151
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CRISPR/Cas9: molecular tool for gene therapy to target genome and epigenome in the treatment of lung cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:509-17. [PMID: 26494554 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although varied drugs and therapies have been developed for lung cancer treatment, in the past 5 years overall survival rates have not improved much. It has also been reported that lung cancer is diagnosed in most of the patients when it is already in the advanced stages with heterogeneous tumors where single therapy is mostly ineffective. A combination of therapies are being administered and specific genes in specific tissues are targeted while protecting normal cell, but most of the therapies face drawbacks for the development of resistance against them and tumor progression. Therefore, therapeutic implications for various therapies need to be complemented by divergent strategies. This review frames utilization of CRISPR/Cas9 for molecular targeted gene therapy leading to long-term repression and activation or inhibition of molecular targets linked to lung cancer, avoiding the cycles of therapy.
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152
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Liu C, Li Z, Zhang Y. [Application Progress of CRISPR/Cas9 System for Gene Editing in Tumor Research]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2015; 18:571-9. [PMID: 26383982 PMCID: PMC6000117 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2015.09.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9)基因编辑系统是基于古细菌抵御外源核酸入侵的免疫机制为基础开发出来的一种新型的基因编辑技术。相对于传统的基因编辑系统,该系统具有更加高效、操作简单、细胞毒性小等特点。目前,CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术已经在肿瘤研究的诸多方面中得到应用,包括肿瘤相关基因的功能研究、构建动物肿瘤模型、筛选肿瘤细胞表型及耐药相关基因以及肿瘤的基因治疗等诸多方面。本文就其在肿瘤研究中的应用进展进行综述。
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China
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153
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Wollebo HS, Bellizzi A, Kaminski R, Hu W, White MK, Khalili K. CRISPR/Cas9 System as an Agent for Eliminating Polyomavirus JC Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136046. [PMID: 26360417 PMCID: PMC4567079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by reactivation of the human polyomavirus JCV gene expression and its replication in oligodendrocytes, the myelin producing cells in the brain. Once a rare disease seen in patients with lymphotproliferative and myeloproliferative disorders, PML has been seen more frequently in HIV-1 positive/AIDS patients as well as patients undergoing immunomodulatory therapy due for autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. As of now there is no cure for PML and in most cases disease progression leads to death within two years. Similar to other polyomaviruses, the JCV genome is small circular double stranded DNA that includes coding sequences for the viral early protein, T-antigen, which is critical for directing viral reactivation and lytic infection. Here, we employ a newly developed gene editing strategy, CRISPR/Cas9, to introduce mutations in the viral genome and, by inactivating the gene encoding T-antigen, inhibit viral replication. We first used bioinformatics screening and identified several potential targets within the JCV T-antigen gene that can serve as sites for the creation of guide RNAs (gRNAs) for positioning the Cas9 nuclease on the designated area of the viral genome for editing. Results from a series of integrated genetic and functional studies showed that transient or conditional expression of Cas9 and gRNAs specifically targets the DNA sequences corresponding to the N-terminal region of T-antigen, and by introducing mutation, interferes with expression and function of of the viral protein, hence suppressing viral replication in permissive cells. Results from SURVEYOR assay revealed no off-target effects of the JCV-specific CRISPR/Cas9 editing apparatus. These observations provide the first evidence for the employment of a gene editing strategy as a promising tool for the elimination of the JCV genome and a potential cure for PML.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Base Sequence
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Expression
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Gene Targeting
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- JC Virus/genetics
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/therapy
- Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA Editing
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/chemistry
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen S. Wollebo
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States of America
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States of America
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States of America
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States of America
| | - Martyn K. White
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States of America
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States of America
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154
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Hsu PY, Hsu HK, Hsiao TH, Ye Z, Wang E, Profit AL, Jatoi I, Chen Y, Kirma NB, Jin VX, Sharp ZD, Huang THM. Spatiotemporal control of estrogen-responsive transcription in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2015; 35:2379-89. [PMID: 26300005 PMCID: PMC4865474 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of transcription machinery to target promoters for aberrant gene expression has been well studied, but underlying control directed by distant-acting enhancers remains unclear in cancer development. Our previous study demonstrated that distant estrogen response elements (DEREs) located on chromosome 20q13 are frequently amplified and translocated to other chromosomes in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. In this study, we used three-dimensional interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization to decipher spatiotemporal gathering of multiple DEREs in the nucleus. Upon estrogen stimulation, scattered 20q13 DEREs were mobilized to form regulatory depots for synchronized gene expression of target loci. A chromosome conformation capture assay coupled with chromatin immunoprecipitation further uncovered that ERα-bound regulatory depots are tethered to heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) for coordinated chromatin movement and histone modifications of target loci, resulting in transcription repression. Neutralizing HP1 function dysregulated the formation of DERE-involved regulatory depots and transcription inactivation of candidate tumor-suppressor genes. Deletion of amplified DEREs using the CRISPR/Cas9 genomic-editing system profoundly altered transcriptional profiles of proliferation-associated signaling networks, resulting in reduction of cancer cell growth. These findings reveal a formerly uncharacterized feature wherein multiple copies of the amplicon congregate as transcriptional units in the nucleus for synchronous regulation of function-related loci in tumorigenesis. Disruption of their assembly can be a new strategy for treating breast cancers and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-Y Hsu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - H-K Hsu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - T-H Hsiao
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Z Ye
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - E Wang
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A L Profit
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - I Jatoi
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio TX, USA
| | - Y Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - N B Kirma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - V X Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Z D Sharp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - T H-M Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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155
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LaFountaine JS, Fathe K, Smyth HDC. Delivery and therapeutic applications of gene editing technologies ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:180-94. [PMID: 26278489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several new genome editing technologies have been developed. Of these the zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-guided endonuclease system are the most widely described. Each of these technologies utilizes restriction enzymes to introduce a DNA double stranded break at a targeted location with the guide of homologous binding proteins or RNA. Such targeting is viewed as a significant advancement compared to current gene therapy methods that lack such specificity. Proof-of-concept studies have been performed to treat multiple disorders, including in vivo experiments in mammals and even early phase human trials. Careful consideration and investigation of delivery strategies will be required so that the therapeutic potential for gene editing is achieved. In this review, the mechanisms of each of these gene editing technologies and evidence of therapeutic potential will be briefly described and a comprehensive list of past studies will be provided. The pharmaceutical approaches of each of these technologies are discussed along with the current delivery obstacles. The topics and information reviewed herein provide an outline of the groundbreaking research that is being performed, but also highlights the potential for progress yet to be made using these gene editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S LaFountaine
- The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kristin Fathe
- The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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156
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Barrangou R, Birmingham A, Wiemann S, Beijersbergen RL, Hornung V, Smith AVB. Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering: lessons learned from RNA interference. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:3407-19. [PMID: 25800748 PMCID: PMC4402539 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that the machinery of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 bacterial immune system can be re-purposed to easily create deletions, insertions and replacements in the mammalian genome has revolutionized the field of genome engineering and re-invigorated the field of gene therapy. Many parallels have been drawn between the newly discovered CRISPR-Cas9 system and the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway in terms of their utility for understanding and interrogating gene function in mammalian cells. Given this similarity, the CRISPR-Cas9 field stands to benefit immensely from lessons learned during the development of RNAi technology. We examine how the history of RNAi can inform today's challenges in CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering such as efficiency, specificity, high-throughput screening and delivery for in vivo and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Barrangou
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, and Genomic & Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, 53128 Bonn, Germany
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157
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Kennedy EM, Cullen BR. Bacterial CRISPR/Cas DNA endonucleases: A revolutionary technology that could dramatically impact viral research and treatment. Virology 2015; 479-480:213-20. [PMID: 25759096 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas systems mediate bacterial adaptive immune responses that evolved to protect bacteria from bacteriophage and other horizontally transmitted genetic elements. Several CRISPR/Cas systems exist but the simplest variant, referred to as Type II, has a single effector DNA endonuclease, called Cas9, which is guided to its viral DNA target by two small RNAs, the crRNA and the tracrRNA. Initial efforts to adapt the CRISPR/Cas system for DNA editing in mammalian cells, which focused on the Cas9 protein from Streptococcus pyogenes (Spy), demonstrated that Spy Cas9 can be directed to DNA targets in mammalian cells by tracrRNA:crRNA fusion transcripts called single guide RNAs (sgRNA). Upon binding, Cas9 induces DNA cleavage leading to mutagenesis as a result of error prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Recently, the Spy Cas9 system has been adapted for high throughput screening of genes in human cells for their relevance to a particular phenotype and, more generally, for the targeted inactivation of specific genes, in cell lines and in vivo in a number of model organisms. The latter aim seems likely to be greatly enhanced by the recent development of Cas9 proteins from bacterial species such as Neisseria meningitidis and Staphyloccus aureus that are small enough to be expressed using adeno-associated (AAV)-based vectors that can be readily prepared at very high titers. The evolving Cas9-based DNA editing systems therefore appear likely to not only impact virology by allowing researchers to screen for human genes that affect the replication of pathogenic human viruses of all types but also to derive clonal human cell lines that lack individual gene products that either facilitate or restrict viral replication. Moreover, high titer AAV-based vectors offer the possibility of directly targeting DNA viruses that infect discrete sites in the human body, such as herpes simplex virus and hepatitis B virus, with the hope that the entire population of viral DNA genomes might be destroyed. In conclusion, we believe that the continued rapid evolution of CRISPR/Cas technology will soon have a major, possibly revolutionary, impact on the field of virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bryan R Cullen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Center for Virology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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158
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Khalili K, Kaminski R, Gordon J, Cosentino L, Hu W. Genome editing strategies: potential tools for eradicating HIV-1/AIDS. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:310-21. [PMID: 25716921 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current therapy for controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection and preventing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression has profoundly decreased viral replication in cells susceptible to HIV-1 infection, but it does not eliminate the low level of viral replication in latently infected cells, which contain integrated copies of HIV-1 proviral DNA. There is an urgent need for the development of HIV-1 genome eradication strategies that will lead to a permanent or "sterile" cure of HIV-1/AIDS. In the past few years, novel nuclease-initiated genome editing tools have been developing rapidly, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These surgical knives, which can excise any genome, provide a great opportunity to eradicate the HIV-1 genome by targeting highly conserved regions of the HIV-1 long terminal repeats or essential viral genes. Given the time consuming and costly engineering of target-specific ZFNs and TALENs, the RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 technology has emerged as a simpler and more versatile technology to allow permanent removal of integrated HIV-1 proviral DNA in eukaryotic cells, and hopefully animal models or human patients. The major unmet challenges of this approach at present include inefficient nuclease gene delivery, potential off-target cleavage, and cell-specific genome targeting. Nanoparticle or lentivirus-mediated delivery of next generation Cas9 technologies including nickase or RNA-guided FokI nuclease (RFN) will further improve the potential for genome editing to become a promising approach for curing HIV-1/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA,
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159
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Xiao-Jie L, Hui-Ying X, Zun-Ping K, Jin-Lian C, Li-Juan J. CRISPR-Cas9: a new and promising player in gene therapy. J Med Genet 2015; 52:289-96. [PMID: 25713109 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
First introduced into mammalian organisms in 2013, the RNA-guided genome editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9) offers several advantages over conventional ones, such as simple-to-design, easy-to-use and multiplexing (capable of editing multiple genes simultaneously). Consequently, it has become a cost-effective and convenient tool for various genome editing purposes including gene therapy studies. In cell lines or animal models, CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied for therapeutic purposes in several ways. It can correct the causal mutations in monogenic disorders and thus rescue the disease phenotypes, which currently represents the most translatable field in CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene therapy. CRISPR-Cas9 can also engineer pathogen genome such as HIV for therapeutic purposes, or induce protective or therapeutic mutations in host tissues. Moreover, CRISPR-Cas9 has shown potentials in cancer gene therapy such as deactivating oncogenic virus and inducing oncosuppressor expressions. Herein, we review the research on CRISPR-mediated gene therapy, discuss its advantages, limitations and possible solutions, and propose directions for future research, with an emphasis on the opportunities and challenges of CRISPR-Cas9 in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiao-Jie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Hui-Ying
- The Reproductive Center, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Ke Zun-Ping
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Jin-Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital (South), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Li-Juan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, China
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