151
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Heparin-gelatin mixture improves vascular reconstruction efficiency and hepatic function in bioengineered livers. Acta Biomater 2016; 38:82-93. [PMID: 27134015 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Whole organ decellularization is a cell removal process that creates a natural extracellular matrix for use in transplantation. A lack of an intact endothelial layer in the vascular network of decellularized organs results in blood clotting even with anti-coagulation treatment. Furthermore, shear stress caused by blood flow may affect reseeded parenchymal cells. We hypothesized that a heparin-gelatin mixture (HG) can act as an antithrombotic coating reagent and induce attachment and migration of endothelial cells (ECs) on vascular wall surfaces within decellularized livers, with subsequent parenchymal cell function enhancement. Portal vein (PV) perfusion was performed for right lateral lobe decellularization of porcine livers. We tested if HG-precoating of isolated decellularized PV could increase EC attachment and migration. Additionally, we coated PV and hepatic artery walls in decellularized liver with HG, and then repopulated it with ECs and maintained it under vascular flow in a bioreactor for 10days. Re-endothelialized scaffolds were perfused with porcine blood for thrombogenicity evaluation. We then co-cultured hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and ECs to evaluate the effect of endothelialization on parenchymal cells. Finally, we transplanted these scaffolds heterotopically in pigs. HG improved ECs' ability to migrate and adhere to vessel discs. ECs efficiently covered the vascular compartments within decellularized scaffolds and maintained function and proliferation after HG-precoating. No thrombosis was observed after 24h blood perfusion in HG-precoated scaffolds, indicating an efficiently endothelialized vascular tree. HepG2 cells displayed a higher function in scaffolds endothelialized after HG-precoating compared to uncoated scaffolds in vitro and after in vivo transplantation. Our results lay the groundwork for engineering human-sized whole-liver scaffolds for clinical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A major obstacle to successful organ bioengineering is vasculature reconstruction to avoid thrombosis and deliver nutrients through blood to the whole scaffold after in vivo transplantation. Although many attempts have been made to construct endothelial cell layers on the vascular network within decellularized organs, complete coverage has not be achieved. Here, we describe an effective approach for endothelial cell seeding to reconstruct a patent vascular tree within decellularized livers by coating the vasculature using heparin-gelatin mixture. Our results have demonstrate that enhancement of endothelial cell attachment by heparin-gelatin treatment could improve vascular patency and parenchymal cell function in vitro and in vivo. These results represent a significant advancement toward bioengineering functional liver tissue that maintains vascular patency for transplantation.
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152
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Poornejad N, Schaumann LB, Buckmiller EM, Momtahan N, Gassman JR, Ma HH, Roeder BL, Reynolds PR, Cook AD. The impact of decellularization agents on renal tissue extracellular matrix. J Biomater Appl 2016; 31:521-533. [PMID: 27312837 DOI: 10.1177/0885328216656099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The combination of patient-specific cells with scaffolds obtained from natural sources may result in improved regeneration of human tissues. Decellularization of the native tissue is the first step in this technology. Effective decellularization uses agents that lyse cells and remove all cellular materials, leaving intact collagenous extracellular matrices (ECMs). Removing cellular remnants prevents an immune response while preserving the underlying structure. In this study, the impact of five decellularization agents (0.1 N NaOH, 1% peracetic acid, 3% Triton X-100, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 0.05% trypsin/EDTA) on renal tissue was examined using slices of porcine kidneys. The NaOH solution induced the most efficient cell removal, and resulted in the highest amount of cell viability and proliferation after recellularization, although it also produced the most significant damage to collagenous fiber networks, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The SDS solution led to less severe damage to the ECM structure but it resulted in lower metabolic activity and less proliferation. Peracetic acid and Triton X-100 resulted in minimum disruption of ECMs and the most preserved GAGs and FGF. However, these last two agents were not as efficient in removing cellular materials as NaOH and SDS, especially peracetic acid, which left more than 80% of cellular material within the ECM. As a proof of principle, after completing the comparison studies using slices of renal ECM, the NaOH process was used to decellularize a whole kidney, with good results. The overall results demonstrate the significant effect of cell lysing agents and the importance of developing an optimized protocol to avoid extensive damage to the ECM while retaining the ability to support cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Poornejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Lara B Schaumann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Evan M Buckmiller
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Nima Momtahan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jason R Gassman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Ho Hin Ma
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Paul R Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Alonzo D Cook
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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153
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Abstract
Worldwide, increasing numbers of patients are developing end-stage renal disease, and at present, the only treatment options are dialysis or kidney transplantation. Dialysis is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, poor life quality and high economic costs. Transplantation is by far the better option, but there are insufficient numbers of donor kidneys available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore alternative approaches. In this review, we discuss how this problem could potentially be addressed by using autologous cells and appropriate scaffolds to develop 'bioengineered' kidneys for transplantation. In particular, we will highlight recent breakthroughs in pluripotent stem cell biology that have led to the development of autologous renal progenitor cells capable of differentiating to all renal cell types and will discuss how these cells could be combined with appropriate scaffolds to develop a bioengineered kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wilm
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX UK
| | - Riccardo Tamburrini
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Wake Forest Baptist Hospital, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Giuseppe Orlando
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Wake Forest Baptist Hospital, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Patricia Murray
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX UK
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154
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Kasukonis BM, Kim JT, Washington TA, Wolchok JC. Development of an infusion bioreactor for the accelerated preparation of decellularized skeletal muscle scaffolds. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:745-55. [PMID: 26949076 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The implantation of decellularized tissue has shown effectiveness as a strategy for the treatment of volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries. The preparation of decellularized tissue typically relies on the diffusion driven removal of cellular debris. For bulky tissues like muscle, the process can be lengthy, which introduces opportunities for both tissue contamination and degradation of key ECM molecules. In this study we report on the accelerated preparation of decellularized skeletal muscle (DSM) scaffolds using a infusion system and examine scaffold performance for the repair of VML injuries. The preparation of DSM scaffolds using infusion was dramatically accelerated. As the infusion rate (1% SDS) was increased from 0.1 to 1 and 10ml/hr, the time needed to remove intracellular myoglobin and actin decreased from a maximum of 140 ± 3hrs to 45 ± 3hrs and 10 ± 2hrs respectively. Although infusion appeared to remove cellular debris more aggressively, it did not significantly decrease the collagen or glycosaminoglycan composition of DSM samples when compared to un-infused controls. Infusion prepared DSM samples retained the aligned network structure and mechanical integrity of control samples. Infusion prepared DSM samples supported the attachment and in-vitro proliferation of myoblast cells and was well tolerated by the host when examined in-vivo. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:745-755, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Kasukonis
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - John T Kim
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Dept. of Health, Human Performance, and Health Professionals, College of Education and Health Professionals, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Jeffrey C Wolchok
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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155
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Hussein KH, Park KM, Kang KS, Woo HM. Biocompatibility evaluation of tissue-engineered decellularized scaffolds for biomedical application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 67:766-778. [PMID: 27287176 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials based on seeding of cells on decellularized scaffolds have gained increasing interest in the last few years and suggested to serve as an alternative approach to bioengineer artificial organs and tissues for transplantation. The reaction of the host toward the decellularized scaffold and transplanted cells depends on the biocompatibility of the construct. Before proceeding to the clinical application step of decellularized scaffolds, it is greatly important to apply a number of biocompatibility tests in vitro and in vivo. This review describes the different methodology involved in cytotoxicity, pathogenicity, immunogenicity and biodegradability testing for evaluating the biocompatibility of various decellularized matrices obtained from human or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Hany Hussein
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Mee Park
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Institue of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Heung-Myong Woo
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, Korea; Institue of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, USA.
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156
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Willenberg BJ, Oca-Cossio J, Cai Y, Brown AR, Clapp WL, Abrahamson DR, Terada N, Ellison GW, Mathews CE, Batich CD, Ross EA. Repurposed biological scaffolds: kidney to pancreas. Organogenesis 2016; 11:47-57. [PMID: 26252820 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2015.1067354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in organ regeneration have been facilitated by gentle decellularization protocols that maintain distinct tissue compartments, and thereby allow seeding of blood vessels with endothelial lineages separate from populations of the parenchyma with tissue-specific cells. We hypothesized that a reconstituted vasculature could serve as a novel platform for perfusing cells derived from a different organ: thus discordance of origin between the vascular and functional cells, leading to a hybrid repurposed organ. The need for a highly vascular bed is highlighted by tissue engineering approaches that involve transplantation of just cells, as attempted for insulin production to treat human diabetes. Those pancreatic islet cells present unique challenges since large numbers are needed to allow the cell-to-cell signaling required for viability and proper function; however, increasing their number is limited by inadequate perfusion and hypoxia. As proof of principle of the repurposed organ methodology we harnessed the vasculature of a kidney scaffold while seeding the collecting system with insulin-producing cells. Pig kidneys were decellularized by sequential detergent, enzymatic and rinsing steps. Maintenance of distinct vascular and collecting system compartments was demonstrated by both fluorescent 10 micron polystyrene microspheres and cell distributions in tissue sections. Sterilized acellular scaffolds underwent seeding separately via the artery (fibroblasts or endothelioma cells) and retrograde (murine βTC-tet cells) up the ureter. After three-day bioreactor incubation, histology confirmed separation of cells in the vasculature from those in the collecting system. βTC-tet clusters survived in tubules, glomerular Bowman's space, demonstrated insulin immunolabeling, and thereby supported the feasibility of kidney-to-pancreas repurposing.
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157
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A panel data set on harvest and perfusion decellularization of porcine rectus abdominis. Data Brief 2016; 7:1375-82. [PMID: 27158653 PMCID: PMC4845073 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this dataset, we particularly depicted the harvest and perfusion decellularization of porcine rectus abdominis (RA), accompanied with displaying of the retained vascular trees within the perfusion-decellularized skeletal muscle matrix (pM-ECM) using vascular corrosion casting. In addition, several important tips for successful pM-ECM preparation were emphasized, which including using anatomically isolated skeletal muscle as tissue source with all main feeding and draining vessels perfused, preserving the internal microcirculation availability, aseptic technique and pyrogen free in all steps, sequential perfusion via artery or vein, and longtime washing after decellularization. The data are supplemental to our original research article describing detailed associations of pM-ECM as a clinically relevant scale, three-dimensional scaffold with a vascular network template for tissue-specific regeneration, “Perfusion-decellularized skeletal muscle as a three-dimensional scaffold with a vascular network template” Zhang et al. (2016) [1].
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158
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Attanasio C, Latancia MT, Otterbein LE, Netti PA. Update on Renal Replacement Therapy: Implantable Artificial Devices and Bioengineered Organs. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:330-40. [PMID: 26905099 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the fields of artificial organs and regenerative medicine are now joining forces in the areas of organ transplantation and bioengineering to solve continued challenges for patients with end-stage renal disease. The waiting lists for those needing a transplant continue to exceed demand. Dialysis, while effective, brings different challenges, including quality of life and susceptibility to infection. Unfortunately, the majority of research outputs are far from delivering satisfactory solutions. Current efforts are focused on providing a self-standing device able to recapitulate kidney function. In this review, we focus on two remarkable innovations that may offer significant clinical impact in the field of renal replacement therapy: the implantable artificial renal assist device (RAD) and the transplantable bioengineered kidney. The artificial RAD strategy utilizes micromachining techniques to fabricate a biohybrid system able to mimic renal morphology and function. The current trend in kidney bioengineering exploits the structure of the native organ to produce a kidney that is ready to be transplanted. Although these two systems stem from different technological approaches, they are both designed to be implantable, long lasting, and free standing to allow patients with kidney failure to be autonomous. However, for both of them, there are relevant issues that must be addressed before translation into clinical use and these are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Attanasio
- 1 Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcela T Latancia
- 2 Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leo E Otterbein
- 2 Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paolo A Netti
- 1 Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Napoli, Italy
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159
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Poornejad N, Schaumann LB, Buckmiller EM, Roeder BL, Cook AD. Current Cell-Based Strategies for Whole Kidney Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:358-370. [PMID: 26905375 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases affect thousands of people worldwide. Although hemodialysis alleviates the situation by filtering the patient's blood, it does not replace other kidney functions such as hormone release or homeostasis regulation. Consequently, orthotopic transplantation of donor organs is the ultimate treatment for patients suffering from end-stage renal failure. Unfortunately, the number of patients on the waiting list far exceeds the number of donors. In addition, recipients must remain on immunosuppressive medications for the remainder of their lives, which increases the risk of morbidity due to their weakened immune system. Despite recent advancements in whole organ transplantation, 40% of recipients will face rejection of implanted organs with a life expectancy of only 10 years. Bioengineered patient-specific kidneys could be an inexhaustible source of healthy kidneys without the risk of immune rejection. The purpose of this article is to review the pros and cons of several bioengineering strategies used in recent years and their unresolved issues. These strategies include repopulation of natural scaffolds with a patient's cells, de-novo generation of kidneys using patient-induced pluripotent stem cells combined with stepwise differentiation, and the creation of a patient's kidney in the embryos of other mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Poornejad
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | - Lara B Schaumann
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | - Evan M Buckmiller
- 2 Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | | | - Alonzo D Cook
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
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160
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Montserrat N, Garreta E, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Regenerative strategies for kidney engineering. FEBS J 2016; 283:3303-24. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Montserrat
- Pluripotent Stem Cells and Activation of Endogenous Tissue Programs for Organ Regeneration (PR Lab) Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Spain
- Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN) Madrid Spain
| | - Elena Garreta
- Pluripotent Stem Cells and Activation of Endogenous Tissue Programs for Organ Regeneration (PR Lab) Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Spain
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161
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Poornejad N, Momtahan N, Salehi ASM, Scott DR, Fronk CA, Roeder BL, Reynolds PR, Bundy BC, Cook AD. Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior. Biomed Mater 2016; 11:025003. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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162
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Zhang J, Hu ZQ, Turner NJ, Teng SF, Cheng WY, Zhou HY, Zhang L, Hu HW, Wang Q, Badylak SF. Perfusion-decellularized skeletal muscle as a three-dimensional scaffold with a vascular network template. Biomaterials 2016; 89:114-26. [PMID: 26963901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There exists a great need for repair grafts with similar volume to human skeletal muscle that can promote the innate ability of muscle to regenerate following volumetric muscle loss. Perfusion decellularization is an attractive technique for extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold from intact mammalian organ or tissue which has been successfully used in tissue reconstruction. The perfusion-decellularization of skeletal muscle has been poorly assessed and characterized, but the bioactivity and functional capacity of the obtained perfusion skeletal muscle ECM (pM-ECM) to remodel in vivo is unknown. In the present study, pM-ECM was prepared from porcine rectus abdominis (RA). Perfusion-decellularization of porcine RA effectively removed cellular and nuclear material while retaining the intricate three-dimensional microarchitecture and vasculature networks of the native RA, and many of the bioactive ECM components and mechanical properties. In vivo, partial-thickness abdominal wall defects in rats repaired with pM-ECM showed improved neovascularization, myogenesis and functional recellularization compared to porcine-derived small intestinal submucosa (SIS). These findings show the biologic potential of RA pM-ECM as a scaffold for supporting site appropriate, tissue reconstruction, and provide a better understanding of the importance maintaining the tissue-specific complex three-dimensional architecture of ECM during decellularization and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Zhabei District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Zhi Qian Hu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Neill J Turner
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Shi Feng Teng
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Wen Yue Cheng
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Zhabei District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Hai Yang Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Hong Wei Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Zhabei District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China; Department of Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Zhabei District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200072, PR China; Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Zhabei District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200072, PR China.
| | - Stephen F Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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163
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Emerging Implications for Extracellular Matrix-Based Technologies in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1541823. [PMID: 26839554 PMCID: PMC4709778 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1541823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), limitations including complex, high dose immunosuppression regimens, lifelong risk of toxicity from immunosuppressants, acute and most critically chronic graft rejection, and suboptimal nerve regeneration remain particularly challenging obstacles restricting clinical progress. When properly configured, customized, and implemented, biomaterials derived from the extracellular matrix (ECM) retain bioactive molecules and immunomodulatory properties that can promote stem cell migration, proliferation and differentiation, and constructive functional tissue remodeling. The present paper reviews the emerging implications of ECM-based technologies in VCA, including local immunomodulation, tissue repair, nerve regeneration, minimally invasive graft targeted drug delivery, stem cell transplantation, and other donor graft manipulation.
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164
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Petrosyan A, Zanusso I, Lavarreda-Pearce M, Leslie S, Sedrakyan S, De Filippo RE, Orlando G, Da Sacco S, Perin L. Decellularized Renal Matrix and Regenerative Medicine of the Kidney: A Different Point of View. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:183-92. [PMID: 26653996 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past years, extracellular matrix (ECM) obtained from whole organ decellularization has been investigated as a platform for organ engineering. The ECM is composed of fibrous and nonfibrous molecules providing structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Multiple decellularization techniques, including ours, have been optimized to maintain the composition, microstructure, and biomechanical properties of the native renal ECM that are difficult to obtain during the generation of synthetic substrates. There are evidences suggesting that in vivo implanted renal ECM has the capacity to induce formation of vasculature-like structures, but long-term in vivo transplantation and filtration activity by these tissue-engineered constructs have not been investigated or reported. Therefore, even if the process of renal decellularization is possible, the repopulation of the renal matrix with functional renal cell types is still very challenging. This review aims to summarize the current reports on kidney tissue engineering with the use of decellularized matrices and addresses the challenges in creating functional kidney units. Finally, this review discusses how future studies investigating cell-matrix interaction may aid the generation of a functional renal unit that would be transplantable into patients one day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astgik Petrosyan
- 1 Department of Development, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Ilenia Zanusso
- 2 Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Scott Leslie
- 2 Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Sargis Sedrakyan
- 2 Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Roger E De Filippo
- 2 Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Giuseppe Orlando
- 3 Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Stefano Da Sacco
- 2 Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura Perin
- 2 Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
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165
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Nara S, Chameettachal S, Midha S, Murab S, Ghosh S. Preservation of biomacromolecular composition and ultrastructure of a decellularized cornea using a perfusion bioreactor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20745b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An attempt has been made to formulate a new method of corneal decellularization using a direct perfusion through the cornea to preserve matrix ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Nara
- Department of Textile Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Shibu Chameettachal
- Department of Textile Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Swati Midha
- Department of Textile Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Sumit Murab
- Department of Textile Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- New Delhi
- India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Department of Textile Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- New Delhi
- India
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166
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Jin M, Yaling Y, Zhibin W, Jianse Z. Decellularization of Rat Kidneys to Produce Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1397:53-63. [PMID: 26676127 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3353-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) retains three-dimensional structures for the stimulation of cell growth, with components of the ECM relatively conserved between species. Interest in the use of decellularized scaffold-based strategies for organ regeneration is increasing rapidly. Decellularized scaffolds derived from animal organs are a promising material for organ engineering, with a number of prominent advances having been reported in the past few years.In this article we describe a simple and robust methodology for generating decellularized rat kidneys. To obtain these scaffolds, we perfuse rat kidneys with detergents through the abdominal aorta. After decellularization, kidney scaffolds are harvested for evaluation of vascular structure and histology. Qualitative evaluation involves vascular corrosion casting, transmission electron microscopy, and several different histological and immunofluorescent methods. SDS residue levels are assessed by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-VIS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jin
- Anatomy Department & Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 Wenzhou University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Yu Yaling
- Anatomy Department & Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 Wenzhou University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Wang Zhibin
- Anatomy Department & Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 Wenzhou University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zhang Jianse
- Anatomy Department & Institute of Bioscaffold Transplantation and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 Wenzhou University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
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167
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Repopulation of porcine kidney scaffold using porcine primary renal cells. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:52-61. [PMID: 26596567 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The only definitive treatment for end stage renal disease is renal transplantation, however the current shortage of organ donors has resulted in a long list of patients awaiting transplant. Whole organ engineering based on decellularization/recellularization techniques has provided the possibility of creating engineered kidney constructs as an alternative to donor organ transplantation. Previous studies have demonstrated that small units of engineered kidney are able to maintain function in vivo. However, an engineered kidney with sufficient functional capacity to replace normal renal function has not yet been developed. One obstacle in the generation of such an organ is the development of effective cell seeding methods for robust colonization of engineered kidney scaffolds. We have developed cell culture methods that allow primary porcine renal cells to be efficiently expanded while maintaining normal renal phenotype. We have also established an effective cell seeding method for the repopulation of acellular porcine renal scaffolds. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrate that a majority of the expanded cells are proximal tubular cells, and the seeded cells formed tubule-like structures that express normal renal tubule phenotypic markers. Functional analysis revealed that cells within the kidney construct demonstrated normal renal functions such as re-adsorption of sodium and protein, hydrolase activity, and production of erythropoietin. These structural and functional outcomes suggest that engineered kidney scaffolds may offer an alternative to donor organ transplant. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Kidney transplantation is the only definitive treatment for end stage renal disease, however the current shortage of organ donors has limited the treatment. Whole organ engineering based on decellularization/recellularization techniques has provided the possibility of creating engineered kidney constructs as an alternative to donor organ transplantation. While previous studies have shown that small units of engineered kidneys are able to maintain function in animal studies, engineering of kidneys with sufficient functional capacity to replace normal renal function is still challenging due to inefficient cell seeding methods. This study aims to establish an effective cell seeding method using pig kidney cells for the repopulation of acellular porcine kidney scaffolds, suggesting that engineered kidneys may offer an alternative to donor organ transplant.
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168
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Batchelder CA, Martinez ML, Tarantal AF. Natural Scaffolds for Renal Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Kidney Tissue Engineering. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143849. [PMID: 26645109 PMCID: PMC4672934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the enthusiasm for bioengineering of functional renal tissues for transplantation, many obstacles remain before the potential of this technology can be realized in a clinical setting. Viable tissue engineering strategies for the kidney require identification of the necessary cell populations, efficient scaffolds, and the 3D culture conditions to develop and support the unique architecture and physiological function of this vital organ. Our studies have previously demonstrated that decellularized sections of rhesus monkey kidneys of all age groups provide a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) with sufficient structural properties with spatial and organizational influences on human embryonic stem cell (hESC) migration and differentiation. To further explore the use of decellularized natural kidney scaffolds for renal tissue engineering, pluripotent hESC were seeded in whole- or on sections of kidney ECM and cell migration and phenotype compared with the established differentiation assays for hESC. Results of qPCR and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated upregulation of renal lineage markers when hESC were cultured in decellularized scaffolds without cytokine or growth factor stimulation, suggesting a role for the ECM in directing renal lineage differentiation. hESC were also differentiated with growth factors and compared when seeded on renal ECM or a new biologically inert polysaccharide scaffold for further maturation. Renal lineage markers were progressively upregulated over time on both scaffolds and hESC were shown to express signature genes of renal progenitor, proximal tubule, endothelial, and collecting duct populations. These findings suggest that natural scaffolds enhance expression of renal lineage markers particularly when compared to embryoid body culture. The results of these studies show the capabilities of a novel polysaccharide scaffold to aid in defining a protocol for renal progenitor differentiation from hESC, and advance the promise of tissue engineering as a source of functional kidney tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A. Batchelder
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michele L. Martinez
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alice F. Tarantal
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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169
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Zhou P, Huang Y, Guo Y, Wang L, Ling C, Guo Q, Wang Y, Zhu S, Fan X, Zhu M, Huang H, Lu Y, Wang Z. Decellularization and Recellularization of Rat Livers With Hepatocytes and Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Artif Organs 2015; 40:E25-38. [PMID: 26637111 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of General Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
- Department of Emergency Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of General Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Yibing Guo
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of General Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Changchun Ling
- Department of General Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Qingsong Guo
- Department of General Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of General Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Shajun Zhu
- Department of General Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Xiangjun Fan
- Department of General Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Mingyan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Pathology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Yuhua Lu
- Department of General Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of General Surgery; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong China
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170
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Lin YQ, Wang LR, Pan LL, Wang H, Zhu GQ, Liu WY, Wang JT, Braddock M, Zheng MH. Kidney bioengineering in regenerative medicine: An emerging therapy for kidney disease. Cytotherapy 2015; 18:186-97. [PMID: 26596504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of end-stage renal disease is emerging as a serious worldwide public health problem because of the shortage of donor organs and the need to take lifelong immunosuppressive medication in patients who receive a transplanted kidney. Recently, tissue bioengineering of decellularization and recellularization scaffolds has emerged as a novel strategy for organ regeneration, and we review the critical technologies supporting these methods. We present a summary of factors associated with experimental protocols that may shed light on the future development of kidney bioengineering and we discuss the cell sources and bioreactor techniques applied to the recellularization process. Finally, we review some artificial renal engineering technologies and their future prospects, such as kidney on a chip and the application of three-dimensional and four-dimensional printing in kidney tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qian Lin
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Renji School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li-Ren Wang
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang-Liang Pan
- School of Laboratory and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gui-Qi Zhu
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yue Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Wang
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Martin Braddock
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, United Kingdom
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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171
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Poornejad N, Nielsen JJ, Morris RJ, Gassman JR, Reynolds PR, Roeder BL, Cook AD. Comparison of four decontamination treatments on porcine renal decellularized extracellular matrix structure, composition, and support of human renal cortical tubular epithelium cells. J Biomater Appl 2015; 30:1154-67. [PMID: 26589294 DOI: 10.1177/0885328215615760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Engineering whole organs from porcine decellularized extracellular matrix and human cells may lead to a plentiful source of implantable organs. Decontaminating the porcine decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds is an essential step prior to introducing human cells. However, decontamination of whole porcine kidneys is a major challenge because the decontamination agent or irradiation needs to diffuse deep into the structure to eliminate all microbial contamination while minimizing damage to the structure and composition of the decellularized extracellular matrix. In this study, we compared four decontamination treatments that could be applicable to whole porcine kidneys: 70% ethanol, 0.2% peracetic acid in 1 M NaCl, 0.2% peracetic acid in 4% ethanol, and gamma (γ)-irradiation. Porcine kidneys were decellularized by perfusion of 0.5% (w/v) aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate and the four decontamination treatments were optimized using segments (n = 60) of renal tissue to ensure a consistent comparison. Although all four methods were successful in decontamination, γ-irradiation was very damaging to collagen fibers and glycosaminoglycans, leading to less proliferation of human renal cortical tubular epithelium cells within the porcine decellularized extracellular matrix. The effectiveness of the other three optimized solution treatments were then all confirmed using whole decellularized porcine kidneys (n = 3). An aqueous solution of 0.2% peracetic acid in 1 M NaCl was determined to be the best method for decontamination of porcine decellularized extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Poornejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jeffery J Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Ryan J Morris
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jason R Gassman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Paul R Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Alonzo D Cook
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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172
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Peloso A, Petrosyan A, Da Sacco S, Booth C, Zambon JP, OʼBrien T, Aardema C, Robertson J, De Filippo RE, Soker S, Stratta RJ, Perin L, Orlando G. Renal Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds From Discarded Kidneys Maintain Glomerular Morphometry and Vascular Resilience and Retains Critical Growth Factors. Transplantation 2015; 99:1807-16. [PMID: 26018349 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds, obtained through detergent-based decellularization of native kidneys, represent the most promising platform for investigations aiming at manufacturing kidneys for transplant purposes. We previously showed that decellularization of the human kidney yields renal ECM scaffolds (hrECMs) that maintain their basic molecular components, are cytocompatible, stimulate angiogenesis, and show an intact innate vasculature. However, evidence that the decellularization preserves glomerular morphometric characteristics, physiological parameters (pressures and resistances of the vasculature bed), and biological properties of the renal ECM, including retention of important growth factors (GFs), is still missing. METHODS To address these issues, we studied the morphometry and resilience of hrECMs' native vasculature with resin casting at electronic microscopy and pulse-wave measurements, respectively. Moreover, we determined the fate of 40 critical GFs post decellularization with a glass chip-based multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay array and in vitro immunofluorescence. RESULTS Our method preserves the 3-dimensional conformation of the native glomerulus. Resin casting and pulse-wave measurements, showed that hrECMs preserves the microvascular morphology and morphometry, and physiological function. Moreover, GFs including vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors are retained within the matrices. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that discarded human kidneys are a suitable source of renal scaffolds because they maintain a well-preserved structure and function of the vasculature, as well as GFs that are fundamental to achieve a satisfying recellularization of the scaffold in vivo due to their angiogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Peloso
- 1 Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC. 2 General Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. 3 GOFARR Laboratory, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA. 4 Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. 5 Departments of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. 6 Smart Perfusion LLC, Denver, NC
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173
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Pellegata AF, Dominioni T, Ballo F, Maestroni S, Asnaghi MA, Zerbini G, Zonta S, Mantero S. Arterial Decellularized Scaffolds Produced Using an Innovative Automatic System. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:363-73. [PMID: 26562773 DOI: 10.1159/000439082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still an unmet clinical need for small-caliber artery substitution. Decellularized scaffolds in tissue engineering represent a promising solution. We have developed an innovative system for the automatic decellularization of blood vessels, used to process pig arteries. The system is able to automatically drive a decellularization process in a safe and reliable environment, with complex time patterns, using up to three different decellularization solutions, and providing at the same time a physical stress to improve the decellularization. The decellularization of pig arteries was evaluated by means of histology, DNA quantification and mechanical testing. Outcomes showed scaffolds with no cellular or nuclear remnants and a well-preserved tissue structure, corroborated by mechanical properties similar to native tissue. Decellularized scaffolds were seeded on the inner layer with human endothelial cells and implanted as iliac artery replacement in 4 pharmacologically immune-compromised pigs. This chimeric model was performed as a very preliminary evaluation to investigate the performances of these scaffolds in vivo, and to investigate the fate of seeded cells. Recipients were sacrificed on day 14 and day 70 after surgery, and vessels were found to be patent and with no evidence of thrombi formation. The inner layer was covered by endothelial cells, and the migration of cells positive for α-smooth-muscle actin was observed from the outer layer towards the tunica media. Intriguingly, the endothelial cells on explanted vessels were entirely derived from the host while the seeded cells were lost. In conclusion, this work presents a novel tool for a safe and controlled production of arterial scaffolds, with good decellularization outcomes and a good performance in a short-term, large-animal implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro F Pellegata
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering x2018;Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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174
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Momtahan N, Poornejad N, Struk JA, Castleton AA, Herrod BJ, Vance BR, Eatough JP, Roeder BL, Reynolds PR, Cook AD. Automation of Pressure Control Improves Whole Porcine Heart Decellularization. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:1148-61. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Momtahan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Nafiseh Poornejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Jeremy A. Struk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | | | - Brenden J. Herrod
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Brady R. Vance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Jordan P. Eatough
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | | | - Paul R. Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Alonzo D. Cook
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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175
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Katari R, Edgar L, Wong T, Boey A, Mancone S, Igel D, Callese T, Voigt M, Tamburrini R, Zambon JP, Perin L, Orlando G. Tissue-Engineering Approaches to Restore Kidney Function. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 15:69. [PMID: 26275443 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation for the treatment of chronic kidney disease has established outcome and quality of life. However, its implementation is severely limited by a chronic shortage of donor organs; consequently, most candidates remain on dialysis and on the waiting list while accruing further morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, those patients that do receive kidney transplants are committed to a life-long regimen of immunosuppressive drugs that also carry significant adverse risk profiles. The disciplines of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have the potential to produce alternative therapies which circumvent the obstacles posed by organ shortage and immunorejection. This review paper describes some of the most promising tissue-engineering solutions currently under investigation for the treatment of acute and chronic kidney diseases. The various stem cell therapies, whole embryo transplantation, and bioengineering with ECM scaffolds are outlined and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Katari
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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176
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Hülsmann J, Aubin H, Bandesha ST, Kranz A, Stoldt VR, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P. Rheology of perfusates and fluid dynamical effects during whole organ decellularization: a perspective to individualize decellularization protocols for single organs. Biofabrication 2015; 7:035008. [PMID: 26335521 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/3/035008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The approach of whole organ decellularization is rapidly becoming more widespread within the tissue engineering community. Today it is well known that the effects of decellularization protocols may vary with the particular type of treated tissue. However, there are no methods known to individualize decellularization protocols while automatically ensuring a standard level of quality to minimize adverse effects on the resulting extracellular matrix. Here we follow this idea by introducing two novel components into the current practice. First, a non-invasive method for online monitoring of resulting fluid dynamical characteristics of the coronary system is demonstrated for application during the perfusion decellularization of whole hearts. Second, the observation of the underlying rheological characteristics of the perfusates is employed to detect ongoing progress and maturation of the decellularization process. Measured data were contrasted to the respective release of specific cellular components. We demonstrate rheological measurements to be capable of detecting cellular debris along with a discriminative capture of DNA and protein ratios. We demonstrate that this perfusate biomass is well correlated to the biomass loss in the extracellular matrix produced by decellularization. The appearance of biomass components in the perfusates could specifically reflect the appearance of fluid dynamical characteristics that we monitored during the decellularization process. As rheological measuring of perfusate samples can be done within minutes, without any time-consuming preparation steps, we predict this to be a promising novel analytic strategy to control decellularization protocols, in time, by the actual conditions of the processed organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Hülsmann
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
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177
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Kajbafzadeh AM, Khorramirouz R, Akbarzadeh A, Sabetkish S, Sabetkish N, Saadat P, Tehrani M. A novel technique for simultaneous whole-body and multi-organ decellularization: umbilical artery catheterization as a perfusion-based method in a sheep foetus model. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:116-32. [PMID: 26031202 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a method to generate multi-organ acellular matrices. Using a foetal sheep model have developed a method of systemic pulsatile perfusion via the umbilical artery which allows for simultaneous multi-organ decellularization. Twenty sheep foetuses were systemically perfused with Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulphate. Following completion of the whole-body decellularization, multiple biopsy samples were taken from different parts of 21 organs to ascertain complete cell component removal in the preserved extracellular matrices. Both the natural and decellularized organs were subjected to several examinations. The samples were obtained from the skin, eye, ear, nose, throat, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, musculoskeletal, central nervous and peripheral nervous systems. The histological results depicted well-preserved extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity and intact vascular structures, without any evidence of residual cellular materials, in all decellularized bioscaffolds. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and biochemical properties remained intact, similar to their age-matched native counterparts. Preservation of the collagen structure was evaluated by a hydroxyproline assay. Dense organs such as bone and muscle were also completely decellularized, with a preserved ECM structure. Thus, as shown in this study, several organs and different tissues were decellularized using a perfusion-based method, which has not been previously accomplished. Given the technical challenges that exist for the efficient generation of biological scaffolds, the current results may pave the way for obtaining a variety of decellularized scaffolds from a single donor. In this study, there have been unique responses to the single acellularization protocol in foetuses, which may reflect the homogeneity of tissues and organs in the developing foetal body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdol-Mohammad Kajbafzadeh
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
| | - Reza Khorramirouz
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
| | - Aram Akbarzadeh
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
| | - Shabnam Sabetkish
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
| | - Nastaran Sabetkish
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
| | - Paria Saadat
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
| | - Mona Tehrani
- Pediatric Urology Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IRI)
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178
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Renal transplantation is currently the only definitive treatment for end-stage renal disease; however, this treatment is severely limited by the shortage of implantable kidneys. To address this shortcoming, development of an engineered, transplantable kidney has been proposed. Although current advances in engineering kidneys based on decellularization and recellularization techniques have offered great promises for the generation of functional kidney constructs, most studies have been conducted using rodent kidney constructs and short-term in-vivo evaluation. Toward clinical translations of this technique, several limitations need to be addressed. RECENT FINDINGS Human-sized renal scaffolds are desirable for clinical application, and the fabrication is currently feasible using native porcine and discarded human kidneys. Current progress in stem cell biology and cell culture methods have demonstrated feasibility of the use of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and primary renal cells as clinically relevant cell sources for the recellularization of renal scaffolds. Finally, approaches to long-term implantation of engineered kidneys are under investigation using antithrombogenic strategies such as functional reendothelialization of acellular kidney matrices. SUMMARY In the field of bioengineering, whole kidneys have taken a number of important initial steps toward clinical translations, but many challenges must be addressed to achieve a successful treatment for the patient with end-stage renal disease.
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179
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Uzarski JS, Su J, Xie Y, Zhang ZJ, Ward HH, Wandinger-Ness A, Miller WM, Wertheim JA. Epithelial Cell Repopulation and Preparation of Rodent Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Renal Tissue Development. J Vis Exp 2015:e53271. [PMID: 26327609 DOI: 10.3791/53271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol details the generation of acellular, yet biofunctional, renal extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds that are useful as small-scale model substrates for organ-scale tissue development. Sprague Dawley rat kidneys are cannulated by inserting a catheter into the renal artery and perfused with a series of low-concentration detergents (Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) over 26 hr to derive intact, whole-kidney scaffolds with intact perfusable vasculature, glomeruli, and renal tubules. Following decellularization, the renal scaffold is placed inside a custom-designed perfusion bioreactor vessel, and the catheterized renal artery is connected to a perfusion circuit consisting of: a peristaltic pump; tubing; and optional probes for pH, dissolved oxygen, and pressure. After sterilizing the scaffold with peracetic acid and ethanol, and balancing the pH (7.4), the kidney scaffold is prepared for seeding via perfusion of culture medium within a large-capacity incubator maintained at 37 °C and 5% CO2. Forty million renal cortical tubular epithelial (RCTE) cells are injected through the renal artery, and rapidly perfused through the scaffold under high flow (25 ml/min) and pressure (~230 mmHg) for 15 min before reducing the flow to a physiological rate (4 ml/min). RCTE cells primarily populate the tubular ECM niche within the renal cortex, proliferate, and form tubular epithelial structures over seven days of perfusion culture. A 44 µM resazurin solution in culture medium is perfused through the kidney for 1 hr during medium exchanges to provide a fluorometric, redox-based metabolic assessment of cell viability and proliferation during tubulogenesis. The kidney perfusion bioreactor permits non-invasive sampling of medium for biochemical assessment, and multiple inlet ports allow alternative retrograde seeding through the renal vein or ureter. These protocols can be used to recellularize kidney scaffolds with a variety of cell types, including vascular endothelial, tubular epithelial, and stromal fibroblasts, for rapid evaluation within this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Uzarski
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Jimmy Su
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Yan Xie
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Zheng J Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Heather H Ward
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico HSC
| | | | - William M Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University
| | - Jason A Wertheim
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University; Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University; Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center;
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180
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Prakash YS, Tschumperlin DJ, Stenmark KR. Coming to terms with tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L625-38. [PMID: 26254424 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00204.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung diseases such as emphysema, interstitial fibrosis, and pulmonary vascular diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality, but despite substantial mechanistic understanding, clinical management options for them are limited, with lung transplantation being implemented at end stages. However, limited donor lung availability, graft rejection, and long-term problems after transplantation are major hurdles to lung transplantation being a panacea. Bioengineering the lung is an exciting and emerging solution that has the ultimate aim of generating lung tissues and organs for transplantation. In this article we capture and review the current state of the art in lung bioengineering, from the multimodal approaches, to creating anatomically appropriate lung scaffolds that can be recellularized to eventually yield functioning, transplant-ready lungs. Strategies for decellularizing mammalian lungs to create scaffolds with native extracellular matrix components vs. de novo generation of scaffolds using biocompatible materials are discussed. Strengths vs. limitations of recellularization using different cell types of various pluripotency such as embryonic, mesenchymal, and induced pluripotent stem cells are highlighted. Current hurdles to guide future research toward achieving the clinical goal of transplantation of a bioengineered lung are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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181
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Moon KH, Ko IK, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Kidney diseases and tissue engineering. Methods 2015; 99:112-9. [PMID: 26134528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem. Renal failure follows several disease stages including acute and chronic kidney symptoms. Acute kidney injury (AKI) may lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD), which can progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with a mortality rate. Current treatment options are limited to dialysis and kidney transplantation; however, problems such as donor organ shortage, graft failure and numerous complications remain a concern. To address this issue, cell-based approaches using tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine (RM) may provide attractive approaches to replace the damaged kidney cells with functional renal specific cells, leading to restoration of normal kidney functions. While development of renal tissue engineering is in a steady state due to the complex composition and highly regulated functionality of the kidney, cell therapy using stem cells and primary kidney cells has demonstrated promising therapeutic outcomes in terms of restoration of renal functions in AKI and CKD. In this review, basic components needed for successful renal kidney engineering are discussed, and recent TE and RM approaches to treatment of specific kidney diseases will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hyun Moon
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Urology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kap Ko
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - James J Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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182
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Wang X, Rijff BL, Khang G. A building-block approach to 3D printing a multichannel, organ-regenerative scaffold. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1403-1411. [PMID: 26123711 DOI: 10.1002/term.2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Multichannel scaffolds, formed by rapid prototyping technologies, retain a high potential for regenerative medicine and the manufacture of complex organs. This study aims to optimize several parameters for producing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds by a low-temperature, deposition manufacturing, three-dimensional printing (3DP, or rapid prototyping) system. Concentration of the synthetic polymer solution, nozzle speed and extrusion rate were analysed and discussed. Polymer solution with a concentration of 12% w/v was determined as optimal for formation; large deviation of this figure failed to maintain the desired structure. The extrusion rate was also modified for better construct quality. Finally, several solid organ scaffolds, such as the liver, with proper wall thickness and intact contour were printed. This study gives basic instruction to design and fabricate scaffolds with de novo material systems, particularly by showing the approximation of variables for manufacturing multichannel PLGA scaffolds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Centre of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Boaz Lloyd Rijff
- Centre of Organ Manufacturing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gilson Khang
- Department of BIN Fusion Technology and Department of Polymer Nanoscience Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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183
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Uzarski JS, Bijonowski BM, Wang B, Ward HH, Wandinger-Ness A, Miller WM, Wertheim JA. Dual-Purpose Bioreactors to Monitor Noninvasive Physical and Biochemical Markers of Kidney and Liver Scaffold Recellularization. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:1032-43. [PMID: 25929317 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of perfusion-based bioreactors for organ engineering and a detailed evaluation of physical and biochemical parameters that measure dynamic changes within maturing cell-laden scaffolds are critical components of ex vivo tissue development that remain understudied topics in the tissue and organ engineering literature. Intricately designed bioreactors that house developing tissue are critical to properly recapitulate the in vivo environment, deliver nutrients within perfused media, and monitor physiological parameters of tissue development. Herein, we provide an in-depth description and analysis of two dual-purpose perfusion bioreactors that improve upon current bioreactor designs and enable comparative analyses of ex vivo scaffold recellularization strategies and cell growth performance during long-term maintenance culture of engineered kidney or liver tissues. Both bioreactors are effective at maximizing cell seeding of small-animal organ scaffolds and maintaining cell survival in extended culture. We further demonstrate noninvasive monitoring capabilities for tracking dynamic changes within scaffolds as the native cellular component is removed during decellularization and model human cells are introduced into the scaffold during recellularization and proliferate in maintenance culture. We found that hydrodynamic pressure drop (ΔP) across the retained scaffold vasculature is a noninvasive measurement of scaffold integrity. We further show that ΔP, and thus resistance to fluid flow through the scaffold, decreases with cell loss during decellularization and correspondingly increases to near normal values for whole organs following recellularization of the kidney or liver scaffolds. Perfused media may be further sampled in real time to measure soluble biomarkers (e.g., resazurin, albumin, or kidney injury molecule-1) that indicate degree of cellular metabolic activity, synthetic function, or engraftment into the scaffold. Cell growth within bioreactors is validated for primary and immortalized cells, and the design of each bioreactor is scalable to accommodate any three-dimensional scaffold (e.g., synthetic or naturally derived matrix) that contains conduits for nutrient perfusion to deliver media to growing cells and monitor noninvasive parameters during scaffold repopulation, broadening the applicability of these bioreactor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Uzarski
- 1 Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
- 2 Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brent M Bijonowski
- 1 Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
- 2 Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bo Wang
- 1 Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
- 2 Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Heather H Ward
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico HSC , Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - William M Miller
- 5 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
- 6 Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
| | - Jason A Wertheim
- 1 Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
- 2 Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
- 6 Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
- 7 Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
- 8 Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
- 9 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois
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184
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Youssef RF, Spradling K, Yoon R, Dolan B, Chamberlin J, Okhunov Z, Clayman R, Landman J. Applications of three-dimensional printing technology in urological practice. BJU Int 2015; 116:697-702. [PMID: 26010346 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A rapid expansion in the medical applications of three-dimensional (3D)-printing technology has been seen in recent years. This technology is capable of manufacturing low-cost and customisable surgical devices, 3D models for use in preoperative planning and surgical education, and fabricated biomaterials. While several studies have suggested 3D printers may be a useful and cost-effective tool in urological practice, few studies are available that clearly demonstrate the clinical benefit of 3D-printed materials. Nevertheless, 3D-printing technology continues to advance rapidly and promises to play an increasingly larger role in the field of urology. Herein, we review the current urological applications of 3D printing and discuss the potential impact of 3D-printing technology on the future of urological practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy F Youssef
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Spradling
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Renai Yoon
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Dolan
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Zhamshid Okhunov
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ralph Clayman
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jaime Landman
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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185
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Kawasaki T, Kirita Y, Kami D, Kitani T, Ozaki C, Itakura Y, Toyoda M, Gojo S. Novel detergent for whole organ tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3364-73. [PMID: 25850947 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole organ tissue engineering for various organs, including the heart, lung, liver, and kidney, has demonstrated promising results for end-stage organ failure. However, the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-based protocol for standard decellularization has drawbacks such as clot formation in vascularized transplantation and poor cell engraftment in recellularization procedures. Preservation of the surface milieu of extracellular matrices (ECMs) might be crucial for organ generation based on decellularization/recellularization engineering. We examined a novel detergent, sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), to determine whether it could overcome the drawbacks associated with SDS using rat heart and kidney. Both organs were perfused in an antegrade fashion with either SLES or SDS. Although immunohistochemistry for collagen I, IV, laminin, and fibronectin showed similar preservation in both detergents, morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy and an assay of glycosaminoglycan content on ECMs showed that SLES-treated tissues had better-preserved ECMs than SDS-treated tissues. Mesenteric transplantation revealed SLES did not induce significant inflammation, as opposed to SDS. Platelet adhesion to decellularized tissues was significantly reduced with SLES. Overall, SLES could replace older detergents such as SDS in the decellularization process for generation of transplantable recellularized organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kawasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuhei Kirita
- Department of Nephrology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kitani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Chisa Ozaki
- Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd, Biomedical Product Itakura, Yako
| | - Yoko Itakura
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gojo
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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186
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Peloso A, Dhal A, Zambon JP, Li P, Orlando G, Atala A, Soker S. Current achievements and future perspectives in whole-organ bioengineering. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:107. [PMID: 26028404 PMCID: PMC4450459 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible end-stage organ failure represents one of the leading causes of death, and organ transplantation is currently the only curative solution. Donor organ shortage and adverse effects of immunosuppressive regimens are the major limiting factors for this definitive practice. Recent developments in bioengineering and regenerative medicine could provide a solid base for the future creation of implantable, bioengineered organs. Whole-organ detergent-perfusion protocols permit clinicians to gently remove all the cells and at the same time preserve the natural three-dimensional framework of the native organ. Several decellularized organs, including liver, kidney, and pancreas, have been created as a platform for further successful seeding. These scaffolds are composed of organ-specific extracellular matrix that contains growth factors important for cellular growth and function. Macro- and microvascular tree is entirely maintained and can be incorporated in the recipient's vascular system after the implant. This review will emphasize recent achievements in the whole-organ scaffolds and at the same time underline complications that the scientific community has to resolve before reaching a functional bioengineered organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Peloso
- IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Department of General Surgery, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy. .,Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Abritee Dhal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Joao P Zambon
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Peng Li
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Department of General Surgery Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
| | - Giuseppe Orlando
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27517, USA.
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA. .,Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27517, USA.
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Centre Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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187
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Chung HC, Ko IK, Atala A, Yoo JJ. Cell-based therapy for kidney disease. Korean J Urol 2015; 56:412-21. [PMID: 26078837 PMCID: PMC4462630 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2015.56.6.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of renal disease continues to increase worldwide. When normal kidney is injured, the damaged renal tissue undergoes pathological and physiological events that lead to acute and chronic kidney diseases, which frequently progress to end stage renal failure. Current treatment of these renal pathologies includes dialysis, which is incapable of restoring full renal function. To address this issue, cell-based therapy has become a potential therapeutic option to treat renal pathologies. Recent development in cell therapy has demonstrated promising therapeutic outcomes, in terms of restoration of renal structure and function impaired by renal disease. This review focuses on the cell therapy approaches for the treatment of kidney diseases, including various cell sources used, as well recent advances made in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Chul Chung
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. ; Department of Urology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - In Kap Ko
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James J Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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188
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Wang LR, Lin YQ, Wang JT, Pan LL, Huang KT, Wan L, Zhu GQ, Liu WY, Braddock M, Zheng MH. Recent advances in re-engineered liver: de-cellularization and re-cellularization techniques. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:1015-24. [PMID: 25981396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic transplantation is the definitive treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease but is limited by donor shortage and very high cost. Through de-cellularization and re-cellularization methods, re-engineered liver may provide a promising alternative for treating patients with end-stage liver disease. To achieve this, the prevention of the native extracellular matrix ultrastructure plays a central role in de-cellularization protocol; the re-seeding cell types, as well as re-seeding strategies, need more explorations in re-cellularization protocol. Some success of this approach has been published in a rat model; however, the re-engineered liver remains functional in vivo for only several hours, which suggests that the recent protocol may be far from the ideal target. This Review highlights the challenges still to be overcome and presents an overview and summary of methods of de-cellularization and re-cellularization strategies, together with a view on future directions that may lead to the regeneration of a functional liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ren Wang
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi-Qian Lin
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Renji School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Wang
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang-Liang Pan
- School of Laboratory and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ka-Te Huang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gui-Qi Zhu
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yue Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Martin Braddock
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, United Kingdom
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- Department of Infection and Liver Diseases, Liver Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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189
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Current Bioengineering Methods for Whole Kidney Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:724047. [PMID: 26089921 PMCID: PMC4452081 DOI: 10.1155/2015/724047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney regeneration is likely to provide an inexhaustible source of tissues and organs for immunosuppression-free transplantation. It is currently garnering considerable attention and might replace kidney dialysis as the ultimate therapeutic strategy for renal failure. However, anatomical complications make kidney regeneration difficult. Here, we review recent advances in the field of kidney regeneration, including (i) the directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells/embryonic stem cells into kidney cells; (ii) blastocyst decomplementation; (iii) use of a decellularized cadaveric scaffold; (iv) embryonic organ transplantation; and (v) use of a nephrogenic niche for growing xenoembryos for de novo kidney regeneration from stem cells. All these approaches represent potentially promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease. Although many obstacles to kidney regeneration remain, we hope that innovative strategies and reliable research will ultimately allow the restoration of renal function in patients with end-stage kidney disease.
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190
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Rapid porcine lung decellularization using a novel organ regenerative control acquisition bioreactor. ASAIO J 2015; 61:71-7. [PMID: 25303798 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To regenerate discarded lungs that would not normally be used for transplant, ex vivo reseeding after decellularization may produce organs suitable for clinical transplantation and therefore close the donor gap. Organ regenerative control acquisition (Harvard Biosciences, Holliston, MA), a novel bioreactor system that simulates physiological conditions, was used to evaluate a method of rapid decellularization. Although most current decellularization methods are 24-72 hours, we hypothesized that perfusing porcine lungs with detergents at higher pressures for less time would yield comparable bioscaffolds suitable for future experimentation. Methods involved perfusion of 1% Triton X-100 (Triton) and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at varied physiological flow rates. Architecture of native and decellularized lungs was analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dry gas and liquid ventilation techniques were introduced. Our 7 hour decellularization procedure removes nuclear material while maintaining architecture. Bioscaffolds have the microarchitecture for reseeding of stem cells. Hematoxylin and eosin staining suggested removal of nuclear material, whereas SEM and TEM imaging demonstrated total removal of cells with structural architecture preserved. This process can lead to clinical implementation, thereby increasing the availability of human lungs for transplantation.
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191
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3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 32:773-85. [PMID: 25093879 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3353] [Impact Index Per Article: 372.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, otherwise known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is driving major innovations in many areas, such as engineering, manufacturing, art, education and medicine. Recent advances have enabled 3D printing of biocompatible materials, cells and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissues. 3D bioprinting is being applied to regenerative medicine to address the need for tissues and organs suitable for transplantation. Compared with non-biological printing, 3D bioprinting involves additional complexities, such as the choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues. Addressing these complexities requires the integration of technologies from the fields of engineering, biomaterials science, cell biology, physics and medicine. 3D bioprinting has already been used for the generation and transplantation of several tissues, including multilayered skin, bone, vascular grafts, tracheal splints, heart tissue and cartilaginous structures. Other applications include developing high-throughput 3D-bioprinted tissue models for research, drug discovery and toxicology.
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192
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Gao Z, Wu T, Xu J, Liu G, Xie Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Wang S. Generation of Bioartificial Salivary Gland Using Whole-Organ Decellularized Bioscaffold. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:171-80. [PMID: 25824480 DOI: 10.1159/000371873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland hypofunction resulting in xerostomia occurs as a result of various pathological conditions such as radiotherapy for head and neck cancers, Sjögren's syndrome or salivary gland tumor resection. It can induce a large number of problems, including dental decay, periodontitis, dysgeusia, difficulty with mastication and swallowing and a reduced quality of life. Current therapies for xerostomia mostly focus on saliva substitutes, oral lubricants and medications which stimulate salivation from residual glands. However, these treatments are not sufficient to restore gland secretory function. Tissue engineering-based organ regeneration has emerged as a potential therapeutic alternative for end- organ failure. Here, we decellularized rat submandibular glands (SMG) by detergent immersion. Histological, immunofluorescent, Western blot, DNA and collagen quantitative analyses demonstrated that our protocol effectively removed cellular components and that extracellular matrix proteins and native structures were well preserved. We then reseeded the decellularized SMG as scaffolds with rat primary SMG cells in a rotary cell culture system. Histological staining and electron microscopy analyses illustrated that the decellularized SMG could support cellular adhesion. Furthermore, with immunofluorescent staining, we proved that bioartificially generated SMG showed some differentiation markers in vitro. Taken together, our findings might provide a potential scaffold for tissue-engineered regeneration of the salivary glands.
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Scarritt ME, Pashos NC, Bunnell BA. A review of cellularization strategies for tissue engineering of whole organs. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:43. [PMID: 25870857 PMCID: PMC4378188 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of whole organ decellularization, extracellular matrix scaffolds suitable for organ engineering were generated from numerous tissues, including the heart, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas, for use as alternatives to traditional organ transplantation. Biomedical researchers now face the challenge of adequately and efficiently recellularizing these organ scaffolds. Herein, an overview of whole organ decellularization and a thorough review of the current literature for whole organ recellularization are presented. The cell types, delivery methods, and bioreactors employed for recellularization are discussed along with commercial and clinical considerations, such as immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and Food and Drug Administartion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Scarritt
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA
| | - Nicholas C Pashos
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA ; Bioinnovation PhD Program, Tulane University , New Orleans, LA , USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA , USA
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194
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Zhou Q, Li L, Li J. Stem cells with decellularized liver scaffolds in liver regeneration and their potential clinical applications. Liver Int 2015; 35:687-94. [PMID: 24797694 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
End-stage hepatic failure is a potentially life-threatening condition for which orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the only effective treatment. However, a shortage of available donor organs for transplantation each year results in the death of many patients waiting for liver transplantation. Cell-based therapies and hepatic tissue engineering have been considered as alternatives to liver transplantation. However, primary hepatocyte transplantation has rarely produced therapeutic effects because mature hepatocytes cannot be effectively expanded in vitro, and the availability of hepatocytes is often limited by shortages of donor organs. Decellularization is an attractive technique for scaffold preparation in stem cell-based liver engineering, as the resulting material can potentially retain the liver architecture, native vessel network and specific extracellular matrix (ECM). Thus, the reconstruction of functional and practical liver tissue using decellularized scaffolds becomes possible. This review focuses on the current understanding of liver tissue engineering, whole-organ liver decellularization techniques, cell sources for recellularization and potential clinical applications and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou, 310003, China
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195
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Faulk DM, Wildemann JD, Badylak SF. Decellularization and cell seeding of whole liver biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5:69-80. [PMID: 25941434 PMCID: PMC4415199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The definitive treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease is orthotropic transplantation. However, this option is limited by the disparity between the number of patients needing transplantation and the number of available livers. This issue is becoming more severe as the population ages and as the number of new cases of end-stage liver failure increases. Patients fortunate enough to receive a transplant are required to receive immunosuppressive therapy and must live with the associated morbidity. Whole organ engineering of the liver may offer a solution to this liver donor shortfall. It has been shown that perfusion decellularization of a whole allogeneic or xenogeneic liver generates a three-dimensional ECM scaffold with intact macro and micro architecture of the native liver. A decellularized liver provides an ideal transplantable scaffold with all the necessary ultrastructure and signaling cues for cell attachment, differentiation, vascularization, and function. In this review, an overview of complementary strategies for creating functional liver grafts suitable for transplantation is provided. Early milestones have been met by combining stem and progenitor cells with increasingly complex scaffold materials and culture conditions.
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Key Words
- BAL, biohybrid artificial liver
- BMC, basement membrane complex
- CHAPS, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HMECs, human microvascular endothelial cells
- NPCs, non-parenchymal cells
- PLECM, porcine-liver-derived extracellular matrix
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SEC, sinusoidal endothelial cell
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- biologic scaffold
- decellularization
- extracellular matrix
- liver tissue engineering
- organ engineering
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M. Faulk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Justin D. Wildemann
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Address for correspondence: Stephen F. Badylak, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 300, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA. Tel.: +412 624 5252; fax: +412 624 5256.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The severe shortage of suitable donor kidneys limits organ transplantation to a small fraction of patients suffering from end-stage renal failure. Engineering autologous kidney grafts on-demand would potentially alleviate this shortage, thereby reducing healthcare costs, improving quality of life, and increasing longevity for patients suffering from renal failure. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past 2 years, several studies have demonstrated that structurally intact extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds can be derived from human or animal kidneys through decellularization, a process in which detergent or enzyme solutions are perfused through the renal vasculature to remove the native cells. The future clinical paradigm would be to repopulate these decellularized kidney matrices with patient-derived renal stem cells to regenerate a functional kidney graft. Recent research aiming toward this goal has focused on the optimization of decellularization protocols, design of bioreactor systems to seed cells into appropriate compartments of the renal ECM to nurture their growth to restore kidney function, and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into renal progenitor lineages. SUMMARY New research efforts utilizing bio-mimetic perfusion bioreactor systems to repopulate decellularized kidney scaffolds, coupled with the differentiation of PSCs into renal progenitor cell populations, indicate substantial progress toward the ultimate goal of building a functional kidney graft on-demand.
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197
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Scaffolds from surgically removed kidneys as a potential source of organ transplantation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:325029. [PMID: 25756044 PMCID: PMC4338377 DOI: 10.1155/2015/325029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
End stage renal disease (ESRD) is a common disease, which relates to nearly 600 million people in the total population. What is more, it seems to be a crucial problem from the epidemiological point of view. These facts lead to a further necessity of renal replacement therapy development connected with rising expenditures for the health care system. The aim of kidney tissue engineering is to develop and innovate methods of obtaining renal extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds derived from kidney decellularization. Recently, progress has been made towards developing a functional kidney graft in vitro on demand. In fact, decellularized tissues constitute ideal natural scaffolds, due to the preservation of native ECM architecture, as well as of cell-ECM binding domains critical in promoting cell attachment, migration, and proliferation. One of the potential sources of the natural scaffolds is the kidney, which cannot be transplanted immediately after excision.
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198
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Peloso A, Katari R, Murphy SV, Zambon JP, DeFrancesco A, Farney AC, Rogers J, Stratta RJ, Manzia TM, Orlando G. Prospect for kidney bioengineering: shortcomings of the status quo. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:547-58. [PMID: 25640286 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.993376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dialysis and renal transplantation are the only two therapeutic options offered to patients affected by end-stage kidney disease; however, neither treatment can be considered definitive. In fact, dialysis is able to replace only the filtration function of the kidney without substituting its endocrine and metabolic roles, and dramatically impacts on patient's quality of life. On the other hand, kidney transplantation is severely limited by the shortage of transplantable organs, the need for immunosuppressive therapies and a narrow half-life. Regenerative medicine approaches are promising tools aiming to improve this condition. AREAS COVERED Cell therapies, bioartificial kidney, organ bioengineering, 3D printer and kidney-on-chip represent the most appealing areas of research for the treatment of end-stage kidney failure. The scope of this review is to summarize the state of the art, limits and directions of each branch. EXPERT OPINION In the future, these emerging technologies could provide definitive, curative and theoretically infinite options for the treatment of end-stage kidney disease. Progress in stem cells-based therapies, decellularization techniques and the more recent scientific know-how for the use of the 3D printer and kidney-on-chip could lead to a perfect cellular-based therapy, the futuristic creation of a bioengineered kidney in the lab or to a valid bioartificial alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Peloso
- Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC , USA
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Sullivan DC, Repper JP, Frock AW, McFetridge PS, Petersen BE. Current Translational Challenges for Tissue Engineering: 3D Culture, Nanotechnology, and Decellularized Matrices. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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200
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Caralt M, Uzarski JS, Iacob S, Obergfell KP, Berg N, Bijonowski BM, Kiefer KM, Ward HH, Wandinger-Ness A, Miller WM, Zhang ZJ, Abecassis MM, Wertheim JA. Optimization and critical evaluation of decellularization strategies to develop renal extracellular matrix scaffolds as biological templates for organ engineering and transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:64-75. [PMID: 25403742 PMCID: PMC4276475 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to generate patient-specific cells through induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has encouraged development of three-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds as bioactive substrates for cell differentiation with the long-range goal of bioengineering organs for transplantation. Perfusion decellularization uses the vasculature to remove resident cells, leaving an intact ECM template wherein new cells grow; however, a rigorous evaluative framework assessing ECM structural and biochemical quality is lacking. To address this, we developed histologic scoring systems to quantify fundamental characteristics of decellularized rodent kidneys: ECM structure (tubules, vessels, glomeruli) and cell removal. We also assessed growth factor retention--indicating matrix biofunctionality. These scoring systems evaluated three strategies developed to decellularize kidneys (1% Triton X-100, 1% Triton X-100/0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 0.02% Trypsin-0.05% EGTA/1% Triton X-100). Triton and Triton/SDS preserved renal microarchitecture and retained matrix-bound basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Trypsin caused structural deterioration and growth factor loss. Triton/SDS-decellularized scaffolds maintained 3 h of leak-free blood flow in a rodent transplantation model and supported repopulation with human iPSC-derived endothelial cells and tubular epithelial cells ex vivo. Taken together, we identify an optimal Triton/SDS-based decellularization strategy that produces a biomatrix that may ultimately serve as a rodent model for kidney bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Caralt
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611,Servei Cirurgia HepatoBilioPancreatica i Trasplantaments. Hospital Universitari Vall Hebron. Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. Spain
| | - Joseph S. Uzarski
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Stanca Iacob
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Kyle P. Obergfell
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Natasha Berg
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Brent M. Bijonowski
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Kathryn M. Kiefer
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Heather H. Ward
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131
| | | | - William M. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201
| | - Zheng J. Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Michael M. Abecassis
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Jason A. Wertheim
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201,Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612,Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201,Address for correspondence: Jason A. Wertheim, M.D., Ph.D., 676 St. Clair St. Suite 1900, Chicago, Illinois 60611, Telephone: (312) 695-0257, Fax: (312) 503-3366,
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