were used in analysis of the pH relationship of the immobilized penicillinamidase enzymatic activity in the reactions of 7-PADCA and L-PPG hydrolysis. The estimated ionization constants of the ionogenic groups of the Michaelis complexes were used in quantitative description of the electrochemical state of the complexes at wide pH ranges. The acid properties of the PA and IPA complexes with a number of substrates, such as benzylpenicillin, 7-PADCA, L-PPG and PANAB were compared. The effect of the immobilization procedure, electrochemical properties of the substrates and the reaction products on the electrochemical state of the Michaelis complexes is discussed.
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Kulis II, Guriavichene VV, Laurinavichius VA. [Determination of penicillins by means of an enzymatic electrode]. Antibiotiki 1980; 25:655-9. [PMID: 6968174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Penicillin sensitive enzyme electrodes were prepared on the basis of native penicillinase (EC 3.5.2.6) and penicillinamidase (CE 3.5.1.11), as well as penicillinase entrapped in a complex of polyethylenimine and polyacrylic acid or linked with albumin and lattice entrapped penicillinase. The time of the electrode response is 2-10 minutes. The electrode potential change within a minute is linear at 1-20 mM of benzylpenicillin and depends on the electrode type. The electrodes prepared on the basis of the native enzymes lost their sensitivity within the first 10 days. Sensitivity of immobilized penicillinase did not change for 15 days. The electrodes prepared on the basis of albumin-linked penicillinase preserved their high stability for 60 days. The sensitivity of these electrodes is slightly dependent on the phosphate buffer concentration (from 0.001 to 9 mM).
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Szewczuk A, Siewiński M, Słowińska R. Colorimetric assay of penicillin amidase activity using phenylacetyl-aminobenzoic acid as substrate. Anal Biochem 1980; 103:166-9. [PMID: 6990827 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Nys PS, Kolygina TS, Garaev MM. [Penicillin amidase from E. coli. A direct spectrophotometric method of determining the enzyme's activity]. Antibiotiki 1977; 22:211-6. [PMID: 15505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A method for determination of the enzymatic activity of penicillinamidas (PA) based on spectrophotometric estimation of the stained product amount produced in hydrolysis of 4-phenylacetamido-2-nitrobenzoic acid (PANBA) catalyzed by the enzyme is proposed. Some physico-chemical properties of the substrate and the stained product were studied. The kinetic parameters of the PANABA enzymatic hydrolysis were determined. Catalytic activity of some enzyme products of PA of different purity levels was studied comparatively in reactions of PANBA and benzylpenicillin hydrolysis.
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Berezin IV, Klesov AA, Margolin AL, Nnys PS, Savitskaia EM. [Study of penicillin amidase from E. coli. pH-dependence of kinetic parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin]. Antibiotiki 1976; 21:411-5. [PMID: 15503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The authors studies pH-dependencies of the kinetic parameters (Vm, KM, Vm/KM) and constants of competitive inhibition by phenylacetic acid of penicillinamidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin. The experimental data are in agreement with the assumption according to which there are 3 equilibrium ionogenic forms of the enzyme and enzyme-substrate (or enzyme-inhibitor) complexes, i.e. acidic, neutral and alkaline, the neutral form being the only active form of the Michaelis complex. Values of pK in the ionogenic groups controlling interconversions of both the free enzyme (pK1 6.1 and pK2 7.6) and of the enzyme-substrate complex (pKa 6.1 and pK2 10.2 or the enzyzme-inhibitor complex (pK''1 6.1 and pK''2 9.5) were determined. From this and the previously published results it was concluded that the group with pK 6.1 was involved in the catalysis and the group with pK 10.2 in the maintenance of the active conformation of the active centre of penicillinamidase. The ionogenic group with pK 7.6 was apparently involved in the enzyme-substrate binding.
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Tochenaia NP, Vagina IM, Sapozhnikov IM, Chaĭkovskaia SM. [Determination of the penicillin acylase activity of E. coli cultures using a method of gas-liquid chromatography]. Antibiotiki 1975:810-3. [PMID: 170853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Penicillinacylase activity was determined in E. coli by the product of benzylpenicillin destruction, i.e. phenylacetic acid formed under the effect of the enzyme. The determination was performed on a chromatograph. The immobile phase consisted of 10 per cent of ethylenglycol edipate on chromosorb A, modified with 2 per cent H3PO4. Nitrogen was used as the gaseous carrier. The method is rapid and handy for mass testing of the cultures with a purpose of detecting penicillinacylase-producing strains. It provided reliable determination of penicillinacylase in the cultures producing simultaneously beta-lactamase, another penicillin-destroying enzyme.
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