Long Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Pathways

Co-delivery of siAEG-1 and doxorubicin to treat osteosarcoma via nanomicelles for azide-alkyne "click" conjugation of poly(l-lysine) dendrons onto Zein

Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) oncogene is a notorious and evolving target in a variety of human malignancies including osteosarcoma. The RNA interference (RNAi) has been clinically proven to effectively knock down specific genes. To successfully implement RNAi in vivo, protective vectors are required not only to protect unstable siRNAs from degradation, but also to deliver siRNAs to target cells with controlled release. Here, we synthesized a Zein-poly(l-lysine) dendrons non-viral modular system that enables efficient siRNA-targeted AEG-1 gene silencing in osteosarcoma and encapsulation of antitumor drugs for controlled release. The rational design of the ZDP integrates the non-ionic and low immunogenicity of Zein and the positive charge of the poly(l-lysine) dendrons (DPLL) to encapsulate siRNA and doxorubicin (DOX) payloads via electrostatic complexes and achieve pH-controlled release in a lysosomal acidic microenvironment. Nanocomplexes-directed delivery greatly improves siRNA stability, uptake, and AEG-1 sequence-specific knockdown in 143B cells, with transfection efficiencies comparable to those of commercial lipofectamine but with lower cytotoxicity. This AEG-1-focused RNAi therapy supplemented with chemotherapy inhibited, and was effective in inhibiting the growth in of osteosarcoma xenografts mouse models. The combination therapy is an alternative or combinatorial strategy that can produce durable inhibitory responses in osteosarcoma patients.

Competitive endogenous RNA networks: Decoding the role of long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs in colorectal cancer chemoresistance

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is recognized as one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies across the globe. Despite significant progress in designing novel treatments for CRC, there is a pressing need for more effective therapeutic approaches. Unfortunately, many patients undergoing chemotherapy develop drug resistance, posing a significant challenge for cancer treatment. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been found to play crucial roles in CRC development and its response to chemotherapy. However, there are still gaps in our understanding of interactions among various ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). These ncRNAs can act as either oncogenes or tumour suppressors, affecting numerous biological functions in different cancers including CRC. A class of ncRNA molecules known as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) has emerged as a key player in various cellular processes. These molecules form networks through lncRNA/miRNA/mRNA and circRNA/miRNA/mRNA interactions. In CRC, dysregulation of ceRNA networks has been observed across various cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. These dysregulations are believed to play a significant role in the progression of CRC and, in certain instances, may contribute to the development of chemoresistance. Enriching our knowledge of these dysregulations holds promise for advancing the field of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for CRC. In this review, we discuss lncRNA- and circRNA-associated ceRNA networks implicated in the emergence and advancement of drug resistance in colorectal carcinogenesis.

Harnessing the supremacy of MEG3 LncRNA to defeat gastrointestinal malignancies

Evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a pivotal role in the carcinogenesis and progression of various human malignancies including gastrointestinal malignancies. This comprehensive review reports the functions and mechanisms of the lncRNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) involved in gastrointestinal malignancies. It summarizes its roles in mediating the regulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasiveness, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and drug resistance in several gastrointestinal cancers such as colorectal cancer, gall bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors and most importantly, hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, the authors briefly highlight its implicated mechanistic role and interactions with different non-coding RNAs and oncogenic signaling cascades. This review presents the rationale for developing non coding RNA-based anticancer therapy via harnessing the power of MEG3 in gastrointestinal malignancies.

The mechanisms behind the dual role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) metastasis suppressor-1 in human tumors: Shedding light on the molecular mechanisms

When the expression levels of metastasis suppressor-1 (MTSS1) were discovered to be downregulated in a metastatic cancer cell line in 2002, it was proposed that MTSS1 functioned as a suppressor of metastasis. The 755 amino acid long protein MTSS1 connects to actin and organizes the cytoskeleton. Its gene is located on human chromosome 8q24. The suppressor of metastasis in metastatic cancer was first found to be MTSS1. Subsequent reports revealed that MTSS1 is linked to the prevention of metastasis in a variety of cancer types, including hematopoietic cancers like diffuse large B cell lymphoma and esophageal, pancreatic, and stomach cancers. Remarkably, conflicting results have also been documented. For instance, it has been reported that MTSS1 expression levels are elevated in a subset of melanomas, hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis B, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and lung squamous cell carcinoma. This article provides an overview of the pathological effects of lncRNA MTSS1 dysregulation in cancer. In order to facilitate the development of MTSS1-based therapeutic targeting, we also shed light on the current understanding of MTS1.

LINC00665 promotes glycolysis in lung adenocarcinoma cells via the let-7c-5p/HMMR axis

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most lethal and common malignancies. The energy metabolism of LUAD is a critical factor affecting its malignant progression, and research on this topic can aid in the development of novel cancer treatment targets. Bioinformatics analysis of the expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC00665 in LUAD was performed. Downstream regulatory molecules of LINC00665 were predicted using the StarBase database. We used quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot to measure the expression at mRNA and protein levels, respectively. The effects of the LINC00665/let-7c-5p/HMMR axis on cell viability in vitro were tested by CCK-8 assay. The regulatory effects on glycolysis were analyzed by extracellular acidification rate, oxygen consumption rate, glucose uptake, adenosine triphosphate production, and lactate production. The predicted competitive endogenous RNA mechanism between LINC00665 and let-7c-5p/HMMR was verified by a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. LINC00665 was upregulated in LUAD. Silencing LINC00665 inhibited tumor proliferation and reduced the glycolytic activity of tumor cells. Additionally, the expression of LINC00665 had a negative correlation with that of let-7c-5p, while the expression of HMMR was remarkably inhibited by let-7c-5p. HMMR could affect the development of LUAD by influencing glycolytic capacity. Mechanistically, LINC00665 acted as a molecular sponge to absorb let-7c-5p and targeted HMMR. Transfection of let-7c-5p inhibitor or overexpression of HMMR plasmid could reverse the inhibition in proliferation and glycolysis of LUAD cells induced by silencing of LINC00665. In summary, this study demonstrated that the LINC00665/let-7c-5p/HMMR regulatory axis promoted the tumorigenesis of LUAD by enhancing aerobic glycolysis, suggesting that this regulatory axis was an effective target for inhibiting LUAD progression and providing theoretical support for the development of new drugs for LUAD.

A novel immune-related long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) pair model to predict the prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer type and is the principal cause of cancer-related death in women. Anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immunotherapy has shown promising effects in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but the potential factors affecting its efficacy have not been elucidated. Immune-related long noncoding RNAs (irlncRNAs) have been reported to be involved in immune escape to influence the carcinogenic process through the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. Therefore, exploring the potential regulatory mechanism of irlncRNAs in PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in TNBC is of great importance.

METHODS

We retrieved transcriptome profiling data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and identified differentially expressed irlncRNA (DEirlncRNA) pairs. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was performed to construct a risk assessment model.

RESULTS

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that the risk model may serve as a potential prediction tool in TNBC patients. Clinical stage and risk score were proved to be independent prognostic predictors by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Subsequently, we investigated the correlation between the risk model and tumor-infiltrating immune cells and immune checkpoints. Finally, we identified USP30-AS1 through the StarBase and Multi Experiment Matrix (MEM) databases, predicted the potential target genes of USP30-AS1, and then discovered that these target genes were closely associated with immune responses.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study constructed a risk assessment model by irlncRNA pairs regardless of expression levels, which contributed to predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy in TNBC. Furthermore, the lncRNA USP30-AS1 in the model was positively correlated with the expression of PD-L1 and provided a potential therapeutic target for TNBC.

Comprehensive analysis of disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs for predicting prognosis and response of immunotherapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Background

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is a common and deadly tumor. Currently, there is a severe lack of therapeutic options. As a novel mode of cell death, increasing evidence reveals the important role of the disulfidptosis in cancer. However, few studies have utilized disulfidptosis-related long-stranded non-coding RNAs (DRlncRNAs) to investigate the prognosis of PAAD.

Methods

We comprehensively analyzed the expression and prognostic value of 958 DRlncRNAs in PAAD using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We established and validated a new DRlncRNAs-related prognostic index by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and COX regression analysis. In addition, we built a nomogram consisting of risk score, age, gender, tumor grade and stage to validate the clinical feasibility of the index. We further evaluated the value of the index in terms of PAAD functional pathways, tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor mutations.

Results

We designed a risk model for five DRlncRNAs and demonstrated its accuracy using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. COX regression suggested that the model may be an independent predictor of cancer prognosis. Tumor immune infiltration analysis revealed that low-risk subgroups had higher extent of immune infiltration, higher sensitivity to immunotherapy and a higher TME score. This is helpful for us to discover more precise immunotherapy for PAAD patients.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we established a DRlncRNA index comprising of five DRlncRNAs, which may provide new insights for clinical diagnosis and precision therapy.

Long non-coding RNA LINC01554 overexpression suppresses viability, migration, and invasion of liver cancer cells through regulating miR-148b-3p/EIF4E3

Background

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can be severed as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to regulate target genes or mRNAs via sponging microRNAs (miRNAs). This study explored the effect of LINC01554 on liver cancer cells through the ceRNA mechanism.

Methods

Five significantly down-regulated lncRNAs were selected for further verification, and then through bioinformatics, interactive miRNAs and mRNAs of lncRNAs were identified. The relationship between LINC01554, miR-148b-3p and EIF4E3 was detected by the dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Afterwards, HCCLM3 cells were transfected with pCDH-LINC01554, miR-148b-3p inhibitor and miR-148b-3p mimics. Cell viability, apoptosis, migration and invasion were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometer, and Transwell assays. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot were used to measure the expressions of related genes and proteins.

Results

LINC01554 was significantly down-regulated in the liver cancer cell lines, and was expressed in the cytoplasm of HCCLM3 cells. LINC01554 overexpression inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCCLM3 cells, and promote their apoptosis (P < 0.05). Besides, LINC01554 overexpression also significantly increased the levels of BAX, BCL2/BAX, P53, cleaved-Caspase3, TIMP3, E-cadherin and EIF4E3 (P < 0.05). Through bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, LINC01554, miR-148b-3p and EIF4E3 were proved to interact with each other. Furthermore, the effects of miR-148b-3p knockdown on HCCLM3 cells were similar with those of LINC01554 overexpression, and miR-148b-3p mimics could reverse the changes of cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion induced by LINC01554 overexpression.

Conclusions

LINC01554 overexpression could suppress the growth and metastasis of HCCLM3 cells via miR-148b-3p/EIF4E3.

Role of ferroptosis and ferroptosis-related long non'coding RNA in breast cancer

Ferroptosis, a therapeutic strategy for tumours, is a regulated cell death characterised by the increased accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides (LPO). Tumour-associated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), when combined with traditional anti-cancer medicines or radiotherapy, can improve efficacy and decrease mortality in cancer. Investigating the role of ferroptosis-related lncRNAs may help strategise new therapeutic options for breast cancer (BC). Herein, we briefly discuss the genes and pathways of ferroptosis involved in iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, including the XC-/GSH/GPX4 system, ACSL4/LPCAT3/15-LOX and FSP1/CoQ10/NAD(P)H pathways, and investigate the correlation between ferroptosis and LncRNA in BC to determine possible biomarkers related to ferroptosis.

Non-Coding RNA-Targeted Therapy: A State-of-the-Art Review

The use of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as drug targets is being researched due to their discovery and their role in disease. Targeting ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), is an attractive approach for treating various diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. This seminar discusses the current status of ncRNAs as therapeutic targets in different pathological conditions. Regarding miRNA-based drugs, this approach has made significant progress in preclinical and clinical testing for cardiovascular diseases, where the limitations of conventional pharmacotherapy are evident. The challenges of miRNA-based drugs, including specificity, delivery, and tolerability, will be discussed. New approaches to improve their success will be explored. Furthermore, it extensively discusses the potential development of targeted therapies for cardiovascular disease. Finally, this document reports on the recent advances in identifying and characterizing microRNAs, manipulating them, and translating them into clinical applications. It also addresses the challenges and perspectives towards clinical application.

Evaluation of the clinical significance of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 genetic variants in human lung adenocarcinoma

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most frequent histological subtype of lung cancer, which is the most common malignant tumor and the main cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Recent reports revealed that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis and metastasis development in lung cancer. However, the contribution of MALAT1 genetic variants to the development of LUAD is unclear, especially in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status. In this study, 272 LADC patients with different EGFR status were recruited to dissect the allelic discrimination of the MALAT1 polymorphisms at rs3200401, rs619586, and rs1194338. The findings of the study showed that MALAT1 polymorphisms rs3200401, rs619586, and rs1194338 were not associated to LUAD susceptibility; however, rs3200401 polymorphisms was significantly correlated to EGFR wild-type status and tumor stages in LUAD patients in dominant model (p=0.016). Further analyses using the datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed that lower MALAT1 mRNA levels were associated with the advanced stage, and lymph node metastasis in LADC patients. In conclusion, our results showed that MALAT1 rs3200401 polymorphisms dramatically raised the probability of LUAD development.

Long non-coding RNAs: a summary of their roles in placenta development and pathology†

Long non-coding RNAs are cellular transcripts that have ˃200 nucleotides in length and do not code for proteins. Due to their low expression levels, long non-coding RNAs were previously considered as mere transcriptional noise. However, current evidence indicates that they regulate a myriad of biological processes such as cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis. Hence, their expression patterns are crucial indicators of the physiological or pathological states of cells, tissues, and organs. The utilization of long non-coding RNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the clinical management of several diseases have been suggested. Gradually, long non-coding RNAs are gaining a substantial attention in the field of feto-maternal medicine. After embryo implantation, the interactions between the trophoblast cells from the embryo and the uterus of the mother facilitate placenta development and pregnancy progression. These processes are tightly regulated, and their impairments result in pregnancy pathologies such as miscarriage and preeclampsia. Accumulating evidence implicates long non-coding RNAs in these processes. Herein, we have summarized the roles of several long non-coding RNAs in human placenta development, have proposed some mechanisms by which they participate in physiological and pathological placentation, have revealed some knowledge deficits, and have recommended ideal experimental approaches that will facilitate the clarification of the mechanistic actions of each long non-coding RNA at the feto-maternal interface during healthy and pathological pregnancies.

The biological role of lncRNAs in the acute lymphocytic leukemia: An updated review

The cause of leukemia, a common malignancy of the hematological system, is unknown. The structure of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is similar to mRNA but no ability to encode proteins. Numerous malignancies, including different forms of leukemia, are linked to Lnc-RNAs. It is verified that the carcinogenesis and growth of a variety of human malignancies are significantly influenced by aberrant lncRNA expression. The body of evidence linking various types of lncRNAs to the etiology of leukemia has dramatically increased during the past ten years. Some lncRNAs are therefore anticipated to function as novel therapeutic targets, diagnostic biomarkers, and clinical outcome predictions. Additionally, these lncRNAs may provide new therapeutic options and insight into the pathophysiology of diseases, particularly leukemia. Thus, this review outlines the present comprehension of leukemia-associated lncRNAs.

LncRNA PWRN1 inhibits the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating PKM2 activity

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent and leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to play vital roles in cancer development and progression. The lncRNA PWRN1 (PWRN1), acts as a tumor suppressor factor, which is low expressed in some cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of PWRN1, especially the regulatory relationship with RNA binding protein in HCC remain largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that PWRN1 was significantly down-regulated in HCC and correlated with better prognosis; furthermore, gain-of-function experiments showed that PWRN1 inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells. We further found that PWRN1 up-regulated pyruvate kinase activity and thus hinders the proliferation of HCC in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) was bound to it and maintained the high activity state of PKM2, thereby hindering PKM2 from entering the nucleus in the form of low-activity dimers, reducing the expression of c-Myc downstream gene LDHA, leading to a decrease in lactate levels, and inhibiting the growth of tumor cells. In addition, PWRN1 was found to inhibit aerobic glycolysis. Finally, TEPP-46, a pyruvate kinase activator, appeared to inhibit HCC proliferation by maintaining tetramer stability and increasing pyruvate kinase activity. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the biology hindering HCC proliferation and indicate that PWRN1 in combination with PKM2 activators might represent a novel therapeutic target for HCC.

DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion protein-regulated LINC00473 promotes tumor growth and alters mitochondrial fitness in fibrolamellar carcinoma

Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare liver cancer that disproportionately affects adolescents and young adults. Currently, no standard of care is available and there remains a dire need for new therapeutics. Most patients harbor the fusion oncogene DNAJB1-PRKACA (DP fusion), but clinical inhibitors are not yet developed and it is critical to identify downstream mediators of FLC pathogenesis. Here, we identify long noncoding RNA LINC00473 among the most highly upregulated genes in FLC tumors and determine that it is strongly suppressed by RNAi-mediated inhibition of the DP fusion in FLC tumor epithelial cells. We show by loss- and gain-of-function studies that LINC00473 suppresses apoptosis, increases the expression of FLC marker genes, and promotes FLC growth in cell-based and in vivo disease models. Mechanistically, LINC00473 plays an important role in promoting glycolysis and altering mitochondrial activity. Specifically, LINC00473 knockdown leads to increased spare respiratory capacity, which indicates mitochondrial fitness. Overall, we propose that LINC00473 could be a viable target for this devastating disease.

Stoichiometry of long noncoding RNA interactions with other RNAs: Insights from OIP5-AS1

Long noncoding (lnc)RNAs modulate gene expression programs in a range of developmental processes in different organs. In skeletal muscle, lncRNAs have been implicated in myogenesis, the process whereby muscle precursor cells form muscle fibers during embryonic development and regenerate muscle fibers in the adult. Here, we discuss OIP5-AS1, a lncRNA that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and is capable of coordinating protein expression programs during myogenesis. Given that several myogenic functions of OIP5-AS1 involve interactions with MEF2C mRNA and with the microRNA miR-7, it was critical to carefully evaluate the precise levels of OIP5-AS1 during myogenesis. We discuss the approaches used to examine lncRNA copy number using OIP5-AS1 as an example, focusing on quantification by quantitative PCR analysis with reference to nucleic acids of known abundance, by droplet digital (dd)PCR measurement, and by microscopic visualization of individual lncRNAs in cells. We discuss considerations of RNA stoichiometry in light of developmental processes in which lncRNAs are implicated. This article is categorized under: Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs.

Reciprocal regulation of lncRNA MEF and c-Myc drives colorectal cancer tumorigenesis

More than half of all cancers demonstrate aberrant c-Myc expression, making this arguably the most important human oncogene. Deregulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are also commonly implicated in tumorigenesis, and some limited examples have been established where lncRNAs act as biological tuners of c-Myc expression and activity. Here, we demonstrate that the lncRNA denoted c-Myc Enhancing Factor (MEF) enjoys a cooperative relationship with c-Myc, both as a transcriptional target and driver of c-Myc expression. Mechanistically, MEF functions by binding to and stabilizing the expression of hnRNPK in colorectal cancer cells. The MEF-hnRNPK interaction serves to disrupt binding between hnRNPK and the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25, which attenuates TRIM25-dependent hnRNPK ubiquitination and proteasomal destruction. In turn, the stabilization of hnRNPK through MEF enhances c-Myc expression by augmenting the translation c-Myc. Moreover, modulating the expression of MEF in shRNA-mediated knockdown and overexpression studies revealed that MEF expression is essential for colorectal cancer cell proliferation and survival, both in vitro and in vivo. From the clinical perspective, we show that MEF expression is differentially increased in colorectal cancer tissues compared to normal adjacent tissues. Further, correlations exist between MEF, c-Myc, and hnRNPK suggesting the MEF-c-Myc positive feedback loop is active in patients. Together these data demonstrate that MEF is a pivotal partner of the c-Myc network and propose MEF as a valuable therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.

Long noncoding RNA ABHD11-AS1 interacts with SART3 and regulates CD44 RNA alternative splicing to promote lung carcinogenesis

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a common environmental pollutant and chronic exposure to Cr(VI) causes lung cancer in humans, however, the mechanism of Cr(VI) carcinogenesis has not been well understood. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death, although the mechanisms of how lung cancer develops and progresses have been poorly understood. While long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are found abnormally expressed in cancer, how dysregulated lncRNAs contribute to carcinogenesis remains largely unknown. The goal of this study is to investigate the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced lung carcinogenesis focusing on the role of the lncRNA ABHD11 antisense RNA 1 (tail to tail) (ABHD11-AS1). It was found that the lncRNA ABHD11-AS1 expression levels are up-regulated in chronic Cr(VI) exposure-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells, chronically Cr(VI)-exposed mouse lung tissues, and human lung cancer cells as well. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that ABHD11-AS1 levels are up-regulated in lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) tissues and associated with worse overall survival of LUAD patients but not in lung squamous cell carcinomas. It was further determined that up-regulation of ABHD11-AS1 expression plays an important role in chronic Cr(VI) exposure-induced cell malignant transformation and tumorigenesis, and the stemness of human lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, it was found that ABHD11-AS1 directly binds SART3 (spliceosome associated factor 3, U4/U6 recycling protein). The interaction of ABHD11-AS1 with SART3 promotes USP15 (ubiquitin specific peptidase 15) nuclear localization. Nuclear localized USP15 interacts with pre-mRNA processing factor 19 (PRPF19) to increase CD44 RNA alternative splicing activating β-catenin and enhancing cancer stemness. Together, these findings indicate that lncRNA ABHD11-AS1 interacts with SART3 and regulates CD44 RNA alternative splicing to promote cell malignant transformation and lung carcinogenesis.

METTL3-induced FGD5-AS1 contributes to the tumorigenesis and PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint to enhance the resistance to paclitaxel of endometrial carcinoma

Endometrial cancer (EC), a widely occurring cancer in the uterus, is among the top four most frequent malignancies in women. To improve approaches for combating this disease, it is essential to gain a more comprehensive comprehension of the intricate causes of EC. Accumulating evidence highlight the essential role of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) in EC progression, while its biological and mechanical function has not been fully revealed. In this study, a LncRNA microarray analysis was performed using four pairs of paclitaxel (PTX) resistant EC cells, FGD5-AS1 was identified as a significantly upregulated gene. Biologically, it was found that FGD5-AS1 enhances chemoresistance of EC cells to PTX treatment and blocking immune escape via PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint. Furthermore, FGD5-AS1 exerted an oncogene role in EC cells via promoting cell proliferation and migration. Mechanically, METTL3 could upregulate FGD5-AS1 expression via N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification. The biological roles of METTL3 were exerted via modulating FGD5-AS1 expression in EC. Collectively, our research has shed light on the involvement of the METTL3/FGD5-AS1 axis in the development of PTX resistance in EC. This finding offers a new avenue for further exploration of the underlying mechanisms of chemoresistance in EC and provides valuable insights for the development of potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of EC.

Utilizing non-coding RNA-mediated regulation of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters to overcome multidrug resistance to cancer chemotherapy

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the primary factors that produces treatment failure in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. MDR is a complex multifactorial phenomenon, characterized by a decrease or abrogation of the efficacy of a wide spectrum of anticancer drugs that are structurally and mechanistically distinct. The overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, notably ABCG2 and ABCB1, are one of the primary mediators of MDR in cancer cells, which promotes the efflux of certain chemotherapeutic drugs from cancer cells, thereby decreasing or abolishing their therapeutic efficacy. A number of studies have suggested that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a pivotal role in mediating the upregulation of ABC transporters in certain MDR cancer cells. This review will provide updated information about the induction of ABC transporters due to the aberrant regulation of ncRNAs in cancer cells. We will also discuss the measurement and biological profile of circulating ncRNAs in various body fluids as potential biomarkers for predicting the response of cancer patients to chemotherapy. Sequence variations, such as alternative polyadenylation of mRNA and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) at miRNA target sites, which may indicate the interaction of miRNA-mediated gene regulation with genetic variations to modulate the MDR phenotype, will be reviewed. Finally, we will highlight novel strategies that could be used to modulate ncRNAs and circumvent ABC transporter-mediated MDR.

LINC00707 impairs the Natural Killer cell antitumour activity in hepatocellular carcinoma through decreasing YTHDF2 stability

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and ranks third in cancer-related fatalities. The recognized involvement of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in several cancer types, including HCC, inspired this study to explore a novel lncRNA's functional importance in the progression of HCC. To achieve this, lncRNA microarray analysis was conducted on three distinct sets of HCC tissues, revealing LINC00707 as the most significantly upregulated lncRNA. Further research into its biological functions has revealed that LINC00707 acts as an oncogene, driving HCC progression by enhancing the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells. Mechanistic insights were provided, demonstrating that LINC00707 interacts with YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA-binding protein 2 (YTHDF2), thus facilitating the ubiquitination-dependent degradation of the YTHDF2 protein. Furthermore, LINC00707 was found to influence the cytotoxicity of NK-92MI cells against HCC cells through its interactions with YTHDF2. These findings significantly contribute to a deeper understanding of the role played by LINC00707 in the progression of HCC.

Lipid metabolism-related long noncoding RNA RP11-817I4.1 promotes fatty acid synthesis and tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of tumors. The influence of lipid metabolism disruption on the development of HCC has been demonstrated in published studies.

AIM

To establish an HCC prognostic model for lipid metabolism-related long non-coding RNAs (LMR-lncRNAs) and conduct in-depth research on the specific role of novel LMR-lncRNAs in HCC.

METHODS

Correlation and differential expression analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas data were used to identify differentially expressed LMR-lncRNAs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to evaluate the expression of LMR-lncRNAs. Nile red staining was employed to observe intracellular lipid levels. The interaction between RP11-817I4.1, miR-3120-3p, and ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) was validated through the performance of dual-luciferase reporter gene and RIP assays.

RESULTS

Three LMR-lncRNAs (negative regulator of antiviral response, RNA transmembrane and coiled-coil domain family 1 antisense RNA 1, and RP11-817I4.1) were identified as predictive markers for HCC patients and were utilized in the construction of risk models. Additionally, proliferation, migration, and invasion were reduced by RP11-817I4.1 knockdown. An increase in lipid levels in HCC cells was significantly induced by RP11-817I4.1 through the miR-3120-3p/ACLY axis.

CONCLUSION

LMR-lncRNAs have the capacity to predict the clinical characteristics and prognoses of HCC patients, and the discovery of a novel LMR-lncRNAs, RP11-817I4.1, revealed its role in promoting lipid accumulation, thereby accelerating the onset and progression of HCC.

The lncRNAs Gas5, MALAT1 and SNHG8 as diagnostic biomarkers for epithelial malignant pleural mesothelioma in Egyptian patients

Long noncoding RNAs have been shown to be involved in a myriad of physiological and pathological pathways. To date, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is considered an extremely aggressive cancer. One reason for this is the late diagnosis of the disease, which can occur within 30-40 years of asbestos exposure. There is an immense need for the development of new, sensitive, inexpensive and easy methods for the early detection of this disease other than invasive methods such as biopsy. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of circulating lncRNAs in mesothelioma patient plasma to identify potential biomarkers. Ten previously identified lncRNAs that were shown to be aberrantly expressed in mesothelioma tissues were selected as candidates for subsequent validation. The expression of the ten selected candidate lncRNAs was verified via quantitative PCR (qPCR) in human plasma samples from mesothelioma patients versus healthy controls. The expression levels of circulating GAS5, SNHG8 and MALAT1 were significantly greater in plasma samples from patients than in those from controls. The ROC analysis of both MALAT1 and SNHG8 revealed 88.89% sensitivity and 66.67% specificity. The sensitivity of these markers was greater than that of GAS5 (sensitivity 72.22% and specificity 66.67%). The regression model for GAS5 was statistically significant, while that for SNHG8 and MALAT1 was not significant due to the small sample size. The area under the curve (AUC) of the three ROC curves was acceptable and significant: 0.7519 for GAS5, 0.7352 for SNHG8 and 0.7185 for MALAT1. This finding confirmed their ability to be used as markers. The three lncRNAs were not affected by age, sex or smoking status. The three lncRNAs showed great potential as independent predictive diagnostic biomarkers. Although the prediction model for MALAT1 did not significantly differ, MALAT1 was significantly expressed in patients more than in controls (p = 0.0266), and the recorded sensitivity and specificity were greater than those of GAS5.

lncRNA CYTOR promotes lung adenocarcinoma gemcitabine resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by sponging miR-125a-5p and upregulating ANLN and RRM2

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most aggressive types of lung cancer. The prognosis of LUAD patients remains poor, and the overall efficacy of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is still unsatisfactory. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in several cancer types by interacting with multiple proteins, RNA, and DNA. However, the relationship between lncRNA dysregulation and gemcitabine resistance in LUAD has not been fully elucidated. In this study, lncRNA CYTOR expression and its association with the prognosis of LUAD patients are assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. In vitro and in vivo functional studies are conducted to evaluate the biological functions of CYTOR in LUAD. The underlying mechanism regarding the tumor-promoting effects of CYTOR is explored using RNA immunoprecipitation, biotin-labelled RNA pulldown, luciferase reporter assays, and western blot analysis. We identify that CYTOR is an oncogenic lncRNA and is apparently upregulated in LUAD by analysing TCGA-LUAD data. High CYTOR expression is a poor prognostic factor for LUAD. Functional studies reveal that CYTOR confers LUAD cells with stronger resistance to gemcitabine treatment and upregulates the expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins. Mechanically, CYTOR acts as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to absorb miR-125a-5p, weakens the antitumor function of miR-125a-5p, and ultimately upregulates ANLN and RRM2 expressions. Taken together, this study explains the mechanism of lncRNA in the gemcitabine resistance of LUAD and formulates a theoretical framework for the in depth study of LUAD.

LINC00319: Unraveling the spectrum from gene regulation to clinical applications in cancer progression

LncRNAs are RNA transcripts that exceed 200 nucleotides in length and do not encode proteins. LINC00319 is a type of lncRNA that is highly expressed in various cancers and is regulated by CCL18 and MYC. High levels of LINC00319 are associated with poorer prognosis and more malignant clinical features in cancer patients. LINC00319 can regulate the expression of downstream genes, including 2 protein-coding genes and 11 miRNAs. It participates in controlling three signaling pathways and various cellular behaviors. LINC00319 and its downstream genes are potential targets for cancer therapy and are associated with common cancer treatments. This article reviews the abnormal expression of LINC00319 in human cancers and related molecular mechanisms, providing clues for further diagnosis and treatment.

LINC02561 promotes metastasis in HCC via HIF1-α/NDRG1/UPF1 axis

In the entire world, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent cancers that lead to death. Experiments on the function of long non-coding RNAs in the emergence of malignancies, including HCC, are ongoing. As a crucial RNA monitoring mechanism in eucaryotic cells, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) can recognize and destroy mRNAs, which has an premature termination codons (PTC) in the open reading frame to prevent harmful buildup of truncated protein products in the cells. Nonsense transcript regulator 1 (Up-frameshift suppressor 1, UPF1), as a highly conserved RNA helicase and ATPase, plays a key role in NMD. Our laboratory screened out the highly expressed lncRNA LINC02561 in HCC from the TCGA database. Further research found that LINC02561 enhanced the invasion and transition abilities of liver cancer cells by regulating the protein N-Myc downstream regulated 1 (NDRG1). Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) can bonded to LINC02561 promoters under hypoxic conditions, thereby promoting the upregulation of LINC02561 expression in liver cancer cells. LINC02561 competes with NDRG1 mRNA to bind UPF1, thereby preventing the degradation of NDRG1 mRNA to facilitate NDRG1 protein level. Taken together, the HIF1α-LINC02561-UPF1-NDRG1 regulatory axis could be an entirely novel target of liver cancer-related treatment.

Mechanistic actions of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 within the ovary and at the feto-maternal interface

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are being unveiled as crucial regulators of several biological processes and pathways. Among the lncRNAs is metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), which is also known as nuclear enriched abundant transcript 2 (NEAT2). MALAT1 is highly conserved in mammals, and controls cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and apoptosis in both physiological and pathological conditions. Roles of MALAT1 in the female reproductive system are gradually getting explored. Within the ovarian micro-environment, the physiological expression of MALAT1 potentially modulates folliculogenesis while its upregulation promotes the metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancers. Interestingly, women with polycystic ovary syndrome have been shown to exhibit aberrant ovarian expression of MALAT1 and this is believed to contribute to the development of the disease. At the feto-maternal interface, MALAT1 potentially promotes trophoblast development. While its placental downregulation is linked to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, its placental upregulation is associated with placenta increta and placenta percreta. Hence, abnormal expression of MALAT1 is a candidate molecular biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of these obstetric and gynecologic anomalies. To enhance a quick uncovering and detailed characterization of the mechanistic actions of MALAT1 in the female reproductive system, we have highlighted some knowledge deficits and have recommended ideal experimental models to be employed in prospective investigations.

LncRNA CCAT1 participates in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression by forming a positive feedback loop with c-Myc

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play fundamental roles in cancer development; however, the underlying mechanisms for a large proportion of lncRNAs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have not been elucidated. The expression of colon cancer-associated transcript-1 (CCAT1) in PDAC specimens and cell lines was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The function of CCAT1 was examined in vitro and in vivo. The interactions among CCAT1, miR-24-3p and c-Myc were determined by bioinformatics analysis, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), dual-luciferase reporter assay, and rescue experiments. CCAT1 was significantly increased in PDAC, positively correlated with PDAC progression and predicted a worse prognosis. Furthermore, CCAT1 enhanced Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production to facilitate PDAC cell proliferation, colony formation and motility in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. CCAT1 may serve as an miR-24-3p sponge, thereby counteracting its repression by c-Myc expression. Reciprocally, c-Myc may act as a transcription factor to alter CCAT1 expression by directly targeting its promoter region, thus forming a positive feedback loop with CCAT1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that a positive feedback loop of CCAT1/miR-24-3p/c-Myc is involved in PDAC development, which may serve as a biomarker and therapeutic target for PDAC.

Clinical significance of exosomal noncoding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: a narrative review

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide, with poor prognosis owing to its high frequency of recurrence and metastasis. Moreover, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage owing to a lack of early detection markers. Exosomes, which are characterized by their cargos of stable intracellular messengers, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, play a crucial role in regulating cell differentiation and HCC development. Recently, exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs, have become increasingly important diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers of HCC. Herein, we discuss the clinical implications of exosomal ncRNAs, specifically those within the HCC regulatory network.

Hypoxia-Derived Exosomes Promote Lung Adenocarcinoma by Regulating HS3ST1-GPC4-Mediated Glycolysis

OBJECTIVE

The diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is often delayed due to the typically asymptomatic nature of the early-stage disease, causing advanced-stage LUAD diagnosis in most patients. Hypoxia is widely recognized as a driving force in cancer progression. Exosomes originating from hypoxic tumor cells promote tumorigenesis by influencing glycolysis, migration, invasion, and immune infiltration. Given these insights, our study aimed to explore the role of hypoxia-derived exosomal long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) OIP5-AS1 in LUAD cell lines and mouse models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Exosomes were meticulously isolated and authenticated based on their morphology and biomarkers. The interaction between heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 (HS3ST1) and Glypican 4 (GPC4) was examined using immunoprecipitation. The influence of the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 on glycolysis was assessed in LUAD cell lines. The effect of the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 on cell proliferation and metastasis was evaluated using colony formation, cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis analyses. Its effects on tumor size were confirmed in xenograft animal models.

RESULTS

Our study revealed the mechanism of the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 in LUAD progression. We discovered that GPC4 promotes HS3ST1-mediated glycolysis and that the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 enhances glycolysis by regulating miR-200c-3p in LUAD cells. Notably, this lncRNA stimulates LUAD cell proliferation and metastasis and fosters LUAD tumor size via miR-200c-3p. Our findings underscore the potential role of the hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 in LUAD progression.

CONCLUSIONS

The hypoxia-derived exosomal lncRNA OIP5-AS1 promotes LUAD by regulating HS3ST1-GPC4-mediated glycolysis via miR-200c-3p.

Liquid-liquid phase separation-related lncRNA prognostic signature and ZNF32-AS2 as a novel biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) enhances oncogenic signaling pathways and advances cancer progression, and has been proposed as a promising cancer biomarker and intervention target. Nevertheless, doubts remain about the prognostic importance of LLPS-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS

An LLPS-related lncRNA prognostic signature was generated by drivers and regulators of LLPS, and was validated in external datasets. The underlying genetic changes and functional enrichment of the signature were assessed. The drug sensitivity and response to immunotherapy were predicted in patients categorized as high-risk and low-risk. Clinical samples, phase separation agonist, and dispersant were used to identify lncRNAs with the most significant expression change. Cancer cells with ZNF32-AS2 expression regulation were subjected to colony formation assay, scratch test assay, migration and invasion assay, sorafenib resistance assay, and xenograft tumor model.

RESULTS

The signature of LLPS-related hub lncRNAs identified through Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis showed outstanding performance in training and external validation cohorts consistently, and the molecular characteristics varied between different risk groups. Potential drugs for high-risk individuals were identified, and low-risk individuals demonstrated a more favorable reaction to immunotherapy. ZNF32-AS2 showed the most significant expression change in phase separation agonist and dispersant treatment. ZNF32-AS2 promoted the proliferation, mobility, and sorafenib resistance of liver cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The LLPS-related lncRNA signature may help assess prognosis and predict treatment efficacy in clinical settings. LLPS-related ZNF32-AS2 promoted the proliferation, mobility, and sorafenib resistance of liver cancer cells, and may be a novel potential biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma.

The pivotal role of long non-coding RNAs as potential biomarkers and modulators of chemoresistance in ovarian cancer (OC)

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a fatal gynecological disease that is often diagnosed at later stages due to its asymptomatic nature and the absence of efficient early-stage biomarkers. Previous studies have identified genes with abnormal expression in OC that couldn't be explained by methylation or mutation, indicating alternative mechanisms of gene regulation. Recent advances in human transcriptome studies have led to research on non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as regulators of cancer gene expression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of ncRNAs with a length greater than 200 nucleotides, have been identified as crucial regulators of physiological processes and human diseases, including cancer. Dysregulated lncRNA expression has also been found to play a crucial role in ovarian carcinogenesis, indicating their potential as novel and non-invasive biomarkers for improving OC management. However, despite the discovery of several thousand lncRNAs, only one has been approved for clinical use as a biomarker in cancer, highlighting the importance of further research in this field. In addition to their potential as biomarkers, lncRNAs have been implicated in modulating chemoresistance, a major problem in OC. Several studies have identified altered lncRNA expression upon drug treatment, further emphasizing their potential to modulate chemoresistance. In this review, we highlight the characteristics of lncRNAs, their function, and their potential to serve as tumor markers in OC. We also discuss a few databases providing detailed information on lncRNAs in various cancer types. Despite the promising potential of lncRNAs, further research is necessary to fully understand their role in cancer and develop effective strategies to combat this devastating disease.

lncRNA HOTAIRM1 Activated by HOXA4 Drives HUVEC Proliferation Through Direct Interaction with Protein Partner HSPA5

Despite the substantial progress in deciphering the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS), cardiovascular mortality is still increasing. Therefore, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a sweeping epidemic that jeopardizes human health. Disentangling the molecular underpinnings of AS is imperative in the molecular cardiology field. Overwhelming evidence has indicated that the recognition of a fascinating class of players, known as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), provides causality for coordinating AS. However, the function and mechanism of HOTAIRM1 are still poorly understood in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and AS. Herein, we primarily underscored that lncRNA HOTAIRM1 is potentially responsible for AS; as such, it was dramatically up-regulated in HUVECs upon ox-LDL stimulation. Functionally, HOTAIRM1 knockdown attenuated HUVEC proliferation and potentiated apoptosis in the absence and presence of ox-LDL. Furthermore, HOTAIRM1 was preferentially located in the nuclei of HUVECs. Mechanistically, HOXA4 is directly bound to the HOTAIRM1 promoter and activated its transcription. Of note, a positive feedback signaling between HOXA4 and HOTAIRM1 was determined. Intriguingly, the interplay between HOTAIRM1 and HSPA5 occurred in an RNA-binding protein pattern and a transcription-dependent regulatory manner. In addition, HSPA5 overexpression partially antagonized HUVEC proliferation inhibition of HOTAIRM1 depletion. Taken together, our findings delineate a pivotal functional interaction among HOXA4, HOTAIRM1, and HSPA5 as a novel regulatory circuit for modulating HUVEC proliferation. An in-depth investigation of the HOXA4-HOTAIRM1-HSPA5 axis promises to yield significant breakthroughs in identifying the molecular mechanisms governing AS and developing therapeutic avenues for AS.

GAS5 promotes cytarabine induced myelosuppression via inhibition of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation

Cytarabine (Ara-C) is widely used in the induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Association between LncRNA GAS5 genetic polymorphism and the recovery of hematopoietic function after Ara-C-based chemotherapy is observed. This study aimed to identify whether intervention of GAS5 expression and GAS5 genotype affect Ara-C-induced inhibition of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiation. In this study, cord blood-derived CD34+ cells were cultured in vitro, and a cell model of myelosuppression was established by treatment of CD34+ cells with Ara-C. The effect of GAS5 overexpression, Ara-C treatment, and GAS5 rs55829688 genotype on the hematopoietic colony-forming ability of CD34+ cells was assessed using methylcellulose-based colony forming unit assay. GAS5 overexpression slowed down the proliferation of cord blood-derived CD34+ cells significantly (p < 0.05) and decreased their ability to form hematopoietic colonies in vitro. Ara-C significantly reduced the hematopoietic colony-forming ability of CD34+ cells in vitro (p < 0.0001), and overexpressing GAS5 further decreased the number of hematopoietic colonies. GAS5 expression was higher in CD34+ cells than in CD34- cells, and positively correlated with GATA1 mRNA expression in CD34+ cells in vitro culture. However, GAS5 genotype had no effect on the total number of hematopoietic colonies formed from cord blood-derived CD34+ cells. In conclusion, our study highlights that GAS5 inhibited the in vitro proliferation and reduced the hematopoietic colony-forming ability of cord blood-derived CD34+ cells, with the most pronounced effect observed on CFU-GEMM formation. GAS5 also enhanced the inhibitory effect of Ara-C on the in vitro hematopoietic ability of CD34+ HSCs.

A nomogram based on 4-lncRNAs signature for improving prognostic prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with abnormal expression are frequently seen in hepatocellular cancer patients (HCC). Previous studies have reported the correlation between lncRNA and prognosis processes of HCC patients. In this research, a graphical nomogram with lncRNAs signatures, T, M phases was developed using the rms R package to estimate the survival rates of HCC patients in year 1, 3, and 5.

METHODS

To find the prognostic lncRNA and create the lncRNA signatures, univariate Cox survival analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis were chosen. The rms R software package was used to build a graphical nomogram based on lncRNAs signatures to predict the survival rates in of HCC patients in 1, 3, and 5 years. Using "edgeR", "DEseq" R packages to find the differentially expressed genes (DEGs).

RESULTS

Firstly, a total of 5581 DEGs including 1526 lncRNAs and 3109 mRNAs were identified through bioinformatic analysis, of which 4 lncRNAs (LINC00578, RP11-298O21.2, RP11-383H13.1, RP11-440G9.1) were identified to be strongly related to the prognosis of liver cancer (P < 0.05). Moreover, we constructed a 4-lncRNAs signature by using the calculated regression coefficient. 4-lncRNAs signature is identified to significantly correlated with clinical and pathological characteristics (such as T stage, and death status of HCC patients).

CONCLUSIONS

A prognostic nomogram on the base of 4-lncRNAs markers was built, which is capable to accurately predict the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival of HCC patients after the construction of the 4-lncRNAs signature linked with prognosis of HCC.

Potential of lncRNAs to regulate cuproptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: Establishment and validation of a novel risk model

Cuproptosis, a distinct form of programmed cell death, is an emerging field in oncology with promising implications. This novel mode of cell death has the potential to become a regulatory target for tumor therapy, thus expanding the currently limited treatment options available for patients with cancer. Our research team focused on investigating the role of functional long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We were particularly intrigued by the potential implications of HCC-lncRNAs on cuproptosis. Through a comprehensive analysis, we identified three cuproptosis-related lncRNAs (CRLs): AC018690.1, AL050341.2, and LINC02038. These lncRNAs were found to influence the sensitivity of HCC to cuproptosis. Based on our results, we constructed a risk model represented by the equation: risk score = 0.82 * AC018690.1 + 0.65 * AL050341.2 + 0.61 * LINC02038. Notably, significant disparities were observed in clinical features, such as the response rate to immunotherapy and targeted therapy, as well as in cellular characteristics, including the composition of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), when comparing the high- and low-risk groups. Most importantly, knockdown of these CRLs was confirmed to significantly weaken the resistance to cuproptosis in HCC. This effect resulted from the accelerated accumulation of lipoacylated-DLAT and lipoacylated-DLST. In summary, we identified three CRLs in HCC and established a novel risk model with potential clinical applications. Additionally, we proposed a potential therapeutic method consisting of sorafenib-copper ionophores-immunotherapy.

Exosomal long non-coding RNAs in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary tumor found in the central nervous system, accounting for 70% of all adult brain tumors. The median overall survival rate is one year post-diagnosis with treatment, and only four months without treatment. Current GBM diagnostic methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), surgery, and brain biopsies, have limitations. These include difficulty distinguishing between tumor recurrence and post-surgical necrotic regions, and operative risks associated with obtaining histological samples through direct surgery or biopsies. Consequently, there is a need for rapid, inexpensive, and minimally invasive techniques for early diagnosis and improved subsequent treatment. Research has shown that tumor-derived exosomes containing various long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical regulatory roles in immunomodulation, cancer metastasis, cancer development, and drug resistance in GBM. They regulate genes that enhance cancer growth and progression and alter the expression of several key signaling pathways. Due to the specificity and sensitivity of exosomal lncRNAs, they have the potential to be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis, as well as to monitor a patient's response to chemotherapy for GBM. In this review, we discuss the role of exosomal lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of GBM and their potential clinical applications for early diagnosis.

Recent insights into the functions and mechanisms of antisense RNA: emerging applications in cancer therapy and precision medicine

The antisense RNA molecule is a unique DNA transcript consisting of 19-23 nucleotides, characterized by its complementary nature to mRNA. These antisense RNAs play a crucial role in regulating gene expression at various stages, including replication, transcription, and translation. Additionally, artificial antisense RNAs have demonstrated their ability to effectively modulate gene expression in host cells. Consequently, there has been a substantial increase in research dedicated to investigating the roles of antisense RNAs. These molecules have been found to be influential in various cellular processes, such as X-chromosome inactivation and imprinted silencing in healthy cells. However, it is important to recognize that in cancer cells; aberrantly expressed antisense RNAs can trigger the epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes. Moreover, the presence of deletion-induced aberrant antisense RNAs can lead to the development of diseases through epigenetic silencing. One area of drug development worth mentioning is antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and a prime example of an oncogenic trans-acting long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA). NATs (noncoding antisense transcripts) are dysregulated in many cancers, and researchers are just beginning to unravel their roles as crucial regulators of cancer's hallmarks, as well as their potential for cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize the emerging roles and mechanisms of antisense RNA and explore their application in cancer therapy.

Targeting long non-coding RNAs in cancer therapy using CRISPR-Cas9 technology: A novel paradigm for precision oncology

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, despite recent advances in its identification and management. To improve cancer patient diagnosis and care, it is necessary to identify new biomarkers and molecular targets. In recent years, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have surfaced as important contributors to various cellular activities, with growing proof indicating their substantial role in the genesis, development, and spread of cancer. Their unique expression profiles within specific tissues and their wide-ranging functionalities make lncRNAs excellent candidates for potential therapeutic intervention in cancer management. They are implicated in multiple hallmarks of cancer, such as uncontrolled proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. This review article explores the innovative application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in targeting lncRNAs as a cancer therapeutic strategy. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has been widely applied in functional genomics, gene therapy, and cancer research, offering a versatile platform for lncRNA targeting. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated targeting of lncRNAs can be achieved through CRISPR interference, activation or the complete knockout of lncRNA loci. Combining CRISPR-Cas9 technology with high-throughput functional genomics makes it possible to identify lncRNAs critical for the survival of specific cancer subtypes, opening the door for tailored treatments and personalised cancer therapies. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated lncRNA targeting with other cutting-edge cancer therapies, such as immunotherapy and targeted molecular therapeutics can be used to overcome the drug resistance in cancer. The synergy of lncRNA research and CRISPR-Cas9 technology presents immense potential for individualized cancer treatment, offering renewed hope in the battle against this disease.

Role of long non-coding RNAs in metabolic reprogramming of gastrointestinal cancer cells

Metabolic reprogramming, which is recognized as a hallmark of cancer, refers to the phenomenon by which cancer cells change their metabolism to support their increased biosynthetic demands. Tumor cells undergo substantial alterations in metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. Latest studies have revealed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a group of non-coding RNAs over 200 nucleotides long, mediate metabolic reprogramming in tumor cells by regulating the transcription, translation and post-translational modification of metabolic-related signaling pathways and metabolism-related enzymes through transcriptional, translational, and post-translational modifications of genes. In addition, lncRNAs are closely related to the tumor microenvironment, and they directly or indirectly affect the proliferation and migration of tumor cells, drug resistance and other processes. Here, we review the mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated regulation of glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism and tumor immunity in gastrointestinal tumors, aiming to provide more information on effective therapeutic targets and drug molecules for gastrointestinal tumors.

Deciphering the prognostic significance of anoikis-related lncRNAs in invasive breast cancer: from comprehensive bioinformatics analysis to functional experimental validation

The global prevalence of breast cancer necessitates the development of innovative prognostic markers and therapeutic strategies. This study investigated the prognostic implications of anoikis-related long non-coding RNAs (ARLs) in invasive breast cancer (IBC), which is an area that has not been extensively explored. By integrating the RNA sequence transcriptome and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and employing advanced regression analyses, we devised a novel prognostic model based on ARL scores. ARL scores correlated with diverse clinicopathological parameters, cellular pathways, distinct mutation patterns, and immune responses, thereby affecting both immune cell infiltration and anticipated responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Additionally, the overexpression of a specific lncRNA, AL133467.1, significantly impeded the proliferation and migration, as well as possibly the anoikis resistance of breast cancer cells. These findings highlight the potential of the ARL signature as a robust prognostic tool and a promising basis for personalized IBC treatment strategies.

LncRNA ZNF674-AS1 drives cell growth and inhibits cisplatin-induced pyroptosis via up-regulating CA9 in neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a challenging pediatric extracranial solid tumor characterized by a poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. Identifying targets to enhance chemotherapy sensitivity in NB is of utmost importance. Increasing evidence implicates long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cancer, but their functional roles remain largely unexplored. Here, we analyzed our RNA sequencing data and identified the upregulated lncRNA ZNF674-AS1 in chemotherapy non-responsive NB patients. Elevated ZNF674-AS1 expression is associated with poor prognosis and high-risk NB. Importantly, targeting ZNF674-AS1 expression in NB cells suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Further functional studies have revealed that ZNF674-AS1 constrains cisplatin sensitivity by suppressing pyroptosis and promoting cell proliferation. Moreover, ZNF674-AS1 primarily relies on CA9 to fulfill its functions on cisplatin resistance. High CA9 levels were associated with high-risk NB and predicted poor patient outcomes. Mechanistically, ZNF674-AS1 directly interacted with the RNA binding protein IGF2BP3 to enhance the stability of CA9 mRNA by binding with CA9 transcript, leading to elevated CA9 expression. As a novel regulator of CA9, IGF2BP3 positively upregulated CA9 expression. Together, these results expand our understanding of the cancer-associated function of lncRNAs, highlighting the ZNF674-AS1/IGF2BP3/CA9 axis as a constituting regulatory mode in NB tumor growth and cisplatin resistance. These insights reveal the pivotal role of ZNF674-AS1 inhibition in recovering cisplatin sensitivity, thus providing potential therapeutic targets for NB treatment.

The lncRNA MEG3/miRNA-21/P38MAPK axis inhibits coxsackievirus 3 replication in acute viral myocarditis

Evidence is emerging on the roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as regulatory factors in a variety of viral infection processes, but the mechanisms underlying their functions in coxsackievirus group B type3 (CVB3)-induced acute viral myocarditis have not been explicitly delineated. We previously demonstrated that CVB3 infection decreases miRNA-21 expression; however, lncRNAs that regulate the miRNA-21-dependent CVB3 disease process have yet to be identified. To evaluate lncRNAs upstream of miRNA-21, differentially expressed lncRNAs in CVB3-infected mouse hearts were identified by microarray analysis and lncRNA/miRNA-21 interactions were predicted bioinformatically. MEG3 was identified as a candidate miRNA-21-interacting lncRNA upregulated in CVB3-infected mouse hearts. MEG3 expression was verified to be upregulated in HeLa cells 48 h post CVB3 infection and to act as a competitive endogenous RNA of miRNA-21. MEG3 knockdown resulted in the upregulation of miRNA-21, which inhibited CVB3 replication by attenuating P38-MAPK signaling in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of MEG3 expression before CVB3 infection inhibited viral replication in mouse hearts and alleviated cardiac injury, which improved survival. Furthermore, the knockdown of CREB5, which was predicted bioinformatically to function upstream of MEG3, was demonstrated to decrease MEG3 expression and CVB3 viral replication. This study identifies the function of the lncRNA MEG3/miRNA-21/P38 MAPK axis in the process of CVB3 replication, for which CREB5 could serve as an upstream modulator.

LncRNA-CCAT5-mediated crosstalk between Wnt/β-Catenin and STAT3 signaling suggests novel therapeutic approaches for metastatic gastric cancer with high Wnt activity

BACKGROUND

Although the constitutively activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays vital roles in gastric cancer (GC) progression, few Wnt inhibitors are approved for clinical use. Additionally, the clinical significance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in GC intraperitoneal dissemination (IPD) remains elusive. Here, we investigated the function and therapeutic potential of Wnt-transactivated lncRNA, colon cancer-associated transcript 5 (CCAT5), in GC metastasis.

METHODS

LncRNA-sequencing assay was performed to document abundance changes of lncRNAs induced by Wnt family member 3A (Wnt3a) and degradation-resistant β-catenin (S33Y mutated) in ascites-derived GC cells with low Wnt activity. Luciferase reporter, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-re-ChIP assays were performed to determine how CCAT5 was transcribed. The clinical significance of CCAT5 was examined in 2 cohorts of GC patients. The biological function of CCAT5 was investigated through gain- and loss-of-function studies. The molecular mechanism was explored through RNA-sequencing, mass spectrometry, and CRISPR/Cas9-knocknout system. The therapeutic potential of CCAT5 was examined through RNAi-based cell xenograft model and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of IPD.

RESULTS

We identified a novel Wnt-regulated lncRNA, CCAT5, which was transactivated by the β-catenin/transcription factor 3 (TCF3) complex. CCAT5 was significantly upregulated in GC and predicted poor prognosis. Functional studies confirmed the promotive role of CCAT5 in GC growth and metastasis. Mechanistically, CCAT5 bound to the C-end domain of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and blocks Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1)-mediated STAT3Y705 dephosphorylation, leading to STAT3 nuclear entry and transactivation, thus accelerating GC progression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that both Wnt3a and β-catenin acted as activator of STAT3 signaling pathway, and the interplay between CCAT5 and STAT3 was functionally essential for Wnt-drived STAT3 signaling and tumor evolution. Finally, we revealed in vivo si-CCAT5 selectively attenuated growth and metastasis of Wnthigh GC, but not Wntlow GC. The combination of si-CCAT5 and oxaliplatin displayed obvious synergistic therapeutic effects on Wnthigh PDX mice.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified a novel Wnt-transactivated lncRNA, CCAT5. Our study revealed a mechanism of STAT3 signaling regulation via canonical Wnt signaling and the functional significance of CCAT5 as critical mediator. We provided conceptual advance that lncRNAs serve as therapeutic targets reversing GC progression.

Identification of long noncoding RNAs downregulated specifically in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma

Purpose

To investigate whether long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the development or malignant behavior of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), we attempted to identify lncRNAs specific to HGSC.

Methods

Total RNAs were isolated from HGSC, normal ovarian, and fallopian tube tissue samples and were subjected to a PCR array that can analyze 84 cancer-associated lncRNAs. The lncRNAs that were upregulated and downregulated in HGSC in comparison to multiple samples of normal ovary and fallopian tube were validated by real-time RT-PCR. To infer the function, ovarian cancer cell lines that overexpress the identified lncRNAs were established, and the activation of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion was analyzed.

Results

Eleven lncRNAs (ACTA2-AS1, ADAMTS9-AS2, CBR3-AS1, HAND2-AS1, IPW, LINC00312, LINC00887, MEG3, NBR2, TSIX, and XIST) were downregulated in HGSC samples. We established the cell lines that overexpress ADAMTS9-AS2, CBR3-AS1, or NBR2. In cell lines overexpressing ADAMTS9-AS2, cell proliferation was suppressed, but migration and invasion were promoted. In cell lines overexpressing CBR3-AS1 or NBR2, cell migration tended to be promoted, although cell proliferation and invasion were unchanged.

Conclusion

We identified eleven lncRNAs that were specifically downregulated in HGSC. Of these, CBR3-AS1, NBR2, and ADAMTS9-AS2 had unique functions in the malignant behaviors of HGSC.

LINC01485 contributes to colorectal cancer progression by targeting miR-383-5p/KRT80 axis

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important in tumorigenesis and the development of multiple malignant human tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to determine the regulatory mechanism of LINC01485 and its biological function in CRC. We estimated the expression of miR-383-5p, KRT80, and LINC01485 in CRC cells and tissues using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. The results were confirmed using RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and dual-luciferase assays. Binding relationships among miR-383-5p, LINC01485, and KRT80 were assessed. We explored the molecular mechanisms and functions of the LINC01485/miR-383-5p/KRT80 axis using CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Expression of the apoptotic markers Bcl-2 and Bax was quantified by western blotting, and the effects of LINC01485 on tumor development in vivo were investigated using xenograft tumors. Both LINC01485 and KRT80 were upregulated, whereas miR-383-5p was downregulated in CRC cells and tissues. Knockdown of LINC01485 attenuated CRC cell growth and xenograft tumor formation in vivo, whereas LINC01485 enhanced the proliferative capacity of CRC cells but inhibited apoptosis by sponging miR-383-5p to increase KRT80 expression in CRC cells. The regulatory molecular mechanism of the LINC01485/miR-383-5p/KRT80 axis plays a crucial role in CRC progression. Our findings highlight novel pathways and promising biomarkers for diagnostic and therapeutic application to patients with CRC.

Epigenetic remodelling under hypoxia

Hypoxia is intrinsic to tumours and contributes to malignancy and metastasis while hindering the efficiency of existing treatments. Epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in the regulation of hypoxic cancer cell programs, both in the initial phases of sensing the decrease in oxygen levels and during adaptation to chronic lack of oxygen. During the latter, the epigenetic regulation of tumour biology intersects with hypoxia-sensitive transcription factors in a complex network of gene regulation that also involves metabolic reprogramming. Here, we review the current literature on the epigenetic control of gene programs in hypoxic cancer cells. We highlight common themes and features of such epigenetic remodelling and discuss their relevance for the development of therapeutic strategies.

The Prognostic Value and Clinical Significance of lncRNA SNHG5 Expression in Patients with Multiple Malignancies: A Bioinformatic and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (lncRNA SNHG5) has been identified as both a promising target for treatment and a predictor of prognosis in diverse types of cancer. The objective of this study was to assess whether lncRNA SNHG5 expression can be utilized as a prognostic biomarker for human cancer.

METHODS

To ensure a thorough search of the literature for relevant English studies published before July 2023, several databases were searched, including PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The study evaluated the impact of lncRNA SNHG5 on the overall survival (OS) of cancer by calculating the pooled hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). To further confirm the accuracy of the findings, the study investigated the expression profile and prognostic significance of lncRNA SNHG5 through the use of GenomicScape, OncoLnc, Kaplan-Meier plotter, and GEPIA databases.

RESULTS

In this study, 995 patients were examined across a total of fourteen original studies. The findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between heightened lncRNA SNHG5 expression and reduced OS, as evidenced by both univariate and multivariate analyses (HR = 1.89; 95% CI, 1.44-2.49; p < 0.001; HR = 3.97; 95% CI, 1.80-8.73; p < 0.001, respectively). Pooled OR analysis showed a significant association between over-expression of lncRNA SNHG5 with advanced histological grade (OR = 0.28; 95% CI, 0.11-0.71; p = 0.007), present lymph node metastasis (LNM; OR = 4.28; 95% CI, 2.47-7.43; p < 0.001), and smoking history (OR = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.15-0.49; p < 0.001). Bioinformatic databases confirmed that elevated SNHG5 expression was significantly linked to poor prognosis in cancer patients, including colorectal cancer (CRC), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (ESAD), and a longer OS in patients with uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC).

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that lncRNA SNHG5 may serve as an adverse prognostic biomarker in several human cancers. Further investigations are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms that link lncRNA SNHG5 to multiple malignancies.

H3K27ac-activated LncRNA NUTM2A-AS1 Facilitated the Progression of Colorectal Cancer Cells via MicroRNA-126-5p/FAM3C Axis

OBJECTIVE

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are of great importance in the process of colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis and progression. However, the functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of the majority of lncRNAs in CRC still lack clarity.

METHODS

A Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to detect lncRNA NUTM2A-AS1 expression in CRC cell lines. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry were used to examine the biological functions of lncRNA NUTM2A-AS1 in the proliferation and apoptosis of CRC cells. RT-qPCR and western blot were implemented for the detection of cell proliferation-, apoptosis-related proteins, and FAM3C. Bioinformatics analysis and dual- luciferase reporter assays were utilized to identify the mutual regulatory mechanism of ceRNAs.

RESULTS

lncRNA NUTM2A-AS1 notably elevated in CRC cell lines and the silenced of NUTM2A- AS1 declined proliferation and facilitated apoptosis. Mechanistically, NUTM2A-AS1 was transcriptionally activated by histone H3 on lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) enriched at its promoter region, and NUTM2A-AS1 acted as a sponge for miR-126-5p, leading to the upregulation of FAM3C expression in CRC cell lines.

CONCLUSION

Our research proposed NUTM2A-AS1 as an oncogenic lncRNA that facilitates CRC malignancy by upregulating FAM3C expression, which might provide new insight and a promising therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC.

Involvement of FAM170B-AS1, hsa-miR-1202, and hsa-miR-146a-5p in breast cancer

BACKGROUND

FAM170B-AS1 is usually expressed low in all organs except for testicular tissues. No study was performed to explore its role in breast cancer (BC). Contradictory results were reported about hsa-miR-1202 and hsa-miR-146a-5p in BC.

OBJECTIVE

The present study aimed to explore the involvement of FAM170B-AS1 in BC using bioinformatics predictive tools, followed by a practical validation besides exploring the impact of hsa-miR-1202 and hsa-miR-146a-5p in BC.

METHODS

This study enrolled 96 female patients with BC, 30 patients with benign breast diseases (BBD), and 25 control subjects. The expressions of circulating FAM170B-AS1, hsa-miR-1202, and hsa-miR-146a-5p were quantified using qRT-PCR. These ncRNAs' associations, predictive, and diagnostic roles in BC were statistically tested. The underlying miRNA/mRNA targets of FAM170B-AS1 in BC were bioinformatically predicted followed by confirmation based on the GEPIA and TCGA databases.

RESULTS

The expression of FAM170B-AS1 was upregulated in sera of BC patients and hsa-miR-1202 was upregulated in sera of BBD and BC patients while that of hsa-miR-146a-5p was downregulated in BC. These FAM170B-AS1 was significantly associated with BC when compared to BBD. FAM170B-AS1 and hsa-miR-1202 were statistically associated with the BC's stage, grade, and LN metastasis. FAM170B-AS1 and hsa-miR-146a-5p gave the highest specificity and sensitivity for BC. KRAS and EGFR were predicted to be targeted by FAM170B-AS1 through interaction with hsa-miR-143-3p and hsa-miR-7-5p, respectively. Based on the TCGA database, cancer patients having mutations in FAM170B show good overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study reported that for the first time, FAM170B-AS1 may be a potential risk factor, predictive, and diagnostic marker for BC. In addition, FAM170B-AS1 might be involved in BC by interacting with hsa-miR-143-3p/KRAS and hsa-miR-7-5p/EGFR through enhancement or repression that may present a new therapeutic option for BC.