151
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Khan SA, Novick RP. Structural analysis of plasmid pSN2 in Staphylococcus aureus: no involvement in enterotoxin B production. J Bacteriol 1982; 149:642-9. [PMID: 7056699 PMCID: PMC216553 DOI: 10.1128/jb.149.2.642-649.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies have suggested the involvement of a small 1.3-kilobase plasmid, pSN2, in the production of enterotoxin D by certain Staphylococcus aureus strains. On the basis of extensive biochemical studies on pSN2, including the determination of its coding properties and its primary nucleotide sequence, we conclude that this plasmid is not in act involved in enterotoxin B production in S. aureus: although the toxin genes are apparently chromosomal, it is probable that they are part of a special genetic system such as a hitchhiking transposon.
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152
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153
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Ogawara H. Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic and producing bacteria, with special reference to beta-lactam antibiotics. Microbiol Rev 1981; 45:591-619. [PMID: 7035856 PMCID: PMC281529 DOI: 10.1128/mr.45.4.591-619.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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154
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Parisi JT, Robbins J, Lampson BC, Hecht DW. Characterization of a macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin resistance plasmid in Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Bacteriol 1981; 148:559-64. [PMID: 6271735 PMCID: PMC216240 DOI: 10.1128/jb.148.2.559-564.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis was transduced to erythromycin resistance, and all of the transductants exhibited the macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin B resistance phenotype. Curing and antibiotic disk studies also indicated that these resistances were controlled by a single plasmid determinant and were constitutive. Agarose gel electrophoresis of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from donor, cured, and transduced strains showed that a single plasmid was responsible. This plasmid, designated pNE131, was examined for sequence homology to two other plasmids, pE194 and p1258, from Staphylococcus aureus, which also code for erythromycin resistance. DNA from plasmids pNE131 and pE194 hybridized with one another, but no extensive homology to pI258 with either pNE131 or pE194 was found. Restriction endonuclease digests of pNE131 and pE194 showed no common fragments. However, sequence homology was localized to the nucleotides in pE194 that code for the 29,000-dalton protein responsible for erythromycin resistance. pNE131 was calculated to have 2,220 base pairs and is the smallest naturally occurring plasmid with a known function yet reported in S. epidermidis.
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155
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Unique features in the ribosome binding site sequence of the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus beta-lactamase gene. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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156
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Plasmid-directed expression of Staphylococcus aureus beta-lactamase by Bacillus subtilis in vitro. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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157
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Krolewski JJ, Murphy E, Novick RP, Rush MG. Site-specificity of the chromosomal insertion of Staphylococcus aureus transposon Tn554. J Mol Biol 1981; 152:19-33. [PMID: 6279864 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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158
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Totten PA, Vidal L, Baldwin JN. Penicillin and tetracycline resistance plasmids in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981; 20:359-65. [PMID: 6458234 PMCID: PMC181701 DOI: 10.1128/aac.20.3.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic nature of penicillin (Pc) and tetracycline (Tc) resistance plasmids in Staphylococcus epidermidis were studied and compared with those in S. aureus. Of 10 S. epidermidis strains transduced for penicillin resistance, we could isolate Pc plasmids from only 3. One of these plasmids also encoded for cadmium resistance and another encoded for resistance to ethidium bromide, traits also associated with S. aureus Pc plasmids. Endonuclease fingerprinting of the Pc plasmids from the two species revealed extensive heterogeneity. Two S. epidermidis strains were also transduced for tetracycline resistance. Both harbored plasmids indistinguishable from S. aureus Tc plasmids as judged by endonuclease fingerprinting. These data suggest that genetic exchange between S. aureus and S. epidermidis occurs in vivo.
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159
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Zouzias D, Bertelsen AH, Rush MG. DNA mediated gene transfer using simian virus 40 or polyoma virus morphological transformation as selective markers. Arch Virol 1981; 70:291-5. [PMID: 6275819 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The stable uptake of a bacterial plasmid by mouse or rat cells has been detected following the respective co-transfection of these cells with plasmid in the presence of either Simian virus 40 (SV40) or Polyoma virus DNAs. About 60-70 percent of the resulting SV40-transformed mouse cell clones and about 40 percent of the Polyoma transformed rat cell clones contained plasmid DNA sequences.
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160
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Novick RP, Iordanescu S, Surdeanu M, Edelman I. Transduction-related cointegrate formation between Staphylococcal plasmids: a new type of site-specific recombination. Plasmid 1981; 6:159-72. [PMID: 6458059 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(81)90064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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161
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Khan SA, Carleton SM, Novick RP. Replication of plasmid pT181 DNA in vitro: requirement for a plasmid-encoded product. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:4902-6. [PMID: 6946436 PMCID: PMC320289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.8.4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PT181 is a naturally occurring 4.5-kilobase Staphylococcus aureus plasmid encoding resistance to tetracycline. The plasmid has a copy number of about 20 per cell; a mutant, cop-608, that has a copy number of 800-1000 has been isolated. A cell-free extract has been developed that carries out complete replication of this plasmid. Extracts made from a strain containing the mutant have much greater replication activity than do extracts of strains containing pT181. In an extract from which endogenous DNA has been removed, DNA synthesis is dependent upon the addition of exogenous plasmid DNA. The replication system is specific for pT181 and related plasmids but it is inactive with other S. aureus plasmids. Furthermore, pT181 DNA does not replicate in extracts made from plasmid-negative strains or strains containing other plasmids. The results suggest that a specific plasmid-encoded substance is required for the replication of pT181 DNA.
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162
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Dreiseikelmann B, Wackernagel W. Absence in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus of the sequence-specific deoxyribonucleic acid methylation that is conferred in Escherichia coli K-12 by the dam and dcm enzymes. J Bacteriol 1981; 147:259-61. [PMID: 6263867 PMCID: PMC216033 DOI: 10.1128/jb.147.1.259-261.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Restriction analysis of plasmid pHV14 deoxyribonucleic acid isolated from Escherichia coli K-12, Bacillus subtilis, and staphylococcus aureus with restriction endonucleases MboI, Sau3AI, and EcoRII was used to study the methylation of those nucleotide sequences which in E. coli contain the major portions of N6-methyladenine and 5-methylcytosine. The results showed that neither B. subtilis nor S. aureus methylates deoxyribonucleic acid at the same sites and nucleotides which are recognized and methylated by dam and dcm enzymes in E. coli K-12.
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163
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Silver S, Budd K, Leahy KM, Shaw WV, Hammond D, Novick RP, Willsky GR, Malamy MH, Rosenberg H. Inducible plasmid-determined resistance to arsenate, arsenite, and antimony (III) in escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 1981; 146:983-96. [PMID: 7016838 PMCID: PMC216952 DOI: 10.1128/jb.146.3.983-996.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmids in both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus contain an "operon" that confers resistance to arsenate, arsenite, and antimony(III) salts. The systems were always inducible. All three salts, arsenate, arsenite, and antimony(III), were inducers. Mutants and a cloned deoxyribonucleic acid fragment from plasmid pI258 in S. aureus have lost arsenate resistance but retained resistances to arsenite and antimony, demonstrating that separate genes are involved. Arsenate-resistant arsenite-sensitive S. aureus plasmid mutants were also isolated. In E. coli, plasmid-determined arsenate resistance and reduced uptake were additive to that found with chromosomal arsenate resistance mutants. Arsenate resistance was due to reduced uptake of arsenate by the induced plasmid-containing cells. Under conditions of high arsenate, when some uptake could be demonstrated with the induced resistant cells, the arsenate was rapidly lost by the cells in the absence of extracellular phosphate. Sensitive cells retained arsenate under these conditions. When phosphate was added, phosphate-arsenate exchange occurred. High phosphate in the growth medium protected cells from arsenate, but not from arsenite or antimony(III) toxicity. We do not know the mechanisms of arsenite or antimony resistance. However, arsenite was not oxidized to less toxic arsenate. Since cell-free medium "conditioned" by prior growth to induced resistant cells with toxic levels of arsenite or antimony(III) retained the ability to inhibit the growth of sensitive cells, the mechanism of arsenite and antimony resistance does not involve conversion of AsO2- or SbO+ to less toxic forms or binding by soluble thiols excreted by resistant cells.
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164
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Murphy E, Phillips S, Edelman I, Novick RP. Tn554: isolation and characterization of plasmid insertions. Plasmid 1981; 5:292-305. [PMID: 6267632 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(81)90006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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165
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Structural studies of asparagine-linked sugar chains of human ceruloplasmin. Structural characteristics of the triantennary complex type sugar chains of human plasma glycoproteins. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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166
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167
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Warren RL. Exfoliative toxin plasmids of bacteriophage group 2 Staphylococcus aureus: sequence homology. Infect Immun 1980; 30:601-6. [PMID: 6254889 PMCID: PMC551352 DOI: 10.1128/iai.30.2.601-606.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasmid contents of seven exfoliative toxin-producing strains of phage group 2 Staphylococcus aureus were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. All strains were found to contain a large plasmid with a molecular weight of 27 X 10(6) except for strain RW1005. A comparison of the restriction endonuclease cleavage products by agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the number and size distribution of the fragments of all these Tox plasmids were similar, except for pRW002, which appeared to contain two deletions. Deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization studies confirmed that these plasmids were related to a plasmid which carried the genes for exfoliative toxin B and bacteriocin R1 biosynthesis and that they shared some sequence homology with the penicillinase plasmid pI258 isolated from a phage group 3 S. aureus.
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168
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Khan SA, Novick RP. Terminal nucleotide sequences of Tn551, a transposon specifying erythromycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: homology with Tn3. Plasmid 1980; 4:148-54. [PMID: 6100928 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(80)90004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The erythromycin resistance determinant of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258 resides on a 5.3 kb transposon, Tn551. We have determined DNA sequences surrounding the junctions between the transposon and the flanking DNA in the wild-type plasmid, in an insertion into a second plasmid, and in two transposon-related deletions. The ends of the transposon consist of an inverted repeat of 40 base pairs flanked by a direct repeat of 5, thus placing the transposon in the same class as Tn3, IS2, Tn501, gamma delta, and bacteriophage Mu. Interestingly, we find that the terminal sequences of the 40 base pairs inverted repeat are very similar to the ends of Tn3, a transposon which one would not have expected to show any relation to Tn551. This result suggests common ancestry for Tn3 and Tn551. The inverted repeat sequence of Tn551 also contains (with one additional inserted base) the internal heptanucleotide sequence which has been found to be common to most of the transposable elements that generate 5-base pair direct repeat sequences.
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169
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Shalita Z, Murphy E, Novick RP. Penicillinase plasmids of Staphylococcus aureus: structural and evolutionary relationships. Plasmid 1980; 3:291-311. [PMID: 6100898 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(80)90042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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170
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Novick R, Sanchez-Rivas C, Gruss A, Edelman I. Involvement of the cell envelope in plasmid maintenance: plasmid curing during the regeneration of protoplasts. Plasmid 1980; 3:348-58. [PMID: 6927765 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(80)90048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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171
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Scherzinger E, Lauppe HF, Voll N, Wanke M. Recombinant plasmids carrying promoters, genes and the origin of DNA replication of the early region of bacteriophage T7. Nucleic Acids Res 1980; 8:1287-305. [PMID: 7433121 PMCID: PMC323992 DOI: 10.1093/nar/8.6.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Two full-length contiguous HpaI fragments of the 0 to 18.2% region of T7 H DNA (HpF-H and HpG) were inserted into plasmids pHV14 or pC194 using oligo(dG . dC) connectors or synthetic HindIII adaptors. Amplification of the two early T7 fragments was achieved by transforming lysostaphin-treated S. aureus W57 with the hybrid plasmids. Experimental evidence is presented suggesting that neither of these T7 segments can be cloned in an intact form in E. coli. One of the hybrids, pHV14-HpF-H, proved to be unstable even in B. subtilis 168. The supercoiled recombinant plasmids were tested for their capacity to support RNA synthesis by purified E. coli or T7 RNA polymerases and to serve as templates in a cell-free T7 DNA replication system. The results of these in vitro studies indicate the presence of active "early" promoters in the cloned fragment HpF-H and active "late" promoters, as well as a functional origin of replication in the cloned fragment HpG.
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172
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Abstract
Anomalous recombination between two similar but nonidentical, naturally occurring penicillinase plasmids, pI258 and pI524, leading to duplication and deletion of the beta-lactamase locus, is described. Physical mapping of these plasmids by heteroduplex and restriction analysis revealed that the beta-lactamase loci were homologous and in inverted orientation with respect to one another and that their respective locations were separated by a short region of homology. This intervening region of homology included one copy of a segment that was repeated on pI524 in inverted orientation at a distance of 2.2 kilobase pairs and contained a recognition sequence for a site-specific, rec-independent recombination function that caused reversible inversion of this segment on pI524. It is proposed that site-specific, intermolecular recombination involving this repeated sequence was responsible for the observed results.
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173
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Witte W, Van Dip N, Hummel R. Resistenz gegen Quecksilber und Cadmium beiStaphylococcus aureus unterschiedlicher ökologischer Herkunft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630200806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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174
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Kloos WE, Kopp U, Orban BS, Blobel H. Agarose gel electrophoresis and restriction endonuclease analysis of largeStaphylococcus plasmids. Curr Microbiol 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02602871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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175
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Sjöström JE, Löfdahl S, Philipson L. Transformation of Staphylococcus aureus by heterologous plasmids. Plasmid 1979; 2:529-35. [PMID: 231268 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(79)90052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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176
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Murphy E, Novick RP. Physical mapping of Staphylococcus aureus penicillinase plasmid pI524: characterization of an invertible region. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1979; 175:19-30. [PMID: 316096 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The staphylococcal penicillinase plasmid pI524 and a series of derivatives have been extensively mapped by restriction endonuclease digestion and by heteroduplex analysis. We report here the identification of a 2.2 kb region that undergoes a reversible, rec-independent inversion. This sequence is bounded by a pair of inverted repeats 650 base pairs in length, and has asymmetrically located recognition sites for at least three restriction endonucleases. A series of deleted derivatives and one naturally occurring, closely related plasmid, were studied. Two of these retain the inversion; the remainder are incapable of inverting and were all found to be locked in the same orientation of the inversion. The invertible sequence is adjacent to the region of the plasmid encoding beta-lactamase (bla); this entire region appears to be transposable and the inversion may be involved in the regulation of beta-lactamase expression or in translocation.
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177
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Phillips S, Novick RP. Tn554--a site-specific repressor-controlled transposon in Staphylococcus aureus. Nature 1979; 278:476-8. [PMID: 156306 DOI: 10.1038/278476a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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