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Poornejad N, Momtahan N, Salehi ASM, Scott D, Fronk CA, Roeder BL, Reynolds PR, Bundy BC, Cook AD. Corrigendum: Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior (2016 Biomed. Mater. 11 025003). Biomed Mater 2018; 13:069501. [PMID: 30152406 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aadd22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The manuscript 'Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior' (Poornejad et al 2016 Biomedical Materials 11: 025003) describes our efforts to improve the process for recellularization of porcine kidneys. We obtained what we believed to be an immortalized cell line of human renal cortical tubular epithelium (RCTE) cells from the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University to conduct our reseeding experiments. The RCTE cells that were provided to us were later discovered to actually be Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. A published erratum pertaining to this issue has been published (Caralt et al 2017 American Journal of Transplantation 17: 1429). Despite being of canine origin, MDCK cells are a distal tubule epithelial cell line that behave similarly to human RCTE cells. The conclusions regarding reseeding as reported in our paper are still sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Poornejad
- Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, UNITED STATES
| | - Nima Momtahan
- Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, UNITED STATES
| | - Amin S M Salehi
- Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Cory A Fronk
- Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Paul R Reynolds
- Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, UNITED STATES
| | - Bradley C Bundy
- Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, UNITED STATES
| | - Alonzo David Cook
- Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, 350T CB BYU, Provo, Utah, 84602, UNITED STATES
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Poornejad N, Buckmiller E, Schaumann L, Wang H, Wisco J, Roeder B, Reynolds P, Cook A. Re-epithelialization of whole porcine kidneys with renal epithelial cells. J Tissue Eng 2017; 8:2041731417718809. [PMID: 28758007 PMCID: PMC5513523 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417718809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Decellularized porcine kidneys were recellularized with renal epithelial cells by three methods: perfusion through the vasculature under high pressure, perfusion through the ureter under high pressure, or perfusion through the ureter under moderate vacuum. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess vasculature preservation and the distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. Cells were detected in the magnetic resonance imaging by labeling them with iron oxide. Perfusion of cells through the ureter under moderate vacuum (40 mmHg) produced the most uniform distribution of cells throughout the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Poornejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Evan Buckmiller
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Lara Schaumann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jonathan Wisco
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Beverly Roeder
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Paul Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Alonzo Cook
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Poornejad N, Schaumann LB, Buckmiller EM, Momtahan N, Gassman JR, Ma HH, Roeder BL, Reynolds PR, Cook AD. The impact of decellularization agents on renal tissue extracellular matrix. J Biomater Appl 2016; 31:521-533. [PMID: 27312837 DOI: 10.1177/0885328216656099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The combination of patient-specific cells with scaffolds obtained from natural sources may result in improved regeneration of human tissues. Decellularization of the native tissue is the first step in this technology. Effective decellularization uses agents that lyse cells and remove all cellular materials, leaving intact collagenous extracellular matrices (ECMs). Removing cellular remnants prevents an immune response while preserving the underlying structure. In this study, the impact of five decellularization agents (0.1 N NaOH, 1% peracetic acid, 3% Triton X-100, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 0.05% trypsin/EDTA) on renal tissue was examined using slices of porcine kidneys. The NaOH solution induced the most efficient cell removal, and resulted in the highest amount of cell viability and proliferation after recellularization, although it also produced the most significant damage to collagenous fiber networks, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The SDS solution led to less severe damage to the ECM structure but it resulted in lower metabolic activity and less proliferation. Peracetic acid and Triton X-100 resulted in minimum disruption of ECMs and the most preserved GAGs and FGF. However, these last two agents were not as efficient in removing cellular materials as NaOH and SDS, especially peracetic acid, which left more than 80% of cellular material within the ECM. As a proof of principle, after completing the comparison studies using slices of renal ECM, the NaOH process was used to decellularize a whole kidney, with good results. The overall results demonstrate the significant effect of cell lysing agents and the importance of developing an optimized protocol to avoid extensive damage to the ECM while retaining the ability to support cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Poornejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Lara B Schaumann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Evan M Buckmiller
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Nima Momtahan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jason R Gassman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Ho Hin Ma
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Paul R Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Alonzo D Cook
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Poornejad N, Schaumann LB, Buckmiller EM, Roeder BL, Cook AD. Current Cell-Based Strategies for Whole Kidney Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2016; 22:358-370. [PMID: 26905375 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases affect thousands of people worldwide. Although hemodialysis alleviates the situation by filtering the patient's blood, it does not replace other kidney functions such as hormone release or homeostasis regulation. Consequently, orthotopic transplantation of donor organs is the ultimate treatment for patients suffering from end-stage renal failure. Unfortunately, the number of patients on the waiting list far exceeds the number of donors. In addition, recipients must remain on immunosuppressive medications for the remainder of their lives, which increases the risk of morbidity due to their weakened immune system. Despite recent advancements in whole organ transplantation, 40% of recipients will face rejection of implanted organs with a life expectancy of only 10 years. Bioengineered patient-specific kidneys could be an inexhaustible source of healthy kidneys without the risk of immune rejection. The purpose of this article is to review the pros and cons of several bioengineering strategies used in recent years and their unresolved issues. These strategies include repopulation of natural scaffolds with a patient's cells, de-novo generation of kidneys using patient-induced pluripotent stem cells combined with stepwise differentiation, and the creation of a patient's kidney in the embryos of other mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Poornejad
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | - Lara B Schaumann
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | - Evan M Buckmiller
- 2 Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
| | | | - Alonzo D Cook
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
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Poornejad N, Momtahan N, Salehi ASM, Scott DR, Fronk CA, Roeder BL, Reynolds PR, Bundy BC, Cook AD. Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior. Biomed Mater 2016; 11:025003. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Poornejad N, Frost TS, Scott DR, Elton BB, Reynolds PR, Roeder BL, Cook AD. Freezing/Thawing without Cryoprotectant Damages Native but not Decellularized Porcine Renal Tissue. Organogenesis 2016; 11:30-45. [PMID: 25730294 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2015.1022009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole organ decellularization of porcine renal tissue and recellularization with a patient's own cells would potentially overcome immunorejection, which is one of the most significant problems with allogeneic kidney transplantation. However, there are obstacles to achieving this goal, including preservation of the decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM), identifying the proper cell types, and repopulating the ECM before transplantation. Freezing biological tissue is the best option to avoid spoilage; however, it may damage the structure of the tissue or disrupt cellular membranes through ice crystal formation. Cryoprotectants have been used to repress ice formation during freezing, although cell toxicity can still occur. The effect of freezing/thawing on native (n = 10) and decellularized (n = 10) whole porcine kidneys was studied without using cryoprotectants. Results showed that the elastic modulus of native kidneys was reduced by a factor of 22 (P < 0.0001) by freezing/thawing or decellularization, while the elastic modulus for decellularized ECM was essentially unchanged by the freezing/thawing process (p = 0.0636). Arterial pressure, representative of structural integrity, was also reduced by a factor of 52 (P < 0.0001) after freezing/thawing for native kidneys, compared to a factor of 43 (P < 0.0001) for decellularization and a factor of 4 (P < 0.0001) for freezing/thawing decellularized structures. Both freezing/thawing and decellularization reduced stiffness, but the reductions were not additive. Investigation of the microstructure of frozen/thawed native and decellularized renal tissues showed increased porosity due to cell removal and ice crystal formation. Orcein and Sirius staining showed partial damage to elastic and collagen fibers after freezing/thawing. It was concluded that cellular damage and removal was more responsible for reducing stiffness than fibril destruction. Cell viability and growth were demonstrated on decellularized frozen/thawed and non-frozen samples using human renal cortical tubular epithelial (RCTE) cells over 12 d. No adverse effect on the ability to recellularize after freezing/thawing was observed. It is recommended that porcine kidneys be frozen prior to decellularization to prevent contamination, and after decellularization to prevent protein denaturation. Cryoprotectants may still be necessary, however, during storage and transportation after recellularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Poornejad
- a Department of Chemical Engineering; Brigham Young University ; Provo , UT , USA
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Poornejad N, Nielsen JJ, Morris RJ, Gassman JR, Reynolds PR, Roeder BL, Cook AD. Comparison of four decontamination treatments on porcine renal decellularized extracellular matrix structure, composition, and support of human renal cortical tubular epithelium cells. J Biomater Appl 2015; 30:1154-67. [PMID: 26589294 DOI: 10.1177/0885328215615760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Engineering whole organs from porcine decellularized extracellular matrix and human cells may lead to a plentiful source of implantable organs. Decontaminating the porcine decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds is an essential step prior to introducing human cells. However, decontamination of whole porcine kidneys is a major challenge because the decontamination agent or irradiation needs to diffuse deep into the structure to eliminate all microbial contamination while minimizing damage to the structure and composition of the decellularized extracellular matrix. In this study, we compared four decontamination treatments that could be applicable to whole porcine kidneys: 70% ethanol, 0.2% peracetic acid in 1 M NaCl, 0.2% peracetic acid in 4% ethanol, and gamma (γ)-irradiation. Porcine kidneys were decellularized by perfusion of 0.5% (w/v) aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate and the four decontamination treatments were optimized using segments (n = 60) of renal tissue to ensure a consistent comparison. Although all four methods were successful in decontamination, γ-irradiation was very damaging to collagen fibers and glycosaminoglycans, leading to less proliferation of human renal cortical tubular epithelium cells within the porcine decellularized extracellular matrix. The effectiveness of the other three optimized solution treatments were then all confirmed using whole decellularized porcine kidneys (n = 3). An aqueous solution of 0.2% peracetic acid in 1 M NaCl was determined to be the best method for decontamination of porcine decellularized extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Poornejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jeffery J Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Ryan J Morris
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jason R Gassman
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Paul R Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - Alonzo D Cook
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Momtahan N, Poornejad N, Struk JA, Castleton AA, Herrod BJ, Vance BR, Eatough JP, Roeder BL, Reynolds PR, Cook AD. Automation of Pressure Control Improves Whole Porcine Heart Decellularization. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:1148-61. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Momtahan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Nafiseh Poornejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Jeremy A. Struk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | | | - Brenden J. Herrod
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Brady R. Vance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Jordan P. Eatough
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | | | - Paul R. Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Alonzo D. Cook
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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