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Głuszek S, Kowalik A, Kozieł D, Wawrzycka I, Głuszek-Osuch M, Matykiewicz J. CTRC gene polymorphism may increase pancreatic cancer risk – preliminary study. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2017; 89:48-53. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is often fatal due to delayed diagnosis and treatment difficulties. Objective: To analyze selected SPINK1, CTRC, CFTR, and PRSS1 gene mutations in cancer tissue and blood samples of patients with pancreatic tumors. Materials and method: We enrolled 16 consecutive patients diagnosed with pancreatic tumors. We collected cancer tissue, normal pancreatic tissue, and blood samples for genetic tests. The control group consisted of 419 healthy individuals. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all study participants in EDTA-coated tubes. Results: Out of 16 patients with pancreatic tumors, 12 had pancreatic cancer on microscopic examination (mean age, 60.2 years). The CTRC polymorphism Hetero p.G60=(c.180C>T) was found in 5 patients with pancreatic cancer (41.7% vs. 18.6% in the control group). One patient with pancreatic cancer and a positive family history had the SPINK1 (p.N34S) mutation [8.3% vs. 2.9% (12/419) in the control group]. One patient with pancreatic cancer had the CTRC (p.R254W) mutation [8.3% vs. 1% (4/419) in the control group]. Conclusions: Our preliminary results show that the CTRC polymorphism p.G60= (c.180C>T) is frequent in patients with pancreatic cancer. However, further research is needed to verify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Głuszek
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland; Head: prof. dr hab. n. med. Stanisław Głuszek Department of General, Oncological and Endocrinological Surgery, Voivodeship Hospital, Kielce, Poland; prof. dr hab. n. med. Stanisław Głuszek
| | - Artur Kowalik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland; Head: dr n. med. Artur Kowalik
| | - Dorota Kozieł
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland; Head: prof. dr hab. n. med. Stanisław Głuszek
| | - Iwona Wawrzycka
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland; Head: prof. dr hab. n. med. Stanisław Głuszek Department of General, Oncological and Endocrinological Surgery, Voivodeship Hospital, Kielce, Poland; prof. dr hab. n. med. Stanisław Głuszek
| | - Martyna Głuszek-Osuch
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland; Head: prof. dr hab. n. med. Stanisław Głuszek
| | - Jarosław Matykiewicz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland; Head: prof. dr hab. n. med. Stanisław Głuszek Department of General, Oncological and Endocrinological Surgery, Voivodeship Hospital, Kielce, Poland; prof. dr hab. n. med. Stanisław Głuszek
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152
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Khan IA, Yoo BH, Rak J, Rosen KV. Mek activity is required for ErbB2 expression in breast cancer cells detached from the extracellular matrix. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105383-105396. [PMID: 29285258 PMCID: PMC5739645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Detachment of non-malignant epithelial cells from the extracellullar matrix (ECM) triggers their growth arrest and apoptosis. Conversely, carcinoma cells can grow without adhesion to the ECM. This capacity for anchorage-independent growth is thought to be critical for tumor progression. ErbB2/Her2 oncoprotein is overproduced by a significant fraction of breast cancers and promotes anchorage-independent tumor cell growth by poorly understood mechanisms. In an effort to understand them we found that in order to produce ErbB2, detached breast cancer cells require the activity of an ErbB2 effector protein kinase Mek and that Mek-driven ErbB2 expression is neccesary for anchorage-independent growth of such cells. We observed that Mek inhibition does not alter ErbB2 mRNA levels in detached cancer cells and that ErbB2 protein loss induced by this inhibition can be blocked by a lysosomal inhibitor. We also noticed that an increase of the density of cancer cells detached from the ECM downregulates a Mek effector protein kinase Erk and causes ErbB2 loss. Those cells that survive after ErbB2 loss display resistance to trastuzumab, an anti-ErbB2 antibody used for ErbB2-positive breast cancer treatment. Thus, Mek-induced ErbB2 stabilization in detached breast cancer cells is critical for their ability to grow anchorage-independently and their trastuzumab sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman A Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Byong H Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kirill V Rosen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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153
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BCL-X L directly modulates RAS signalling to favour cancer cell stemness. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1123. [PMID: 29066722 PMCID: PMC5654832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In tumours, accumulation of chemoresistant cells that express high levels of anti-apoptotic proteins such as BCL-XL is thought to result from the counter selection of sensitive, low expresser clones during progression and/or initial treatment. We herein show that BCL-XL expression is selectively advantageous to cancer cell populations even in the absence of pro-apoptotic pressure. In transformed human mammary epithelial cells BCL-XL favours full activation of signalling downstream of constitutively active RAS with which it interacts in a BH4-dependent manner. Comparative proteomic analysis and functional assays indicate that this is critical for RAS-induced expression of stemness regulators and maintenance of a cancer initiating cell (CIC) phenotype. Resistant cancer cells thus arise from a positive selection driven by BCL-XL modulation of RAS-induced self-renewal, and during which apoptotic resistance is not necessarily the directly selected trait. BCL-XL provides a survival advantage to cancer cells even in the absence of apoptotic pressures. In this study, the authors show that BCL-XL interacts with RAS in a BH4-dependent manner and regulates RAS-mediated activation of pathways involved in the stemness feature of breast cancer cells.
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154
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Ruess DA, Görgülü K, Wörmann SM, Algül H. Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Current and Emerging Concepts. Drugs Aging 2017; 34:331-357. [PMID: 28349415 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-017-0453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a devastating malignancy, which is the result of late diagnosis, aggressive disease, and a lack of effective treatment options. Thus, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030. This review summarizes recent developments of oncological therapy in the palliative setting of metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. It further compiles novel targets and therapeutic approaches as well as promising treatment combinations, which are presently in preclinical evaluation, covering several aspects of the hallmarks of cancer. Finally, challenges to the implementation of an individualized therapy approach in the context of precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich A Ruess
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Kivanc Görgülü
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja M Wörmann
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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155
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Palbociclib, a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, enhances the effect of selumetinib in RAS-driven non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 408:130-137. [PMID: 28866094 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Resistance to MEK inhibitor monotherapy develops through a variety of mechanisms. CDK4 was reported to have a synthetic lethal interaction with KRAS. In this study, we demonstrated the combination effects of the MEK inhibitor selumetinib and the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in RAS-driven NSCLC. In vitro, cell lines with CDKN2A mutations were insensitive to selumetinib. We used siRNA and pharmacologic inhibition of CDK4 and found that the combination of selumetinib and palbociclib synergistically inhibited RAS-driven NSCLC cases with CDKN2A mutations but not those with wild type CDKN2A. The combination treatment potentiated growth inhibition and increased the population of cells in G1 phase. Selumetinib completely inhibited p-ERK but not p-RB. The addition of palbociclib markedly inhibited p-RB and downregulated survivin expression. In vivo, the combination treatment inhibited the growth of NSCLC xenografts, which correlated with decreased levels of p-RB, downregulated survivin and decreased Ki-67 staining. These data suggest that the combination treatment of palbociclib and selumetinib is effective in preclinical models of RAS-driven NSCLC with CDKN2A mutations.
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156
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Engin HB, Carlin D, Pratt D, Carter H. Modeling of RAS complexes supports roles in cancer for less studied partners. BMC BIOPHYSICS 2017; 10:5. [PMID: 28815022 PMCID: PMC5558186 DOI: 10.1186/s13628-017-0037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background RAS protein interactions have predominantly been studied in the context of the RAF and PI3kinase oncogenic pathways. Structural modeling and X-ray crystallography have demonstrated that RAS isoforms bind to canonical downstream effector proteins in these pathways using the highly conserved switch I and II regions. Other non-canonical RAS protein interactions have been experimentally identified, however it is not clear whether these proteins also interact with RAS via the switch regions. Results To address this question we constructed a RAS isoform-specific protein-protein interaction network and predicted 3D complexes involving RAS isoforms and interaction partners to identify the most probable interaction interfaces. The resulting models correctly captured the binding interfaces for well-studied effectors, and additionally implicated residues in the allosteric and hyper-variable regions of RAS proteins as the predominant binding site for non-canonical effectors. Several partners binding to this new interface (SRC, LGALS1, RABGEF1, CALM and RARRES3) have been implicated as important regulators of oncogenic RAS signaling. We further used these models to investigate competitive binding and multi-protein complexes compatible with RAS surface occupancy and the putative effects of somatic mutations on RAS protein interactions. Conclusions We discuss our findings in the context of RAS localization to the plasma membrane versus within the cytoplasm and provide a list of RAS protein interactions with possible cancer-related consequences, which could help guide future therapeutic strategies to target RAS proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13628-017-0037-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Billur Engin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Universsity of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Daniel Carlin
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Universsity of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Dexter Pratt
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Universsity of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Hannah Carter
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Universsity of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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157
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Synergistic activity and heterogeneous acquired resistance of combined MDM2 and MEK inhibition in KRAS mutant cancers. Oncogene 2017; 36:6581-6591. [PMID: 28783173 PMCID: PMC5700857 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There are currently no effective targeted therapies for KRAS mutant cancers. Therapeutic strategies that combine MEK inhibitors with agents that target apoptotic pathways may be a promising therapeutic approach. We investigated combining MEK and MDM2 inhibitors as a potential treatment strategy for KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancers and colorectal carcinomas that harbor wild-type TP53. The combination of pimasertib (MEK inhibitor) + SAR405838 (MDM2 inhibitor) was synergistic and induced the expression of PUMA and BIM, led to apoptosis and growth inhibition in vitro, and tumor regression in vivo. Acquired resistance to the combination commonly resulted from the acquisition of TP53 mutations, conferring complete resistance to MDM2 inhibition. In contrast, resistant clones exhibited marked variability in sensitivity to MEK inhibition, which significantly impacted sensitivity to subsequent treatment with alternative MEK inhibitor-based combination therapies. These results highlight both the potential promise and limitations of combining MEK and MDM2 inhibitors for treatment of KRAS mutant NSCLC and CRC.
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158
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159
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Zhang J, Nannapaneni S, Wang D, Liu F, Wang X, Jin R, Liu X, Rahman MA, Peng X, Qian G, Chen ZG, Wong KK, Khuri FR, Zhou W, Shin DM. Phenformin enhances the therapeutic effect of selumetinib in KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer irrespective of LKB1 status. Oncotarget 2017; 8:59008-59022. [PMID: 28938614 PMCID: PMC5601710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MEK inhibition is potentially valuable in targeting KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we analyzed whether concomitant LKB1 mutation alters sensitivity to the MEK inhibitor selumetinib, and whether the metabolism drug phenformin can enhance the therapeutic effect of selumetinib in isogenic cell lines with different LKB1 status. Isogenic pairs of KRAS-mutant NSCLC cell lines A549, H460 and H157, each with wild-type and null LKB1, as well as genetically engineered mouse-derived cell lines 634 (krasG12D/wt/p53-/-/lkb1wt/wt) and t2 (krasG12D/wt/p53-/-/lkb1-/-) were used in vitro to analyze the activities of selumetinib, phenformin and their combination. Synergy was measured and potential mechanisms investigated. The in vitro findings were then confirmed in vivo using xenograft models. The re-expression of wild type LKB1 increased phospho-ERK level, suggesting that restored dependency on MEK->ERK->MAPK signaling might have contributed to the enhanced sensitivity to selumetinib. In contrast, the loss of LKB1 sensitized cells to phenformin. At certain combination ratios, phenformin and selumetinib showed synergistic activity regardless of LKB1 status. Their combination reduced phospho-ERK and S6 levels and induced potent apoptosis, but was likely through different mechanisms in cells with different LKB1 status. Finally, in xenograft models bearing isogenic A549 cells, we confirmed that loss of LKB1 confers resistance to selumetinib, and phenformin significantly enhances the therapeutic effect of selumetinib. Irrespective of LKB1 status, phenformin may enhance the anti-tumor effect of selumetinib in KRAS-mutant NSCLC. The dual targeting of MEK and cancer metabolism may provide a useful strategy to treat this subset of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sreenivas Nannapaneni
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fakeng Liu
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rui Jin
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiuju Liu
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Xianghong Peng
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guoqing Qian
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Dana Building 810B, HIM243, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dong M Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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160
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Najem A, Krayem M, Salès F, Hussein N, Badran B, Robert C, Awada A, Journe F, Ghanem GE. P53 and MITF/Bcl-2 identified as key pathways in the acquired resistance of NRAS-mutant melanoma to MEK inhibition. Eur J Cancer 2017; 83:154-165. [PMID: 28738256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) are found in 15-30% of melanomas and are associated with a poor prognosis. Although MAP kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors used as single agents showed a limited clinical benefit in patients with NRAS-mutant melanoma due to their rather cytostatic effect and high toxicity, their combination with other inhibitors of pathways known to cooperate with MEK inhibition may maximise their antitumour activity. Similarly, in a context where p53 is largely inactivated in melanoma, hyperexpression of Microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF) and its downstream anti-apoptotic targets may be the cause of the restraint cytotoxic effects of MEK inhibitors. Indeed, drug combinations targeting both mutant BRAF and MITF or one of its important targets Bcl-2 were effective in mutant BRAF melanoma but had no effect on acquired resistance. Therefore, we aimed to further investigate the downstream MITF targets that can explain this anti-apoptotic effect and to evaluate in parallel the effect of p53 reactivation on the promotion of apoptosis under MEK inhibition in a panel of Q61NRAS-mutant melanoma cells. First, we showed that MEK inhibition (pimasertib) led to a significant inhibition of cell proliferation but with a limited effect on apoptosis that could be explained by the systematic MITF upregulation. Mimicking the MITF effect via cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation conferred resistance to MEK inhibition and upregulated Bcl-2 expression. In addition, acquired resistance to MEK inhibition was associated with a strong activation of the anti-apoptotic signalling MITF/Bcl-2. More importantly, selective Bcl-2 inhibition by ABT-199 or Bcl-2 knockout using CRISPR/Cas9 system annihilated the acquired resistance and restored the sensitivity of NRAS-mutant melanoma cells to MEK inhibition. Strikingly and similarly, direct p53 reactivation (PRIMA-1Met, APR-246) also broke resistance and synergised with MEK inhibition to induce massive apoptosis in NRAS-mutant melanoma cells with wild-type or mutant p53. Hence, our data identify MITF/Bcl-2 as a key mechanism underlying resistance of NRAS-mutant melanoma cells to apoptosis by MEK inhibitors and paves the way for a promising drug combination that could prevent or reverse anti-MEK resistance in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Najem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Krayem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Salès
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nader Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bassam Badran
- Department of Biochemistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Ahmad Awada
- Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Service d'Anatomie Humaine et d'Oncologie Expérimentale, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Ghanem E Ghanem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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161
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Targeting the differential addiction to anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family for cancer therapy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16078. [PMID: 28714472 PMCID: PMC5520052 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BCL-2 family proteins are central regulators of mitochondrial apoptosis and validated anti-cancer targets. Using small cell lung cancer (SCLC) as a model, we demonstrated the presence of differential addiction of cancer cells to anti-apoptotic BCL-2, BCL-XL or MCL-1, which correlated with the respective protein expression ratio. ABT-263 (navitoclax), a BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitor, prevented BCL-XL from sequestering activator BH3-only molecules (BH3s) and BAX but not BAK. Consequently, ABT-263 failed to kill BCL-XL-addicted cells with low activator BH3s and BCL-XL overabundance conferred resistance to ABT-263. High-throughput screening identified anthracyclines including doxorubicin and CDK9 inhibitors including dinaciclib that synergized with ABT-263 through downregulation of MCL-1. As doxorubicin and dinaciclib also reduced BCL-XL, the combinations of BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-199 (venetoclax) with doxorubicin or dinaciclib provided effective therapeutic strategies for SCLC. Altogether, our study highlights the need for mechanism-guided targeting of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins to effectively activate the mitochondrial cell death programme to kill cancer cells. Small cell lung cancer cells (SCLC) are differentially sensitive to inhibitors of the BCL-2 family. Here the authors analyse the response to BH3 mimetics in SCLC, delineate patterns of expression of apoptotic proteins correlated with differential sensitivities and demonstrate a synergistic anti-tumour activity between ABT-199 and anthracyclines or CDK9 inhibitors.
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162
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Cai J, Liu T, Jiang X, Guo C, Liu A, Xiao X. Downregulation of USP18 inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma cells by suppressing BCL2L1. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:315-322. [PMID: 28709980 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) is closely related with hepatitis B virus (HBV), which has been involved in tumourigenesis. However, there has been little research into the role of USP18 on the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in HBV-related HCC. In present study, we found that USP18 expression was aberrantly elevated in HCC tissues than adjacent non-tumour tissues. Importantly, USP18 expression was higher in HBV-related HCC cell lines (HepG2.2.15 and Hep3B) than HBV-unrelated HCC cell lines. Furthermore, knockdown of USP18 significantly suppressed tumour cell proliferation in vitro and tumour growth in vivo, whereas overexpression of USP18 promoted HCC cells growth. Moreover, our experimental data revealed that USP18 silencing obviously blocked cell cycle at G1 phase and increased cell apoptosis. Finally, BCL2L1, a member of BCL2 family protein, was identified as a downstream gene of USP18. Mechanistically, we found that USP18 directly bind to BCL2L1 and positively regulated its expression in HCC cells. Overall, our results suggested that USP18 has a crucial role in regulating diverse aspects of the pathogenesis of HCC, indicating that it might be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Tiande Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Xiaoliu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Changkuo Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Anwen Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China.
| | - Xinlan Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China.
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Tavanafar F, Safaralizadeh R, Hosseinpour-Feizi MA, Mansoori B, Shanehbandi D, Mohammadi A, Baradaran B. Restoration of miR-143 expression could inhibit migration and growth of MDA-MB-468 cells through down-regulating the expression of invasion-related factors. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:920-924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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164
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Sahu N, Chan E, Chu F, Pham T, Koeppen H, Forrest W, Merchant M, Settleman J. Cotargeting of MEK and PDGFR/STAT3 Pathways to Treat Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1729-1738. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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165
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Cho SY, Han JY, Na D, Kang W, Lee A, Kim J, Lee J, Min S, Kang J, Chae J, Kim JI, Park H, Lee WS, Lee C. A Novel Combination Treatment Targeting BCL-X L and MCL1 for KRAS/BRAF-mutated and BCL2L1-amplified Colorectal Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2178-2190. [PMID: 28611106 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, and exhibits heterogeneous characteristics in terms of genomic alterations, expression signature, and drug responsiveness. Although there have been considerable efforts to classify this disease based on high-throughput sequencing techniques, targeted treatments for specific subgroups have been limited. KRAS and BRAF mutations are prevalent genetic alterations in colorectal cancers, and patients with mutations in either of these genes have a worse prognosis and are resistant to anti-EGFR treatments. In this study, we have found that a subgroup of colorectal cancers, defined by having either KRAS or BRAF (KRAS/BRAF) mutations and BCL2L1 (encoding BCL-XL) amplification, can be effectively targeted by simultaneous inhibition of BCL-XL (with ABT-263) and MCL1 (with YM-155). This combination treatment of ABT-263 and YM-155 was shown to have a synergistic effect in vitro as well as in in vivo patient-derived xenograft models. Our data suggest that combined inhibition of BCL-XL and MCL1 provides a promising treatment strategy for this genomically defined colorectal cancer subgroup. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(10); 2178-90. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yup Cho
- Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Yun Han
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deukchae Na
- Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonyoung Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahra Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jooyoung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seoyeon Min
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinjoo Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeesoo Chae
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea.
| | - Won-Suk Lee
- Department of Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Charles Lee
- Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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166
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Park SJ, More S, Murtuza A, Woodward BD, Husain H. New Targets in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2017; 31:113-129. [PMID: 27912827 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With the implementation of genomic technologies into clinical practice, we have examples of the predictive benefit of targeted therapy for oncogene-addicted cancer and identified molecular dependencies in non-small cell lung cancer. The clinical success of tyrosine kinase inhibitors against epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase activation has shifted treatment emphasize the separation of subsets of lung cancer and genotype-directed therapy. Advances have validated oncogenic driver genes and led to the development of targeted agents. This review highlights treatment options, including clinical trials for ROS1 rearrangement, RET fusions, NTRK1 fusions, MET exon skipping, BRAF mutations, and KRAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo J Park
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Soham More
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ayesha Murtuza
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brian D Woodward
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hatim Husain
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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167
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Jaiswal A, Peddinti G, Akimov Y, Wennerberg K, Kuznetsov S, Tang J, Aittokallio T. Seed-effect modeling improves the consistency of genome-wide loss-of-function screens and identifies synthetic lethal vulnerabilities in cancer cells. Genome Med 2017; 9:51. [PMID: 28569207 PMCID: PMC5452371 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide loss-of-function profiling is widely used for systematic identification of genetic dependencies in cancer cells; however, the poor reproducibility of RNA interference (RNAi) screens has been a major concern due to frequent off-target effects. Currently, a detailed understanding of the key factors contributing to the sub-optimal consistency is still a lacking, especially on how to improve the reliability of future RNAi screens by controlling for factors that determine their off-target propensity. METHODS We performed a systematic, quantitative analysis of the consistency between two genome-wide shRNA screens conducted on a compendium of cancer cell lines, and also compared several gene summarization methods for inferring gene essentiality from shRNA level data. We then devised novel concepts of seed essentiality and shRNA family, based on seed region sequences of shRNAs, to study in-depth the contribution of seed-mediated off-target effects to the consistency of the two screens. We further investigated two seed-sequence properties, seed pairing stability, and target abundance in terms of their capability to minimize the off-target effects in post-screening data analysis. Finally, we applied this novel methodology to identify genetic interactions and synthetic lethal partners of cancer drivers, and confirmed differential essentiality phenotypes by detailed CRISPR/Cas9 experiments. RESULTS Using the novel concepts of seed essentiality and shRNA family, we demonstrate how genome-wide loss-of-function profiling of a common set of cancer cell lines can be actually made fairly reproducible when considering seed-mediated off-target effects. Importantly, by excluding shRNAs having higher propensity for off-target effects, based on their seed-sequence properties, one can remove noise from the genome-wide shRNA datasets. As a translational application case, we demonstrate enhanced reproducibility of genetic interaction partners of common cancer drivers, as well as identify novel synthetic lethal partners of a major oncogenic driver, PIK3CA, supported by a complementary CRISPR/Cas9 experiment. CONCLUSIONS We provide practical guidelines for improved design and analysis of genome-wide loss-of-function profiling and demonstrate how this novel strategy can be applied towards improved mapping of genetic dependencies of cancer cells to aid development of targeted anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Jaiswal
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gopal Peddinti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yevhen Akimov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergey Kuznetsov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jing Tang
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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168
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Li X, Li B, Ni Z, Zhou P, Wang B, He J, Xiong H, Yang F, Wu Y, Lyu X, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Lian J, He F. Metformin Synergizes with BCL-XL/BCL-2 Inhibitor ABT-263 to Induce Apoptosis Specifically in p53-Defective Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1806-1818. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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169
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Karpel-Massler G, Ishida CT, Bianchetti E, Shu C, Perez-Lorenzo R, Horst B, Banu M, Roth KA, Bruce JN, Canoll P, Altieri DC, Siegelin MD. Inhibition of Mitochondrial Matrix Chaperones and Antiapoptotic Bcl-2 Family Proteins Empower Antitumor Therapeutic Responses. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3513-3526. [PMID: 28522750 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rational therapeutic approaches based on synthetic lethality may improve cancer management. On the basis of a high-throughput drug screen, we provide preclinical proof of concept that targeting the mitochondrial Hsp90 chaperone network (mtHsp90) and inhibition of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1 is sufficient to elicit synthetic lethality in tumors recalcitrant to therapy. Our analyses focused on BH3 mimetics that are broad acting (ABT263 and obatoclax) or selective (ABT199, WEHI-539, and A1210477), along with the established mitochondrial matrix chaperone inhibitor gamitrinib-TPP. Drug combinations were tested in various therapy-resistant tumors in vitro and in vivo in murine model systems of melanoma, triple-negative breast cancer, and patient-derived orthotopic xenografts (PDX) of human glioblastoma. We found that combining BH3 mimetics and gamitrinib-TPP blunted cellular proliferation in a synergistic manner by massive activation of intrinsic apoptosis. In like manner, suppressing either Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, or Mcl-1 recapitulated the effects of BH3 mimetics and enhanced the effects of gamitrinib-TPP. Mechanistic investigations revealed that gamitrinib-TPP activated a PERK-dependent integrated stress response, which activated the proapoptotic BH3 protein Noxa and its downstream targets Usp9X and Mcl-1. Notably, in the PDX glioblastoma and BRAFi-resistant melanoma models, this drug combination safely and significantly extended host survival. Our results show how combining mitochondrial chaperone and Bcl-2 family inhibitors can synergize to safely degrade the growth of tumors recalcitrant to other treatments. Cancer Res; 77(13); 3513-26. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Karpel-Massler
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Chiaki Tsuge Ishida
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Elena Bianchetti
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Basil Horst
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Matei Banu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kevin A Roth
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Markus D Siegelin
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
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170
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Shen H, Xing C, Cui K, Li Y, Zhang J, Du R, Zhang X, Li Y. MicroRNA-30a attenuates mutant KRAS-driven colorectal tumorigenesis via direct suppression of ME1. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1253-1262. [PMID: 28475173 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent KRAS mutations contribute to multiple cancers including ~40% of human colorectal cancers (CRCs). Systematic screening of 1255 microRNAs (miRNAs) identified miR-30a as a synthetic lethal in KRAS-mutant CRC cells. miR-30a was downregulated in CRCs and repressed by P65. miR-30a directly targeted malic enzyme 1 (ME1) and KRAS, and inhibited anchorage-independent growth and in vivo tumorigenesis by KRAS-mutant CRC cells. ME1 was significantly upregulated in KRAS-mutant CRCs. Eliminating ME1 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) resulted in obviously decreased NADPH production, levels of triglyceride and fatty acid, and an inhibition of tumorigenicity of KRAS-mutant CRCs. miR-30a overexpression and ME1 suppression attenuated AOM/DSS-induced colorectal tumorigenesis. The critical roles of miR-30a and ME1 in the development of KRAS-mutant CRCs indicate therapy potentials for this subtype of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Shen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chuan Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kaisa Cui
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yunxiao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jinxiang Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Runlei Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Youjun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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171
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Pek M, Yatim SMJM, Chen Y, Li J, Gong M, Jiang X, Zhang F, Zheng J, Wu X, Yu Q. Oncogenic KRAS-associated gene signature defines co-targeting of CDK4/6 and MEK as a viable therapeutic strategy in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:4975-4986. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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172
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Han K, Jeng EE, Hess GT, Morgens DW, Li A, Bassik MC. Synergistic drug combinations for cancer identified in a CRISPR screen for pairwise genetic interactions. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:463-474. [PMID: 28319085 PMCID: PMC5557292 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Identification of effective combination therapies is critical to address the emergence of drug-resistant cancers, but direct screening of all possible drug combinations is infeasible. Here we introduce a CRISPR-based double knockout (CDKO) system that improves the efficiency of combinatorial genetic screening using an effective strategy for cloning and sequencing paired single guide RNA (sgRNA) libraries and a robust statistical scoring method for calculating genetic interactions (GIs) from CRISPR-deleted gene pairs. We applied CDKO to generate a large-scale human GI map, comprising 490,000 double-sgRNAs directed against 21,321 pairs of drug targets in K562 leukemia cells and identified synthetic lethal drug target pairs for which corresponding drugs exhibit synergistic killing. These included the BCL2L1 and MCL1 combination, which was also effective in imatinib-resistant cells. We further validated this system by identifying known and previously unidentified GIs between modifiers of ricin toxicity. This work provides an effective strategy to screen synergistic drug combinations in high-throughput and a CRISPR-based tool to dissect functional GI networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuho Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edwin E. Jeng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gaelen T. Hess
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David W. Morgens
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C. Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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173
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Li R, Ding C, Zhang J, Xie M, Park D, Ding Y, Chen G, Zhang G, Gilbert-Ross M, Zhou W, Marcus AI, Sun SY, Chen ZG, Sica GL, Ramalingam SS, Magis AT, Fu H, Khuri FR, Curran WJ, Owonikoko TK, Shin DM, Zhou J, Deng X. Modulation of Bax and mTOR for Cancer Therapeutics. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3001-3012. [PMID: 28381544 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A rationale exists for pharmacologic manipulation of the serine (S)184 phosphorylation site of the proapoptotic Bcl2 family member Bax as an anticancer strategy. Here, we report the refinement of the Bax agonist SMBA1 to generate CYD-2-11, which has characteristics of a suitable clinical lead compound. CYD-2-11 targeted the structural pocket proximal to S184 in the C-terminal region of Bax, directly activating its proapoptotic activity by inducing a conformational change enabling formation of Bax homooligomers in mitochondrial membranes. In murine models of small-cell and non-small cell lung cancers, including patient-derived xenograft and the genetically engineered mutant KRAS-driven lung cancer models, CYD-2-11 suppressed malignant growth without evident significant toxicity to normal tissues. In lung cancer patients treated with mTOR inhibitor RAD001, we observed enhanced S184 Bax phosphorylation in lung cancer cells and tissues that inactivates the propaoptotic function of Bax, contributing to rapalog resistance. Combined treatment of CYD-2-11 and RAD001 in murine lung cancer models displayed strong synergistic activity and overcame rapalog resistance in vitro and in vivo Taken together, our findings provide preclinical evidence for a pharmacologic combination of Bax activation and mTOR inhibition as a rational strategy to improve lung cancer treatment. Cancer Res; 77(11); 3001-12. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chunyong Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maohua Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dongkyoo Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ye Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Guojing Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Melissa Gilbert-Ross
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Adam I Marcus
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gabriel L Sica
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suresh S Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Haian Fu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Walter J Curran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Taofeek K Owonikoko
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dong M Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
| | - Xingming Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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174
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Kalimutho M, Bain AL, Mukherjee B, Nag P, Nanayakkara DM, Harten SK, Harris JL, Subramanian GN, Sinha D, Shirasawa S, Srihari S, Burma S, Khanna KK. Enhanced dependency of KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells on RAD51-dependent homologous recombination repair identified from genetic interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:470-490. [PMID: 28173629 PMCID: PMC5527460 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating KRAS mutations drive colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and influence response to anti‐EGFR‐targeted therapy. Despite recent advances in understanding Ras signaling biology and the revolution in therapies for melanoma using BRAF inhibitors, no targeted agents have been effective in KRAS‐mutant cancers, mainly due to activation of compensatory pathways. Here, by leveraging the largest synthetic lethal genetic interactome in yeast, we identify that KRAS‐mutated colorectal cancer cells have augmented homologous recombination repair (HRR) signaling. We found that KRAS mutation resulted in slowing and stalling of the replication fork and accumulation of DNA damage. Moreover, we found that KRAS‐mutant HCT116 cells have an increase in MYC‐mediated RAD51 expression with a corresponding increase in RAD51 recruitment to irradiation‐induced DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) compared to genetically complemented isogenic cells. MYC depletion using RNA interference significantly reduced IR‐induced RAD51 foci formation and HRR. On the contrary, overexpression of either HA‐tagged wild‐type (WT) MYC or phospho‐mutant S62A increased RAD51 protein levels and hence IR‐induced RAD51 foci. Likewise, depletion of RAD51 selectively induced apoptosis in HCT116‐mutant cells by increasing DSBs. Pharmacological inhibition targeting HRR signaling combined with PARP inhibition selectivity killed KRAS‐mutant cells. Interestingly, these differences were not seen in a second isogenic pair of KRAS WT and mutant cells (DLD‐1), likely due to their nondependency on the KRAS mutation for survival. Our data thus highlight a possible mechanism by which KRAS‐mutant‐dependent cells drive HRR in vitro by upregulating MYC‐RAD51 expression. These data may offer a promising therapeutic vulnerability in colorectal cancer cells harboring otherwise nondruggable KRAS mutations, which warrants further investigation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Kalimutho
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Amanda L Bain
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bipasha Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Purba Nag
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Devathri M Nanayakkara
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah K Harten
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janelle L Harris
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Goutham N Subramanian
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Debottam Sinha
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Senji Shirasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Sriganesh Srihari
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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175
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Beijersbergen RL, Wessels LF, Bernards R. Synthetic Lethality in Cancer Therapeutics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-042016-073434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with targeted drugs has primarily focused on the genes and pathways that are mutated in cancer, which severely limits the repertoire of drug targets. Synthetic lethality exploits the notion that the presence of a mutation in a cancer gene is often associated with a new vulnerability that can be targeted therapeutically, thus greatly expanding the arsenal of potential drug targets. Here we discuss both the experimental and the computational biology tools that can be used to identify synthetic lethal interactions. We also discuss strategies for using synthetic lethality to discover new drug targets and in the rational design of more potent drug combinations. We review the progress made and future opportunities offered by synthetic lethal approaches to treating cancer more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick L. Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewyk F.A. Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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176
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Karpel-Massler G, Bâ M, Shu C, Halatsch ME, Westhoff MA, Bruce JN, Canoll P, Siegelin MD. TIC10/ONC201 synergizes with Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibition in glioblastoma by suppression of Mcl-1 and its binding partners in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 6:36456-71. [PMID: 26474387 PMCID: PMC4742189 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent primary brain tumor in adults. Current therapeutic options are sparse and the prognosis of patients suffering from this disease is grim. Abundance in intratumoral heterogeneity among different deregulated signaling pathways is a hallmark of glioblastoma and likely accounts for its recurrence and resistance to treatment. Glioblastomas harbor a plethora of deregulated pathways driving tumor formation and growth. In this study, we show that TIC10/ONC201, a promising compound that is currently in planned clinical development, along with Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibition by ABT263 yields a strong synergistic antiproliferative effect on pediatric, adult, proneural glioblastoma and glioma stem-like cells. On the molecular level, treatment with TIC10/ONC201 results in a posttranslational decrease of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), through modulation of the chaperone Bag3 and the deubiquitinase Usp9X. Consistently, the combination treatment of TIC10/ONC201 and ABT263 required the presence of functional BAX and BAK to drive intrinsic apoptosis, but is surprisingly independent of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Moreover, the expression of Noxa protein was required for efficient apoptosis induction by TIC10/ONC201 and ABT263. Importantly, the drug combination of TIC10/ONC201 and the BH3-mimetic, ABT263, led to a regression of tumors in vivo, without any notable toxicity and side effects. Overall, TIC10/ONC201 along with Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibition holds significant promise as a novel potential approach for the treatment of recalcitrant tumors such as glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Karpel-Massler
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Maïmouna Bâ
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | | | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Markus D Siegelin
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
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177
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Krall EB, Wang B, Munoz DM, Ilic N, Raghavan S, Niederst MJ, Yu K, Ruddy DA, Aguirre AJ, Kim JW, Redig AJ, Gainor JF, Williams JA, Asara JM, Doench JG, Janne PA, Shaw AT, McDonald Iii RE, Engelman JA, Stegmeier F, Schlabach MR, Hahn WC. KEAP1 loss modulates sensitivity to kinase targeted therapy in lung cancer. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28145866 PMCID: PMC5305212 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors that target the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway have led to clinical responses in lung and other cancers, but some patients fail to respond and in those that do resistance inevitably occurs (Balak et al., 2006; Kosaka et al., 2006; Rudin et al., 2013; Wagle et al., 2011). To understand intrinsic and acquired resistance to inhibition of MAPK signaling, we performed CRISPR-Cas9 gene deletion screens in the setting of BRAF, MEK, EGFR, and ALK inhibition. Loss of KEAP1, a negative regulator of NFE2L2/NRF2, modulated the response to BRAF, MEK, EGFR, and ALK inhibition in BRAF-, NRAS-, KRAS-, EGFR-, and ALK-mutant lung cancer cells. Treatment with inhibitors targeting the RTK/MAPK pathway increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells with intact KEAP1, and loss of KEAP1 abrogated this increase. In addition, loss of KEAP1 altered cell metabolism to allow cells to proliferate in the absence of MAPK signaling. These observations suggest that alterations in the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway may promote survival in the presence of multiple inhibitors targeting the RTK/Ras/MAPK pathway. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18970.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa B Krall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Belinda Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Diana M Munoz
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Nina Ilic
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Srivatsan Raghavan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Matthew J Niederst
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Kristine Yu
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - David A Ruddy
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jong Wook Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Amanda J Redig
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Justin F Gainor
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Juliet A Williams
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - John M Asara
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States
| | - Pasi A Janne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Alice T Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Robert E McDonald Iii
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Frank Stegmeier
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Michael R Schlabach
- Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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178
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Fraile JM, Manchado E, Lujambio A, Quesada V, Campos-Iglesias D, Webb TR, Lowe SW, López-Otín C, Freije JMP. USP39 Deubiquitinase Is Essential for KRAS Oncogene-driven Cancer. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4164-4175. [PMID: 28154181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer, but its therapeutic targeting remains challenging. Here, we report a synthetic lethal screen with a library of deubiquitinases and identify USP39, which encodes an essential splicing factor, as a critical gene for the viability of KRAS-dependent cells. We show that splicing fidelity inhibitors decrease preferentially the proliferation rate of KRAS-active cells. Moreover, depletion of DHX38, encoding an USP39-interacting splicing factor, also reduces the viability of these cells. In agreement with these results, USP39 depletion caused a significant reduction in pre-mRNA splicing efficiency, as demonstrated through RNA-seq experiments. Furthermore, we show that USP39 is up-regulated in lung and colon carcinomas and its expression correlates with KRAS levels and poor clinical outcome. Accordingly, our work provides critical information for the development of splicing-directed antitumor treatments and supports the potential of USP39-targeting strategies as the basis of new anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Fraile
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.,the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain
| | - Eusebio Manchado
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - Amaia Lujambio
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - Víctor Quesada
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.,the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain
| | - Diana Campos-Iglesias
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Thomas R Webb
- the Division of Biosciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Scott W Lowe
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, and
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.,the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain
| | - José M P Freije
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain, .,the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Spain
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179
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Bone marrow microenvironment-derived signals induce Mcl-1 dependence in multiple myeloma. Blood 2017; 129:1969-1979. [PMID: 28151428 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-745059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is highly dependent on the bone marrow microenvironment until progressing to very advanced extramedullary stages of the disease such as plasma cell leukemia. Stromal cells in the bone marrow secrete a variety of cytokines that promote plasma cell survival by regulating antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family including Mcl-1, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2. Although the antiapoptotic protein on which a cell depends is typically consistent among normal cells of a particular phenotype, Bcl-2 family dependence is highly heterogeneous in multiple myeloma. Although normal plasma cells and most multiple myeloma cells require Mcl-1 for survival, a subset of myeloma is codependent on Bcl-2 and/or Bcl-xL We investigated the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in determining Bcl-2 family dependence in multiple myeloma. We used the Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor ABT-737 to study the factors regulating whether myeloma is Mcl-1 dependent, and thus resistant to ABT-737-induced apoptosis, or Bcl-2/Bcl-xL codependent, and thus sensitive to ABT-737. We demonstrate that bone marrow stroma is capable of inducing Mcl-1 dependence through the production of the plasma cell survival cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-6 upregulates Mcl-1 transcription in a STAT3-dependent manner, although this occurred in a minority of the cells tested. In all cells, IL-6 treatment results in posttranslational modification of the proapoptotic protein Bim. Phosphorylation of Bim shifts its binding from Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL to Mcl-1, an effect reversed by MEK inhibition. Blocking IL-6 or downstream signaling restored Bcl-2/Bcl-xL dependence and may therefore represent a clinically useful strategy to enhance the activity of Bcl-2 inhibitors.
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180
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Abstract
The study of oncogenic RAS mutations has led to crucial discoveries regarding cancer molecular biology and behavior and has been integral in shaping the era of targeted cancer therapy. RAS mutations are one of the most common oncogenic drivers in human cancer, and intense efforts to find a clinically effective inhibitor are ongoing. Despite these efforts, targeting RAS mutations has remained elusive, so much so that some have termed oncogenic RAS mutations as "undruggable." In this review, we will summarize current understanding of RAS biology, explore strategies to inhibit RAS oncoproteins and its downstream effectors, and discuss recently described complexities that have shed new light on this pursuit.
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181
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Lun XK, Zanotelli VRT, Wade JD, Schapiro D, Tognetti M, Dobberstein N, Bodenmiller B. Influence of node abundance on signaling network state and dynamics analyzed by mass cytometry. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 35:164-172. [PMID: 28092656 PMCID: PMC5617104 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Signaling networks are key regulators of cellular function. Although the concentrations of signaling proteins are perturbed in disease states, such as cancer, and are modulated by drug therapies, our understanding of how such changes shape the properties of signaling networks is limited. Here we couple mass cytometry-based single-cell analysis with overexpression of tagged signaling proteins to study the dependence of signaling relationships and dynamics on protein node abundance. Focusing on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling network in HEK293T cells, we analyze 20 signaling proteins during a one hour EGF stimulation time course using a panel of 35 antibodies. Data analysis with BP-R2, a measure that quantifies complex signaling relationships, reveals abundance-dependent network states and identifies novel signaling relationships. Further, we show that upstream signaling proteins have abundance-dependent effects on downstream signaling dynamics. Our approach elucidates the influence of node abundance on signal transduction networks and will further our understanding of signaling in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kang Lun
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Science PhD Program, Life Science Zürich Graduate School, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vito R T Zanotelli
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Systems Biology PhD Program, Life Science Zürich Graduate School, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - James D Wade
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Denis Schapiro
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Systems Biology PhD Program, Life Science Zürich Graduate School, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Tognetti
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Science PhD Program, Life Science Zürich Graduate School, ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Dobberstein
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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182
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Suppression of 19S proteasome subunits marks emergence of an altered cell state in diverse cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 114:382-387. [PMID: 28028240 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619067114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of proteasome inhibitors to target cancer's dependence on altered protein homeostasis has been greatly limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. Analyzing data from thousands of cancer lines and tumors, we find that those with suppressed expression of one or more 19S proteasome subunits show intrinsic proteasome inhibitor resistance. Moreover, such proteasome subunit suppression is associated with poor outcome in myeloma patients, where proteasome inhibitors are a mainstay of treatment. Beyond conferring resistance to proteasome inhibitors, proteasome subunit suppression also serves as a sentinel of a more global remodeling of the transcriptome. This remodeling produces a distinct gene signature and new vulnerabilities to the proapoptotic drug, ABT-263. This frequent, naturally arising imbalance in 19S regulatory complex composition is achieved through a variety of mechanisms, including DNA methylation, and marks the emergence of a heritably altered and therapeutically relevant state in diverse cancers.
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183
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Cancer's Achilles' Heel: Apoptosis and Necroptosis to the Rescue. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010023. [PMID: 28025559 PMCID: PMC5297658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, and the more recently discovered necroptosis, are two avenues of programmed cell death. Cancer cells survive by evading these two programs, driven by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. While traditional therapy using small molecular inhibitors and chemotherapy are continuously being utilized, a new and exciting approach is actively underway by identifying and using synergistic relationship between driver and rescue genes in a cancer cell. Through these synthetic lethal relationships, we are gaining tremendous insights into tumor vulnerabilities and specific molecular avenues for induction of programmed cell death. In this review, we briefly discuss the two cell death processes and cite examples of such synergistic manipulations for therapeutic purposes.
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184
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Pétigny-Lechartier C, Duboc C, Jebahi A, Louis MH, Abeilard E, Denoyelle C, Gauduchon P, Poulain L, Villedieu M. The mTORC1/2 Inhibitor AZD8055 Strengthens the Efficiency of the MEK Inhibitor Trametinib to Reduce the Mcl-1/[Bim and Puma] ratio and to Sensitize Ovarian Carcinoma Cells to ABT-737. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 16:102-115. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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185
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Huang SB, Zheng CX. Gene alterations and epigenetic changes in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 17:89-96. [PMID: 27893290 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1266261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Bin Huang
- Department of Pancreato-biliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Xu Zheng
- Department of Pancreato-biliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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186
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Bhatia DR, Thiagarajan P. Combination effects of sorafenib with PI3K inhibitors under hypoxia in colorectal cancer. HYPOXIA 2016; 4:163-174. [PMID: 27995152 PMCID: PMC5153268 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s115500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study reports the influence of hypoxia on response of colorectal cancer cells to anticancer effects of sorafenib in combination with PI3K inhibitors GDC-0941 and BEZ-235. Materials and methods All hypoxic exposures were carried out at 1% O2/5% CO2. Antiproliferation activity was evaluated by 48 hours propidium iodide and 14 days clonogenic assay. Protein levels were evaluated by fluorescence ELISA. Metabolites lactate and glucose were evaluated biochemically. Results In the 48-hour proliferation assay, sorafenib acted synergistically with GDC-0941 but not with BEZ-235. In long-term colony-forming assays, both GDC-0941 and BEZ-235 were shown to potentiate the antiproliferative activity of sorafenib. At the molecular level, the synergism is mediated through inhibition of pAKT, pS6, p4EBP1, pERK, cyclin D1, and Bcl-2. No change in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) levels was observed in cells treated with the combination of compounds under hypoxia. A significant reduction in glucose uptake and lactate release was observed in cells treated with the combination of compounds under normoxia and hypoxia. Conclusion Combinations of sorafenib with PI3K inhibitors BEZ-235 and GDC-0941 are efficacious under hypoxia. Thus, these anticancer combinations have a potential to overcome the hypoxia-mediated resistance mechanisms to antiproliferative agents in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimple R Bhatia
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Padma Thiagarajan
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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187
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Verissimo CS, Overmeer RM, Ponsioen B, Drost J, Mertens S, Verlaan-Klink I, Gerwen BV, van der Ven M, Wetering MVD, Egan DA, Bernards R, Clevers H, Bos JL, Snippert HJ. Targeting mutant RAS in patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids by combinatorial drug screening. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27845624 PMCID: PMC5127645 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) organoids can be derived from almost all CRC patients and therefore capture the genetic diversity of this disease. We assembled a panel of CRC organoids carrying either wild-type or mutant RAS, as well as normal organoids and tumor organoids with a CRISPR-introduced oncogenic KRAS mutation. Using this panel, we evaluated RAS pathway inhibitors and drug combinations that are currently in clinical trial for RAS mutant cancers. Presence of mutant RAS correlated strongly with resistance to these targeted therapies. This was observed in tumorigenic as well as in normal organoids. Moreover, dual inhibition of the EGFR-MEK-ERK pathway in RAS mutant organoids induced a transient cell-cycle arrest rather than cell death. In vivo drug response of xenotransplanted RAS mutant organoids confirmed this growth arrest upon pan-HER/MEK combination therapy. Altogether, our studies demonstrate the potential of patient-derived CRC organoid libraries in evaluating inhibitors and drug combinations in a preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Verissimo
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - René M Overmeer
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bas Ponsioen
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jarno Drost
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute - KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Mertens
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Verlaan-Klink
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan van Gerwen
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van der Ven
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc van de Wetering
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute - KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David A Egan
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René Bernards
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute - KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Bos
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hugo J Snippert
- Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
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188
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Dafflon C, Craig VJ, Méreau H, Gräsel J, Schacher Engstler B, Hoffman G, Nigsch F, Gaulis S, Barys L, Ito M, Aguadé-Gorgorió J, Bornhauser B, Bourquin JP, Proske A, Stork-Fux C, Murakami M, Sellers WR, Hofmann F, Schwaller J, Tiedt R. Complementary activities of DOT1L and Menin inhibitors in MLL-rearranged leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 31:1269-1277. [PMID: 27840424 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL/KMT2A) gene leading to oncogenic MLL-fusion proteins occur in ~10% of acute leukemias and are associated with poor clinical outcomes, emphasizing the need for new treatment modalities. Inhibition of the DOT1-like histone H3K79 methyltransferase (DOT1L) is a specific therapeutic approach for such leukemias that is currently being tested in clinical trials. However, in most MLL-rearranged leukemia models responses to DOT1L inhibitors are limited. Here, we performed deep-coverage short hairpin RNA sensitizer screens in DOT1L inhibitor-treated MLL-rearranged leukemia cell lines and discovered that targeting additional nodes of MLL complexes concomitantly with DOT1L inhibition bears great potential for superior therapeutic results. Most notably, combination of a DOT1L inhibitor with an inhibitor of the MLL-Menin interaction markedly enhanced induction of differentiation and cell killing in various MLL disease models including primary leukemia cells, while sparing normal hematopoiesis and leukemias without MLL rearrangements. Gene expression analysis on human and murine leukemic cells revealed that target genes of MLL-fusion proteins and MYC were suppressed more profoundly upon combination treatment. Our findings provide a strong rationale for a novel targeted combination therapy that is expected to improve therapeutic outcomes in patients with MLL-rearranged leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dafflon
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - V J Craig
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - H Méreau
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Gräsel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Schacher Engstler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - G Hoffman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - F Nigsch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Gaulis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Barys
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Ito
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Aguadé-Gorgorió
- Department of Oncology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Bornhauser
- Department of Oncology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J-P Bourquin
- Department of Oncology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Proske
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Stork-Fux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Murakami
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - W R Sellers
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - F Hofmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Schwaller
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Tiedt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Disease Area Oncology, Basel, Switzerland
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189
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The MCL1 inhibitor S63845 is tolerable and effective in diverse cancer models. Nature 2016; 538:477-482. [DOI: 10.1038/nature19830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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190
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Friedrich T, Leong S, Lieu CH. Beyond RAS and BRAF: a target rich disease that is ripe for picking. J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 7:705-712. [PMID: 27747084 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2016.06.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous breakthroughs in the understanding of colorectal cancer and identification of many oncogenic mutations, the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer remains relatively more empiric than targeted. Testing for mutations in rat sarcoma virus (RAS) and rapidly growing fibrosarcoma (RAF) are routinely performed, though identification of these mutations currently offers little more than a negative predictive marker for response to EGFR inhibitor treatment and, in the case of RAF mutation, a poor prognostic indicator. Next-generation sequencing has identified both common and rare mutations in colorectal cancer that offer options for more advanced, targeted therapy. With so much research invested in these targets, the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer stands to become much more personalized in the near future. This review describes several of the more promising targets that are currently being investigated in advanced colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Friedrich
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephen Leong
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher H Lieu
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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191
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Leung AWY, de Silva T, Bally MB, Lockwood WW. Synthetic lethality in lung cancer and translation to clinical therapies. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:61. [PMID: 27686855 PMCID: PMC5041331 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of multiple histological subtypes each driven by unique genetic alterations. Despite the development of targeted therapies that inhibit the oncogenic mutations driving a subset of lung cancer cases, there is a paucity of effective treatments for the majority of lung cancer patients and new strategies are urgently needed. In recent years, the concept of synthetic lethality has been established as an effective approach for discovering novel cancer-specific targets as well as a method to improve the efficacy of existing drugs which provide partial but insufficient benefits for patients. In this review, we discuss the concept of synthetic lethality, the various types of synthetic lethal interactions in the context of oncology and the approaches used to identify these interactions, including recent advances that have transformed the ability to discover novel synthetic lethal combinations on a global scale. Lastly, we describe the specific synthetic lethal interactions identified in lung cancer to date and explore the pharmacological challenges and considerations in translating these discoveries to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada W. Y. Leung
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Tanya de Silva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
- Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Marcel B. Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - William W. Lockwood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. G227-2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
- Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
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192
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High-Order Drug Combinations Are Required to Effectively Kill Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6950-6963. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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193
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McNew KL, Whipple WJ, Mehta AK, Grant TJ, Ray L, Kenny C, Singh A. MEK and TAK1 Regulate Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells with KRAS-Dependent Activation of Proinflammatory Signaling. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1204-1216. [PMID: 27655129 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MEK inhibitors have limited efficacy in treating RAS-RAF-MEK pathway-dependent cancers due to feedback pathway compensation and dose-limiting toxicities. Combining MEK inhibitors with other targeted agents may enhance efficacy. Here, codependencies of MEK, TAK1, and KRAS in colon cancer were investigated. Combined inhibition of MEK and TAK1 potentiates apoptosis in KRAS-dependent cells. Pharmacologic studies and cell-cycle analyses on a large panel of colon cancer cell lines demonstrate that MEK/TAK1 inhibition induces cell death, as assessed by sub-G1 accumulation, in a distinct subset of cell lines. Furthermore, TAK1 inhibition causes G2-M cell-cycle blockade and polyploidy in many of the cell lines. MEK plus TAK1 inhibition causes reduced G2-M/polyploid cell numbers and additive cytotoxic effects in KRAS/TAK1-dependent cell lines as well as a subset of BRAF-mutant cells. Mechanistically, sensitivity to MEK/TAK1 inhibition can be conferred by KRAS and BMP receptor activation, which promote expression of NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory cytokines, driving tumor cell survival and proliferation. MEK/TAK1 inhibition causes reduced mTOR, Wnt, and NF-κB signaling in TAK1/MEK-dependent cell lines concomitant with apoptosis. A Wnt/NF-κB transcriptional signature was derived that stratifies primary tumors into three major subtypes: Wnt-high/NF-κB-low, Wnt-low/NF-κB-high and Wnt-high/NF-κB-high, designated W, N, and WN, respectively. These subtypes have distinct characteristics, including enrichment for BRAF mutations with serrated carcinoma histology in the N subtype. Both N and WN subtypes bear molecular hallmarks of MEK and TAK1 dependency seen in cell lines. Therefore, N and WN subtype signatures could be utilized to identify tumors that are most sensitive to anti-MEK/TAK1 therapeutics. IMPLICATIONS This study describes a potential therapeutic strategy for a subset of colon cancers that are dependent on oncogenic KRAS signaling pathways, which are currently difficult to block with selective agents. Mol Cancer Res; 14(12); 1204-16. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L McNew
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| | - William J Whipple
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Anita K Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Trevor J Grant
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Leah Ray
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Connor Kenny
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Cancer Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts. .,
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194
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Lieu CH, Klauck PJ, Henthorn PK, Tentler JJ, Tan AC, Spreafico A, Selby HM, Britt BC, Bagby SM, Arcaroli JJ, Messersmith WA, Pitts TM, Eckhardt SG. Antitumor activity of a potent MEK inhibitor, TAK-733, against colorectal cancer cell lines and patient derived xenografts. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34561-72. [PMID: 26439693 PMCID: PMC4741473 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRC is a significant cause of cancer mortality, and new therapies are needed for patients with advanced disease. TAK-733 is a highly potent and selective investigational novel MEK allosteric site inhibitor. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a preclinical study of TAK-733, a panel of CRC cell lines were exposed to varying concentrations of the agent for 72 hours followed by a sulforhodamine B assay. Twenty patient-derived colorectal cancer xenografts were then treated with TAK-733 in vivo. Tumor growth inhibition index (TGII) was assessed to evaluate the sensitivity of the CRC explants to TAK-733 while linear regression was utilized to investigate the predictive effects of genotype on the TGII of explants. RESULTS Fifty-four CRC cell lines were exposed to TAK-733, while 42 cell lines were deemed sensitive across a broad range of mutations. Eighty-two percent of the cell lines within the sensitive subset were BRAF or KRAS/NRAS mutant, whereas 80% of the cell lines within the sensitive subset were PIK3CA WT. Twenty patient-derived human tumor CRC explants were then treated with TAK-733. In total, 15 primary human tumor explants were found to be sensitive to TAK-733 (TGII ≤ 20%), including 9 primary human tumor explants that exhibited tumor regression (TGII > 100%). Explants with a BRAF/KRAS/NRAS mutant and PIK3CA wild-type genotype demonstrated increased sensitivity to TAK-733 with a median TGII of -6%. MEK-response gene signatures also correlated with responsiveness to TAK-733 in KRAS-mutant CRC. CONCLUSIONS The MEK inhibitor TAK-733 demonstrated robust antitumor activity against CRC cell lines and patient-derived tumor explants. While the preclinical activity observed in this study was considerable, single-agent efficacy in the clinic has been limited in CRC, supporting the use of these models in an iterative manner to elucidate resistance mechanisms that can guide rational combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Lieu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter J Klauck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Patrick K Henthorn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John J Tentler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anna Spreafico
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Heather M Selby
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Blair C Britt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stacey M Bagby
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John J Arcaroli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wells A Messersmith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Todd M Pitts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - S Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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195
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Baldelli E, Bellezza G, Haura EB, Crinó L, Cress WD, Deng J, Ludovini V, Sidoni A, Schabath MB, Puma F, Vannucci J, Siggillino A, Liotta LA, Petricoin EF, Pierobon M. Functional signaling pathway analysis of lung adenocarcinomas identifies novel therapeutic targets for KRAS mutant tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32368-79. [PMID: 26468985 PMCID: PMC4741699 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the complex signaling architecture of KRAS and the interconnected RAS-driven protein-protein interactions, especially as it occurs in human clinical specimens. This study explored the activated and interconnected signaling network of KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinomas (AD) to identify novel therapeutic targets.Thirty-four KRAS mutant (MT) and twenty-four KRAS wild-type (WT) frozen biospecimens were obtained from surgically treated lung ADs. Samples were subjected to Laser Capture Microdissection and Reverse Phase Protein Microarray analysis to explore the expression/activation levels of 150 signaling proteins along with co-activation concordance mapping. An independent set of 90 non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) was used to validate selected findings by immunohistochemistry (IHC).Compared to KRAS WT tumors, the signaling architecture of KRAS MT ADs revealed significant interactions between KRAS downstream substrates, the AKT/mTOR pathway, and a number of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTK). Approximately one-third of the KRAS MT tumors had ERK activation greater than the WT counterpart (p<0.01). Notably 18% of the KRAS MT tumors had elevated activation of the Estrogen Receptor alpha (ER-α) (p=0.02).This finding was verified in an independent population by IHC (p=0.03).KRAS MT lung ADs appear to have a more intricate RAS linked signaling network than WT tumors with linkage to many RTKs and to the AKT-mTOR pathway. Combination therapy targeting different nodes of this network may be necessary to treat this group of patients. In addition, for patients with KRAS MT tumors and activation of the ER-α, anti-estrogen therapy may have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Baldelli
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.,Medical Oncology Division, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Bellezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lucio Crinó
- Medical Oncology Division, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - W Douglas Cress
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jianghong Deng
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Vienna Ludovini
- Medical Oncology Division, S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelo Sidoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matthew B Schabath
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Francesco Puma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jacopo Vannucci
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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196
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Pozdeyev N, Yoo M, Mackie R, Schweppe RE, Tan AC, Haugen BR. Integrating heterogeneous drug sensitivity data from cancer pharmacogenomic studies. Oncotarget 2016; 7:51619-51625. [PMID: 27322211 PMCID: PMC5239501 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The consistency of in vitro drug sensitivity data is of key importance for cancer pharmacogenomics. Previous attempts to correlate drug sensitivities from the large pharmacogenomics databases, such as the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC), have produced discordant results. We developed a new drug sensitivity metric, the area under the dose response curve adjusted for the range of tested drug concentrations, which allows integration of heterogeneous drug sensitivity data from the CCLE, the GDSC, and the Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal (CTRP). We show that there is moderate to good agreement of drug sensitivity data for many targeted therapies, particularly kinase inhibitors. The results of this largest cancer cell line drug sensitivity data analysis to date are accessible through the online portal, which serves as a platform for high power pharmacogenomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Pozdeyev
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Minjae Yoo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ryan Mackie
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Schweppe
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bryan R. Haugen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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197
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Abstract
Ras proteins are considered as the founding members of a large superfamily of small GTPases that control fundamental cellular functions. Mutationally activated RAS genes were discovered in human cancer cells more than 3 decades ago, but intensive efforts on Ras structure, biochemistry, function and signaling continue even now. Because mutant Ras proteins are inherently difficult to inhibit and have yet been therapeutically conquered, it was designated as “the Everest of oncogenes” in the cancer genome landscape, further promoting a “renaissance” in RAS research. Different paths to directly or indirectly targeting mutant Ras signaling are currently under investigation in the hope of finding an efficacious regimen. Inhibitors directly binding to KRASG12C to block its downstream signaling have been revealed, supporting the notion of Ras' druggability. An alternative indirect approach by targeting synthetic lethal interactors of mutant RAS is underway. We recently employed a synthetic lethal drug screen plus a combinatorial strategy using a panel of clinical agents and discovered that KRAS-mutant cancers were fragile to the combined inhibition of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK). The combined regimen of BI-2536 (a Plk1 inhibitor) and fasudil (a ROCK inhibitor) promoted a significant inhibition of patient-derived lung cancer xenografts and prolonged the survival of LSL-KRASG12D mice. In this commentary, we will summarize the state-of-the art for the direction of synthetic lethality, and also speculate on the future development of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Pang
- a Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai , China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- a Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University , Shanghai , China.,b Institute of Biosciences and Technology , Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Houston , TX , USA
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198
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Kim JY, Welsh EA, Fang B, Bai Y, Kinose F, Eschrich SA, Koomen JM, Haura EB. Phosphoproteomics Reveals MAPK Inhibitors Enhance MET- and EGFR-Driven AKT Signaling in KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1019-1029. [PMID: 27422710 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathway inhibition of the RAS-driven MAPK pathway using small-molecule kinase inhibitors has been a key focus for treating cancers driven by oncogenic RAS, yet significant clinical responses are lacking. Feedback reactivation of ERK driven by drug-induced RAF activity has been suggested as one of the major drug resistance mechanisms, especially in the context of oncogenic RAS. To determine whether additional adaptive resistance mechanisms may coexist, we characterized global phosphoproteomic changes after MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) treatment in KRAS-mutant A427 and A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines employing mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics. We identified 9,075 quantifiable unique phosphosites (corresponding to 3,346 unique phosphoproteins), of which 567 phosphosites were more abundant and 512 phosphosites were less abundant after MEK inhibition. Selumetinib increased phosphorylation of KSR-1, a scaffolding protein required for assembly of MAPK signaling complex, as well as altered phosphorylation of GEF-H1, a novel regulator of KSR-1 and implicated in RAS-driven MAPK activation. Moreover, selumetinib reduced inhibitory serine phosphorylation of MET at Ser985 and potentiated HGF- and EGF-induced AKT phosphorylation. These results were recapitulated by pan-RAF (LY3009120), MEK (GDC0623), and ERK (SCH772984) inhibitors, which are currently under early-phase clinical development against RAS-mutant cancers. Our results highlight the unique adaptive changes in MAPK scaffolding proteins (KSR-1, GEF-H1) and in RTK signaling, leading to enhanced PI3K-AKT signaling when the MAPK pathway is inhibited. IMPLICATIONS This study highlights the unique adaptive changes in MAPK scaffolding proteins (KSR-1, GEF-H1) and in RTK signaling, leading to enhanced PI3K/AKT signaling when the MAPK pathway is inhibited. Mol Cancer Res; 14(10); 1019-29. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eric A Welsh
- Cancer Informatics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Fumi Kinose
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Steven A Eschrich
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - John M Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
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199
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De Pauw I, Wouters A, Van den Bossche J, Peeters M, Pauwels P, Deschoolmeester V, Vermorken JB, Lardon F. Preclinical and clinical studies on afatinib in monotherapy and in combination regimens: Potential impact in colorectal cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 166:71-83. [PMID: 27373506 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has been an interesting therapeutic strategy because aberrant activation of this receptor plays an important role in the tumorgenesis of many cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). After the initial promising results of EGFR-targeted therapies, therapeutic resistance is a major clinical problem. In order to overcome resistance to these EGFR-targeted therapies, new treatment options are necessary. In contrast to first generation EGFR inhibitors, afatinib (BIBW2992) is a second-generation irreversible ErbB family blocker that inhibits EGFR as well as HER2 and HER4. Consequently, treatment with afatinib may result in a distinct and more pronounced therapeutic benefit. Preclinical studies have reported promising results for afatinib in monotherapy as well as in combination with other drugs in CRC model systems. Furthermore, clinical studies examining afatinib as single agent and in combination therapy demonstrated manageable safety profile. Nevertheless, only limited antitumor activity has been observed in CRC patients. Although several combination treatments with afatinib have already been investigated, no optimal combination has been identified for CRC patients yet. As molecular tumor characteristics have gained increased importance in the choice of treatment, additional studies with biomarker-driven patient recruitment are required to further explore afatinib efficacy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I De Pauw
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - A Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Van den Bossche
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
| | - P Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
| | - V Deschoolmeester
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
| | - J B Vermorken
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium
| | - F Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Belgium
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200
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Sato R, Semba T, Saya H, Arima Y. Concise Review: Stem Cells and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer: Biological Implications and Therapeutic Targets. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1997-2007. [PMID: 27251010 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) constitute a small subpopulation of cancer cells with stem-like properties that are able to self-renew, generate differentiated daughter cells, and give rise to heterogeneous tumor tissue. Tumor heterogeneity is a hallmark of cancer and underlies resistance to anticancer therapies and disease progression. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible phenomenon that is mediated by EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs) and plays an important role in normal organ development, wound healing, and the invasiveness of cancer cells. Recent evidence showing that overexpression of several EMT-TFs is associated with stemness in cancer cells has suggested the existence of a link between EMT and CSCs. In this review, we focus on the roles of CSCs and EMT signaling in driving tumor heterogeneity. A better understanding of the dynamics of both CSCs and EMT-TFs in the generation of tumor heterogeneity may provide a basis for the development of new treatment options for cancer patients. Stem Cells 2016;34:1997-2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sato
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Semba
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Arima
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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