151
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Koksal AC, Pennini ME, Marelli M, Xiao X, Dall'Acqua WF. Functional mimetic of the G-protein coupled receptor CXCR4 on a soluble antibody scaffold. MAbs 2019; 11:725-734. [PMID: 30900513 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1596703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute major drug targets due to their involvement in critical biological functions and pathophysiological disorders. The leading challenge in their structural and functional characterization has been the need for a lipid environment to accommodate their hydrophobic cores. Here, we report an antibody scaffold mimetic (ASM) platform where we have recapitulated the extracellular functional domains of the GPCR, C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) on a soluble antibody framework. The engineered ASM molecule can accommodate the N-terminal loop and all three extracellular loops of CXCR4. These extracellular features are important players in ligand recruitment and interaction for allostery and signal transduction. Our study shows that ASMCXCR4 can be recognized by the anti-CXCR4 antibodies, MEDI3185, 2B11, and 12G5, and that ASMCXCR4 can bind the HIV-1 glycoprotein ligand gp120, and the natural chemokine ligand SDF-1α. Further, we show that ASMCXCR4 can competitively inhibit the SDF-1α signaling pathway, and be used as an immunogen to generate CXCR4-specific antibodies. This platform will be useful in the study of GPCR biology in a soluble receptor context for evaluating its extracellular ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem C Koksal
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Meghan E Pennini
- b Microbial Sciences , MedImmune, AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Marcello Marelli
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Xiaodong Xiao
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - William F Dall'Acqua
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , AstraZeneca , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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152
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Heath JL, Cohn GM, Zaidi SK, Stein GS. The role of cell adhesion in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19189-19198. [PMID: 30980400 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cells of the bone marrow microenvironment are emerging as important contributors and regulators of normal hematopoiesis. This microenvironment is perturbed during leukemogenesis, and evidence points toward a bidirectional communication between leukemia cells and the normal cells of the bone marrow, mediated by direct cell-cell contact as well as soluble factors. These interactions are increasingly appreciated to play a role in leukemogenesis and possibly in resistance to chemotherapy. In fact, several compounds that specifically target the bone marrow microenvironment, including inhibitors of cell adhesion, are being tested as adjuncts to leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Heath
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Gabriel M Cohn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sayyed K Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont
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153
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Bajanca F, Gouignard N, Colle C, Parsons M, Mayor R, Theveneau E. In vivo topology converts competition for cell-matrix adhesion into directional migration. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1518. [PMID: 30944331 PMCID: PMC6447549 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When migrating in vivo, cells are exposed to numerous conflicting signals: chemokines, repellents, extracellular matrix, growth factors. The roles of several of these molecules have been studied individually in vitro or in vivo, but we have yet to understand how cells integrate them. To start addressing this question, we used the cephalic neural crest as a model system and looked at the roles of its best examples of positive and negative signals: stromal-cell derived factor 1 (Sdf1/Cxcl12) and class3-Semaphorins. Here we show that Sdf1 and Sema3A antagonistically control cell-matrix adhesion via opposite effects on Rac1 activity at the single cell level. Directional migration at the population level emerges as a result of global Semaphorin-dependent confinement and broad activation of adhesion by Sdf1 in the context of a biased Fibronectin distribution. These results indicate that uneven in vivo topology renders the need for precise distribution of secreted signals mostly dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Bajanca
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 09, France
| | - Nadège Gouignard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 09, France
| | - Charlotte Colle
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Kings College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics Room 3.22B, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 09, France.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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154
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Zhang C, Huang LS, Zhu R, Meng Q, Zhu S, Xu Y, Zhang H, Fang X, Zhang X, Zhou J, Schooley RT, Yang X, Huang Z, An J. High affinity CXCR4 inhibitors generated by linking low affinity peptides. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 172:174-185. [PMID: 30978562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are implicated in many diseases and attractive targets for drug discovery. Peptide fragments derived from protein ligands of GPCRs are commonly used as probes of GPCR function and as leads for drug development. However, these peptide fragments lack the structural integrity of their parent full-length protein ligands and often show low receptor affinity, which limits their research and therapeutic values. It remains a challenge to efficiently generate high affinity peptide inhibitors of GPCRs. We have investigated a combinational approach involving the synthetic covalent linkage of two low affinity peptide fragments to determine if the strategy can yield high affinity GPCR inhibitors. We examined this design approach using the chemokine receptor CXCR4 as a model of GPCR system. Here, we provide a proof of concept demonstration by designing and synthesizing two peptides, AR5 and AR6, that combine a peptide fragment derived from two viral ligands of CXCR4, vMIP-II and HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. AR5 and AR6 display nanomolar binding affinity, in contrast to the weak micromolar CXCR4 binding of each peptide fragment alone, and inhibit HIV-1 entry via CXCR4. Further studies were carried out for the representative peptide AR6 using western blotting and site-directed mutagenesis in conjunction with molecular dynamic simulation and binding free energy calculation to determine how the peptide interacts with CXCR4 and inhibits its downstream signaling. These results demonstrate that this combinational approach is effective for generating nanomolar active inhibitors of CXCR4 and may be applicable to other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozai Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lina S Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ruohan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiong Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingquan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jiao Zhou
- Nobel Institute of Biomedicine, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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155
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Caballero A, Mahn SA, Ali MS, Rogers MR, Marchese A. Heterologous regulation of CXCR4 lysosomal trafficking. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8023-8036. [PMID: 30936203 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is regulated by members of the protein kinase C (PKC) and GPCR kinase (GRK) families, although the relative contribution of each to GPCR function varies among specific GPCRs. The CXC motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a member of the GPCR superfamily that binds the CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), initiating signaling that is subsequently terminated in part by internalization and lysosomal degradation of CXCR4. The purpose of this study is to define the relative contribution of PKC and GRK to CXCR4 signaling attenuation by studying their effects on CXCR4 lysosomal trafficking and degradation. Our results demonstrate that direct activation of PKC via the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) mimics CXCL12-mediated desensitization, internalization, ubiquitination, and lysosomal trafficking of CXCR4. In agreement, heterologous activation of PKC by stimulating the chemokine receptor CXCR5 with its ligand, CXCL13, also mimics CXCL12-mediated desensitization, internalization, ubiquitination, and lysosomal degradation of CXCR4. Similar to CXCL12, PMA promotes PKC-dependent phosphorylation of serine residues within CXCR4 C-tail that are required for binding and ubiquitination by the E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 (atrophin-interacting protein 4). However, inhibition of PKC activity does not alter CXCL12-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of CXCR4, suggesting that other kinases are also required. Accordingly, siRNA-mediated depletion of GRK6 results in decreased degradation and ubiquitination of CXCR4. Overall, these results suggest that PKC and GRK6 contribute to unique aspects of CXCR4 phosphorylation and lysosomal degradation to ensure proper signal propagation and termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Sarah A Mahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Mudassir S Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - M Rose Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
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156
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HIV-1 Protein gp120 Induces Mouse Lung Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation via CXCR4 Activation. Am J Med Sci 2019; 357:483-491. [PMID: 31000424 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with HIV have ∼2-fold increased risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis. The mechanism(s) by which this occurs has yet to be determined. HIV-1 protein gp120 activates CXCR4 in the lymphocyte, promoting a variety of intracellular signaling pathways including those common to TGFβ1 associated with lung fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. We hypothesized that gp120 promotes pulmonary fibrotic changes via activation of CXCR4 in the lung fibroblast. METHODS Mouse primary lung fibroblasts (PLFs) were cultured ± gp120, then analyzed for α-SMA expression and stress fiber formation. In parallel, PLFs were cultured ± gp120 ± AMD3100 (a CXCR4 antagonist), and α-SMA, pan and phospho-Akt, and total and phospho-MAPK (or ERK1/2) protein expression was quantified. Finally, lungs and PLFs from wild-type and HIV-1 transgenic mice were analyzed for hydroxyproline and α-SMA content. RESULTS gp120 treatment increased α-SMA expression and myofibroblast differentiation in PLFs. gp120 treatment activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, but not PI3K-Akt. Pretreatment with AMD3100 inhibited gp120-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and gp120-induced α-SMA expression. In parallel, there was a significant increase in hydroxyproline content in lungs from older HIV-1 transgenic mice and a >3-fold increase in α-SMA expression in PLFs isolated from HIV-1 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS gp120 induces α-SMA expression and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation by activating the CXCR4-ERK1/2 signaling pathway in mouse PLFs. Lungs of older HIV-1 transgenic mice contain higher hydroxyproline content and their PLFs have a striking increase in α-SMA expression. These results suggest a mechanism by which individuals with HIV are at increased risk of developing pulmonary fibrotic changes as they age.
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157
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Fumagalli A, Zarca A, Neves M, Caspar B, Hill SJ, Mayor F, Smit MJ, Marin P. CXCR4/ACKR3 Phosphorylation and Recruitment of Interacting Proteins: Key Mechanisms Regulating Their Functional Status. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:794-808. [PMID: 30837297 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.115360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and the atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3/CXCR7) are class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Accumulating evidence indicates that GPCR subcellular localization, trafficking, transduction properties, and ultimately their pathophysiological functions are regulated by both interacting proteins and post-translational modifications. This has encouraged the development of novel techniques to characterize the GPCR interactome and to identify residues subjected to post-translational modifications, with a special focus on phosphorylation. This review first describes state-of-the-art methods for the identification of GPCR-interacting proteins and GPCR phosphorylated sites. In addition, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of CXCR4 and ACKR3 post-translational modifications and an exhaustive list of previously identified CXCR4- or ACKR3-interacting proteins. We then describe studies highlighting the importance of the reciprocal influence of CXCR4/ACKR3 interactomes and phosphorylation states. We also discuss their impact on the functional status of each receptor. These studies suggest that deeper knowledge of the CXCR4/ACKR3 interactomes along with their phosphorylation and ubiquitination status would shed new light on their regulation and pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Fumagalli
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Aurélien Zarca
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Maria Neves
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Birgit Caspar
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Stephen J Hill
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Federico Mayor
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
| | - Philippe Marin
- IGF, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (A.F., P.M.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.Z., M.J.S.); Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (M.N., F.M.); and Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom (B.C., S.J.H.)
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158
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Piya S, Mu H, Bhattacharya S, Lorenzi PL, Davis RE, McQueen T, Ruvolo V, Baran N, Wang Z, Qian Y, Crews CM, Konopleva M, Ishizawa J, You MJ, Kantarjian H, Andreeff M, Borthakur G. BETP degradation simultaneously targets acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells and the microenvironment. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1878-1894. [PMID: 30829648 DOI: 10.1172/jci120654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-leukemic effect of BET/BRD4 (BETP) protein inhibition has been largely attributed to transcriptional downregulation of cellular anabolic/anti-apoptotic processes but its effect on bone marrow microenvironment, a sanctuary favoring persistence of leukemia stem/progenitor cells, is unexplored. Sustained degradation of BETP with small-molecule BET proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC), ARV-825, resulted in marked downregulation of surface CXCR4 and CD44, key proteins in leukemia-microenvironment interaction, in AML cells. Abrogation of surface CXCR4 expression impaired SDF-1α directed migration and was mediated through transcriptional down-regulation of PIM1 kinase that in turn phosphorylates CXCR4 and facilitates its surface localization. Down-regulation of CD44/CD44v8-10 impaired cystine uptake, lowered intracellular reduced glutathione and increased oxidative stress. More importantly, BETP degradation markedly decreased CD34+CD38-CD90-CD45RA+ leukemic stem cell population and alone or in combination with Cytarabine, prolonged survival in mouse model of human leukemia including AML-PDX. Gene expression profiling and single cell proteomics confirmed down regulation of the gene signatures associated with 'stemness' in AML and Wnt/β-catenin, Myc pathways. Hence, BETP degradation by ARV-825 simultaneously targets cell intrinsic signaling, stromal interactions and metabolism in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Piya
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy.,Department of Leukemia
| | - Hong Mu
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy.,Department of Leukemia
| | | | | | - R Eric Davis
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Teresa McQueen
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy.,Department of Leukemia
| | - Vivian Ruvolo
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy.,Department of Leukemia
| | - Natalia Baran
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy.,Department of Leukemia
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yimin Qian
- Arvinas Inc., New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Craig M Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - M James You
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy.,Department of Leukemia
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159
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Laursen MB, Reinholdt L, Schönherz AA, Due H, Jespersen DS, Grubach L, Ettrup MS, Røge R, Falgreen S, Sørensen S, Bødker JS, Schmitz A, Johnsen HE, Bøgsted M, Dybkær K. High CXCR4 expression impairs rituximab response and the prognosis of R-CHOP-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients. Oncotarget 2019; 10:717-731. [PMID: 30774774 PMCID: PMC6366826 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients has improved by inclusion of rituximab. Refractory/recurrent disease caused by treatment resistance is, however, a major problem. Determinants of rituximab sensitivity are not fully understood, but effect of rituximab are enhanced by antagonizing cell surface receptor CXCR4. In a two-step strategy, we tested the hypothesis that prognostic value of CXCR4 in DLBCL relates to rituximab treatment, due to a hampering effect of CXCR4 on the response of DLBCL cells to rituximab. First, by investigating the prognostic impact of CXCR4 mRNA expression separately for CHOP (n=181) and R-CHOP (n=233) cohorts and, second, by assessing the interaction between CXCR4 and rituximab in DLBCL cell lines. High CXCR4 expression level was significantly associated with poor outcome only for R-CHOP-treated patients, independent of IPI score, CD20 expression, ABC/GCB and B-cell-associated gene signature (BAGS) classifications. s. For responsive cell lines, inverse correlation was observed between rituximab sensitivity and CXCR4 surface expression, rituximab induced upregulation of surface-expressed CXCR4, and growth-inhibitory effect of rituximab increased by plerixafor, supporting negative impact of CXCR4 on rituximab function. In conclusion, CXCR4 is a promising independent prognostic marker for R-CHOP-treated DLBCL patients, possibly due to inverse correlation between CXCR4 expression and rituximab sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linn Reinholdt
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Hanne Due
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Lykke Grubach
- Department of Hematopathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Rasmus Røge
- Department of Hematopathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Steffen Falgreen
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Suzette Sørensen
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjørring, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Julie Støve Bødker
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Alexander Schmitz
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hans E Johnsen
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Martin Bøgsted
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Karen Dybkær
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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160
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Monaco S, Baur K, Hellwig A, Hölzl-Wenig G, Mandl C, Ciccolini F. A Flow Cytometry-Based Approach for the Isolation and Characterization of Neural Stem Cell Primary Cilia. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:519. [PMID: 30692915 PMCID: PMC6339872 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult mammalian brain, the apical surface of the subependymal zone (SEZ) is covered by many motile ependymal cilia and a few primary cilia originating from rare intermingled neural stem cells (NSCs). In NSCs the primary cilia are key for the transduction of essential extracellular signals such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Despite their importance, the analysis of NSC primary cilia is greatly hampered by the fact that they are overwhelmingly outnumbered by the motile cilia. We here take advantage of flow cytometry to purify the two cilia types and allow their molecular characterization. Primary cilia were identified based on immunoreactivity to the marker adenylate cyclase type III (AC3) and differential levels of prominin-1 whereas motile cilia displayed immunoreactivity only to the latter. Consistent with the morphological differences between the two classes of cilia, enrichment of motile cilia positively correlated with size. Moreover, we observed age-dependent variations in the abundance of the two groups of ciliary organelles reflecting the changes associated with their development. The two cilia groups also differed with respect to the expression of signaling molecules, since PDGF receptor (PDGFR)α, smoothened (Smo) and CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)4 were only detected in isolated primary but not motile cilia. Thus, our novel method of cilia isolation and characterization by flow cytometry has the potential to be extended to the study of cilia from different tissues and organs, providing a powerful tool for the investigation of primary cilia in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Monaco
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Baur
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Hellwig
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Hölzl-Wenig
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Mandl
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Ciccolini
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Department of Neurobiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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161
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Rizzo FM, Vesely C, Childs A, Marafioti T, Khan MS, Mandair D, Cives M, Ensell L, Lowe H, Akarca AU, Luong T, Caplin M, Toumpanakis C, Krell D, Thirlwell C, Silvestris F, Hartley JA, Meyer T. Circulating tumour cells and their association with bone metastases in patients with neuroendocrine tumours. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:294-300. [PMID: 30636773 PMCID: PMC6353867 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone metastases are associated with a worse outcome in patients with neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). Tumour overexpression of C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) appears predictive of skeletal involvement. We investigated the role of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and CXCR4 expression on CTCs as potential predictors of skeleton invasion. Methods Blood from patients with metastatic bronchial, midgut or pancreatic NET (pNET) was analysed by CellSearch. CXCR4 immunohistochemistry was performed on matched formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. Results Two hundred and fifty-four patients were recruited with 121 midgut and 119 pNETs, of which 51 and 36% had detectable CTCs, respectively. Bone metastases were reported in 30% of midgut and 23% of pNET patients and were significantly associated with CTC presence (p = 0.003 and p < 0.0001). In a subgroup of 40 patients, 85% patients with CTCs had CTCs positive for CXCR4 expression. The proportion of CXCR4-positive CTCs in patients with bone metastases was 56% compared to 35% in those without (p = 0.18) it. Staining for CXCR4 on matched FFPE tissue showed a trend towards a correlation with CXCR4 expression on CTCs (p = 0.08). Conclusions CTC presence is associated with bone metastases in NETs. CXCR4 may be involved in CTC osteotropism and present a therapeutic target to reduce skeletal morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Rizzo
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clare Vesely
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexa Childs
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Teresa Marafioti
- Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mohid S Khan
- Wales Neuroendocrine Tumour Service, Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dalvinder Mandair
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mauro Cives
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Leah Ensell
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Lowe
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ayse U Akarca
- Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - TuVinh Luong
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Martyn Caplin
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christos Toumpanakis
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel Krell
- Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Department of Oncology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christina Thirlwell
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Department of Oncology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - John A Hartley
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Meyer
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK. .,Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Department of Oncology, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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162
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Maity PC, Datta M, Nicolò A, Jumaa H. Isotype Specific Assembly of B Cell Antigen Receptors and Synergism With Chemokine Receptor CXCR4. Front Immunol 2019. [PMID: 30619343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02988.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the membrane-bound form of the immunoglobulin (Ig) as part of the antigen receptor is indispensable for both the development and the effector function of B cells. Among five known isotypes, IgM and IgD are the common B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) that are co-expressed in naïve B cells. Despite having identical antigen specificity and being associated with the same signaling heterodimer Igα/Igβ (CD79a/CD79b), IgM and IgD-BCR isotypes functionally differ from each other in the manner of antigen binding, the formation of isolated nanoclusters and in their interaction with co-receptors such as CD19 and CXCR4 on the plasma membrane. With recent developments in experimental techniques, it is now possible to investigate the nanoscale organization of the BCR and better understand early events of BCR engagement. Interestingly, the cytoskeleton network beneath the membrane controls the BCR isotype-specific organization and its interaction with co-receptors. BCR triggering results in reorganization of the cytoskeleton network, which is further modulated by isotype-specific signals from co-receptors. For instance, IgD-BCR is closely associated with CXCR4 on mature B cells and this close proximity allows CXCR4 to employ the BCR machinery as signaling hub. In this review, we discuss the functional specificity and nanocluster assembly of BCR isotypes and the consequences of cross-talk between CXCR4 and IgD-BCR. Furthermore, given the role of BCR and CXCR4 signaling in the development and survival of leukemic B cells, we discuss the consequences of the cross-talk between CXCR4 and the BCR for controlling the growth of transformed B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moumita Datta
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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163
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Maity PC, Datta M, Nicolò A, Jumaa H. Isotype Specific Assembly of B Cell Antigen Receptors and Synergism With Chemokine Receptor CXCR4. Front Immunol 2019; 9:2988. [PMID: 30619343 PMCID: PMC6305424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the membrane-bound form of the immunoglobulin (Ig) as part of the antigen receptor is indispensable for both the development and the effector function of B cells. Among five known isotypes, IgM and IgD are the common B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) that are co-expressed in naïve B cells. Despite having identical antigen specificity and being associated with the same signaling heterodimer Igα/Igβ (CD79a/CD79b), IgM and IgD-BCR isotypes functionally differ from each other in the manner of antigen binding, the formation of isolated nanoclusters and in their interaction with co-receptors such as CD19 and CXCR4 on the plasma membrane. With recent developments in experimental techniques, it is now possible to investigate the nanoscale organization of the BCR and better understand early events of BCR engagement. Interestingly, the cytoskeleton network beneath the membrane controls the BCR isotype-specific organization and its interaction with co-receptors. BCR triggering results in reorganization of the cytoskeleton network, which is further modulated by isotype-specific signals from co-receptors. For instance, IgD-BCR is closely associated with CXCR4 on mature B cells and this close proximity allows CXCR4 to employ the BCR machinery as signaling hub. In this review, we discuss the functional specificity and nanocluster assembly of BCR isotypes and the consequences of cross-talk between CXCR4 and IgD-BCR. Furthermore, given the role of BCR and CXCR4 signaling in the development and survival of leukemic B cells, we discuss the consequences of the cross-talk between CXCR4 and the BCR for controlling the growth of transformed B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moumita Datta
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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164
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Harnessing CXCL12 signaling to protect and preserve functional β-cell mass and for cell replacement in type 1 diabetes. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 193:63-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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165
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Mu W, Wang Z, Zöller M. Ping-Pong-Tumor and Host in Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1359. [PMID: 31921628 PMCID: PMC6927459 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of high pancreatic cancer (PaCa) mortality and trials dampening PaCa mortality rates are not satisfying. Tumor progression is driven by the crosstalk between tumor cells, predominantly cancer-initiating cells (CIC), and surrounding cells and tissues as well as distant organs, where tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEX) are of major importance. A strong stroma reaction, recruitment of immunosuppressive leukocytes, perineural invasion, and early spread toward the peritoneal cavity, liver, and lung are shared with several epithelial cell-derived cancer, but are most prominent in PaCa. Here, we report on the state of knowledge on the PaCIC markers Tspan8, alpha6beta4, CD44v6, CXCR4, LRP5/6, LRG5, claudin7, EpCAM, and CD133, which all, but at different steps, are engaged in the metastatic cascade, frequently via PaCIC-TEX. This includes the contribution of PaCIC markers to TEX biogenesis, targeting, and uptake. We then discuss PaCa-selective features, where feedback loops between stromal elements and tumor cells, including distorted transcription, signal transduction, and metabolic shifts, establish vicious circles. For the latter particularly pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are responsible, furnishing PaCa to cope with poor angiogenesis-promoted hypoxia by metabolic shifts and direct nutrient transfer via vesicles. Furthermore, nerves including Schwann cells deliver a large range of tumor cell attracting factors and Schwann cells additionally support PaCa cell survival by signaling receptor binding. PSC, tumor-associated macrophages, and components of the dysplastic stroma contribute to perineural invasion with signaling pathway activation including the cholinergic system. Last, PaCa aggressiveness is strongly assisted by the immune system. Although rich in immune cells, only immunosuppressive cells and factors are recovered in proximity to tumor cells and hamper effector immune cells entering the tumor stroma. Besides a paucity of immunostimulatory factors and receptors, immunosuppressive cytokines, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T-cells, and M2 macrophages as well as PSC actively inhibit effector cell activation. This accounts for NK cells of the non-adaptive and cytotoxic T-cells of the adaptive immune system. We anticipate further deciphering the molecular background of these recently unraveled intermingled phenomena may turn most lethal PaCa into a curatively treatable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Mu
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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166
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Zhou W, Guo S, Liu M, Burow ME, Wang G. Targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis in Tumor Immunotherapy. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3026-3041. [PMID: 28875842 PMCID: PMC5949083 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170830111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, which have chemotactic abilities, are comprised of a family of small cytokines with 8-10 kilodaltons. Chemokines work in immune cells by trafficking and regulating cell proliferation, migration, activation, differentiation, and homing. CXCR-4 is an alpha-chemokine receptor specific for stromal-derived-factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12), which has been found to be expressed in more than 23 different types of cancers. Recently, the SDF-1/CXCR-4 signaling pathway has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for human tumor because of its critical role in tumor initiation and progression by activating multiple signaling pathways, such as ERK1/2, ras, p38 MAPK, PLC/ MAPK, and SAPK/ JNK, as well as regulating cancer stem cells. CXCL12/CXCR4 antagonists have been produced, which have shown encouraging results in anti-cancer activity. Here, we provide a brief overview of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as a molecular target for cancer treatment. We also review the potential utility of targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in combination of immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy based on up-to-date literature and ongoing research progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No.146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110034, P. R. China
| | - Shanchun Guo
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Mingli Liu
- Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
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167
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García-Cuesta EM, Santiago CA, Vallejo-Díaz J, Juarranz Y, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Mellado M. The Role of the CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 Axis in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:585. [PMID: 31507535 PMCID: PMC6718456 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. These receptors are intimately involved in cell movement, and thus play a critical role in several physiological and pathological situations that require the precise regulation of cell positioning. CXCR4 is one of the most studied chemokine receptors and is involved in many functions beyond leukocyte recruitment. During embryogenesis, it plays essential roles in vascular development, hematopoiesis, cardiogenesis, and nervous system organization. It has been also implicated in tumor progression and autoimmune diseases and, together with CD4, is one of the co-receptors used by the HIV-1 virus to infect immune cells. In contrast to other chemokine receptors that are characterized by ligand promiscuity, CXCR4 has a unique ligand-stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1, CXCL12). However, this ligand also binds ACKR3, an atypical chemokine receptor that modulates CXCR4 functions and is overexpressed in multiple cancer types. The CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 axis constitutes a potential therapeutic target for a wide variety of inflammatory diseases, not only by interfering with cell migration but also by modulating immune responses. Thus far, only one antagonist directed against the ligand-binding site of CXCR4, AMD3100, has demonstrated clinical relevance. Here, we review the role of this ligand and its receptors in different autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. García-Cuesta
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - César A. Santiago
- Macromolecular X-Ray Crystallography Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vallejo-Díaz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Department Cell Biology, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mario Mellado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mario Mellado
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168
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McDermott DH, Murphy PM. WHIM syndrome: Immunopathogenesis, treatment and cure strategies. Immunol Rev 2018; 287:91-102. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David H. McDermott
- Molecular Signaling Section; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda Maryland
| | - Philip M. Murphy
- Molecular Signaling Section; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda Maryland
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169
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Bobkov V, Zarca AM, Van Hout A, Arimont M, Doijen J, Bialkowska M, Toffoli E, Klarenbeek A, van der Woning B, van der Vliet HJ, Van Loy T, de Haard H, Schols D, Heukers R, Smit MJ. Nanobody-Fc constructs targeting chemokine receptor CXCR4 potently inhibit signaling and CXCR4-mediated HIV-entry and induce antibody effector functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:413-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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170
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Hersi HM, Raulf N, Gaken J, Folarin N, Tavassoli M. MicroRNA-9 inhibits growth and invasion of head and neck cancer cells and is a predictive biomarker of response to plerixafor, an inhibitor of its target CXCR4. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:2023-2041. [PMID: 29959873 PMCID: PMC6275261 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are associated with poor morbidity and mortality. Current treatment strategies are highly toxic and do not benefit over 50% of patients. There is therefore a crucial need for predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers to allow treatment stratification for individual patients. One class of biomarkers that has recently gained importance are microRNA (miRNA). MiRNA are small, noncoding molecules which regulate gene expression post‐transcriptionally. We performed miRNA expression profiling of a cohort of head and neck tumours with known clinical outcomes. The results showed miR‐9 to be significantly downregulated in patients with poor treatment outcome, indicating its role as a potential biomarker in HNSCC. Overexpression of miR‐9 in HNSCC cell lines significantly decreased cellular proliferation and inhibited colony formation in soft agar. Conversely, miR‐9 knockdown significantly increased both these features. Importantly, endogenous CXCR4 expression levels, a known target of miR‐9, inversely correlated with miR‐9 expression in a panel of HNSCC cell lines tested. Induced overexpression of CXCR4 in low expressing cells increased proliferation, colony formation and cell cycle progression. Moreover, CXCR4‐specific ligand, CXCL12, enhanced cellular proliferation, migration, colony formation and invasion in CXCR4‐overexpressing and similarly in miR‐9 knockdown cells. CXCR4‐specific inhibitor plerixafor abrogated the oncogenic phenotype of CXCR4 overexpression as well as miR‐9 knockdown. Our data demonstrate a clear role for miR‐9 as a tumour suppressor microRNA in HNSCC, and its role seems to be mediated through CXCR4 suppression. MiR‐9 knockdown, similar to CXCR4 overexpression, significantly promoted aggressive HNSCC tumour cell characteristics. Our results suggest CXCR4‐specific inhibitor plerixafor as a potential therapeutic agent, and miR‐9 as a possible predictive biomarker of treatment response in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Raulf
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King's College London, UK
| | - Joop Gaken
- Department of Haematological Medicine, The Rayne Institute, King's College London, UK
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171
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Gao X, Abdelkarim H, Albee LJ, Volkman BF, Gaponenko V, Majetschak M. Partial agonist activity of α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists for chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 and atypical chemokine receptor 3. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204041. [PMID: 30248140 PMCID: PMC6152952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed in PRESTO-Tango β-arrestin recruitment assays that the α1-adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist prazosin activates chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR)4. This prompted us to further examine this unexpected pharmacological behavior. We screened a panel of 14 α1/2- and β1/2/3-AR antagonists for CXCR4 and atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR)3 agonist activity in PRESTO-Tango assays against the cognate agonist CXCL12. We observed that multiple α1-AR antagonists activate CXCR4 (CXCL12 = prazosin = cyclazosin > doxazosin) and ACKR3 (CXCL12 = prazosin = cyclazosin > alfuzosin = doxazosin = phentolamine > terazosin = silodosin = tamsulosin). The two strongest CXCR4/ACKR3 activators, prazosin and cyclazosin, were selected for a more detailed evaluation. We found that the drugs dose-dependently activate both receptors in β-arrestin recruitment assays, stimulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HEK293 cells overexpressing each receptor, and that their effects on CXCR4 could be inhibited with AMD3100. Both α1-AR antagonists induced significant chemical shift changes in the 1H-13C-heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectrum of CXCR4 and ACKR3 in membranes, suggesting receptor binding. Furthermore, prazosin and cyclazosin induced internalization of endogenous CXCR4/ACKR3 in human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMC). While these drugs did not in induce chemotaxis in hVSMC, they inhibited CXCL12-induced chemotaxis with high efficacy and potency (IC50: prazosin—4.5 nM, cyclazosin 11.6 pM). Our findings reveal unexpected pharmacological properties of prazosin, cyclazosin, and likely other α1-AR antagonists. The results of the present study imply that prazosin and cyclazosin are biased or partial CXCR4/ACKR3 agonists, which function as potent CXCL12 antagonists. Our findings could provide a mechanistic basis for previously observed anti-cancer properties of α1-AR antagonists and support the concept that prazosin could be re-purposed for the treatment of disease processes in which CXCR4 and ACKR3 are thought to play significant pathophysiological roles, such as cancer metastases or various autoimmune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Gao
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hazem Abdelkarim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lauren J. Albee
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | - Brian F. Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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172
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CXCL12 and MYC control energy metabolism to support adaptive responses after kidney injury. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3660. [PMID: 30202007 PMCID: PMC6131511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney injury is a common complication of severe disease. Here, we report that injuries of the zebrafish embryonal kidney are rapidly repaired by a migratory response in 2-, but not in 1-day-old embryos. Gene expression profiles between these two developmental stages identify cxcl12a and myca as candidates involved in the repair process. Zebrafish embryos with cxcl12a, cxcr4b, or myca deficiency display repair abnormalities, confirming their role in response to injury. In mice with a kidney-specific knockout, Cxcl12 and Myc gene deletions suppress mitochondrial metabolism and glycolysis, and delay the recovery after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Probing these observations in zebrafish reveal that inhibition of glycolysis slows fast migrating cells and delays the repair after injury, but does not affect the slow cell movements during kidney development. Our findings demonstrate that Cxcl12 and Myc facilitate glycolysis to promote fast migratory responses during development and repair, and potentially also during tumor invasion and metastasis.
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173
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A feed-forward loop between nuclear translocation of CXCR4 and HIF-1α promotes renal cell carcinoma metastasis. Oncogene 2018; 38:881-895. [PMID: 30177838 PMCID: PMC6367212 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been suggested to play a critical role in cancer metastasis. Some studies have described CXCR4 nuclear localization in metastatic lesions of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which has been suggested to be correlated with cancer metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism and clinical significance of CXCR4 nuclear localization remains unknown. Here, we show that CXCR4 nuclear localization is more likely to occur in RCC tissues, especially in metastases, and is associated with poor prognosis. CXCR4 nuclear localization requires its nuclear localization sequence (NLS, residues 146-RPRK-149). After the mutation of NLS in CXCR4, CXCR4 nuclear localization in RCC cells is lost. Nuclear localization of CXCR4 promoted RCC tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that CXCR4 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) colocalized in RCC cells and interacted with each other. Moreover, CXCR4 nuclear localization promoted nuclear accumulation of HIF-1α, thereby promoting the expression of genes downstream of HIF-1α. Reciprocally, nuclear HIF-1α promoted CXCR4 transcription, thus forming a feed-forward loop. Subcellular CXCR4 and HIF-1α expression levels were independent adverse prognostic factors and could be combined with TNM stage to generate a predictive nomogram of the clinical outcome of patients with RCC. Therefore, our findings indicate that CXCR4 nuclear translocation plays a critical role in RCC metastasis and may serve as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target.
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174
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Dedoni S, Campbell LA, Harvey BK, Avdoshina V, Mocchetti I. The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 75 signaling is activated by the chemokine CCL5. J Neurochem 2018; 146:526-539. [PMID: 29772059 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CCL5 prevents neuronal cell death mediated both by amyloid β, as well as the human immunodeficiency virus viral proteins gp120 and Tat. Because CCL5 binds to CCR5, CCR3 and/or CCR1 receptors, it remains unclear which of these receptors plays a role in neuroprotection. Indeed, CCL5 also has neuroprotective activity in cells lacking these receptors. CCL5 may bind to a G-protein-coupled receptor 75 (GPR75), which encodes for a 540 amino-acid orphan receptor of the Gqα family. In this study, we have used SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to characterize whether CCL5 could activate a Gq signaling through GPR75. Both qPCR and flow cytometry show that these cells express GPR75 but do not express CCR5, CCR3 or CCR1 receptors. SY-SY5Y cells were then used to examine CCL5-mediated signaling. We report that CCL5 promotes a time- and concentration-dependent phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Specific antagonists of CCR5, CCR3, and CCR1 did not prevent CCL5 from increasing phosphorylated AKT or ERK. Moreover, CCL5 promotes a time-dependent internalization of GPR75. Lastly, knocking down GPR75 expression by a CRISPR-Cas9 approach inhibited the ability of CCL5 to activate pERK in SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, we propose that GPR75 is a novel receptor for CCL5 that could explain some of the pharmacological action of this chemokine. These findings may help in the development of small molecule GPR75 agonists that mimic CCL5. Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Dedoni
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lee A Campbell
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Biochemical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Biochemical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Valeria Avdoshina
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Italo Mocchetti
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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175
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Insight into structural requirements for selective and/or dual CXCR3 and CXCR4 allosteric modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 154:68-90. [PMID: 29777988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the previously published pyrazolopyridine-based hit compound for which negative allosteric modulation of both CXCR3 and CXCR4 receptors was disclosed, we designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated a set of novel, not only negative, but also positive allosteric modulators with preserved pyrazolopyridine core. Compound 9e is a dual negative modulator, inhibiting G protein activity of both receptors. For CXCR4 receptor para-substituted aromatic group of compounds distinguishes between negative and positive modulation. Para-methoxy substitution leads to functional antagonism, while para-chloro triggers agonism. Additionally, we discovered that chemotaxis is not completely correlated with G protein pathways. This is the first work in which we have on a series of compounds successfully demonstrated that it is possible to produce selective as well as dual-acting modulators of chemokine receptors, which is very promising for future research in the field of discovery of selective or dual modulators of chemokine receptors.
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176
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Barnett CM, Sommerville RS, Lin C, Ratnayake G, Hughes B, Taheri T. CXCR4 and PD-1 Expression in Head and Neck Cancer with Perineural Spread. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2018; 80:18-22. [PMID: 30733896 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1660846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perineural spread (PNS) is a marker of aggressiveness and has been shown to occur in cranial nerves due to advanced mucosal and cutaneous head and neck cancer. Receptors CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) have been shown to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers with PNS, with the inhibition of these pathways offering a potential future treatment. Methods Retrospective immunohistochemical staining for the CXCR4 and PD-1 receptors was performed on 28 head and neck specimens that demonstrated PNS from January 2017 to August 2017, at Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. Results CXCR4 staining was positive in 52 and 60% of the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenoid cystic carcinoma PNS specimens, respectively. Cutaneous SCC tumors with no PNS stained positively in 33%. No significant staining for PD-1 in peritumoral lymphocytes or tumor specimens was seen. Conclusion CXCR4 is overexpressed in advanced skin cancer and head and neck tumors that demonstrated PNS to large cranial nerves. Overall, these results provide strong support for using CXCR4 as a biomarker and further investigation of immunotherapeutic agents that could inhibit tumor progression via targeting CXCR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Barnett
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ryan S Sommerville
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles Lin
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gishan Ratnayake
- Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett Hughes
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Touraj Taheri
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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177
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English EJ, Mahn SA, Marchese A. Endocytosis is required for C XC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)-mediated Akt activation and antiapoptotic signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11470-11480. [PMID: 29899118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling activated by binding of the CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) to its cognate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), chemokine CXC motif receptor 4 (CXCR4), is linked to metastatic disease. However, the mechanisms governing CXCR4 signaling remain poorly understood. Here, we show that endocytosis and early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1), which is part of the endosome fusion machinery, are required for CXCL12-mediated AKT Ser/Thr kinase (Akt) signaling selective for certain Akt substrates. Pharmacological inhibition of endocytosis partially attenuated CXCL12-induced phosphorylation of Akt, but not phosphorylation of ERK-1/2. Similarly, phosphorylation of Akt, but not ERK-1/2, stimulated by CXCL13, the cognate ligand for the chemokine receptor CXCR5, was also attenuated by inhibited endocytosis. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated depletion of the Rab5-effector EEA1, but not of adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine-interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1), partially attenuated Akt, but not ERK-1/2, phosphorylation promoted by CXCR4. Attenuation of Akt phosphorylation through inhibition of endocytosis or EEA1 depletion was associated with reduced signaling to Akt substrate forkhead box O1/3a but not the Akt substrates TSC complex subunit 2 or glycogen synthase kinase 3β. This suggested that endocytosis and endosomes govern discrete aspects of CXCR4- or CXCR5-mediated Akt signaling. Consistent with this hypothesis, depletion of EEA1 reduced the ability of CXCL12 to attenuate apoptosis in suspended, but not adherent, HeLa cells. Our results suggest a mechanism whereby compartmentalized chemokine-mediated Akt signaling from endosomes suppresses the cancer-related process known as anoikis. Targeting this signaling pathway may help inhibit metastatic cancer involving receptors such as CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J English
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Sarah A Mahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Adriano Marchese
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
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178
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Li L, Lim RZL, Lee LSU, Chew NSY. HIV glycoprotein gp120 enhances mesenchymal stem cell migration by upregulating CXCR4 expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1790-1800. [PMID: 29729309 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection and/or the direct pathogenic effects of circulating HIV proteins impairs the physiological function of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and contribute to the pathogenesis of age-related clinical comorbidities in people living with HIV. The SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway is vital for modulating MSC proliferation, migration and differentiation. HIV glycoprotein gp120 inhibits SDF-1 induced chemotaxis by downregulating the expression and function of CXCR4 in monocytes, B and T cells. The influence of gp120 on CXCR4 expression and migration in MSCs is unknown. METHODS We investigated CXCR4 expression and SDF-1/CXCR4-mediated MSC migration in response to gp120, and its effect on downstream signaling pathways: focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Paxillin and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). RESULTS Gp120 upregulated MSC CXCR4 expression. This potentiated the effects of SDF-1 in inducing chemotaxis; FAK/Paxillin and ERK pathways were over-activated, thereby facilitating actin stress fiber reorganization. CXCR4 blockage or depletion abrogated the observed effects. CONCLUSION Gp120 from both T- and M- tropic HIV strains upregulated CXCR4 expression in MSCs, resulting in enhanced MSC chemotaxis in response to SDF-1. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE HIV infection and its proteins are known to disrupt physiological differentiation of MSC; increased gp120-driven migration amplifies the total MSC population destined for ineffective and inappropriate differentiation, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of HIV-related comorbidities. Additionally, given that MSCs are permissive to HIV infection, initial cellular priming by gp120 results in increased expression of CXCR4 and could lead to co-receptor switching and cell tropism changes in chronic HIV infection and may have implications against CCR5-knockout based HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryan Z L Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lawrence S U Lee
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Nicholas S Y Chew
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore.
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179
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Khan AB, Carpenter B, Santos e Sousa P, Pospori C, Khorshed R, Griffin J, Velica P, Zech M, Ghorashian S, Forrest C, Thomas S, Gonzalez Anton S, Ahmadi M, Holler A, Flutter B, Ramirez-Ortiz Z, Means TK, Bennett CL, Stauss H, Morris E, Lo Celso C, Chakraverty R. Redirection to the bone marrow improves T cell persistence and antitumor functions. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2010-2024. [PMID: 29485974 PMCID: PMC5919805 DOI: 10.1172/jci97454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A key predictor for the success of gene-modified T cell therapies for cancer is the persistence of transferred cells in the patient. The propensity of less differentiated memory T cells to expand and survive efficiently has therefore made them attractive candidates for clinical application. We hypothesized that redirecting T cells to specialized niches in the BM that support memory differentiation would confer increased therapeutic efficacy. We show that overexpression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in CD8+ T cells (TCXCR4) enhanced their migration toward vascular-associated CXCL12+ cells in the BM and increased their local engraftment. Increased access of TCXCR4 to the BM microenvironment induced IL-15-dependent homeostatic expansion and promoted the differentiation of memory precursor-like cells with low expression of programmed death-1, resistance to apoptosis, and a heightened capacity to generate polyfunctional cytokine-producing effector cells. Following transfer to lymphoma-bearing mice, TCXCR4 showed a greater capacity for effector expansion and better tumor protection, the latter being independent of changes in trafficking to the tumor bed or local out-competition of regulatory T cells. Thus, redirected homing of T cells to the BM confers increased memory differentiation and antitumor immunity, suggesting an innovative solution to increase the persistence and functions of therapeutic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum B. Khan
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Carpenter
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Santos e Sousa
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Constandina Pospori
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reema Khorshed
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Griffin
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Velica
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Zech
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Ghorashian
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Calum Forrest
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharyn Thomas
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Gonzalez Anton
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Ahmadi
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angelika Holler
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Flutter
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zaida Ramirez-Ortiz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terry K. Means
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clare L. Bennett
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Stauss
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Morris
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, United Kingdom
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180
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Natural nitration of CXCL12 reduces its signaling capacity and chemotactic activity in vitro and abrogates intra-articular lymphocyte recruitment in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62439-62459. [PMID: 27566567 PMCID: PMC5308738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12/stromal cell-derived factor-1 is important for leukocyte migration to lymphoid organs and inflamed tissues and stimulates tumor development. In vitro, CXCL12 activity through CXCR4 is abolished by proteolytic processing. However, limited information is available on in vivo effects of posttranslationally modified CXCL12. Natural CXCL12 was purified from the coculture supernatant of stromal cells stimulated with leukocytes and inflammatory agents. In this conditioned medium, CXCL12 with a nitration on Tyr7, designated [3-NT7]CXCL12, was discovered via Edman degradation. CXCL12 and [3-NT7]CXCL12 were chemically synthesized to evaluate the biological effects of this modification. [3-NT7]CXCL12 recruited β-arrestin 2 and phosphorylated the Akt kinase similar to CXCL12 in receptor-transfected cells. Also the affinity of CXCL12 and [3-NT7]CXCL12 for glycosaminoglycans, the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR4 and the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3 were comparable. However, [3-NT7]CXCL12 showed a reduced ability to enhance intracellular calcium concentrations, to generate inositol triphosphate, to phosphorylate ERK1/2 and to induce monocyte and lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro. Moreover, nitrated CXCL12 failed to induce in vivo extravasation of lymphocytes to the joint. In summary, nitration on Tyr7 under inflammatory conditions is a novel natural posttranslational regulatory mechanism of CXCL12 which may downregulate the CXCR4-mediated inflammatory and tumor-promoting activities of CXCL12.
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181
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Krook MA, Hawkins AG, Patel RM, Lucas DR, Van Noord R, Chugh R, Lawlor ER. A bivalent promoter contributes to stress-induced plasticity of CXCR4 in Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:61775-61788. [PMID: 27528222 PMCID: PMC5308690 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is a major impediment to cancer cures. Tumor cell heterogeneity can arise by irreversible genetic mutation, as well as by non-mutational mechanisms, which can be reversibly modulated by the tumor microenvironment and the epigenome. We recently reported that the chemokine receptor CXCR4 is induced in Ewing sarcoma cells in response to microenvironmental stress. In the current study, we investigated plasticity of CXCR4 expression in vivo and assessed whether CXCR4 impacts on tumor growth. Our studies showed that Ewing sarcoma cells convert between CXCR4 negative and CXCR4 positive states in vivo and that positive cells are most abundant adjacent to areas of necrosis. In addition, tumor volumes directly correlated with CXCR4 expression supporting a role for CXCR4 in growth promotion. Mechanistically, our results show that, in ambient conditions where CXCR4 expression is low, the CXCR4 promoter exists in a poised, bivalent state with simultaneous enrichment of both activating (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K27me3) post-translational histone modifications. In contrast, when exposed to stress, CXCR4 negative cells lose the H3K27me3 mark. This loss of promoter bivalency is associated with CXCR4 upregulation. These studies demonstrate that stress-dependent plasticity of CXCR4 is, in part, mediated by epigenetic plasticity and a bivalent promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Krook
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allegra G Hawkins
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rajiv M Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David R Lucas
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Raelene Van Noord
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rashmi Chugh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Lawlor
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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182
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Rovito D, Gionfriddo G, Barone I, Giordano C, Grande F, De Amicis F, Lanzino M, Catalano S, Andò S, Bonofiglio D. Ligand-activated PPARγ downregulates CXCR4 gene expression through a novel identified PPAR response element and inhibits breast cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:65109-65124. [PMID: 27556298 PMCID: PMC5323141 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal Derived Factor-1α (SDF-1α) and its cognate receptor CXCR4 play a key role in mediating breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Therefore, drugs able to inhibit CXCR4 activation may add critical tools to reduce tumor progression, especially in the most aggressive form of the breast cancer disease. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) γ, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has been found to downregulate CXCR4 gene expression in different cancer cells, however the molecular mechanism underlying this effect is not fully understood. Here, we identified a novel PPARγ-mediated mechanism that negatively regulates CXCR4 expression in both epithelial and stromal breast cancer cells. We found that ligand-activated PPARγ downregulated CXCR4 transcriptional activity through the recruitment of the silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT) corepressor onto a newly identified PPAR response element (PPRE) within the CXCR4 promoter in breast cancer cell lines. As a consequence, the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (BRL) significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion and this effect was PPARγ-mediated, since it was reversed in the presence of the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. According to the ability of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the most abundant component of breast cancer stroma, to secrete high levels of SDF-1α, BRL reduced migratory promoting activities induced by conditioned media (CM) derived from CAFs and affected CXCR4 downstream signaling pathways activated by CAF-CM. In addition, CAFs exposed to BRL showed a decreased expression of CXCR4, a reduced motility and invasion along with a phenotype characterized by an altered morphology. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the role of PPARγ in inhibiting breast cancer progression and further highlight the utility of PPARγ ligands for future therapies aimed at targeting both cancer and surrounding stromal cells in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rovito
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy.,Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Giulia Gionfriddo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Ines Barone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | | | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Francesca De Amicis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Marilena Lanzino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Stefania Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy.,Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Daniela Bonofiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
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183
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Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) activates integrins by direct binding to an allosteric ligand-binding site (site 2) of integrins without CXCR4. Biochem J 2018; 475:723-732. [PMID: 29301984 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte arrest on the endothelial cell surface during leukocyte extravasation is induced by rapid integrin activation by chemokines. We recently reported that fractalkine induces integrin activation without its receptor CX3CR1 through binding to the allosteric site (site 2) of integrins. Peptides from site 2 bound to fractalkine and suppressed integrin activation by fractalkine. We hypothesized that this is not limited to membrane-bound fractalkine. We studied whether stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1), another chemokine that plays a critical role in leukocyte arrest, activates integrins through binding to site 2. We describe here that (1) SDF1 activated soluble integrin αvβ3 in cell-free conditions, suggesting that SDF1 can activate αvβ3 without CXCR4; (2) site 2 peptide bound to SDF1, suggesting that SDF1 binds to site 2; (3) SDF1 activated integrins αvβ3, α4β1, and α5β1 on CHO cells (CXCR4-negative) and site 2 peptide suppressed the activation; (4) A CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 did not affect the site 2-mediated integrin activation by SDF1; (5) Cell-surface integrins were fully activated in 1 min (much faster than activation of soluble αvβ3) and the activation lasted at least for 1 h. We propose that the binding of SDF1 to cell-surface proteoglycan facilitates the allosteric activation process; (6) Mutations in the predicted site 2-binding site in SDF1 suppressed integrin activation. These results suggest that SDF1 (e.g. presented on proteoglycans) can rapidly activate integrins in an allosteric manner by binding to site 2 in the absence of CXCR4. The allosteric integrin activation by SDF1 is a novel target for drug discovery.
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184
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Murphy PM, Heusinkveld L. Multisystem multitasking by CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 and ACKR3. Cytokine 2018; 109:2-10. [PMID: 29398278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are named and best known for their chemotactic cytokine activity in the hematopoietic system; however, their importance extends far beyond leukocytes, cell movement and immunoregulation. CXCL12, the most protean of chemokines, regulates development in multiple systems, including the hematopoietic, cardiovascular and nervous systems, and regulates diverse cell functions, including differentiation, distribution, activation, immune synapse formation, effector function, proliferation and survival in the immune system alone. The broad importance of CXCL12 is revealed by the complex lethal developmental phenotypes in mice lacking either Cxcl12 or either one of its two known 7-transmembrane domain receptors Cxcr4 and Ackr3, as well as by gain-of-function mutations in human CXCR4, which cause WHIM syndrome, a multisystem and combined immunodeficiency disease and the only Mendelian condition caused by a chemokine system mutation. In addition, wild type CXCR4 is important in the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS and cancer. Thus, CXCL12 and its receptors CXCR4 and ACKR3 provide extraordinary examples of multisystem multitasking in the chemokine system in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Murphy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Lauren Heusinkveld
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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185
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Human Cytomegalovirus UL111A and US27 Gene Products Enhance the CXCL12/CXCR4 Signaling Axis via Distinct Mechanisms. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01981-17. [PMID: 29237840 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01981-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prevalent pathogen that establishes lifelong infection in the host. Virus persistence is aided by extensive manipulation of the host immune system, particularly cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways. The HCMV UL111A gene encodes cmvIL-10, an ortholog of human interleukin-10 that has many immunomodulatory effects. We found that cmvIL-10 increased signaling outcomes from human CXCR4, a chemokine receptor with essential roles in hematopoiesis and immune cell trafficking, in response to its natural ligand CXCL12. Calcium flux and chemotaxis to CXCL12 were significantly greater in the presence of cmvIL-10 in monocytes, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts that express CXCR4. cmvIL-10 effects on CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling required the IL-10 receptor and Stat3 activation. Heightened signaling occurred both in HCMV-infected cells and in uninfected bystander cells, suggesting that cmvIL-10 may broadly influence chemokine networks by paracrine signaling during infection. Moreover, CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling was amplified in HCMV-infected cells compared to mock-infected cells even in the absence of cmvIL-10. Enhanced CXCL12/CXCR4 outcomes were associated with expression of the virally encoded chemokine receptor US27, and CXCL12/CXCR4 activation was reduced in cells infected with a deletion mutant lacking US27 (TB40/E-mCherry-US27Δ). US27 effects were Stat3 independent but required close proximity to CXCR4 in cell membranes of either HCMV-infected or US27-transfected cells. Thus, HCMV encodes two proteins, cmvIL-10 and US27, that exhibit distinct mechanisms for enhancing CXCR4 signaling. Either individually or in combination, cmvIL-10 and US27 may enable HCMV to exquisitely manipulate CXCR4 signaling to alter host immune responses and modify cell trafficking patterns during infection.IMPORTANCE The human chemokine system plays a central role in host defense, as evidenced by the many strategies devised by viruses for manipulating it. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is widespread in the human population, but infection rarely causes disease except in immunocompromised hosts. We found that two different HCMV proteins, cmvIL-10 and US27, act through distinct mechanisms to upregulate the signaling activity of a cellular chemokine receptor, CXCR4. cmvIL-10 is a secreted viral cytokine that affects CXCR4 signaling in both infected and uninfected cells, while US27 is a component of the virus particle and impacts CXCR4 activity only in infected cells. Both cmvIL-10 and US27 promote increased intracellular calcium signaling and cell migration in response to chemokine CXCL12 binding to CXCR4. Our results demonstrate that HCMV exerts fine control over the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway, which could lead to enhanced virus dissemination, altered immune cell trafficking, and serious health implications for HCMV patients.
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186
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Hammadah M, Samman Tahhan A, Mheid IA, Wilmot K, Ramadan R, Kindya BR, Kelli HM, O'Neal WT, Sandesara P, Sullivan S, Almuwaqqat Z, Obideen M, Abdelhadi N, Alkhoder A, Pimple PM, Levantsevych O, Mohammed KH, Weng L, Sperling LS, Shah AJ, Sun YV, Pearce BD, Kutner M, Ward L, Bremner JD, Kim J, Waller EK, Raggi P, Sheps D, Vaccarino V, Quyyumi AA. Myocardial Ischemia and Mobilization of Circulating Progenitor Cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e007504. [PMID: 31898922 PMCID: PMC5850188 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The response of progenitor cells (PCs) to transient myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the PC response to exercise‐induced myocardial ischemia (ExMI) and compare it to flow mismatch during pharmacological stress testing. Methods and Results A total of 356 patients with stable coronary artery disease underwent 99mTc‐sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging during exercise (69%) or pharmacological stress (31%). CD34+ and CD34+/chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) receptor 4 PCs were enumerated by flow cytometry. Change in PC count was compared between patients with and without myocardial ischemia using linear regression models. Vascular endothelial growth factor and stromal‐derived factor‐1α were quantified. Mean age was 63±9 years; 76% were men. The incidence of ExMI was 31% and 41% during exercise and pharmacological stress testing, respectively. Patients with ExMI had a significant decrease in CD34+/chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) receptor 4 (−18%, P=0.01) after stress that was inversely correlated with the magnitude of ischemia (r=−0.19, P=0.003). In contrast, patients without ExMI had an increase in CD34+/chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) receptor 4 (14.7%, P=0.02), and those undergoing pharmacological stress had no change. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor levels increased (15%, P<0.001) in all patients undergoing exercise stress testing regardless of ischemia. However, the change in stromal‐derived factor‐1α level correlated inversely with the change in PC counts in those with ExMI (P=0.03), suggesting a greater decrease in PCs in those with a greater change in stromal‐derived factor‐1α level with exercise. Conclusions ExMI is associated with a significant decrease in circulating levels of CD34+/chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) receptor 4 PCs, likely attributable, at least in part, to stromal‐derived factor‐1α–mediated homing of PCs to the ischemic myocardium. The physiologic consequences of this uptake of PCs and their therapeutic implications need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hammadah
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ayman Samman Tahhan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ibhar Al Mheid
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kobina Wilmot
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ronnie Ramadan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Bryan R Kindya
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Heval M Kelli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Wesley T O'Neal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Pratik Sandesara
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Samaah Sullivan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Zakaria Almuwaqqat
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Malik Obideen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Naser Abdelhadi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ayman Alkhoder
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Pratik M Pimple
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Oleksiy Levantsevych
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kareem H Mohammed
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lei Weng
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Laurence S Sperling
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amit J Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yan V Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brad D Pearce
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michael Kutner
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Laura Ward
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Edmund K Waller
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Paolo Raggi
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Sheps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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187
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Gao X, Albee LJ, Volkman BF, Gaponenko V, Majetschak M. Asymmetrical ligand-induced cross-regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 by α 1-adrenergic receptors at the heteromeric receptor complex. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2730. [PMID: 29426850 PMCID: PMC5807542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR)4 and atypical chemokine receptor 3 regulate α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-AR) through the formation of hetero-oligomeric complexes. Whether α1-ARs also regulate chemokine receptor function within such heteromeric receptor complexes is unknown. We observed that activation of α1b-AR within the α1b-AR:CXCR4 heteromeric complex leads to cross-recruitment of β-arrestin2 to CXCR4, which could not be inhibited with AMD3100. Activation of CXCR4 did not cross-recruit β-arrestin2 to α1b-AR. A peptide analogue of transmembrane domain 2 of CXCR4 interfered with α1b-AR:CXCR4 heteromerization and inhibited α1b-AR-mediated β-arrestin2 cross-recruitment. Phenylephrine (PE) induced internalization of CXCR4 in HEK293 cells co-expressing CXCR4 and α1b-AR and of endogenous CXCR4 in human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMC). The latter was detectable despite blockade of CXCR4 with the neutralizing antibody 12G5. hVSMC migrated towards CXCL12 and PE, but not towards a combination of CXCL12 and PE. PE inhibited CXCL12-induced chemotaxis of hVSMC (IC50: 77 ± 30 nM). Phentolamine cross-inhibited CXCL12-induced chemotaxis of hVSMC, whereas AMD3100 did not cross-inhibit PE-induced chemotaxis. These data provide evidence for asymmetrical cross-regulation of CXCR4 by α1-adrenergic receptors within the heteromeric receptor complex. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the function of α1-AR:CXCR4 heteromers and suggest alternative approaches to modulate CXCR4 in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Gao
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, 60153, USA
| | - Lauren J Albee
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, 60153, USA
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53226, USA
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60607, USA
| | - Matthias Majetschak
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, 60153, USA. .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, 60153, USA.
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188
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Regulation of Tumor Progression by Programmed Necrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3537471. [PMID: 29636841 PMCID: PMC5831895 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3537471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly growing malignant tumors frequently encounter hypoxia and nutrient (e.g., glucose) deprivation, which occurs because of insufficient blood supply. This results in necrotic cell death in the core region of solid tumors. Necrotic cells release their cellular cytoplasmic contents into the extracellular space, such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is a nonhistone nuclear protein, but acts as a proinflammatory and tumor-promoting cytokine when released by necrotic cells. These released molecules recruit immune and inflammatory cells, which exert tumor-promoting activity by inducing angiogenesis, proliferation, and invasion. Development of a necrotic core in cancer patients is also associated with poor prognosis. Conventionally, necrosis has been thought of as an unregulated process, unlike programmed cell death processes like apoptosis and autophagy. Recently, necrosis has been recognized as a programmed cell death, encompassing processes such as oncosis, necroptosis, and others. Metabolic stress-induced necrosis and its regulatory mechanisms have been poorly investigated until recently. Snail and Dlx-2, EMT-inducing transcription factors, are responsible for metabolic stress-induced necrosis in tumors. Snail and Dlx-2 contribute to tumor progression by promoting necrosis and inducing EMT and oncogenic metabolism. Oncogenic metabolism has been shown to play a role(s) in initiating necrosis. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic stress-induced programmed necrosis that promote tumor progression and aggressiveness.
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189
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Aaron PA, Jamklang M, Uhrig JP, Gelli A. The blood-brain barrier internalises Cryptococcus neoformans via the EphA2-tyrosine kinase receptor. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20. [PMID: 29197141 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening meningitis most commonly in populations with impaired immunity. Here, we resolved the transcriptome of the human brain endothelium challenged with C. neoformans to establish whether C. neoformans invades the CNS by co-opting particular signalling pathways as a means to promote its own entry. Among the 5 major pathways targeted by C. neoformans, the EPH-EphrinA1 (EphA2) tyrosine kinase receptor-signalling pathway was examined further. Silencing the EphA2 receptor transcript in a human brain endothelial cell line or blocking EphA2 activity with an antibody or chemical inhibitor prevented transmigration of C. neoformans in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In contrast, treating brain endothelial cells with an EphA2 chemical agonist or an EphA2 ligand promoted greater migration of fungal cells across the BBB. C. neoformans activated the EPH-tyrosine kinase pathway through a CD44-dependent phosphorylation of EphA2, promoting clustering and internalisation of EphA2 receptors. Moreover, HEK293T cells expressing EphA2 revealed an association between EphA2 and C. neoformans that boosted internalisation of C. neoformans. Collectively, the results suggest that C. neoformans promotes EphA2 activity via CD44, and this in turn creates a permeable barrier that facilitates the migration of C. neoformans across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phylicia A Aaron
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mantana Jamklang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - John P Uhrig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Angie Gelli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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190
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Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF) enhances the accumulation and functional activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51840-51853. [PMID: 27322081 PMCID: PMC5239518 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) with a profound immune infiltrate populated by a significant number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs have been increasingly recognized for their role in immune evasion and cancer progression as well as their potential as a target for immunotherapy. However, not much is known about the mechanisms regulating their behavior and function in the pancreatic TME. Here we report that pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF), a soluble protein involved in pancreatic tumorigenesis and metastasis, plays a role as an enhancer of tumor-infiltrating MDSC and its functional activity. We show that PAUF enhanced the accumulation of MDSCs in the spleen and tumor tissues of PAUF-overexpressing tumor cell-injected mice. In addition, PAUF was found to enhance the immunosuppressive function of MDSCs via the TLR4-mediated signaling pathway, which was demonstrated by PAUF-induced increased levels of arginase, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The role of PAUF in modulating the functional properties of MDSCs was further demonstrated by the use of a PAUF-neutralizing antibody that caused a decreased number of tumor-infiltrating MDSCs and reduced MDSC immunosuppressive activity. The observations made in mice were confirmed in human pancreatic cancer patient-derived MDSCs, supporting the clinical relevance of our findings. Collectively, we conclude that the PAUF is a powerful and multifunctional promoter of tumor growth through increase and functional activation of MDSCs, suggesting therapeutic potential for targeting PAUF in pancreatic cancers.
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191
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Wilson RJ, Jecs E, Miller EJ, Nguyen HH, Tahirovic YA, Truax VM, Kim MB, Kuo KM, Wang T, Sum CS, Cvijic ME, Paiva AA, Schroeder GM, Wilson LJ, Liotta DC. Synthesis and SAR of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-Based CXCR4 Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:17-22. [PMID: 29348805 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 is the most common chemokine receptor expressed on the surface of many cancer cell types. In comparison to normal cells, cancer cells overexpress CXCR4, which correlates with cancer cell metastasis, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. CXCR4 antagonists can potentially diminish the viability of cancer cells by interfering with CXCL12-mediated pro-survival signaling and by inhibiting chemotaxis. Herein, we describe a series of CXCR4 antagonists that are derived from (S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-8-amine that has prevailed in the literature. This series removes the rigidity and chirality of the tetrahydroquinoline providing 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine analogs, which are more readily accessible and exhibit improved liver microsomal stability. The medicinal chemistry strategy and biological properties are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Edgars Jecs
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Eric J. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huy H. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yesim A. Tahirovic
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Valarie M. Truax
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Michelle B. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Katie M. Kuo
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Chi Shing Sum
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mary E. Cvijic
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Anthony A. Paiva
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gretchen M. Schroeder
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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192
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Habringer S, Lapa C, Herhaus P, Schottelius M, Istvanffy R, Steiger K, Slotta-Huspenina J, Schirbel A, Hänscheid H, Kircher S, Buck AK, Götze K, Vick B, Jeremias I, Schwaiger M, Peschel C, Oostendorp R, Wester HJ, Grigoleit GU, Keller U. Dual Targeting of Acute Leukemia and Supporting Niche by CXCR4-Directed Theranostics. Theranostics 2018; 8:369-383. [PMID: 29290814 PMCID: PMC5743554 DOI: 10.7150/thno.21397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a transmembrane receptor with pivotal roles in cell homing and hematopoiesis. CXCR4 is also involved in survival, proliferation and dissemination of cancer, including acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia (ALL, AML). Relapsed/refractory ALL and AML are frequently resistant to conventional therapy and novel highly active strategies are urgently needed to overcome resistance. Methods: We used patient-derived (PDX) and cell line-based xenograft mouse models of ALL and AML to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a CXCR4-targeted endoradiotherapy (ERT) theranostic approach. Results: The positron emission tomography (PET) tracer 68Ga-Pentixafor enabled visualization of CXCR4 positive leukemic burden. In xenografts, CXCR4-directed ERT with 177Lu-Pentixather distributed to leukemia harboring organs and resulted in efficient reduction of leukemia. Despite a substantial in vivo cross-fire effect to the leukemia microenvironment, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) subjected to ERT were viable and capable of supporting the growth and differentiation of non-targeted normal hematopoietic cells ex vivo. Finally, three patients with refractory AML after first allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) underwent CXCR4-directed ERT resulting in leukemia clearance, second alloSCT, and successful hematopoietic engraftment. Conclusion: Targeting CXCR4 with ERT is feasible and provides a highly efficient means to reduce refractory acute leukemia for subsequent cellular therapies. Prospective clinical trials testing the incorporation of CXCR4 targeting into conditioning regimens for alloSCT are highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Habringer
- Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Herhaus
- Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Rouzanna Istvanffy
- Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Schirbel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heribert Hänscheid
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute for Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Götze
- Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Binje Vick
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Irmela Jeremias
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Peschel
- Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Oostendorp
- Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Götz-Ulrich Grigoleit
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keller
- Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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193
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Corrò C, Moch H. Biomarker discovery for renal cancer stem cells. J Pathol Clin Res 2018; 4:3-18. [PMID: 29416873 PMCID: PMC5783955 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Characterised by high intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity, metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. Therefore, the development of new prognostic and diagnostic markers for RCC patients is needed. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of neoplastic cells within a tumor which present characteristics reminiscent of normal stem cells. CSCs are characterised by unlimited cell division, maintenance of the stem cell pool (self-renewal), and capability to give rise to all cell types within a tumor; and contribute to metastasis in vivo (tumourigenicity), treatment resistance and recurrence. So far, many studies have tried to establish unique biomarkers to identify CSC populations in RCC. At the same time, different approaches have been developed with the aim to isolate CSCs. Consequently, several markers were found to be specifically expressed in CSCs and cancer stem-like cells derived from RCC such as CD105, ALDH1, OCT4, CD133, and CXCR4. However, the contribution of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, and tumor microenvironment, to cellular plasticity have made the discovery of unique biomarkers a very difficult task. In fact, contrasting results regarding the applicability of such markers to the isolation of renal CSCs have been reported in the literature. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanism underlying CSC may help dissecting tumor heterogeneity and drug treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Corrò
- Department of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital ZurichSwitzerland
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194
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Teixidó J, Martínez-Moreno M, Díaz-Martínez M, Sevilla-Movilla S. The good and bad faces of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:121-131. [PMID: 29288743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that promote cell migration and activation under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Chemokines bind to seven transmembrane-spanning receptors that are coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins, which are the responsible for intracellularly transmitting the activating signals for cell migration. Hematopoiesis, vascular development, lymphoid organ morphogenesis, cardiogenesis and neural differentiation are amongst the processes involving chemokine function. In addition, immune cell trafficking from bone marrow to blood circulation, and from blood and lymph to lymphoid and inflamed tissues, is tightly regulated by chemokines both under physiological conditions and also in autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, chemokine binding to their receptors stimulate trafficking to and positioning of cancer cells into target tissues and organs during tumour dissemination. The CXCL12 chemokine (also known as stromal-cell derived factor-1α, SDF-1α) plays key roles in hematopoiesis and lymphoid tissue architecture, in cardiogenesis, vascular formation and neurogenesis, as well as in the trafficking of solid and hematological cancer cell types. CXCL12 binds to the CXCR4 receptor, a multi-facetted molecule which tightly mirrors CXCL12 functions in homeostasis and disease. This review addresses the important roles of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis in homeostasis, specially focusing in hematopoiesis, as well as it provides a picture of CXCR4 as mediator of cancer cell spreading, and a view of the available CXCR4 antagonists in different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Teixidó
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mónica Martínez-Moreno
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Díaz-Martínez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sevilla-Movilla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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195
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Duran CL, Howell DW, Dave JM, Smith RL, Torrie ME, Essner JJ, Bayless KJ. Molecular Regulation of Sprouting Angiogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:153-235. [PMID: 29357127 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term angiogenesis arose in the 18th century. Several studies over the next 100 years laid the groundwork for initial studies performed by the Folkman laboratory, which were at first met with some opposition. Once overcome, the angiogenesis field has flourished due to studies on tumor angiogenesis and various developmental models that can be genetically manipulated, including mice and zebrafish. In addition, new discoveries have been aided by the ability to isolate primary endothelial cells, which has allowed dissection of various steps within angiogenesis. This review will summarize the molecular events that control angiogenesis downstream of biochemical factors such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and lipids. These and other stimuli have been linked to regulation of junctional molecules and cell surface receptors. In addition, the contribution of cytoskeletal elements and regulatory proteins has revealed an intricate role for mobilization of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments in response to cues that activate the endothelium. Activating stimuli also affect various focal adhesion proteins, scaffold proteins, intracellular kinases, and second messengers. Finally, metalloproteinases, which facilitate matrix degradation and the formation of new blood vessels, are discussed, along with our knowledge of crosstalk between the various subclasses of these molecules throughout the text. Compr Physiol 8:153-235, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Duran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David W Howell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jui M Dave
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie E Torrie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Essner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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196
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Single-molecule imaging reveals dimerization/oligomerization of CXCR4 on plasma membrane closely related to its function. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16873. [PMID: 29203889 PMCID: PMC5715067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimerization and oligomerization of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as important characters during their trans-membrane signal transduction. However, until now the relationship between GPCR dimerization and their trans-membrane signal transduction function is still uncovered. Here, using pertussis toxin (PTX) to decouple the receptor from G protein complex and with single-molecule imaging, we show that in the presence of agonist, cells treated with PTX showed a decrease in the number of dimers and oligomers on the cell surface compared with untreated ones, which suggests that oligomeric status of CXCR4 could be significantly influenced by the decoupling of G protein complex during its signal transduction process. Moreover, with chlorpromazine (CPZ) to inhibit internalization of CXCR4, it was found that after SDF-1α stimulation, cells treated with CPZ showed more dimers and oligomers on the cell surface than untreated ones, which suggest that dimers and oligomers of CXCR4 tend to internalize more easily than monomers. Taken together, our results demonstrate that dimerization and oligomerization of CXCR4 is closely related with its G protein mediated pathway and β-arrestin mediated internalization process, and would play an important role in regulating its signal transduction functions.
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197
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Owen KL, Parker BS. Beyond the vicious cycle: The role of innate osteoimmunity, automimicry and tumor-inherent changes in dictating bone metastasis. Mol Immunol 2017; 110:57-68. [PMID: 29191489 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a fatal consequence of a subset of solid malignancies that fail to respond to conventional therapies. While a myriad of factors contribute to osteotropism and disseminated cell survival and outgrowth in bone, efforts to inhibit tumor cell growth in the bone-metastatic niche have largely relied on measures that disrupt the bi-directional interactions between bone resident and tumor cells. However, the targeting of isolated stromal interactions has proven ineffective to date in inhibiting bone-metastatic progression and patient mortality. Osteoimmune regulation is now emerging as a critical determinant of metastatic growth in the bone microenvironment. While this has highlighted the importance of innate immune populations in dictating the temporal development of overt bone metastases, the osteoimmunological processes that underpin tumor cell progression in bone remain severely underexplored. Along with tumor-intrinsic alterations that occur specifically within the bone microenvironment, innate osteoimmunological crosstalk poses an exciting area of future discovery and therapeutic development. Here we review current knowledge of the unique exchange that occurs between bone resident cells, innate immune populations and tumor cells that leads to the establishment of a tumor-permissive milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Owen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda S Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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198
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Torello CO, Shiraishi RN, Della Via FI, Castro TCLD, Longhini AL, Santos I, Bombeiro AL, Silva CLA, Queiroz MLDS, Rego EM, Saad STO. Reactive oxygen species production triggers green tea-induced anti-leukaemic effects on acute promyelocytic leukaemia model. Cancer Lett 2017; 414:116-126. [PMID: 29129782 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Green tea (GT) has been consumed as a beverage for thousands of years because of its therapeutic properties observed over time. Because there is no sufficient evidence supporting the protective role of tea intake during the development of acute myeloid leukaemia, we herein study GT extract effects on an acute promyelocytic leukaemia model. Our results demonstrated that GT reduces leucocytosis and immature cells (blasts) in peripheral blood, bone marrow (BM), and spleen of leukaemic mice, parallel with an increase of mature cells in the BM. In addition, GT induces apoptosis of cells in the BM and spleen, confirmed by activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9; GT reduces the malignant clones CD34+ and CD117+ in the BM and reduces CD117+ and Gr1+ immature myeloid cells in the spleen; GT increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the BM Gr1+ cells while reducing CD34+ and CD117+ cells; GT reduces CXCR4 expression on CD34+ and CD117+ cells, and reduces the nuclear translocation of HIF-1α. GT has anti-proliferative effects in leukaemia in vivo by inhibiting malignant clone expansion, probably by modulating the intracellular production of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Okuda Torello
- Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-Hemocentro, University of Campinas, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, CEP 13083-878, Campinas, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, CEP 13083-887, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Naoto Shiraishi
- Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-Hemocentro, University of Campinas, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, CEP 13083-878, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Isabel Della Via
- Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-Hemocentro, University of Campinas, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, CEP 13083-878, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Leda Longhini
- Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-Hemocentro, University of Campinas, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, CEP 13083-878, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Irene Santos
- Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-Hemocentro, University of Campinas, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, CEP 13083-878, Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Luis Bombeiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, CEP 13083-865, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cleide Lúcia Araujo Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto and Center for Cell Based Therapy, University of São Paulo, CEP 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mary Luci de Souza Queiroz
- Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-Hemocentro, University of Campinas, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, CEP 13083-878, Campinas, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, CEP 13083-887, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Magalhães Rego
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto and Center for Cell Based Therapy, University of São Paulo, CEP 14048-900, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
- Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Center-Hemocentro, University of Campinas, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, CEP 13083-878, Campinas, Brazil.
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Jackson EK, Zhang Y, Gillespie DD, Zhu X, Cheng D, Jackson TC. SDF-1α (Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1α) Induces Cardiac Fibroblasts, Renal Microvascular Smooth Muscle Cells, and Glomerular Mesangial Cells to Proliferate, Cause Hypertrophy, and Produce Collagen. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.007253. [PMID: 29114002 PMCID: PMC5721794 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells (PGVSMCs), and glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) proliferate, cause hypertrophy, and produce collagen; in this way, activated CFs contribute to cardiac fibrosis, and activated PGVSMCs and GMCs promote renal fibrosis. In heart and kidney diseases, SDF-1α (stromal cell-derived factor 1α; endogenous CXCR4 [C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4] receptor agonist) levels are often elevated; therefore, it is important to know whether and how the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis activates CFs, PGVSMCs, or GMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we investigated whether SDF-1α activates CFs, PGVSMCs, and GMCs to proliferate, hypertrophy, or produce collagen. DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4) inactivates SDF-1α and previous experiments show that growth-promoting peptides have greater effects in cells from genetically-hypertensive animals. Therefore, we performed experiments in the absence and presence of sitagliptin (DPP4 inhibitor) and in cells from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Our studies show (1) that spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rat CFs, PGVSMCs, and GMCs express CXCR4 receptors and DPP4 activity; (2) that chronic treatment with physiologically relevant concentrations of SDF-1α causes concentration-dependent increases in the proliferation (cell number) and hypertrophy (3H-leucine incorporation) of and collagen production (3H-proline incorporation) by CFs, PGVSMCs, and GMCs; (3) that sitagliptin augments these effects of SDF-1α; (4) that interactions between SDF-1α and sitagliptin are greater in spontaneously hypertensive rat cells; (5) that CXCR4 antagonism (AMD3100) blocks all effects of SDF-1α; and (6) that SDF-1α/CXCR4 signal transduction likely involves the RACK1 (receptor for activated C kinase 1)/Gβγ/PLC (phospholipase C)/PKC (protein kinase C) signaling complex. CONCLUSIONS The SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis drives proliferation and hypertrophy of and collagen production by CFs, PGVSMCs, and GMCs, particularly in cells from genetically hypertensive animals and when DPP4 is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Delbert D Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Travis C Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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200
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The unique structural and functional features of CXCL12. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:299-311. [PMID: 29082918 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXC chemokine CXCL12 is an important factor in physiological and pathological processes, including embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and inflammation, because it activates and/or induces migration of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells, endothelial cells and most leukocytes. Therefore, CXCL12 activity is tightly regulated at multiple levels. CXCL12 has the unique property of existing in six splice variants in humans, each having a specific tissue distribution and in vivo activity. Controlled splice variant transcription and mRNA stability determine the CXCL12 expression profile. CXCL12 fulfills its functions in homeostatic and pathological conditions by interacting with its receptors CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3) and by binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in tissues and on the endothelium to allow a proper presentation to passing leukocytes. Homodimerizaton and heterodimerization of CXCL12 and its receptors can alter their signaling activity, as exemplified by the synergy between CXCL12 and other chemokines in leukocyte migration assays. Receptor binding may also initiate CXCL12 internalization and its subsequent removal from the environment. Furthermore, CXCL12 activity is regulated by posttranslational modifications. Proteolytic removal of NH2- or COOH-terminal amino acids, citrullination of arginine residues by peptidyl arginine deiminases or nitration of tyrosine residues reduce CXCL12 activity. This review summarizes the interactions of CXCL12 with the cellular environment and discusses the different levels of CXCL12 activity regulation.
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