151
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Multifaceted Interpretation of Colon Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071446. [PMID: 28678194 PMCID: PMC5535937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, despite recent advances in clinical oncology. Accumulating evidence sheds light on the existence of cancer stem cells and their role in conferring therapeutic resistance. Cancer stem cells are a minor fraction of cancer cells, which enable tumor heterogeneity and initiate tumor formation. In addition, these cells are resistant to various cytotoxic factors. Therefore, elimination of cancer stem cells is difficult but essential to cure the malignant foci completely. Herein, we review the recent evidence for intestinal stem cells and colon cancer stem cells, methods to detect the tumor-initiating cells, and clinical significance of cancer stem cell markers. We also describe the emerging problems of cancer stem cell theory, including bidirectional conversion and intertumoral heterogeneity of stem cell phenotype.
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152
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Maiuri AR, Peng M, Podicheti R, Sriramkumar S, Kamplain CM, Rusch DB, DeStefano Shields CE, Sears CL, O'Hagan HM. Mismatch Repair Proteins Initiate Epigenetic Alterations during Inflammation-Driven Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3467-3478. [PMID: 28522752 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant silencing of genes by DNA methylation contributes to cancer, yet how this process is initiated remains unclear. Using a murine model of inflammation-induced tumorigenesis, we tested the hypothesis that inflammation promotes recruitment of epigenetic proteins to chromatin, initiating methylation and gene silencing in tumors. Compared with normal epithelium and noninflammation-induced tumors, inflammation-induced tumors gained DNA methylation at CpG islands, some of which are associated with putative tumor suppressor genes. Hypermethylated genes exhibited enrichment of repressive chromatin marks and reduced expression prior to tumorigenesis, at a time point coinciding with peak levels of inflammation-associated DNA damage. Loss of MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), a mismatch repair (MMR) protein, abrogated early inflammation-induced epigenetic alterations and DNA hypermethylation alterations observed in inflammation-induced tumors. These results indicate that early epigenetic alterations initiated by inflammation and MMR proteins lead to gene silencing during tumorigenesis, revealing a novel mechanism of epigenetic alterations in inflammation-driven cancer. Understanding such mechanisms will inform development of pharmacotherapies to reduce carcinogenesis. Cancer Res; 77(13); 3467-78. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Maiuri
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Michael Peng
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | | | - Shruthi Sriramkumar
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Caitlin M Kamplain
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | | | | | - Cynthia L Sears
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Heather M O'Hagan
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana. .,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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153
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Guo Y, Chen L, Sun C, Yu C. MicroRNA-500a promotes migration and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:13-20. [PMID: 28437633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of microRNA-500a (miR-500a) has been reported in the serum of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, the biological effects and mechanisms of miR-500a in hepatoma cells remain unclear. In this study, we found that miR-500a expression was up-regulated in HCC cell lines and tissues, and that high levels of miR-500a was associated with poor prognosis. We found that miR-500a upregulation promoted migration and invasion in two hepatoma cell lines, HCCLM3 and SMMC7721, while miR-500a downregulation had the opposite effect. We demonstrated that miR-500a activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by directly binding to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of SFRP2 and GSK-3β mRNA. In conclusion, our results indicate miR-500a promotes HCC migration and invasion through activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling by directly binding to SFPR2 and GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, China.
| | - Liwen Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, China.
| | - Chengyi Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, China.
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004 Guizhou, China.
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154
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Shah M, Cardenas R, Wang B, Persson J, Mongan NP, Grabowska A, Allegrucci C. HOXC8 regulates self-renewal, differentiation and transformation of breast cancer stem cells. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:38. [PMID: 28202042 PMCID: PMC5312582 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeobox genes are master regulators of cell fate during embryonic development and their expression is altered in cancer. By regulating the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation, they maintain homeostasis of normal tissues. Here, we screened the expression of homeobox genes in mammary stem cells to establish their role in stem cells transformation in breast cancer. METHODS Using a Homeobox Genes PCR array, we screened 83 homeobox genes in normal cancer breast stem/progenitor cells isolated by flow cytometry. The candidate gene HOXC8 epigenetic regulation was studied by DNA methylation and miRNA expression analyses. Self-renewal and differentiation of HOXC8-overexpressing or knockdown cells were assessed by flow cytometry and mammosphere, 3D matrigel and soft agar assays. Clinical relevance of in vitro findings were validated by bioinformatics analysis of patient datasets from TCGA and METABRIC studies. RESULTS In this study we demonstrate altered expression of homeobox genes in breast cancer stem/progenitor cells. HOXC8 was consistently downregulated in stem/progenitor cells of all breast molecular subtypes, thus representing an interesting tumour suppressor candidate. We show that downregulated expression of HOXC8 is associated with DNA methylation at the gene promoter and expression of miR196 family members. Functional studies demonstrated that HOXC8 gain of function induces a decrease in the CD44+/CD24-/low cancer stem cell population and proportion of chemoresistant cells, with a concomitant increase in CD24+ differentiated cells. Increased HOXC8 levels also decrease the ability of cancer cells to form mammospheres and to grow in anchorage-independent conditions. Furthermore, loss of HOXC8 in non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells expands the cancer stem/progenitor cells pool, increases stem cell self-renewal, prevents differentiation induced by retinoic acid and induces a transformed phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study points to an important role of homeobox genes in breast cancer stem/progenitor cell function and establishes HOXC8 as a suppressor of stemness and transformation in the mammary gland lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Shah
- SVMS, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ryan Cardenas
- SVMS, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Belinda Wang
- SVMS, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jenny Persson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, 205 02, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nigel P Mongan
- SVMS, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Anna Grabowska
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, QMC, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Cinzia Allegrucci
- SVMS, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
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155
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Manna A, Banerjee S, Khan P, Bhattacharya A, Das T. Contribution of nuclear events in generation and maintenance of cancer stem cells: revisiting chemo-resistance. THE NUCLEUS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-017-0193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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156
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Riege K, Hölzer M, Klassert TE, Barth E, Bräuer J, Collatz M, Hufsky F, Mostajo N, Stock M, Vogel B, Slevogt H, Marz M. Massive Effect on LncRNAs in Human Monocytes During Fungal and Bacterial Infections and in Response to Vitamins A and D. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40598. [PMID: 28094339 PMCID: PMC5240112 DOI: 10.1038/srep40598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoses induced by C.albicans or A.fumigatus can cause important host damage either by deficient or exaggerated immune response. Regulation of chemokine and cytokine signaling plays a crucial role for an adequate inflammation, which can be modulated by vitamins A and D. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as transcription factors or cis-acting antisense RNAs are known to be involved in gene regulation. However, the processes during fungal infections and treatment with vitamins in terms of therapeutic impact are unknown. We show that in monocytes both vitamins regulate ncRNAs involved in amino acid metabolism and immune system processes using comprehensive RNA-Seq analyses. Compared to protein-coding genes, fungi and bacteria induced an expression change in relatively few ncRNAs, but with massive fold changes of up to 4000. We defined the landscape of long-ncRNAs (lncRNAs) in response to pathogens and observed variation in the isoforms composition for several lncRNA following infection and vitamin treatment. Most of the involved antisense RNAs are regulated and positively correlated with their sense protein-coding genes. We investigated lncRNAs with stimulus specific immunomodulatory activity as potential marker genes: LINC00595, SBF2-AS1 (A.fumigatus) and RP11-588G21.2, RP11-394l13.1 (C.albicans) might be detectable in the early phase of infection and serve as therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Riege
- Friedrich Schiller University, Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Martin Hölzer
- Friedrich Schiller University, Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Tilman E Klassert
- Jena University Hospital, Septomics Research Center, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Emanuel Barth
- Friedrich Schiller University, Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Jena, 07743, Germany.,FLI Leibniz Institute for Age Research, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Bräuer
- Jena University Hospital, Septomics Research Center, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Maximilian Collatz
- Friedrich Schiller University, Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Hufsky
- Friedrich Schiller University, Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Chair of Bioinformatics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nelly Mostajo
- Friedrich Schiller University, Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Stock
- Jena University Hospital, Septomics Research Center, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Bertram Vogel
- Friedrich Schiller University, Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Jena, 07743, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Jena University Hospital, Septomics Research Center, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- Friedrich Schiller University, Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Jena, 07743, Germany.,FLI Leibniz Institute for Age Research, 07745 Jena, Germany
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157
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Xu Z, Yan Y, Li Z, Qian L, Gong Z. The Antibiotic Drug Tigecycline: A Focus on its Promising Anticancer Properties. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:473. [PMID: 27994551 PMCID: PMC5133451 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tigecycline (TIG), the first member of glycylcycline bacteriostatic agents, has been approved to treat complicated infections in the clinic because of its expanded-spectrum antibiotic potential. Recently, an increasing number of studies have emphasized the anti-tumor effects of TIG. The inhibitory effects of TIG on cancer depend on several activating signaling pathways and abnormal mitochondrial function in cancer cells. The aim of this review is to summarize the cumulative anti-tumor evidence supporting TIG activity against different cancer types, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), glioma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), among others. In addition, the efficacy and side effects of TIG in cancer patients are summarized in detail. Future clinical trials are also to be discussed that will evaluate the security and validate the underlying the tumor-killing properties of TIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China; Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Long Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China; Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China; Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
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158
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Heterogeneity of Cancer Stem Cells: Rationale for Targeting the Stem Cell Niche. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:276-289. [PMID: 27751894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignancy is fuelled by distinct subsets of stem-like cells which persist under treatment and provoke drug-resistant recurrence. Eradication of these cancer stem cells has therefore become a prime objective for the development and design of novel classes of anti-cancer therapeutics with improved clinical efficacy. Here, we portray potentially clinically-relevant hallmarks of cancer stem cells and focus on their recently appreciated properties of cell variability and plasticity, both of which make them elusive targets for cancer therapies. We reason that this 'disguise in heterogeneity' has fundamental implications for clinical management and elaborate on rational strategies to combat this diversity and target a broad range of tumorigenic cells. We propose exploitation of cancer stem cell niche dependence as a promising approach to interfere with various, rather than few, cancer stem cell subsets and suggest cancer-associated fibroblasts as a prime microenvironmental target for tumor stemness-depleting intervention.
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159
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Liu F, Huang J, Ning B, Liu Z, Chen S, Zhao W. Drug Discovery via Human-Derived Stem Cell Organoids. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:334. [PMID: 27713700 PMCID: PMC5032635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cell lines and animal models have proven invaluable for the understanding of human intestinal diseases and for drug development although both inherently comprise disadvantages and caveats. Many genetically determined intestinal diseases occur in specific tissue microenvironments that are not adequately modeled by monolayer cell culture. Likewise, animal models incompletely recapitulate the complex pathologies of intestinal diseases of humans and fall short in predicting the effects of candidate drugs. Patient-derived stem cell organoids are new and effective models for the development of novel targeted therapies. With the use of intestinal organoids from patients with inherited diseases, the potency and toxicity of drug candidates can be evaluated better. Moreover, owing to the novel clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein-9 genome-editing technologies, researchers can use organoids to precisely modulate human genetic status and identify pathogenesis-related genes of intestinal diseases. Therefore, here we discuss how patient-derived organoids should be grown and how advanced genome-editing tools may be applied to research on modeling of cancer and infectious diseases. We also highlight practical applications of organoids ranging from basic studies to drug screening and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China; Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, HoustonTX, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, HoustonTX, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangshaHunan, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangshaHunan, China; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, ChangshaHunan, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, ChangshaHunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, ChangshaHunan, China
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston TX, USA
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
| | - Shen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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160
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Jin Y, Zhou J, Xu F, Jin B, Cui L, Wang Y, Du X, Li J, Li P, Ren R, Pan J. Targeting methyltransferase PRMT5 eliminates leukemia stem cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3961-3980. [PMID: 27643437 DOI: 10.1172/jci85239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Imatinib-insensitive leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are believed to be responsible for resistance to BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors and relapse of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Identifying therapeutic targets to eradicate CML LSCs may be a strategy to cure CML. In the present study, we discovered a positive feedback loop between BCR-ABL and protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) in CML cells. Overexpression of PRMT5 was observed in human CML LSCs. Silencing PRMT5 with shRNA or blocking PRMT5 methyltransferase activity with the small-molecule inhibitor PJ-68 reduced survival, serial replating capacity, and long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) in LSCs from CML patients. Further, PRMT5 knockdown or PJ-68 treatment dramatically prolonged survival in a murine model of retroviral BCR-ABL-driven CML and impaired the in vivo self-renewal capacity of transplanted CML LSCs. PJ-68 also inhibited long-term engraftment of human CML CD34+ cells in immunodeficient mice. Moreover, inhibition of PRMT5 abrogated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in CML CD34+ cells by depleting dishevelled homolog 3 (DVL3). This study suggests that epigenetic methylation modification on histone protein arginine residues is a regulatory mechanism to control self-renewal of LSCs and indicates that PRMT5 may represent a potential therapeutic target against LSCs.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Naphthylamine/analogs & derivatives
- 1-Naphthylamine/pharmacology
- Aminoquinolines/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Carbazoles/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Enzyme Induction
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases/genetics
- Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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161
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Matsumoto T, Mochizuki W, Nibe Y, Akiyama S, Matsumoto Y, Nozaki K, Fukuda M, Hayashi A, Mizutani T, Oshima S, Watanabe M, Nakamura T. Retinol Promotes In Vitro Growth of Proximal Colon Organoids through a Retinoic Acid-Independent Mechanism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162049. [PMID: 27564706 PMCID: PMC5001647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinol (ROL), the alcohol form of vitamin A, is known to control cell fate decision of various types of stem cells in the form of its active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA). However, little is known about whether ROL has regulatory effects on colonic stem cells. We examined in this study the effect of ROL on the growth of murine normal colonic cells cultured as organoids. As genes involved in RA synthesis from ROL were differentially expressed along the length of the colon, we tested the effect of ROL on proximal and distal colon organoids separately. We found that organoid forming efficiency and the expression level of Lgr5, a marker gene for colonic stem cells were significantly enhanced by ROL in the proximal colon organoids, but not in the distal ones. Interestingly, neither retinaldehyde (RAL), an intermediate product of the ROL-RA pathway, nor RA exhibited growth promoting effects on the proximal colon organoids, suggesting that ROL-dependent growth enhancement in organoids involves an RA-independent mechanism. This was confirmed by the observation that an inhibitor for RA-mediated gene transcription did not abrogate the effect of ROL on organoids. This novel role of ROL in stem cell maintenance in the proximal colon provides insights into the mechanism of region-specific regulation for colonic stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Wakana Mochizuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nibe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Shintaro Akiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Yuka Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Kengo Nozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mizutani
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
- * E-mail:
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162
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Abstract
Overactivation of Wnt signaling is a hallmark of colorectal cancer (CRC). The Wnt pathway is a key regulator of both the early and the later, more invasive, stages of CRC development. In the normal intestine and colon, Wnt signaling controls the homeostasis of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that fuel, via proliferation, upward movement of progeny cells from the crypt bottom toward the villus and differentiation into all cell types that constitute the intestine. Studies in recent years suggested that cancer stem cells (CSCs), similar to ISCs of the crypts, consist of a small subpopulation of the tumor and are responsible for the initiation and progression of the disease. Although various ISC signature genes were also identified as CRC markers and some of these genes were even demonstrated to have a direct functional role in CRC development, the origin of CSCs and their contribution to cancer progression is still debated. Here, we describe studies supporting a relationship between Wnt-regulated CSCs and the progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayon Basu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gal Haase
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avri Ben-Ze'ev
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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163
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Jeannotte L, Gotti F, Landry-Truchon K. Hoxa5: A Key Player in Development and Disease. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:E13. [PMID: 29615582 PMCID: PMC5831783 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical position in the developmental hierarchy is occupied by the Hox genes, which encode transcription factors. Hox genes are crucial in specifying regional identity along the embryonic axes and in regulating morphogenesis. In mouse, targeted mutations of Hox genes cause skeletal transformations and organ defects that can impair viability. Here, we present the current knowledge about the Hoxa5 gene, a paradigm for the function and the regulation of Hox genes. The phenotypic survey of Hoxa5-/- mice has unveiled its critical role in the regional specification of the skeleton and in organogenesis. Most Hoxa5-/- mice die at birth from respiratory distress due to tracheal and lung dysmorphogenesis and impaired diaphragm innervation. The severity of the phenotype establishes that Hoxa5 plays a predominant role in lung organogenesis versus other Hox genes. Hoxa5 also governs digestive tract morphogenesis, thyroid and mammary glands development, and ovary homeostasis. Deregulated Hoxa5 expression is reported in cancers, indicating Hoxa5 involvement in tumor predisposition and progression. The dynamic Hoxa5 expression profile is under the transcriptional control of multiple cis-acting sequences and trans-acting regulators. It is also modulated by epigenetic mechanisms, implicating chromatin modifications and microRNAs. Finally, lncRNAs originating from alternative splicing and distal promoters encompass the Hoxa5 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Jeannotte
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Florian Gotti
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Kim Landry-Truchon
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval; CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Université Laval, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Tan SH, Barker N. Stemming Colorectal Cancer Growth and Metastasis: HOXA5 Forces Cancer Stem Cells to Differentiate. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:683-685. [PMID: 26678334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling drives colorectal cancer stem cells, but effective therapeutics targeting these cells and their signaling pathways are lacking. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Ordóñez-Morán and colleagues describe a promising therapeutic intervention for colorectal cancers that selectively induces cancer stem cell differentiation through HOXA5 expression and Wnt signaling inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hui Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, 06-06 Immunos, 138648 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Medical Biology, 8A Biomedical Grove, 06-06 Immunos, 138648 Singapore, Singapore; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore, Singapore.
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