151
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Cuzzone DA, Albano NJ, Aschen SZ, Ghanta S, Mehrara BJ. Decellularized Lymph Nodes as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineered Lymph Nodes. Lymphat Res Biol 2014; 13:186-94. [PMID: 25144673 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2013.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lymphatic system is commonly injured during cancer treatment. However, despite the morbidity of these injuries, there are currently no options for replacing damaged lymphatics. The purpose of this study was to optimize methods for decellularization of murine lymph nodes (LN) and to determine if these scaffolds can be used to tissue engineer lymph node-like structures. METHODS AND RESULTS LNs were harvested from adult mice and subjected to various decellularization protocols. The degree of decellularization and removal of nuclear material was analyzed histologically and quantitatively using DNA isolation. In addition, we analyzed histological architecture by staining for matrix proteins. After the optimal method of decellularization was identified, decellularized constructs were implanted in the renal capsule of syngeneic or allogeneic recipient mice and analyzed for antigenicity. Finally, to determine if decellularized constructs could deliver lymphocytes to recipient animals, the matrices were repopulated with splenocytes, implanted in submuscular pockets, and harvested 14 days later. Decellularization was best accomplished with the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), resulting in negligible residual cellular material but maintenance of LN architecture. Implantation of decellularized LNs into syngeneic or allogeneic mice did not elicit a significant antigenic response. In addition, repopulation of decellularized LNs with splenocytes resulted in successful in vivo cellular delivery. CONCLUSIONS We show, for the first time, that LNs can be successfully decellularized and that these matrices have preserved extracellular matrix architecture and the potential to deliver leukocytes in vivo. Future studies are needed to determine if tissue engineered lymph nodes maintain immunologic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Cuzzone
- The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York
| | - Nicholas J Albano
- The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York
| | - Seth Z Aschen
- The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York
| | - Swapna Ghanta
- The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- The Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York
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152
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Bertanha M, Moroz A, Jaldin RG, Silva RA, Rinaldi JC, Golim MA, Felisbino SL, Domingues MA, Sobreira ML, Reis PP, Deffune E. Morphofunctional characterization of decellularized vena cava as tissue engineering scaffolds. Exp Cell Res 2014; 326:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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153
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Application of detergents or high hydrostatic pressure as decellularization processes in uterine tissues and their subsequent effects on in vivo uterine regeneration in murine models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103201. [PMID: 25057942 PMCID: PMC4109986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility caused by ovarian or tubal problems can be treated using In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer (IVF-ET); however, this is not possible for women with uterine loss and malformations that require uterine reconstruction for the treatment of their infertility. In this study, we are the first to report the usefulness of decellularized matrices as a scaffold for uterine reconstruction. Uterine tissues were extracted from Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and decellularized using either sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at optimized conditions. Histological staining and quantitative analysis showed that both SDS and HHP methods effectively removed cells from the tissues with, specifically, a significant reduction of DNA contents for HHP constructs. HHP constructs highly retained the collagen content, the main component of extracellular matrices in uterine tissue, compared to SDS constructs and had similar content levels of collagen to the native tissue. The mechanical strength of the HHP constructs was similar to that of the native tissue, while that of the SDS constructs was significantly elevated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed no apparent denaturation of collagen fibers in the HHP constructs compared to the SDS constructs. Transplantation of the decellularized tissues into rat uteri revealed the successful regeneration of the uterine tissues with a 3-layer structure 30 days after the transplantation. Moreover, a lot of epithelial gland tissue and Ki67 positive cells were detected. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that the regenerated tissues have a normal response to ovarian hormone for pregnancy. The subsequent pregnancy test after 30 days transplantation revealed successful pregnancy for both the SDS and HHP groups. These findings indicate that the decellularized matrix from the uterine tissue can be a potential scaffold for uterine regeneration.
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154
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Jana S, Tefft BJ, Spoon DB, Simari RD. Scaffolds for tissue engineering of cardiac valves. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2877-93. [PMID: 24675108 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineered heart valves offer a promising alternative for the replacement of diseased heart valves avoiding the limitations faced with currently available bioprosthetic and mechanical heart valves. In the paradigm of tissue engineering, a three-dimensional platform - the so-called scaffold - is essential for cell proliferation, growth and differentiation, as well as the ultimate generation of a functional tissue. A foundation for success in heart valve tissue engineering is a recapitulation of the complex design and diverse mechanical properties of a native valve. This article reviews technological details of the scaffolds that have been applied to date in heart valve tissue engineering research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jana
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - B J Tefft
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - D B Spoon
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - R D Simari
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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155
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Nam K, Matsushima R, Kimura T, Fujisato T, Kishida A. In Vivo Characterization of a Decellularized Dermis-Polymer Complex for Use in Percutaneous Devices. Artif Organs 2014; 38:1060-5. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwangwoo Nam
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - Rie Matsushima
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kimura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - Toshiya Fujisato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Osaka Institute of Technology; Osaka Japan
| | - Akio Kishida
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering; Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Tokyo Japan
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156
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Wong ML, Griffiths LG. Immunogenicity in xenogeneic scaffold generation: antigen removal vs. decellularization. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1806-16. [PMID: 24486910 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research have been undertaken towards the goal of tissue engineering using xenogeneic scaffolds. The primary advantages associated with use of xenogeneic tissue-derived scaffolds for in vitro development of replacement tissues and organs stem from the inherent extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and architecture. Native ECM possesses appropriate mechanical properties for physiological function of the biomaterial and signals for cell binding, growth and differentiation. Additionally, xenogeneic tissue is readily available. However, translation of xenogeneic scaffold-derived engineered tissues or organs into clinical therapies requires xenoantigenicity of the material to be adequately addressed prior to implantation. Failure to achieve this goal will result in a graft-specific host immune rejection response, jeopardizing in vivo survival of the resultant scaffold, tissue or organ. This review explores (i) the appropriateness of scaffold acellularity as an outcome measure for assessing reduction of the immunological barriers to the use of xenogeneic scaffolds for tissue engineering applications and (ii) the need for tissue engineers to strive for antigen removal during xenogeneic scaffold generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelene L Wong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine: Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Leigh G Griffiths
- Department of Veterinary Medicine: Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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157
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Complete cell killing by applying high hydrostatic pressure for acellular vascular graft preparation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:379607. [PMID: 24877088 PMCID: PMC4022071 DOI: 10.1155/2014/379607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pressure treatment has been developed in tissue engineering application. Although the tissue scaffold prepared by a ultrahydrostatic pressure treatment has been reported, an excessive pressure has a potential to disrupt a structure of extracellular matrix through protein denaturation. It is important to understand the suitable low-pressure condition and mechanisms for cell killing. In this study, cellular morphology, mitochondria activity, and membrane permeability of mammalian cells with various pressure treatments were investigated with in vitro models. When the cells were treated with a pressure of 100 MPa for 10 min, cell morphology and adherence were the same as an untreated cells. Dehydrogenase activity in mitochondria was almost the same as untreated cells. On the other hand, when the cells were treated with the pressure of more than 200 MPa, the cells did not adhere, and the dehydrogenase activity was completely suppressed. However, green fluorescence was observed in the live/dead staining images, and the cells were completely stained as red after above 500 MPa. That is, membrane permeability was disturbed with the pressure treatment of above 500 MPa. These results indicated that the pressure of 200 MPa for 10 min was enough to induce cell killing through inactivation of mitochondria activity.
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158
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Azhim A, Syazwani N, Morimoto Y, Furukawa KS, Ushida T. The use of sonication treatment to decellularize aortic tissues for preparation of bioscaffolds. J Biomater Appl 2014; 29:130-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328213517579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel decellularization method using sonication treatment is described. Sonication treatment is the combination of physical and chemical agents. These methods will disrupt cell membrane and release cell contents to external environments. The cell removal was facilitated by subsequent rinsing of sodium dodecyl sulfate detergents. Sonication treatment is used in the preparation of complete decellularized bioscaffolds. The aim of this study is to confirm the usefulness of sonication treatment for preparation of biological scaffolds. In this study, samples of aortic tissues are decellularized by sonication treatment at frequency of 170 kHz in 0.1% and 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate detergents for 10-h treatment time. The relation between decellularization and sonication parameters such as dissolved oxygen concentration, conductivity, and pH is investigated. Histological analysis and biomechanical testing is performed to evaluate cell removal efficiency as well as changes in biomechanical properties. Minimal inflammation response elicit by bioscaffolds is confirmed by xenogeneic implantation and immunohistochemistry. Sonication treatment is able to produce complete decellularized tissue suggesting that these treatments could be applied widely as one of the decellularization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Azhim
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, UTM, Johor, Malaysia
- The Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Japan
| | - N Syazwani
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Y Morimoto
- Department of Internal Physiology Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - KS Furukawa
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Japan
| | - T Ushida
- The Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Japan
- Department of Internal Physiology Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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159
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Matsushima R, Nam K, Shimatsu Y, Kimura T, Fujisato T, Kishida A. Decellularized dermis-polymer complex provides a platform for soft-to-hard tissue interfaces. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 35:354-62. [PMID: 24411388 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To develop a soft-to-hard tissue interface, we made a decellularized dermis/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) complex by soaking the decellularized dermis in methyl methacrylate (MMA) and an initiator, and then polymerizing the MMA. The decellularized tissue was chosen because of its good biocompatibility and the easiness of suturing it, and MMA because of its hard tissue compatibility and wide use in the biomedical field. The MMA filled the cavities in the dermis and polymerized within 10 min. No leaking or polymer aggregation was observed, implying that a homogenous tissue-polymer complex had formed. The cell infiltration and the integration between the tissue and the dermis occurred in vivo, whereas the cells could not infiltrate the tissue-polymer complex. This implies that the interface tissue should possess both complex and noncomplex parts, where the cells infiltrate the noncomplex part and stop when they encounter the complex part, integrating the soft and hard tissue or hard polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Matsushima
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kwangwoo Nam
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shimatsu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kimura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Toshiya Fujisato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Akio Kishida
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan.
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160
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Hrebikova H, Diaz D, Mokry J. Chemical decellularization: a promising approach for preparation of extracellular matrix. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2013; 159:12-7. [PMID: 24145768 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2013.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A biological scaffold from extracellular matrix can be produced by a variety of decellularization methods whose caveat consists in efficiently eliminating cells from the treated tissue. This scaffold can be used in diverse applications for tissue engineering and organ regeneration. Preservation of the extracellular matrix ultrastructure is highly desirable because of its unique architecture, contained growth factors and decreased immunological response. All of these properties provide attachment sites and adequate environment for cells colonizing this scaffold, reconstituting the decellularized organ. This review briefly describes chemical decellularization methods, evaluation of these protocols and the role of ECM in tissue engineering. CONCLUSION Chemical decellularization is an often used method for scaffold preparation and makes possible a well-preserved three dimensional structure of extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Hrebikova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870, Hradec Kralove
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161
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Bertanha M, Moroz A, Almeida R, Alves FC, Acorci Valério MJ, Moura R, Domingues MAC, Sobreira ML, Deffune E. Tissue-engineered blood vessel substitute by reconstruction of endothelium using mesenchymal stem cells induced by platelet growth factors. J Vasc Surg 2013; 59:1677-85. [PMID: 23830317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases remain leaders as the major causes of mortality in Western society. Restoration of the circulation through construction of bypass surgical treatment is regarded as the gold standard treatment of peripheral vascular diseases, and grafts are necessary for this purpose. The great saphenous vein is often not available and synthetic grafts have their limitations. Therefore, new techniques to produce alternative grafts have been developed and, in this sense, tissue engineering is a promising alternative to provide biocompatible grafts. This study objective was to reconstruct the endothelium layer of decellularized vein scaffolds, using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and growth factors obtained from platelets. METHODS Fifteen nonpregnant female adult rabbits were used for all experiments. Adipose tissue and vena cava were obtained and subjected to MSCs isolation and tissue decellularization, respectively. MSCs were subjected to differentiation using endothelial inductor growth factor (EIGF) obtained from human platelet lysates. Immunofluorescence, histological and immunohistochemical analyses were employed for the final characterization of the obtained blood vessel substitute. RESULTS The scaffolds were successfully decellularized with sodium dodecyl sulfate. MSCs actively adhered at the scaffolds, and through stimulation with EIGF were differentiated into functional endothelial cells, secreting significantly higher quantities of von Willebrand factor (0.85 μg/mL; P < .05) than cells cultivated under the same conditions, without EIGF (0.085 μg/mL). Cells with evident morphologic characteristics of endothelium were seen at the lumen of the scaffolds. These cells also stained positive for fascin protein, which is highly expressed by differentiated endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the use of decellularized bioscaffold and subcutaneous MSCs seems to be a potential approach to obtain bioengineered blood vessels, in the presence of EIGF supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Bertanha
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Vascular Laboratory, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil; Cell Engineering Laboratory, Blood Transfusion Center, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil.
| | - Andrei Moroz
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, Blood Transfusion Center, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil; Department of Morphology, Extracellular Matrix Laboratory, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, UNESP-Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Almeida
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, Blood Transfusion Center, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Flavia Cilene Alves
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, Blood Transfusion Center, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Michele Janegitz Acorci Valério
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, Blood Transfusion Center, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Regina Moura
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Vascular Laboratory, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Marcone Lima Sobreira
- Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Vascular Laboratory, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Elenice Deffune
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, Blood Transfusion Center, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil; Department of Urology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Paulista State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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162
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Eichhorn S, Baier D, Horst D, Schreiber U, Lahm H, Lange R, Krane M. Pressure shift freezing as potential alternative for generation of decellularized scaffolds. Int J Biomater 2013; 2013:693793. [PMID: 23818900 PMCID: PMC3683481 DOI: 10.1155/2013/693793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Protocols using chemical reagents for scaffold decellularization can cause changes in the properties of the matrix, depending on the type of tissue and the chemical reagent. Technologies using physical techniques may be possible alternatives for the production grafts with potential superior matrix characteristics. Material and Methods. We tested four different technologies for scaffold decellularization. Group 1: high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), 1 GPa; Group 2: pressure shift freezing (PSF); Group 3: pulsed electric fields (PEF); Group 4: control group: detergent (SDS). The degree of decellularization was assessed by histological analysis and the measurement of residual DNA. Results. Tissue treated with PSF showed a decellularization with a penetration depth (PD) of 1.5 mm and residual DNA content of 24% ± 3%. HHD treatment caused a PD of 0.2 mm with a residual DNA content of 28% ± .4%. PD in PEF was 0.5 mm, and the residual DNA content was 49% ± 7%. In the SDS group, PD was found to be 5 mm, and the DNA content was determined at 5% ± 2%. Conclusion. PSF showed promising results as a possible technique for scaffold decellularization. The penetration depth of PSF has to be optimized, and the mechanical as well as the biological characteristics of decellularized grafts have to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Eichhorn
- German Heart Center Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - D. Baier
- Institute for Food Biotechnology and Process Engineering, Technical University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Horst
- Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - U. Schreiber
- German Heart Center Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - H. Lahm
- German Heart Center Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - R. Lange
- German Heart Center Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - M. Krane
- German Heart Center Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
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163
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Liem PH, Morimoto N, Ito R, Kawai K, Suzuki S. Autologous skin reconstruction by combining epidermis and acellular dermal matrix tissue derived from the skin of giant congenital melanocytic nevi. J Artif Organs 2013; 16:332-42. [PMID: 23644894 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-013-0708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Giant congenital melanocytic nevi (GCMN) are defined as nevi greater than 20 cm in diameter. It is difficult to completely remove GCMN because of the lack of available skin grafts for covering the resultant defects. This study examined whether it is possible to produce reconstructed skin by combining epidermal and acellular dermal matrix (ADM) tissue derived from excised GCMN. GCMN skin samples were obtained with the informed consent of volunteer patients. The abilities of hypertonic saline (1 N NaCl), 0.05% trypsin, 0.1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to decellularize GCMN tissue were compared. The specimens were incubated in one of the test solutions at 37 °C for 48 h, before being washed with PBS at 4 °C for 14 days. Residual nuclei, residual DNA, nevus tissue viability, and the structural integrity of the basement membrane and capillaries were evaluated before treatment, and after 48 h' treatment with or without 7 or 14 days' washing. We tried to produce reconstructed skin by combining the resultant ADM with enzymatically separated GCMN epidermal tissue. The histological structure of the reconstructed skin was examined after it had been cultured for 5 days. In the SDS group, most cells had been removed after 48 h, and the DNA content of the ADM was significantly lower than in the other groups. As for viability, no significant difference was detected among the groups. The basement membrane and capillaries remained intact in all groups. After 5 days' culturing, the epidermis had become attached to the ADM in all groups, except the SDS group. SDS displayed a superior decellularization ability compared with the other methods; however, it cannot be used to produce reconstructed skin because of its toxicity. In conclusion, we produced reconstructed skin that was devoid of nevus cells by combining GCMN epidermal tissue with GCMN-derived ADM produced with NaCl or trypsin. This is a promising treatment strategy for giant nevus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Hieu Liem
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,
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164
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Sugita S, Matsumoto T. Quantitative measurement of the distribution and alignment of collagen fibers in unfixed aortic tissues. J Biomech 2013; 46:1403-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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165
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Thakkar S, Ghebes CA, Ahmed M, Kelder C, van Blitterswijk CA, Saris D, Fernandes HAM, Moroni L. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular matrix influences gene expression of chondrocytes. Biofabrication 2013; 5:025003. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/5/2/025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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166
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Negishi J, Funamoto S, Kimura T, Nam K, Higami T, Kishida A. Porcine radial artery decellularization by high hydrostatic pressure. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:E144-51. [PMID: 23233238 DOI: 10.1002/term.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many types of decellularized tissues have been studied and some have been commercially used in clinics. In this study, small-diameter vascular grafts were made using HHP to decellularize porcine radial arteries. One decellularization method, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), has been used to prepare the decellularized porcine tissues. Low-temperature treatment was effective in preserving collagen and collagen structures in decellularized porcine carotid arteries. The collagen and elastin structures and mechanical properties of HHP-decellularized radial arteries were similar to those of untreated radial arteries. Xenogeneic transplantation (into rats) was performed using HHP-decellularized radial arteries and an untreated porcine radial artery. Two weeks after transplantation into rat carotid arteries, the HHP-decellularized radial arteries were patent and without thrombosis. In addition, the luminal surface of each decellularized artery was covered by recipient endothelial cells and the arterial medium was fully infiltrated with recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Negishi
- Division of Biofunctional Molecules, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Seiichi Funamoto
- Division of Biofunctional Molecules, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (CREST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kimura
- Division of Biofunctional Molecules, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (CREST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Kwangoo Nam
- Division of Biofunctional Molecules, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (CREST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higami
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akio Kishida
- Division of Biofunctional Molecules, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (CREST), Saitama, Japan
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167
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Ofenbauer A, Sebinger DDR, Prewitz M, Gruber P, Werner C. Dewaxed ECM: A simple method for analyzing cell behaviour on decellularized extracellular matrices. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:1046-55. [PMID: 23172824 DOI: 10.1002/term.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Decellularization techniques have been used on a wide variety of tissues to create cell-seedable scaffolds for tissue engineering. Finding a suitable decellularization protocol for a certain type of tissue can be laborious, especially when organ perfusion devices are needed. In this study, we report a quick and simple method for comparing decellularization protocols combining the use of paraffin slices and two-dimensional cell cultures. We developed three decellularization protocols for adult murine kidney that yielded decellularized extracellular matrices (ECMs) with varying histological properties. The resulting paraffin-embedded ECM slices were deparaffinized and reseeded with murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs). We analyzed cell attachment four days post seeding via determination of cell numbers, and used quantitative Real-Time PCR 13 days post seeding to measure gene expression levels of two genes associated with renal development, Pax2 and Pou3f3. The three decellularization protocols produced kidney-matrices that showed clearly distinguishable results. We demonstrated that formerly paraffin-embedded decellularized ECMs can effectively influence differentiation of stem cells. This method can be used to identify optimal decellularization protocols for recellularization of three-dimensional tissue-scaffolds with embryonic stem cells and other tissue-specific cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ofenbauer
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Hohe Str. 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Daniel Raphael Sebinger
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Hohe Str. 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marina Prewitz
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Hohe Str. 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Hohe Str. 6, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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168
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Abstract
Decellularized tissues have been successfully used in a variety of tissue engineering/regenerative medicine applications, and more recently decellularized organs have been utilized in the first stages of organ engineering. The protocols used to decellularize simple tissues versus intact organs differ greatly. Herein, the most commonly used decellularization methods for both surgical mesh materials and whole organs are described, with consideration given to how these different processes affect the extracellular matrix and the host response to the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Gilbert
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, and Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224, USA.
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169
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Sheridan WS, Duffy GP, Murphy BP. Mechanical characterization of a customized decellularized scaffold for vascular tissue engineering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 8:58-70. [PMID: 22402154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several challenges persist when attempting to utilize decellularized tissue as a scaffold for vascular tissue engineering. Namely: poor cell infiltration/migration, excessive culture times associated with repopulating the scaffolds, and the achievement of a quiescent medial layer. In an attempt to create an optimum vascular scaffold, we customized the properties of decellularized porcine carotid arteries by: (i) creating cavities within the medial layer to allow direct injection of cells, and (ii) controlling the amount of collagen digestion to increase the porosity. Histological examination of our customized scaffold revealed a highly porous tissue structure containing consistent medial cavities running longitudinally through the porous scaffold wall. Mechanical testing of the customized scaffold showed that our minimal localized disruption to the ECM does not have a detrimental effect on the bulk mechanical response of the tissue. The results demonstrate that an increased stiffness and reduced distensibility occurs after decellularization when compared to the native tissue, however post scaffold customization we can revert the scaffold tensile properties back to that of the native tissue. This most noteworthy result occurs in the elastin dominant phase of the tensile response of the scaffold, indicating that no disruption has occurred to the elastin network by our decellularization and customization techniques. Additionally, the bulk seeding potential of the customized scaffold was demonstrated by direct injection of human smooth muscle cells through the medial cavities. The optimum cell dispersion was observed in the highest porosity scaffold, with large cell numbers retained within the medial layer after 24 h static culture. In summary, this study presents a novel customized decellularized vascular scaffold that has the capability of bulk seeding the media, and in tandem to this method, the porosity of the scaffold has been increased without compromising the mechanical integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Sheridan
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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170
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Taguchi T. Assembly of cells and vesicles for organ engineering. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2011; 12:064703. [PMID: 27877453 PMCID: PMC5090668 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/12/6/064703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of materials and technologies for the assembly of cells and/or vesicles is a key for the next generation of tissue engineering. Since the introduction of the tissue engineering concept in 1993, various types of scaffolds have been developed for the regeneration of connective tissues in vitro and in vivo. Cartilage, bone and skin have been successfully regenerated in vitro, and these regenerated tissues have been applied clinically. However, organs such as the liver and pancreas constitute numerous cell types, contain small amounts of extracellular matrix, and are highly vascularized. Therefore, organ engineering will require the assembly of cells and/or vesicles. In particular, adhesion between cells/vesicles will be required for regeneration of organs in vitro. This review introduces and discusses the key technologies and materials for the assembly of cells/vesicles for organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Taguchi
- Biofunctional Materials Unit, Nano-Bio Field, Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
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171
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The effect of decellularized bone/bone marrow produced by high-hydrostatic pressurization on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7060-7. [PMID: 21724252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized bone/bone marrow was prepared to provide a microenvironment mimicking that of the bone marrow for three-dimensional culture in vitro. Bone/bone marrows were hydrostatically pressed at 980 MPa at 30 °C for 10 min to dismantle the cells. Then, they were washed with EGM-2 and further treated in an 80% EtOH to remove the cell debris and lipid, respectively. After being rinsed and shaken with PBS again, treated bone/bone marrows were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H-E) to assess the efficacy of decellularization. Cells were determined to have been completely removed through H-E staining of their sections and DNA quantification. Rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) were seeded on the decellularized bone/bone marrows and cultured for 21 days. The adhesion of rMSCs on or into decellularized bone/bone marrows was confirmed and proliferated over time in culture. The osteogenic differentiation effect of decellularized bone/bone marrows on rMSCs in the presence or absence of dexamethasone was investigated. Decellularized bone/bone marrows without dexamethasone significantly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, indicating promoted osteogenic differentiation of rMSCs. In an animal study, when decellularized bone/bone marrows were implanted into the rat subcutaneous, no immune reaction occurred and clusters of the hematopoietic cells could be observed, suggesting the decellularized bone/bone marrows can provide a microenvironment in vivo.
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172
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Negishi J, Funamoto S, Kimura T, Nam K, Higami T, Kishida A. Effect of treatment temperature on collagen structures of the decellularized carotid artery using high hydrostatic pressure. J Artif Organs 2011; 14:223-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10047-011-0570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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173
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Hoshiba T, Lu H, Kawazoe N, Chen G. Decellularized matrices for tissue engineering. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 10:1717-28. [PMID: 21058932 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.534079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Biomimetic scaffolds and substrates of extracellular matrices (ECMs) play an important role in the regulation of cell function and in the guidance of new tissue regeneration, as an ECM has the intrinsic cues necessary to communicate with and dictate to cells. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This paper reviews the latest developments in ECM scaffolds and substrates obtained from decellularized tissues, organs or cultured cells and their application in tissue engineering. The ECM composition, structure, interaction with surrounding cells, preparation method and usage in the regeneration of various tissues and organs are summarised. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The advantages and challenges of decellularized matrices are highlighted. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Similarity in the composition, microstructure and biomechanical properties of the decellularized scaffolds and substrates to those of the native tissues and organs maximizes the promotion effect in the regeneration of both structural and functional tissues and organs. Simple tissues as well as complicated organs have been decellularized and decellularization methods have been optimized to completely remove the cellular components while keeping the ECM intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hoshiba
- National Institute for Materials Science, Biomaterials Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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174
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Crapo PM, Gilbert TW, Badylak SF. An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes. Biomaterials 2011; 32:3233-43. [PMID: 21296410 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2245] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biologic scaffold materials composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) are typically derived by processes that involve decellularization of tissues or organs. Preservation of the complex composition and three-dimensional ultrastructure of the ECM is highly desirable but it is recognized that all methods of decellularization result in disruption of the architecture and potential loss of surface structure and composition. Physical methods and chemical and biologic agents are used in combination to lyse cells, followed by rinsing to remove cell remnants. Effective decellularization methodology is dictated by factors such as tissue density and organization, geometric and biologic properties desired for the end product, and the targeted clinical application. Tissue decellularization with preservation of ECM integrity and bioactivity can be optimized by making educated decisions regarding the agents and techniques utilized during processing. An overview of decellularization methods, their effect upon resulting ECM structure and composition, and recently described perfusion techniques for whole organ decellularization techniques are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Crapo
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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175
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Azhim A, Yamagami K, Muramatsu K, Morimoto Y, Tanaka M. The use of sonication treatment to completely decellularize blood arteries: a pilot study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2011; 2011:2468-2471. [PMID: 22254841 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6090685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a novel sonication decellularization system to prepare completely decellularized bioscaffolds in a short treatment time. The aim of the study is to investigate the sonication decellularization efficiency and its relation with ultrasonic power output and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in different detergent solution. In the study, we used aorta samples to evaluate sonication decellularization efficiency, which assessed treatment duration, sonication power and SDS detergent with/without saline. The treated samples were evaluated histologically by Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) photographs. The concentration of DO was monitored to identify the effect of sonication on cavitation-related DO concentration in the solution. From histological results, the sonication decellularization efficiency was better than the other preparation methods. Decellularization efficiency was tended to increase significantly when DO value decreasing after 6 hours of treatment. In conclusion, we conclude that sonication treatment can be used to prepare the complete decellularized scaffolds in short treatment time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Azhim
- Frontier R& D Center, Tokyo Denki University, Hatoyama 350-0394, Japan.
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