151
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Tracy EP, Stielberg V, Rowe G, Benson D, Nunes SS, Hoying JB, Murfee WL, LeBlanc AJ. State of the field: cellular and exosomal therapeutic approaches in vascular regeneration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H647-H680. [PMID: 35179976 PMCID: PMC8957327 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00674.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathologies of the vasculature including the microvasculature are often complex in nature, leading to loss of physiological homeostatic regulation of patency and adequate perfusion to match tissue metabolic demands. Microvascular dysfunction is a key underlying element in the majority of pathologies of failing organs and tissues. Contributing pathological factors to this dysfunction include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress, endothelial dysfunction, loss of angiogenic potential and vascular density, and greater senescence and apoptosis. In many clinical settings, current pharmacologic strategies use a single or narrow targeted approach to address symptoms of pathology rather than a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to address their root cause. To address this, efforts have been heavily focused on cellular therapies and cell-free therapies (e.g., exosomes) that can tackle the multifaceted etiology of vascular and microvascular dysfunction. In this review, we discuss 1) the state of the field in terms of common therapeutic cell population isolation techniques, their unique characteristics, and their advantages and disadvantages, 2) common molecular mechanisms of cell therapies to restore vascularization and/or vascular function, 3) arguments for and against allogeneic versus autologous applications of cell therapies, 4) emerging strategies to optimize and enhance cell therapies through priming and preconditioning, and, finally, 5) emerging strategies to bolster therapeutic effect. Relevant and recent clinical and animal studies using cellular therapies to restore vascular function or pathologic tissue health by way of improved vascularization are highlighted throughout these sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Paul Tracy
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Virginia Stielberg
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gabrielle Rowe
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Daniel Benson
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sara S Nunes
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James B Hoying
- Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, New Hampshire
| | - Walter Lee Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Amanda Jo LeBlanc
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute and the Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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152
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Bone Cell Exosomes and Emerging Strategies in Bone Engineering. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040767. [PMID: 35453517 PMCID: PMC9033129 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue remodeling is a highly regulated process balancing bone formation and resorption through complex cellular crosstalk between resident bone and microenvironment cells. This cellular communication is mediated by direct cell and cell–matrix contact, autocrine, endocrine, and paracrine receptor mediated mechanisms such as local soluble signaling molecules and extracellular vesicles including nanometer sized exosomes. An impairment in this balanced process leads to development of pathological conditions. Bone tissue engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary field with potential to address bone defects and disorders by synthesizing three-dimensional bone substitutes embedded with cells for clinical implantation. However, current cell-based therapeutic approaches have faced hurdles due to safety and ethical concerns, challenging their clinical translation. Recent studies on exosome-regulated bone homeostasis and regeneration have gained interest as prospective cell free therapy in conjugation with tissue engineered bone grafts. However, exosome research is still in its nascent stages of bone tissue engineering. In this review, we specifically describe the role of exosomes secreted by cells within bone microenvironment such as osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, mesenchymal stem cell cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and even tumor cells during bone homeostasis and crosstalk. We also review exosome-based osteoinductive functionalization strategies for various bone-based biomaterials such as ceramics, polymers, and metals in bone tissue engineering. We further highlight biomaterials as carrier agents for exosome delivery to bone defect sites and, finally, the influence of various biomaterials in modulation of cell exosome secretome.
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153
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Han Y, Yang J, Fang J, Zhou Y, Candi E, Wang J, Hua D, Shao C, Shi Y. The secretion profile of mesenchymal stem cells and potential applications in treating human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:92. [PMID: 35314676 PMCID: PMC8935608 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) possess multi-lineage differentiation and self-renewal potentials. MSCs-based therapies have been widely utilized for the treatment of diverse inflammatory diseases, due to the potent immunoregulatory functions of MSCs. An increasing body of evidence indicates that MSCs exert their therapeutic effects largely through their paracrine actions. Growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, extracellular matrix components, and metabolic products were all found to be functional molecules of MSCs in various therapeutic paradigms. These secretory factors contribute to immune modulation, tissue remodeling, and cellular homeostasis during regeneration. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in our understanding of the secretory behavior of MSCs and the intracellular communication that accounts for their potential in treating human diseases.
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154
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Yan C, Yu J. Noncoding RNA in Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.806001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve the desired outcome in tissue engineering regeneration, mesenchymal stem cells need to undergo a series of biological processes, including differentiating into the ideal target cells. The extracellular vesicle (EV) in the microenvironment contributes toward determining the fate of the cells with epigenetic regulation, particularly from noncoding RNA (ncRNA), and exerts transportation and protective effects on ncRNAs. We focused on the components and functions of ncRNA (particularly microRNA) in the EVs. The EVs modified by the ncRNA favor tissue regeneration and pose a potential challenge.
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155
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Mu J, Li L, Wu J, Huang T, Zhang Y, Cao J, Ma T, Chen J, Zhang C, Zhang X, Lu T, Kong X, Sun J, Gao J. Hypoxia-stimulated mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded by adhesive hydrogel for effective angiogenic treatment of spinal cord injury. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1803-1811. [PMID: 35234220 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the limited efficacy of current clinical treatment strategies, functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a knotty problem to be solved. Apart from anti-inflammation and cell replenishing treatments, accumulating evidence implies that promoting angiogenesis would also potentially benefit tissue regeneration after SCI. In this research, inspired by the role of exosomes in cell-cell communication and exosomal alteration resulting from cells under stress, exosomes were engineered through hypoxia stimulation to mesenchymal stem cells and were proposed as an alternative for promoting angiogenesis in SCI therapy. Hypoxia-stimulated exosomes (hypo-Exo) were transplanted into the injured spinal cord via encapsulation in a peptide-modified adhesive hydrogel for pro-angiogenic therapy of SCI. The adhesive peptide PPFLMLLKGSTR-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogel replenished the spinal cavity caused by SCI and achieved the local delivery of exosomes. The hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha content in hypo-Exo was significantly increased, resulting in the overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the endothelial cells surrounding the transplant system. Ultimately, prominent angiogenesis and functional recovery after injury were demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo, indicating the immense potential of hydrogel-encapsulated hypo-Exo in treating central nervous system trauma and other ischemia diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Mu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Liming Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. .,Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266137, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Tianchen Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jian Cao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Teng Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jiachen Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xunqi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Tinghao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xianglei Kong
- Department of Radiology Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jihong Sun
- Department of Radiology Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. .,Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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156
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Narang P, Shah M, Beljanski V. Exosomal RNAs in diagnosis and therapies. Noncoding RNA Res 2022; 7:7-15. [PMID: 35087990 PMCID: PMC8777382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of extracellular vesicles has been rapidly developing after it became evident that a defined subset of vesicles, called exosomes, can modulate several biological functions in distant cells and tissues. Exosomes range in a size from 40 to 160 nm in diameter, are released by majority of cells in our body, and carry molecules which reflect the cell of origin. The types of biomolecules packed, their respective purpose, and their impact on the physiological state of distinct cells and tissues should be understood to advance the using of exosomes as biomarkers of health and disease. Many of such physiological effects can be linked to exosomal RNA molecules which include both coding and non-coding RNAs. The biological role(s) of various exosomal RNAs have started being recognized after RNA sequencing methods became widely available which led to discovery of a variety of RNA molecules in exosomes and their roles in regulating of many biological processes are beginning to be unraveled. In present review, we outline and discuss recent progress in the elucidation of the various biological processes driven by exosomal RNA and their relevance for several major conditions including disorders of central nervous system, cardiovascular system, metabolism, cancer, and immune system. Furthermore, we also discuss potential use of exosomes as valuable therapeutics for tissue regeneration and for conditions resulting from excessive inflammation. While exosome research is still in its infancy, in-depth understanding of exosome formation, their biological effects, and specific cell-targeting will uncover how they can be used as disease biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Narang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Davie, Florida, United States
| | - Morish Shah
- Department of Public Health, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, United States
| | - Vladimir Beljanski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Davie, Florida, United States
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, United States
- Cell Therapy Institute, Dr Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, Florida, United States
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157
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Tan L, Liu X, Dou H, Hou Y. Characteristics and regulation of mesenchymal stem cell plasticity by the microenvironment — specific factors involved in the regulation of MSC plasticity. Genes Dis 2022; 9:296-309. [PMID: 35224147 PMCID: PMC8843883 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), multipotent stromal cells, have attracted extensive attention in the field of regenerative medicine and cell therapy due to the capacity of self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and immune regulation. MSCs have different cellular effects in different diseases, and even have markedly different curative effects with different tissue sources, indicating the plasticity of MSCs. The phenotypes, secreted factors, and proliferative, migratory, differentiating, and immunomodulatory effects of MSCs depend on certain mediators present in their microenvironment. Understanding microenvironmental factors and their internal mechanisms in MSC responses may help in subsequent prediction and improvement of clinical benefits. This review highlighted the recent advances in MSC plasticity in the physiological and pathological microenvironment and multiple microenvironmental factors regulating MSC plasticity. It also highlighted some progress in the underlying molecular mechanisms of MSC remodeling in the microenvironment. It might provide references for the improvement in vitro culture of MSCs, clinical application, and in vivo induction.
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158
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Immunomodulatory Effects and Potential Applications in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:7538025. [PMID: 35222648 PMCID: PMC8881131 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7538025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degenerative disease is a common health problem worldwide. Administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) has been widely explored in recent years. However, transplantation of MSCs is restricted by several factors. Currently, paracrine signaling is one of the main mechanisms by which MSCs play a therapeutic role in disc regeneration. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are the main paracrine products of MSCs. They show great potential as an effective alternative to MSCs and play immunomodulation roles such as anti-inflammatory effects, antioxidative stress, antiapoptosis, and antiextracellular matrix (ECM) degradation during treatment of IVDD. This review focuses on the immunomodulatory effect of MSC EVs and their potential applications.
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159
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Hypoxia-Preconditioned Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Cartilage Repair in Osteoarthritis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020225. [PMID: 35207146 PMCID: PMC8875566 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play a major role in the efficacy of this treatment. Hypoxia can change the cargo and biological functions of MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs). The aim of the present study was to determine whether the effects of hypoxia-preconditioned MSC-EVs on OA cartilage repair are superior to normoxia-preconditioned MSC-EVs. By using in vitro and in vivo OA models, we verified that hypoxia-preconditioned MSC-EVs improved chondrocyte proliferation and migration and suppressed chondrocyte apoptosis to a greater extent than normoxia-preconditioned MSC-EVs. Furthermore, we found that hypoxia altered the microRNA expression in MSC-EVs and identified four differentially expressed microRNAs: hsa-miR-181c-5p, hsa-miR-18a-3p, hsa-miR-376a-5p, and hsa-miR-337-5p. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that hypoxic pretreatment may promote cartilage repair by stimulating chondrocyte proliferation and migration and suppressing chondrocyte apoptosis through the miRNA-18-3P/JAK/STAT or miRNA-181c-5p/MAPK signaling pathway. Therefore, hypoxia-preconditioned EVs may be a novel treatment for OA.
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160
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Sheppard AJ, Barfield AM, Barton S, Dong Y. Understanding Reactive Oxygen Species in Bone Regeneration: A Glance at Potential Therapeutics and Bioengineering Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:836764. [PMID: 35198545 PMCID: PMC8859442 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.836764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the complex mechanism by which skeletal tissue heals has been well described, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal tissue regeneration is less understood. It has been widely recognized that a high level of ROS is cytotoxic and inhibits normal cellular processes. However, with more recent discoveries, it is evident that ROS also play an important, positive role in skeletal tissue repair, specifically fracture healing. Thus, dampening ROS levels can potentially inhibit normal healing. On the same note, pathologically high levels of ROS cause a sharp decline in osteogenesis and promote nonunion in fracture repair. This delicate balance complicates the efforts of therapeutic and engineering approaches that aim to modulate ROS for improved tissue healing. The physiologic role of ROS is dependent on a multitude of factors, and it is important for future efforts to consider these complexities. This review first discusses how ROS influences vital signaling pathways involved in the fracture healing response, including how they affect angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation. The latter half glances at the current approaches to control ROS for improved skeletal tissue healing, including medicinal approaches, cellular engineering, and enhanced tissue scaffolds. This review aims to provide a nuanced view of the effects of ROS on bone fracture healing which will inspire novel techniques to optimize the redox environment for skeletal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Sheppard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Ann Marie Barfield
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Shane Barton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Yufeng Dong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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161
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Educating EVs to Improve Bone Regeneration: Getting Closer to the Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031865. [PMID: 35163787 PMCID: PMC8836395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of bone-related disorders is continuously growing as the aging of the population in developing countries continues to increase. Although therapeutic interventions for bone regeneration exist, their effectiveness is questioned, especially under certain circumstances, such as critical size defects. This gap of curative options has led to the search for new and more effective therapeutic approaches for bone regeneration; among them, the possibility of using extracellular vesicles (EVs) is gaining ground. EVs are secreted, biocompatible, nano-sized vesicles that play a pivotal role as messengers between donor and target cells, mediated by their specific cargo. Evidence shows that bone-relevant cells secrete osteoanabolic EVs, whose functionality can be further improved by several strategies. This, together with the low immunogenicity of EVs and their storage advantages, make them attractive candidates for clinical prospects in bone regeneration. However, before EVs reach clinical translation, a number of concerns should be addressed. Unraveling the EVs’ mode of action in bone regeneration is one of them; the molecular mediators driving their osteoanabolic effects in acceptor cells are now beginning to be uncovered. Increasing the functional and bone targeting abilities of EVs are also matters of intense research. Here, we summarize the cell sources offering osteoanabolic EVs, and the current knowledge about the molecular cargos that mediate bone regeneration. Moreover, we discuss strategies under development to improve the osteoanabolic and bone-targeting potential of EVs.
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162
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Clark KC, Wang D, Kumar P, Mor S, Kulubya E, Lazar S, Wang A. The Molecular Mechanisms Through Which Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Myelin Regeneration. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101099. [PMID: 35023637 PMCID: PMC9225676 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating degenerative disease characterized by an immunological attack on the myelin sheath leading to demyelination and axon degeneration. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become attractive targets as therapies to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as MS due to their potent immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. The placenta is a unique source of MSCs (PMSCs), demonstrates "fetomaternal" tolerance during pregnancy, and serves as a novel source of MSCs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. PMSCs and PMSC-EVs have been shown to promote remyelination in animal models of MS, however, the molecular mechanisms by which modulation of autoimmunity and promotion of myelination occurs have not been well elucidated. The current review will address the molecular mechanisms by which PMSC-EVs can promote remyelination in MS.
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163
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Bioinspired porous microspheres for sustained hypoxic exosomes release and vascularized bone regeneration. Bioact Mater 2022; 14:377-388. [PMID: 35386817 PMCID: PMC8964815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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164
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Huber J, Griffin MF, Longaker MT, Quarto N. Exosomes: A Tool for Bone Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:101-113. [PMID: 33297857 PMCID: PMC8892957 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been repeatedly shown to be a valuable source for cell-based therapy in regenerative medicine, including bony tissue repair. However, engraftment at the injury site is poor. Recently, it has been suggested that MSCs and other cells act through a paracrine signaling mechanism. Exosomes are nanostructures that have been implicated in this process. They carry DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids and play an important role in cell-to-cell communication directly modulating their target cell at a transcriptional level. In a bone microenvironment, they have been shown to increase osteogenesis and osteogenic differentiation in vivo and in vitro. In the following review, we will discuss the most advanced and significant knowledge of biological functions of exosomes in bone regeneration and their clinical applications in osseous diseases. Impact statement Mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to be a promising tool in bone tissue engineering. Recently, it has been suggested that they secrete exosomes containing messenger RNA, proteins, and lipids, thus acting through paracrine signaling mechanisms. Considering that exosomes are nonteratogenic and have low immunogenic potential, they could potentially replace stem-cell based therapy and thus eradicate the risk of neoplastic transformation associated with cell transplantations in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julika Huber
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Address correspondence to: Julika Huber, MD, Dr. med, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5148, USA
| | - Michelle F. Griffin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalina Quarto
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,Address correspondence to: Natalina Quarto, PhD, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 257 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5148, USA
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165
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Dai S, Wen Y, Luo P, Ma L, Liu Y, Ai J, Shi C. Therapeutic implications of exosomes in the treatment of radiation injury. BURNS & TRAUMA 2022; 10:tkab043. [PMID: 35071650 PMCID: PMC8778593 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the main cancer treatments, but it may damage normal tissue and cause various side effects. At present, radioprotective agents used in clinics have side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and hypotension, which limit their clinical application. It has been found that exosomes play an indispensable role in radiation injury. Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles that carry various bioactive substances, such as proteins, lipids and microRNA (miRNA), that play a key role in cell-to-cell communication and affect tissue injury and repair. In addition, studies have shown that radiation can increase the uptake of exosomes in cells and affect the composition and secretion of exosomes. Here, we review the existing studies and discuss the effects of radiation on exosomes and the role of exosomes in radiation injury, aiming to provide new insights for the treatment of radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Junhua Ai
- Correspondence. Junhua Ai, ; Chunmeng Shi,
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166
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He G, Peng X, Wei S, Yang S, Li X, Huang M, Tang S, Jin H, Liu J, Zhang S, Zheng H, Fan Q, Liu J, Yang L, Li H. Exosomes in the hypoxic TME: from release, uptake and biofunctions to clinical applications. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:19. [PMID: 35039054 PMCID: PMC8762953 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a remarkable trait of the tumor microenvironment (TME). When facing selective pressure, tumor cells show various adaptive characteristics, such as changes in the expression of cancer hallmarks (increased proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, immune evasion, and so on) and more frequent cell communication. Because of the adaptation of cancer cells to hypoxia, exploring the association between cell communication mediators and hypoxia has become increasingly important. Exosomes are important information carriers in cell-to-cell communication. Abundant evidence has proven that hypoxia effects in the TME are mediated by exosomes, with the occasional formation of feedback loops. In this review, we equally focus on the biogenesis and heterogeneity of cancer-derived exosomes and their functions under hypoxia and describe the known and potential mechanism ascribed to exosomes and hypoxia. Notably, we call attention to the size change of hypoxic cancer cell-derived exosomes, a characteristic long neglected, and propose some possible effects of this size change. Finally, jointly considering recent developments in the understanding of exosomes and tumors, we describe noteworthy problems in this field that urgently need to be solved for better research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangpeng He
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Mingyao Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shilei Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Hongyuan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Hongyu Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jingang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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167
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Li H, Zheng Q, Xie X, Wang J, Zhu H, Hu H, He H, Lu Q. Role of Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs in Bone-Related Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:811666. [PMID: 35004702 PMCID: PMC8733689 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.811666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-related diseases seriously affect the lives of patients and carry a heavy economic burden on society. Treatment methods cannot meet the diverse clinical needs of affected patients. Exosomes participate in the occurrence and development of many diseases through intercellular communication, including bone-related diseases. Studies have shown that exosomes can take-up and “package” non-coding RNAs and “deliver” them to recipient cells, thereby regulating the function of recipient cells. The exosomal non-coding RNAs secreted by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and other cells are involved in the regulation of bone-related diseases by inhibiting osteoclasts, enhancing chondrocyte activity and promoting angiogenesis. Here, we summarize the role and therapeutic potential of exosomal non-coding RNAs in the bone-related diseases osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone-fracture healing, and discuss the clinical application of exosomes in patients with bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiyue Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyan Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haihong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haoye Hu
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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168
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Yang J, Gao J, Gao F, Zhao Y, Deng B, Mu X, Xu L. Extracellular vesicles-encapsulated microRNA-29b-3p from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes fracture healing via modulation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis. Exp Cell Res 2022; 412:113026. [PMID: 35026284 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are well-established as vital regulators of fracture healing, whereas angiogenesis is one of the critical processes during the course of bone healing. Accordingly, the current study sought to determine the functions of microRNA (miR)-29b-3p from BM-MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) on the angiogenesis of fracture healing via the PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis. Firstly, BM-MSCs-EVs were extracted and identified. The lentiviral protocol was adopted to construct miR-29b-3pKD-BMSCs or miR-negative control-BMSCs, which were then co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro to determine the roles of EVs-encapsulated miR-29b-3p on the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs in vitro with the help of a CCK-8 assay, scratch test, and tube formation assay. Subsequent database prediction, luciferase activity assay, RT-qPCR, and Western blot assay findings identified the downstream target gene of miR-29b-3p, PTEN, and a signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT. Furthermore, the application of si-PTEN attenuated the effects induced by miR-29b-3pKD-EVs. Finally, a mouse model of femoral fracture was established with a locally instilled injection of equal volumes of BM-MSCs-EVs and miR-29b-3pKD-BM-MSCs-EVs. Notably, the mice treated with BMSC-EVs presented with enhanced neovascularization at the fracture site, in addition to increased bone volume (BV), BV/tissue volume, and mean bone mineral density; whereas miR-29b-3pKD-BMSCs-EVs-treated mice exhibited decreased vessel density with poor fracture healing capacity. Collectively, our findings elicited that BM-MSCs-EVs carrying miR-29b-3p were endocytosed by HUVECs, which consequently suppressed the PTEN expression and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby promoting HUVEC proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, and ultimately facilitating fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhou Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Mckelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, University City, Missouri, 63130, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101121, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bowen Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiaohong Mu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
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169
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Xi Y, Ju R, Wang Y. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for the Treatment of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:852034. [PMID: 35444971 PMCID: PMC9013803 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.852034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic respiratory disease in premature infants. However, there is a lack of effective treatment. Mesenchymal stromal cells derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), as nano- and micron-sized heterogeneous vesicles secreted by MSCs, are the main medium for information exchange between MSCs and injured tissue and organ, playing an important role in repairing tissue and organ injury. EVs include exosomes, microvesicles and so on. They are rich with various proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Now, EVs are considered as a new way of cell-to-cell communication. EVs mainly induce regeneration and therapeutic effects in different tissues and organs through the biomolecules they carry. The surface membrane protein or loaded protein and nucleic acid molecules carried by EVs, can activate the signal transduction of target cells and regulate the biological behavior of target cells after binding and cell internalization. MSC-EVs can promote the development of pulmonary vessels and alveoli and reduce pulmonary hypertension (PH) and inflammation and play an important role in the repair of lung injury in BPD. The regeneration potential of MSC-EVs is mainly due to the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, migration, differentiation, angiogenesis, immunoregulation, anti-inflammatory, mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress. As a new type of cell-free therapy, MSC-EVs have non-immunogenic, and are small in size and go deep into most tissues. What's more, it has good biological stability and can be modified and loaded with drugs of interest. Obviously, MSC-EVs have a good application prospect in the treatment of lung injury and BPD. However, there are still many challenges to make MSC-EVs really enter clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Xi
- Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ju
- Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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170
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Malekpour K, Hazrati A, Zahar M, Markov A, Zekiy AO, Navashenaq JG, Roshangar L, Ahmadi M. The Potential Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Derived Exosomes for Orthopedic Diseases Treatment. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:933-951. [PMID: 34169411 PMCID: PMC8224994 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are conditions that can affect muscles, bones, and joints. These disorders are very painful and severely limit patients' mobility and are more common in the elderly. MSCs are multipotent stem cells isolated from embryonic (such as the umbilical cord) and mature sources (such as adipose tissue and bone marrow). These cells can differentiate into various cells such as osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, NP-like cells, Etc. Due to MSC characteristics such as immunomodulatory properties, ability to migrate to the site of injury, recruitment of cells involved in repair, production of growth factors, and large amount production of extracellular vesicles, these cells have been used in many regenerative-related medicine studies. Also, MSCs produce different types of EVs, such as exosomes, to the extracellular environment. Exosomes reflect MSCs' characteristics and do not have cell therapy-associated problems because they are cell-free. These vesicles carry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids to the host cell and change their function. This review focuses on MSCs and MSCs exosomes' role in repairing dense connective tissues such as tendons, cartilage, invertebrate disc, bone fracture, and osteoporosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziah Zahar
- Social Security Centre of Excellence, School of Business Management, College of Business, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | - Angelina Olegovna Zekiy
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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171
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Xu W, Xia R, Tian F, Liu L, Li M, Fang S. microRNA-324-3p Promotes Osteoblasts Differentiation via Suppressing <i>SMAD7</i>. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.31.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Rui Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Feng Tian
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Lei Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Meng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Shiyuan Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China
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172
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Current understanding of the role of microRNAs from adipose-derived extracellular vesicles in obesity. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 50:447-457. [PMID: 34940800 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its associated metabolic diseases, including diabetes, insulin resistance, and inflammation, are rapidly becoming a global health concern. Moreover, obese individuals are more likely to be infected with COVID-19. New research on adipose tissue is required to help us understand these metabolic diseases and their regulatory processes. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as novel intercellular vectors with a wide range of regulatory functions. The miRNAs carried by EVs participate in the regulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, insulin resistance, diabetes, and inflammation. In addition, EV miRNAs demonstrate great potential for helping elucidating the mechanism of metabolic diseases, and for advancing their prevention and treatment. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underlying the regulation of adipose differentiation and metabolic diseases by adipose-derived EV miRNAs. Understanding the role of these miRNAs should enrich our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of metabolic diseases caused by obesity.
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173
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Zheng H, Wang N, Li L, Ge L, Jia H, Fan Z. miR-140-3p enhanced the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs via inhibiting KMT5B under hypoxia condition. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:41. [PMID: 34876565 PMCID: PMC8651682 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have emerged as an important source of stem cells in the tissue engineering, and hypoxia will change various innate characteristics of DPSCs and then affect dental tissue regeneration. Nevertheless, little is known about the complicated molecular mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence and mechanism of miR-140-3p on DPSCs under hypoxia condition. Hypoxia was induced in DPSCs by Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) treatment. The osteo/dentinogenic differentiation capacity of DPSCs was assessed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin Red S staining and main osteo/dentinogenic markers. A luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to verify the downstream target gene of miR-140-3p. This research exhibited that miR-140-3p promoted osteo/dentinogenic differentiation of DPSCs under normoxia environment. Furthermore, miR-140-3p rescued the CoCl2-induced decreased osteo/odontogenic differentiation potentials in DPSCs. Besides, we investigated that miR-140-3p directly targeted lysine methyltransferase 5B (KMT5B). Surprisingly, we found inhibition of KMT5B obviously enhanced osteo/dentinogenic differentiation of DPSCs both under normoxia and hypoxia conditions. In conclusion, our study revealed the role and mechanism of miR-140-3p for regulating osteo/dentinogenic differentiation of DPSCs under hypoxia, and discovered that miR-140-3p and KMT5B might be important targets for DPSC-mediated tooth or bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XLaboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XLaboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Le Li
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Tsinghua University Hospital, Stomatological Disease Prevention and Control Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Ge
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XLaboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Haichao Jia
- Department of Orthodontics, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China. .,Research Unit of Tooth Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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174
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Kan C, Lu X, Zhang R. Effects of hypoxia on bone metabolism and anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:10616-10625. [PMID: 35004993 PMCID: PMC8686129 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i34.10616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal bone metabolism and renal anemia seriously affect the prognosis of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Existing studies have mostly addressed the pathogenesis and treatment of bone metabolism abnormality and anemia in patients with CKD, but few have evaluated their mutual connection. Administration of exogenous erythropoietin to CKD patients with anemia used to be the mainstay of therapeutic approaches; however, with the availability of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers such as roxadustat, more therapeutic choices for renal anemia are expected in the future. However, the effects posed by the hypoxic environment on both CKD complications remain incompletely understood. AIM To summarize the relationship between renal anemia and abnormal bone metabolism, and to discuss the influence of hypoxia on bone metabolism. METHODS CNKI and PubMed searches were performed using the key words "chronic kidney disease," "abnormal bone metabolism," "anemia," "hypoxia," and "HIF" to identify relevant articles published in multiple languages and fields. Reference lists from identified articles were reviewed to extract additional pertinent articles. Then we retrieved the Abstract and Introduction and searched the results from the literature, classified the extracted information, and summarized important information. Finally, we made our own conclusions. RESULTS There is a bidirectional relationship between renal anemia and abnormal bone metabolism. Abnormal vitamin D metabolism and hyperparathyroidism can affect bone metabolism, blood cell production, and survival rates through multiple pathways. Anemia will further attenuate the normal bone growth. The hypoxic environment regulates bone morphogenetic protein, vascular endothelial growth factor, and neuropilin-1, and affects osteoblast/osteoclast maturation and differentiation through bone metabolic changes. Hypoxia preconditioning of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can enhance their paracrine effects and promote fracture healing. Concurrently, hypoxia reduces the inhibitory effect on osteocyte differentiation by inhibiting the expression of fibroblast growth factor 23. Hypoxia potentially improves bone metabolism, but it still carries potential risks. The optimal concentration and duration of hypoxia remain unclear. CONCLUSION There is a bidirectional relationship between renal anemia and abnormal bone metabolism. Hypoxia may improve bone metabolism but the concentration and duration of hypoxia remain unclear and need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Kan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai 519070, Guangdong Province, China
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175
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Li Y, Wang X, Pang Y, Wang S, Luo M, Huang B. The Potential Therapeutic Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes in Osteoradionecrosis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:4758364. [PMID: 34899907 PMCID: PMC8660232 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4758364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most serious complications of radiotherapy, osteoradionecrosis (ORN) seriously affects the quality of life of patients and even leads to death. Vascular injury and immune disorders are the main causes of bone lesions. The traditional conservative treatment of ORN has a low cure rate and high recurrent. Exosomes are a type of extracellular bilayer lipid vesicles secreted by almost all cell types. It contains cytokines, proteins, mRNA, miRNA, and other bioactive cargos, which contribute to several distinct processes. The favorable biological functions of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes (MSC exosomes) include angiogenesis, immunomodulation, bone regeneration, and ferroptosis regulation. Exploring the characteristic of ORN and MSC exosomes can promote bone regeneration therapies. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of ORN and MSC exosomes and highlighted the potential application of MSC exosomes in ORN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Li
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Pang
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuangcheng Wang
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meng Luo
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, and General Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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176
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Liu W, Tang P, Wang J, Ye W, Ge X, Rong Y, Ji C, Wang Z, Bai J, Fan J, Yin G, Cai W. Extracellular vesicles derived from melatonin-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells containing USP29 repair traumatic spinal cord injury by stabilizing NRF2. J Pineal Res 2021; 71:e12769. [PMID: 34562326 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating trauma that leads to irreversible motor and sensory dysfunction and is, so far, without effective treatment. Recently, however, nano-sized extracellular vesicles derived from preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown great promise in treating various diseases, including SCI. In this study, we investigated whether extracellular vesicles (MEVs) derived from MSCs pretreated with melatonin (MT), which is well recognized to be useful in treating diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, non-small cell lung cancer, acute ischemia-reperfusion liver injury, chronic kidney disease, and SCI, are better able to promote functional recovery in mice after SCI than extracellular vesicles derived from MSCs without preconditioning (EVs). MEVs were found to facilitate motor behavioral recovery more than EVs and to increase microglia/macrophages polarization from M1-like to M2-like in mice. Experiments in BV2 microglia and RAW264.7 macrophages confirmed that MEVs facilitate M2-like polarization and also showed that they reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulate mitochondrial function. Proteomics analysis revealed that ubiquitin-specific protease 29 (USP29) was markedly increased in MEVs, and knockdown of USP29 in MEVs (shUSP29-MEVs) abolished MEVs-mediated benefits in vitro and in vivo. We then showed that USP29 interacts with, deubiquitinates and therefore stabilizes nuclear factor-like 2 (NRF2), thereby regulating microglia/macrophages polarization. In NRF2 knockout mice, MEVs failed to promote functional recovery and M2-like microglia/macrophages polarization. We also showed that MT reduced global N6-methyladenosine (m6 A) modification and levels of the m6 A "writer" methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3). The stability of USP29 mRNA in MSCs was enhanced by treatment with MT, but inhibited by overexpression of METTL3. This study describes a very promising extracellular vesicle-based approach for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengyu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wu Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuhui Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuluo Rong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengyue Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuanghui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianling Bai
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihua Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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177
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Ge L, Xun C, Li W, Jin S, Liu Z, Zhuo Y, Duan D, Hu Z, Chen P, Lu M. Extracellular vesicles derived from hypoxia-preconditioned olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells enhance angiogenesis via miR-612. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:380. [PMID: 34802444 PMCID: PMC8607643 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play important roles in tissue repair and regeneration, such as the induction of angiogenesis, particularly under hypoxic conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying hypoxic MSC activation remain largely unknown. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vital mediators of cell-to-cell communication and can be directly utilized as therapeutic agents for tissue repair and regeneration. Here, we explored the effects of EVs from human hypoxic olfactory mucosa MSCs (OM-MSCs) on angiogenesis and its underlying mechanism. EVs were isolated from normoxic (N) OM-MSCs (N-EVs) and hypoxic (H) OM-MSCs (H-EVs) using differential centrifugation and identified by transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. In vitro and in vivo, both types of OM-MSC-EVs promoted the proliferation, migration, and angiogenic activities of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). In addition, angiogenesis-stimulatory activity in the H-EV group was significantly enhanced compared to the N-EV group. MicroRNA profiling revealed a higher abundance of miR-612 in H-EVs than in N-EVs, while miR-612 inactivation abolished the N-EV treatment benefit. To explore the roles of miR-612, overexpression and knock-down experiments were performed using a mimic and inhibitor or agomir and antagomir of miR-612. The miR-612 target genes were confirmed using the luciferase reporter assay. Gain- and loss-of-function studies allowed the validation of miR-612 (enriched in hypoxic OM-MSC-EVs) as a functional messenger that stimulates angiogenesis and represses the expression of TP53 by targeting its 3′-untranslated region. Further functional assays showed that hypoxic OM-MSC-EVs promote paracrine Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α)-Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in HBMECs via the exosomal miR-612-TP53-HIF-1α-VEGF axis. These findings suggest that hypoxic OM-MSC-EVs may represent a promising strategy for ischemic disease by promoting angiogenesis via miR-612 transfer. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lite Ge
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.,The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Provincical Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengfeng Xun
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Provincical Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshui Li
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Provincical Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Jin
- Hunan Provincical Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo Liu
- Hunan Provincical Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhuo
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Provincical Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410003, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Duan
- Hunan Provincical Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Chen
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Lu
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China. .,Hunan Provincical Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410003, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410003, People's Republic of China.
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178
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Gao S, Gao H, Dai L, Han Y, Lei Z, Wang X, Chang H, Liu S, Wang Z, Tong H, Wu H. miR-126 regulates angiogenesis in myocardial ischemia by targeting HIF-1α. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112925. [PMID: 34785240 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Promoting angiogenesis by targeting various angiogenic regulators has emerged as a new treatment strategy for myocardial ischemia (MI). MicroRNA-126 (miR-126) has been identified as the main regulator of compensatory angiogenesis; however, its role in MI is unclear. A rat MI model and an EA. hy926 endothelial cell hypoxia model were constructed and it was found that miR-126 was highly expressed in both models. The knockdown of HIF-1α expression in EA. hy926 cells in turn downregulated VEGF and CD34 expression and consequently inhibited angiogenesis. MiR-126 inhibitor inhibited EA. hy926 cell migration and tube formation as well as downregulated VEGF and CD34 expression, and these were reversed by transfection of miR-126 mimics. Rescue tests using miR-126 and HIF-1α demonstrated that miR-126-mediated regulation of angiogenesis was dependent on HIF-1α. In summary, miR-126 regulates the occurrence and progression of angiogenesis during MI via HIF-1α and may be a potential new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuibo Gao
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Haixia Gao
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Liping Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yongjun Han
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhen Lei
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xinzhou Wang
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Hongbo Chang
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhentao Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Haibin Tong
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Hong Wu
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Laboratory of Cell Imaging, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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179
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Niazi V, Ghafouri-Fard S, Verdi J, Jeibouei S, Karami F, Pourhadi M, Ahani M, Atarodi K, Soleimani M, Zali H, Zomorrod MS. Hypoxia preconditioned mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes induce ex vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells CD133+ by stimulation of Notch signaling pathway. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 38:e3222. [PMID: 34734683 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are crucial cells that play an essential role in the maintenance, self-renewal, and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in the bone marrow niche. It has been proven that MSCs can be used as a feeder layer for the proliferation of HSCs to enhance the number of HPCs and HSCs. Recently, it has been demonstrated that MSC-derived exosome (MSC-DE) has critical roles in different biological processes in bone marrow (BM). In the current research, we examined the importance of hypoxia-preconditioned MSC-derived exosomes (HP-MSC-DE) and normoxia-preconditioned MSC-derived exosomes (NP-MSC-DE) in the self-renewal and long-term clonogenic potential of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells (UCB-HSCs). We showed that the secretion rate and component of the exosome (EXO) were changed in HP-MSC-DE compared to NP-MSC-DE. Notably, the Jagged-1 (Notch ligand) content of EXO was much more plentiful in HP-MSC-DE compared to NP-MSC-DE. The addition of HP-MSC-DE enriched by Jagged-1 to the co-culture system stimulates the Notch pathway on the membrane of UCB-HSCs CD133+ and enhances proliferation. HP-MSC-DE induction using an anti-Jagged-1 antibody suppresses all biological functions of the Jagged-1 protein. Importantly, HP-MSC-DE containing Jagged-1 could change the biology of HSCs CD133+ and increase the self-renewal capacity, quiescence, and clonogenic potential of CD133+ cells. Moreover, they support generating a large number of primitive cells. Our study signified the importance of HP-MSC-DE in the proliferation of UCB-HSCs CD133+, which manifested therapeutic applications of EXO in the enhanced number of HSCs and subsequently alleviated bone marrow transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Niazi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Jeibouei
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Karami
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Pourhadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Ahani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Atarodi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Soufi Zomorrod
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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180
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Stem Cells and Their Derivatives-Implications for Alveolar Bone Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111746. [PMID: 34769175 PMCID: PMC8583713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral and craniofacial bone defects caused by congenital disease or trauma are widespread. In the case of severe alveolar bone defect, autologous bone grafting has been considered a “gold standard”; however, the procedure has several disadvantages, including limited supply, resorption, donor site morbidity, deformity, infection, and bone graft rejection. In the last few decades, bone tissue engineering combined with stem cell-based therapy may represent a possible alternative to current bone augmentation techniques. The number of studies investigating different cell-based bone tissue engineering methods to reconstruct alveolar bone damage is rapidly rising. As an interdisciplinary field, bone tissue engineering combines the use of osteogenic cells (stem cells/progenitor cells), bioactive molecules, and biocompatible scaffolds, whereas stem cells play a pivotal role. Therefore, our work highlights the osteogenic potential of various dental tissue-derived stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), the progress in differentiation techniques of iPSCs into osteoprogenitor cells, and the efforts that have been made to fabricate the most suitable and biocompatible scaffold material with osteoinductive properties for successful bone graft generation. Moreover, we discuss the application of stem cell-derived exosomes as a compelling new form of “stem-cell free” therapy.
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181
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Pant T, Juric M, Bosnjak ZJ, Dhanasekaran A. Recent Insight on the Non-coding RNAs in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Regulatory and Therapeutic Role in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:737512. [PMID: 34660740 PMCID: PMC8517144 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.737512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering over the past few decades have paved the path for cell-free therapy. Numerous stem cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have been reported to impart therapeutic effects via paracrine secretion of exosomes. The underlying factors and the associated mechanisms contributing to these MSC-derived exosomes' protective effects are, however, poorly understood, limiting their application in the clinic. The exosomes exhibit a diversified repertoire of functional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and have the potential to transfer these biologically active transcripts to the recipient cells, where they are found to modulate a diverse array of functions. Altered expression of the ncRNAs in the exosomes has been linked with the regenerative potential and development of various diseases, including cardiac, neurological, skeletal, and cancer. Also, modulating the expression of ncRNAs in these exosomes has been found to improve their therapeutic impact. Moreover, many of these ncRNAs are expressed explicitly in the MSC-derived exosomes, making them ideal candidates for regenerative medicine, including tissue engineering research. In this review, we detail the recent advances in regenerative medicine and summarize the evidence supporting the altered expression of the ncRNA repertoire specific to MSCs under different degenerative diseases. We also discuss the therapeutic role of these ncRNA for the prevention of these various degenerative diseases and their future in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Pant
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Matea Juric
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Zeljko J Bosnjak
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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182
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Zhang XB, Chen XY, Qi J, Zhou HY, Zhao XB, Hu YC, Zhang RH, Yu DC, Gao XD, Wang KP, Ma L. New hope for intervertebral disc degeneration: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:291-302. [PMID: 34636308 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666211012092855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), multidirectional cells with self-renewal capacity, can differentiate into many cell types and play essential roles in tissue healing and regenerative medicine. Cell experiments and in vivo research in animal models have shown that BMSCs can repair degenerative discs by promoting cell proliferation and expressing extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as type II collagen and protein-polysaccharides. Delaying or reversing the intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) process at an etiological level may be an effective strategy. However, despite increasingly in-depth research, some deficiencies in cell transplantation timing and strategy remain, preventing the clinical application of cell transplantation. Exosomes exhibit the characteristics of the mother cells from which they were secreted and can inhibit nucleus pulposus (NP) cell (NPC) apoptosis and delay IDD through intercellular communication. Furthermore, the use of exosomes effectively avoids problems associated with cell transplantation, such as immune rejection. This manuscript introduces almost all of the BMSCs and exosomes derived from BMSCs (BMSCs-Exos) described in the IDD literature. Many challenges regarding the use of cell transplantation and therapeutic exosome intervention for IDD remain to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shanxi 710000. China
| | - Xiang-Yi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Hai-Yu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Yi-Cun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Rui-Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - De-Chen Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Xi-Dan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Ke-Ping Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Gansu 730000. China
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183
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Guo Y, Wu D, Zhang X, Zhang K, Luo Y. Biomolecules in cell-derived extracellular vesicle chariots as warriors to repair damaged tissues. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16017-16033. [PMID: 34570853 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04999b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the innovative applications of biomolecules from parent cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) for tissue repair that have been developed in recent years. We evaluate the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic efficacy of each therapy. In previous literature reviews, it was most common to classify the use of EVs in tissue repair by disease type. This article reviews the role of three biomolecules in EVs in tissue repair. This review first summarizes the definitions and classifications of EVs. Then, the importance and significance of treating tissue damage with EVs are discussed. In particular, EV contents for tissue repair are three main types of biomolecules: proteins, RNAs and cell growth factors. The therapeutic and repair mechanisms of the biomolecules are discussed respectively. Finally, the development prospect and potential challenges of EV contents from highly differentiated cells as specific agents for tissue repair are summarized. When EVs are used to treat diseases such as tissue or organ damage, EVs play a role in delivery, and the real repair effect is effected by the various biomolecules carried by EVs. We believe that EV biomolecules have unparalleled advantages and clinical transformation potential for tissue repair and expect this review to inspire more intensive research work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshu Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Di Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Kaixiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yang Luo
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China.
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184
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da Costa VR, Araldi RP, Vigerelli H, D’Ámelio F, Mendes TB, Gonzaga V, Policíquio B, Colozza-Gama GA, Valverde CW, Kerkis I. Exosomes in the Tumor Microenvironment: From Biology to Clinical Applications. Cells 2021; 10:2617. [PMID: 34685596 PMCID: PMC8533895 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most important health problems and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the advances in oncology, cancer heterogeneity remains challenging to therapeutics. This is because the exosome-mediated crosstalk between cancer and non-cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to the acquisition of all hallmarks of cancer and leads to the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which exhibit resistance to a range of anticancer drugs. Thus, this review aims to summarize the role of TME-derived exosomes in cancer biology and explore the clinical potential of mesenchymal stem-cell-derived exosomes as a cancer treatment, discussing future prospects of cell-free therapy for cancer treatment and challenges to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Rodrigues da Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Hugo Vigerelli
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Fernanda D’Ámelio
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
| | - Thais Biude Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Vivian Gonzaga
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Bruna Policíquio
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
| | - Gabriel Avelar Colozza-Gama
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | | | - Irina Kerkis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFES), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (V.R.d.C.); (T.B.M.); (G.A.C.-G.)
- Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05508-010, Brazil; (H.V.); (F.D.); (V.G.); (B.P.)
- Cellavita Pesquisas Científicas Ltd.a., Valinhos 13271-650, Brazil;
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185
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Yang Y, Lee EH, Yang Z. Hypoxia conditioned mesenchymal stem cells in tissue regeneration application. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:966-977. [PMID: 34569290 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated as promising cell sources for tissue regeneration due to their capability of self-regeneration, differentiation and immunomodulation. MSCs also exert extensive paracrine effects through release of trophic factors and extracellular vesicles. However, despite extended exploration of MSCs in pre-clinical studies, the results are far from satisfactory due to the poor engraftment and low level of survival after implantation. Hypoxia preconditioning has been proposed as an engineering approach to improve the therapeutic potential of MSCs. During in vitro culture, hypoxic conditions can promote MSC proliferation, survival and migration through various cellular responses to the reduction of oxygen tension. The multilineage differentiation potential of MSCs is altered under hypoxia, with consistent reports of enhanced chondrogenesis. Hypoxia also stimulates the paracrine activities of MSCs and increases the production of secretome both in terms of soluble factors as well as extracellular vesicles. The secretome from hypoxia preconditioned MSCs play important roles in promoting cell proliferation and migration, enhancing angiogenesis while inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation. In this review, we summarise current knowledge of hypoxia-induced changes in MSCs and discuss the application of hypoxia preconditioned MSCs as well as hypoxic secretome in different kinds of disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmeng Yang
- National University of Singapore, 37580, Orthopaedic Surgery, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore, 117510;
| | - Eng Hin Lee
- National University of Singapore, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, Singapore, Singapore, 119228;
| | - Zheng Yang
- National University of Singapore, Life Sciences Institute, Singapore, Singapore;
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186
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Girón J, Maurmann N, Pranke P. The role of stem cell-derived exosomes in the repair of cutaneous and bone tissue. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:183-201. [PMID: 34514621 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by various cell types, which play important roles in physiological processes. In particular, stem cell-derived exosomes have been shown to play crucial functions in intercellular communication during the tissue healing process. This review summarizes the effects of exosomes derived from different stem cell sources on the repair of cutaneous and bone tissue, focusing on the different pathways that could be involved in the regeneration process. The biogenesis, isolation, and content of exosomes have also been discussed. The effectiveness of exosomes is broadly demonstrated for skin and bone regeneration in animal models, supporting the basis for clinical translation of exosomes as a ready-to-use cell-free therapeutic for skin and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Girón
- Hematology & Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Natasha Maurmann
- Hematology & Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Hematology & Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Stem Cell Research Institute, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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187
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Moghadam MHB, Shoorei H, Bahroudi Z, Taheri M, Taheriazam A. The impact of non-coding RNAs on normal stem cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112050. [PMID: 34426251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-renewal and differentiation into diverse cells are two main characteristics of stem cells. These cells have important roles in development and homeostasis of different tissues and are supposed to facilitate tissue regeneration. Function of stem cells is regulated by dynamic interactions between external signaling, epigenetic factors, and molecules that regulate expression of genes. Among the highly appreciated regulators of function of stem cells are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). Impact of miR-342-5p, miR-145, miR-1297, miR-204-5p, miR-132, miR-128-3p, hsa-miR-302, miR-26b-5p and miR-10a are among miRNAs that regulate function of stem cells. Among lncRNAs, AK141205, ANCR, MEG3, Pnky, H19, TINCR, HULC, EPB41L4A-AS1 and SNHG7 have important roles in the regulation of stem cells. In the current paper, we aimed at reviewing the importance of miRNAs and lncRNAs in differentiation of stem cells both in normal and diseased conditions. For this purpose, we searched PubMed/Medline and google scholar databases using "stem cell" AND "lncRNA", or "long non-coding RNA", or "microRNA" or "miRNA".
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahroudi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Department of Orthopedics, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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188
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Das M, Kale V. Involvement of extracellular vesicles in aging process and their beneficial effects in alleviating aging-associated symptoms. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2403-2419. [PMID: 34427351 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a gradual and unavoidable physiological phenomenon that manifests in the natural maturation process and continues to progress from infanthood to adulthood. Many elderly people suffer from aging-associated hematological and nonhematological disorders. Recent advances in regenerative medicine have shown new revolutionary paths of treating such diseases using stem cells; however, aging also affects the quality and competence of stem and progenitor cells themselves and ultimately directs their death or apoptosis and senescence, leading to a decline in their regenerative potential. Recent research works show that extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from different types of stem cells may provide a safe treatment for aging-associated disorders. The cargo of EVs comprises packets of information in the form of various macromolecules that can modify the fate of the target cells. To harness the true potential of EVs in regenerative medicine, it is necessary to understand how this cargo contributes to the rejuvenation of aged stem and progenitor populations and to identify the aging-associated changes in the macromolecular profile of the EVs themselves. In this review, we endeavor to summarize the current knowledge of the involvement of EVs in the aging process and delineate the role of EVs in the reversal of aging-associated phenotypes. We have also analyzed the involvement of the molecular cargo of EVs in the generation of aging-associated disorders. This knowledge could not only help us in understanding the mechanism of the aging process but could also facilitate the development of new cell-free biologics to treat aging-related disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Das
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | - Vaijayanti Kale
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
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189
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Bao C, He C. The role and therapeutic potential of MSC-derived exosomes in osteoarthritis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 710:109002. [PMID: 34352243 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common painful disease with chronic articular cartilage degeneration. The pathological process of OA is complex and characterized by the imbalance between the synthesis and catabolism of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix, leading to the progressive destruction of articular cartilage damage. Because of the self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), various exogenous MSC-based cell therapies have been developed to treat OA. Moreover, the efficacy of MSC- based therapy is mainly attributed to the paracrine of cytokines, growth factors, and exosomes. Exosomes derived from MSCs can deliver various DNAs, RNAs, proteins and lipids, thus promoting MSCs migration and cartilage repair. Therefore, MSC-derived exosomes are considered as a promising alternative therapy for OA. In this review, we summarized properties of MSC-derived exosomes and the new role of MSC-derived exosomes in the treatment of OA. We also proposed possible perspectives of MSC-derived exosomes as cell-free regenerative reagents in the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuncha Bao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengqi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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190
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Gene Expression Profile of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Exposed to Hypoxic and Pseudohypoxic Preconditioning-An Analysis by RNA Sequencing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158160. [PMID: 34360925 PMCID: PMC8348678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy is making its way into clinical practice, accompanied by research into strategies improving their therapeutic potential. Preconditioning MSCs with hypoxia-inducible factors-α (HIFα) stabilizers is an alternative to hypoxic priming, but there remains insufficient data evaluating its transcriptomic effect. Herein, we determined the gene expression profile of 6 human bone marrow-derived MSCs preconditioned for 6 h in 2% O2 (hypoxia) or with 40 μM Vadadustat, compared to control cells and each other. RNA-Sequencing was performed using the Illumina platform, quality control with FastQC and adapter-trimming with BBDUK2. Transcripts were mapped to the Homo_sapiens. GRCh37 genome and converted to relative expression using Salmon. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were generated using DESeq2 while functional enrichment was performed in GSEA and g:Profiler. Comparison of hypoxia versus control resulted in 250 DEGs, Vadadustat versus control 1071, and Vadadustat versus hypoxia 1770. The terms enriched in both phenotypes referred mainly to metabolism, in Vadadustat additionally to vesicular transport, chromatin modifications and interaction with extracellular matrix. Compared with hypoxia, Vadadustat upregulated autophagic, phospholipid metabolism, and TLR cascade genes, downregulated those of cytoskeleton and GG-NER pathway and regulated 74 secretory factor genes. Our results provide valuable insight into the transcriptomic effects of these two methods of MSCs preconditioning.
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191
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Duan A, Shen K, Li B, Li C, Zhou H, Kong R, Shao Y, Qin J, Yuan T, Ji J, Guo W, Wang X, Xue T, Li L, Huang X, Sun Y, Cai Z, Liu W, Liu F. Extracellular vesicles derived from LPS-preconditioned human synovial mesenchymal stem cells inhibit extracellular matrix degradation and prevent osteoarthritis of the knee in a mouse model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:427. [PMID: 34321073 PMCID: PMC8317426 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies report that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells have enhanced trophic support and improved regenerative and repair properties. Extracellular vesicles secreted by synovial mesenchymal stem cells (EVs) can reduce cartilage damage caused by osteoarthritis (OA). Previous studies show that extracellular vesicles secreted by LPS-preconditioned synovial mesenchymal stem cells (LPS-pre EVs) can improve the response to treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). This study sought to explore effects of LPS-pre EVs on chondrocyte proliferation, migration, and chondrocyte apoptosis, as well as the protective effect of LPS-pre EVs on mouse articular cartilage. METHODS Chondrocytes were extracted to explore the effect of LPS-pre EVs on proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of chondrocytes. In addition, the effect of LPS-pre EVs on expression level of important proteins of chondrocytes was explored suing in vitro experiments. Further, intraarticular injection of LPS-pre EVs was performed on the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)-induced mouse models of OA to explore the therapeutic effect of LPS-pre EVs on osteoarthritis in vivo. RESULTS Analysis showed that LPS-pre EVs significantly promoted proliferation and migration of chondrocytes and inhibited the apoptosis of chondrocytes compared with PBS and EVs. Moreover, LPS-pre EVs inhibited decrease of aggrecan and COL2A1 and increase of ADAMTS5 caused by IL-1β through let-7b. Furthermore, LPS-pre EVs significantly prevented development of OA in DMM-induced mouse models of OA. CONCLUSIONS LPS pretreatment is an effective and promising method to improve therapeutic effect of extracellular vesicles secreted from SMSCs on OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kai Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Beichen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renyi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, Xincheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Maanshan, 243131, Anhui, China
| | - Yuqi Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Tangbo Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Juan Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Xipeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Tengfei Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Xinxin Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqin Sun
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenyu Cai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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192
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Kirkham AM, Bailey AJM, Tieu A, Maganti HB, Montroy J, Shorr R, Campbell TM, Fergusson DA, Lalu MM, Elmoazzen H, Allan DS. MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Preclinical Animal Models of Bone Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:1054-1066. [PMID: 34313927 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are a promising treatment for bone injuries, although studies remain preclinical. A systematic review and meta-analysis can assess the efficacy of MSC-EVs and identify treatment aspects associated with enhanced bone repair. METHODS English language, preclinical, controlled, in vivo studies identified in our systematic search (up to May 8, 2020) examining the use of MSC-EVs in bone healing were included. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the SYRCLE tool. Aggregate Data Meta-Analysis was performed to determine the effect of MSC-EVs on Bone Volume/Total Volume (BV/TV) and New Bone Formation (NBF). RESULTS Thirteen studies were included. Twelve reported either BV/TV or NBF and were included in meta-analysis. ROB was unclear in all studies. Overall, MSC-EVs displayed benefit in terms of bone healing for both BV/TV (22.2% mean difference (MD); 95% CI: 15.8-28.5%, p < 0.001) and NBF (26.1% MD; 10.3-41.8%, p = 0.001) versus controls. Substantial heterogeneity, however, was observed between studies. MSC-EVs were reported to activate multiple signaling pathways including mTOR/AKT, AMPK and BMP2. Subgroup analysis indicated no significant difference in the improvement of BV/TV when using modified EVs isolated after gene transfection, preconditioning (p = 0.61), or using EVs in combination with a tissue scaffold and/or hydrogel versus other delivery methods (p = 0.20). CONCLUSION Use of MSC-EVs to promote healing of bone injury appears promising, however, heterogeneity between studies and the potential for reporting bias limits confidence in the extent of benefit. Reducing bias between studies and addressing aspects of potential reporting bias should augment confidence in future meta-analyses and propel the field towards clinical studies. Forest Plot analysis assessing the percentage change in bone volume (BV) / total volume (TV) in the presence (experimental) or absence (control) of MSC-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan M Kirkham
- Stem Cells, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Box 704, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Adrian J M Bailey
- Stem Cells, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Box 704, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Alvin Tieu
- Clinical Epidemiology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Box 704, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Harinad B Maganti
- Stem Cells, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Box 704, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Joshua Montroy
- Clinical Epidemiology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Box 704, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Risa Shorr
- Medical Information and Education Services, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - T Mark Campbell
- Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Elisabeth Bruyère Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- Clinical Epidemiology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Box 704, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Manoj M Lalu
- Clinical Epidemiology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Box 704, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - David S Allan
- Stem Cells, Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Clinical Epidemiology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Box 704, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada. .,Regenerative Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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193
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Mishra A, Singh P, Qayoom I, Prasad A, Kumar A. Current strategies in tailoring methods for engineered exosomes and future avenues in biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6281-6309. [PMID: 34286815 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01088c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally occurring nanovesicles of endosomal origin, responsible for cellular communication. Depending on the cell type, exosomes display disparity in the cargo and are involved in up/down regulation of different biological pathways. Naturally secreted exosomes, owing to their inherent delivery potential, non-immunogenic nature and limited structural resemblance to the cells have emerged as ideal candidates for various drug delivery and therapeutic applications. Moreover, the structural versatility of exosomes provides greater flexibility for surface modifications to be made in the native configuration, by different methods, like genetic-engineering, chemical procedures, physical methods and microfluidic-technology, to enhance the cargo quality for expanded biomedical applications. Post isolation and prior to engineering exosomes for various applications, the internal and external structural compositions of exosomes are studied via different techniques. Efficiency and scalability of the exosome modification methods are pivotal in determining the scope of the technique for clinical applications. This review majorly focuses on different methods employed for engineering exosomes, and advantages/disadvantages associated with different tailoring approaches, along with the efficacy of engineered exosomes in biomedical applications. Further, the review highlights the importance of a relatively recent avenue for delivery of exosomes via scaffold-based delivery of naïve/engineered exosomes for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This review is based on the recent knowledge generated in this field and our comprehension in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, UP, India.
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194
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Cone AS, Yuan X, Sun L, Duke LC, Vreones MP, Carrier AN, Kenyon SM, Carver SR, Benthem SD, Stimmell AC, Moseley SC, Hike D, Grant SC, Wilber AA, Olcese JM, Meckes DG. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate Alzheimer's disease-like phenotypes in a preclinical mouse model. Theranostics 2021; 11:8129-8142. [PMID: 34373732 PMCID: PMC8344012 DOI: 10.7150/thno.62069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 44 million people worldwide. Despite the high disease burden, there is no effective treatment for people suffering from AD. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that have been widely studied due to their therapeutic potential. However, administration of cells has been found to have a multitude of limitations. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from MSCs have been studied as a therapeutic candidate, as they exhibit similar immunoprotective and immunomodulatory abilities as the host human MSCs. Methods: To test the potential therapeutic effects of MSC EVs, human bone-marrow derived MSCs were grown in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, and small EVs were harvested using differential ultracentrifugation. These small EVs were given to non-transgenic (NT) or 5XFAD (5 familial Alzheimer's disease mutations) mice intranasally (IN) every 4 days for 4 months. The mice were then required to perform a variety of behavioral assays to measure changes in learning and memory. Afterwards, immunohistochemistry was performed on brain slices to measure amyloid beta (Aβ) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels. Results: The data revealed that 5XFAD mice that received hMSC-EV treatment behaved significantly better in cognitive tests than saline treated 5XFAD mice, with no significant change between EV-treated 5XFAD mice and NT mice. Additionally, we found lower Aβ plaque load in the hippocampus of the EV-treated mice. Finally, less colocalization between GFAP and Aβ plaques was found in the brain of EV-treated mice compared to saline. Conclusions: Taken together, these data suggest that IN administration of MSC-derived EVs can slow down AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allaura S. Cone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University and Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Leanne C. Duke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Michael P. Vreones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Allison N. Carrier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Kenyon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Spencer R. Carver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Sarah D. Benthem
- Department of Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Alina C. Stimmell
- Department of Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Shawn C. Moseley
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - David Hike
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University and Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Samuel C. Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University and Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Aaron A. Wilber
- Department of Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - James M. Olcese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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195
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Gregorius J, Wang C, Stambouli O, Hussner T, Qi Y, Tertel T, Börger V, Mohamud Yusuf A, Hagemann N, Yin D, Dittrich R, Mouloud Y, Mairinger FD, Magraoui FE, Popa-Wagner A, Kleinschnitz C, Doeppner TR, Gunzer M, Meyer HE, Giebel B, Hermann DM. Small extracellular vesicles obtained from hypoxic mesenchymal stromal cells have unique characteristics that promote cerebral angiogenesis, brain remodeling and neurological recovery after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:40. [PMID: 34105014 PMCID: PMC8187185 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obtained from the right cell-type, mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) promote stroke recovery. Within this process, microvascular remodeling plays a central role. Herein, we evaluated the effects of MSC-sEVs on the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) in vitro and on post-ischemic angiogenesis, brain remodeling and neurological recovery after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice. In vitro, sEVs obtained from hypoxic (1% O2), but not 'normoxic' (21% O2) MSCs dose-dependently promoted endothelial proliferation, migration, and tube formation and increased post-ischemic endothelial survival. sEVs from hypoxic MSCs regulated a distinct set of miRNAs in hCMEC/D3 cells previously linked to angiogenesis, three being upregulated (miR-126-3p, miR-140-5p, let-7c-5p) and three downregulated (miR-186-5p, miR-370-3p, miR-409-3p). LC/MS-MS revealed 52 proteins differentially abundant in sEVs from hypoxic and 'normoxic' MSCs. 19 proteins were enriched (among them proteins involved in extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, leukocyte transendothelial migration, protein digestion, and absorption), and 33 proteins reduced (among them proteins associated with metabolic pathways, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and actin cytoskeleton) in hypoxic MSC-sEVs. Post-MCAO, sEVs from hypoxic MSCs increased microvascular length and branching point density in previously ischemic tissue assessed by 3D light sheet microscopy over up to 56 days, reduced delayed neuronal degeneration and brain atrophy, and enhanced neurological recovery. sEV-induced angiogenesis in vivo depended on the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. In neutrophil-depleted mice, MSC-sEVs did not influence microvascular remodeling. sEVs from hypoxic MSCs have distinct angiogenic properties. Hypoxic preconditioning enhances the restorative effects of MSC-sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gregorius
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Oumaima Stambouli
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Tanja Hussner
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Yachao Qi
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Börger
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Ayan Mohamud Yusuf
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Hagemann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Dongpei Yin
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Robin Dittrich
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Yanis Mouloud
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Fabian D Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Center of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Gunzer
- Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences (ISAS), Dortmund, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Helmut E Meyer
- Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences (ISAS), Dortmund, Germany
- Medical Proteom-Center Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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Hu XM, Zhang Q, Zhou RX, Wu YL, Li ZX, Zhang DY, Yang YC, Yang RH, Hu YJ, Xiong K. Programmed cell death in stem cell-based therapy: Mechanisms and clinical applications. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:386-415. [PMID: 34136072 PMCID: PMC8176847 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i5.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy raises hopes for a better approach to promoting tissue repair and functional recovery. However, transplanted stem cells show a high death percentage, creating challenges to successful transplantation and prognosis. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the mechanisms underlying stem cell death, such as apoptotic cascade activation, excessive autophagy, inflammatory response, reactive oxygen species, excitotoxicity, and ischemia/hypoxia. Targeting the molecular pathways involved may be an efficient strategy to enhance stem cell viability and maximize transplantation success. Notably, a more complex network of cell death receives more attention than one crucial pathway in determining stem cell fate, highlighting the challenges in exploring mechanisms and therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on programmed cell death in transplanted stem cells. We also discuss some promising strategies and challenges in promoting survival for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Min Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rui-Xin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan-Lin Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dan-Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yi-Chao Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rong-Hua Yang
- Department of Burns, Fo Shan Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong-Jun Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hunan People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410005, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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Kang X, Jiang L, Chen X, Wang X, Gu S, Wang J, Zhu Y, Xie X, Xiao H, Zhang J. Exosomes derived from hypoxic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells rescue OGD-induced injury in neural cells by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112635. [PMID: 34051241 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have been shown to have therapeutic potential for cerebral ischemic diseases. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of normoxic and hypoxic bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells-derived exosomes (N-BM-MSCs-Exo and H-BM-MSCs-Exo, respectively) on oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury in mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells and rat primary cortical neurons. The proportions of dead cells in N2a and primary cortical neurons after OGD injury were significantly increased, and N-BM-MSCs-Exo (40 μg/ml) could reduce the ratios, noteworthily, the protective effects of H-BM-MSCs-Exo (40 μg/ml) were more potent. Western blotting analysis indicated that N-BM-MSCs-Exo decreased the expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, GSDMD-N, cleaved IL-1β and IL-18 in N2a cells. However, H-BM-MSCs-Exo (40 μg/ml) was more powerful in inhibiting the expression of these proteins in comparison with N-BM-MSCs-Exo. Similar results were obtained in primary cortical neurons. Immunofluorescence assays showed that after N-BM-MSCs-Exo and H-BM-MSCs-Exo treatment, the co-localization of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1 and the GSDMD translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and membrane after OGD injury were reduced in N2a cells and primary cortical neurons, and H-BM-MSCs-Exo had a more obvious effect. In addition, N-BM-MSCs-Exo and H-BM-MSCs-Exo significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and the IL-18 levels in cell culture medium in N2a cells and primary cortical neurons. Once again H-BM-MSCs-Exo induced these effects more potently than N-BM-MSCs-Exo. All of these results demonstrated that N-BM-MSCs-Exo and H-BM-MSCs-Exo have significant neuroprotective effects against NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. H-BM-MSCs-Exo has a more pronounced protective effect than N-BM-MSCs-Exo and may be used to ameliorate the progression of cerebral ischemia and hypoxia injury in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwen Kang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China; Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Shuangshuang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China; Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Yuanhui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xuexue Xie
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 818 Tianyuan East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
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198
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Huang Y, Xu Y, Feng S, He P, Sheng B, Ni J. miR-19b enhances osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and promotes fracture healing through the WWP1/Smurf2-mediated KLF5/β-catenin signaling pathway. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:973-985. [PMID: 34035464 PMCID: PMC8178348 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived exosomes have been found to enhance fracture healing. In addition, microRNAs contributing to the healing of various bone fractures have attracted widespread attention in recent years, but knowledge of the mechanisms by which they act is still very limited. In this study, we clarified the function of altered microRNA-19b (miR-19b) expression in BMSCs in fracture healing. We modulated miR-19b expression via mimics/inhibitors in BMSCs and via agomirs in mice to explore the effects of these changes on osteogenic factors, bone cell mineralization and the healing status of modeled fractures. Through gain- and loss-of function assays, the binding affinity between miR-19b and WWP1/Smurf2 was identified and characterized to explain the underlying mechanism involving the KLF5/β-catenin signaling pathway. miR-19b promoted the differentiation of human BMSCs into osteoblasts by targeting WWP1 and Smurf2. Overexpression of WWP1 or Smurf2 degraded the target protein KLF5 in BMSCs through ubiquitination to inhibit fracture healing. KLF5 knockdown delayed fracture healing by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, miR-19b enhanced fracture healing via the KLF5/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting WWP1 or Smurf2. Moreover, miR-19b was found to be enriched in BMSC-derived exosomes, and treatment with exosomes promoted fracture healing in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate that mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-19b represses the expression of WWP1 or Smurf2 and elevates KLF5 expression through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby facilitating fracture healing. Understanding how a small regulatory RNA molecule helps to promote fracture healing could lead to new treatments for broken bones. Working with human cells and mouse models, a team led by Yongqiang Xu from the Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital in Changsha, China, showed how microRNA-19b in extracellular vesicles secreted by bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) contributes to the healing process. The researchers found that the microRNA blocks the function of two proteins that normally restrain the activity of a third protein needed for BMSCs to home in on the site of injury and turn into new bone tissue. In mice with leg bone fractures, injections of microRNA-19b–filled vesicles derived from BMSCs accelerated healing and recovery, suggesting that similar therapies might be helpful in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongqiang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China.
| | - Siyin Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Pan He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Sheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jiangdong Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Murali VP, Holmes CA. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles for bone regeneration therapy. Bone Rep 2021; 14:101093. [PMID: 34095360 PMCID: PMC8166743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze preclinical bone regeneration studies employing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)- derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and highlight any commonalities in EV biomarker expression, miRNA cargo(s) or pathway activation that will aid in understanding the underlying therapeutic mechanisms. Methods Articles employing EVs derived from either MSCs or MSC-like osteogenic stromal cells in preclinical bone regeneration studies are included in this review. Results EVs derived from a variety of MSC types were able to successfully induce bone formation in preclinical models. Many studies failed to perform in-depth EV characterization. The studies with detailed EV characterization data report very different miRNA cargos, even in EVs isolated from the same species and cell types. Few preclinical studies have analyzed the underlying mechanisms of MSC-EV therapeutic action. Conclusion There is a critical need for mechanistic preclinical studies with thorough EV characterization to determine the best therapeutic MSC-EV source for bone regeneration therapies. Issues including controlled EV delivery, large scale production, and proper storage also need to be addressed before EV-based bone regeneration therapies can be translated for clinical bone repair. EVs from different MSC sources successfully regenerate bone in preclinical models. Studies were reviewed to find commonalities in EV cargo(s)/pathways activated in MSC-EV-based bone regeneration therapies. Issues that need to be overcome to enable clinical translation of EV-based therapies were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Priya Murali
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Room A131, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Christina A Holmes
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Room A131, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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Xiao F, Zuo B, Tao B, Wang C, Li Y, Peng J, Shen C, Cui Y, Zhu J, Chen X. Exosomes derived from cyclic mechanical stretch-exposed bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through the NF-κB signaling pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:798. [PMID: 34268411 PMCID: PMC8246225 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Skeletal unloading usually induces severe disuse osteoporosis (DOP), which often occurs in patients subjected to prolonged immobility or in spaceflight astronauts. Increasing evidence suggests that exosomes are important mediators in maintaining the balance between bone formation and resorption. We hypothesized that exosomes play an important role in the maintenance of bone homeostasis through intercellular communication between bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and osteoclasts under mechanical loading. Methods Cells were divided into cyclic mechanical stretch (CMS)-treated BMSCs and normal static-cultured BMSCs, and exosomes were extracted by ultracentrifugation. After incubation with CMS-treated BMSC-derived exosomes (CMS_Exos) or static-cultured BMSC-derived exosomes (static_Exos), the apoptosis rates of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were determined by flow cytometry, and cell viability was detected with a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Osteoclast differentiation was determined with an in vitro osteoclastogenesis assay. Signaling pathway activation was evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Hindlimb unloading (HU)-induced DOP mouse models were prepared to evaluate the function of exosomes in DOP. Results Both CMS_Exos and static_Exos could be internalized by BMMs, and CMS_Exos did not affect BMM viability or increase apoptosis. The CMS_Exos effectively suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclastogenesis and F-actin ring formation. Further molecular investigation demonstrated that CMS_Exos impaired osteoclast differentiation via inhibition of the RANKL-induced nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Both CMS_Exos and static_Exos partly rescued the osteoporosis caused by mechanical unloading; however, the CMS_Exo group showed more obvious rescue. Treatment with CMS_Exos significantly decreased the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclasts. Exosomes derived from CMS-treated BMSCs strongly inhibited osteoclast differentiation by attenuating the NF-κB signaling pathway in vitro and rescued osteoporosis caused by mechanical unloading in an HU mouse model in vivo. Conclusions In this research, we demonstrated that Exosomes derived from CMS-treated BMSCs inhibited osteoclastogenesis by attenuating NF-κB signaling pathway activity in vitro and ameliorated bone loss caused by mechanical unloading in an HU mouse model, providing new insights into intercellular communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts under mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zuo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuandong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Peng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Cui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
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