151
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Seminiferous tubule molecular imaging for evaluation of male fertility: Seeing is believing. Tissue Cell 2019; 58:24-32. [PMID: 31133243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The proper assessment of male fertility is essential for diagnosing and treating male infertility. Currently, spermiogram and Johnsen testicular biopsy score counts are used to assess male fertility. However, spermiogram is not a suitable option for non-obstructive azoospermia patients, and Johnsen testicular biopsy scores only represent localized and not the overall spermatogenesis. Whole-mount staining was a novel method for evaluating protein expression in the tissue. Thus, we explored its application in human seminiferous tubules. Testicular biopsies from 57 azoospermia patients were categorized as obstructive azoospermia (OA), maturation arrest (MA) and Sertoli-cells only syndrome (SCOS). We performed whole-mount staining of their seminiferous tubules and evaluated the spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), differentiated spermatogonia (SG), spermatocytes (SPC) and spermatids (SD) with their respective markers (GFRA1, CD117, SYCP3, and PNA) to assess fertility. GFRA1, CD117, SYCP3, and PNA were not expressed in SCOS patients, whereas all of them were detected in OA patients. In MA patients with arrested spermatogenesis at the SPC stage, GFRA1, CD117, and SYCP3, but not PNA were expressed in the seminiferous tubules. In MA patients with arrested spermatogenesis at the spermatogonia stage, only GFRA1 was expressed in the seminiferous tubules. These results were consistent with the Johnsen testicular biopsy score counts except for one patient, where although only Sertoli cells were indicated by the score, SSCs were also detected in the whole-mounts. Collectively, whole-mount staining could be used to analyze the inherent spermatogenesis of seminiferous tubules through staining of germ cells at different stages. It offers a more accurate and promising faster method for assessing male fertility compared with traditional biopsy screening. And it could have potential value for the clinical purpose for male fertility management.
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152
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Merz SF, Korste S, Bornemann L, Michel L, Stock P, Squire A, Soun C, Engel DR, Detzer J, Lörchner H, Hermann DM, Kamler M, Klode J, Hendgen-Cotta UB, Rassaf T, Gunzer M, Totzeck M. Contemporaneous 3D characterization of acute and chronic myocardial I/R injury and response. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2312. [PMID: 31127113 PMCID: PMC6534576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardioprotection by salvage of the infarct-affected myocardium is an unmet yet highly desired therapeutic goal. To develop new dedicated therapies, experimental myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury would require methods to simultaneously characterize extent and localization of the damage and the ensuing inflammatory responses in whole hearts over time. Here we present a three-dimensional (3D), simultaneous quantitative investigation of key I/R injury-components by combining bleaching-augmented solvent-based non-toxic clearing (BALANCE) using ethyl cinnamate (ECi) with light sheet fluorescence microscopy. This allows structural analyses of fluorescence-labeled I/R hearts with exceptional detail. We discover and 3D-quantify distinguishable acute and late vascular I/R damage zones. These contain highly localized and spatially structured neutrophil infiltrates that are modulated upon cardiac healing. Our model demonstrates that these characteristic I/R injury patterns can detect the extent of damage even days after the ischemic index event hence allowing the investigation of long-term recovery and remodeling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon F Merz
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Korste
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Lea Bornemann
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Michel
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Pia Stock
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Anthony Squire
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Camille Soun
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel R Engel
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Detzer
- Dept. of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Holger Lörchner
- Dept. of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhine-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kamler
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Joachim Klode
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrike B Hendgen-Cotta
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Totzeck
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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153
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Jing D, Yi Y, Luo W, Zhang S, Yuan Q, Wang J, Lachika E, Zhao Z, Zhao H. Tissue Clearing and Its Application to Bone and Dental Tissues. J Dent Res 2019; 98:621-631. [PMID: 31009584 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519844510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Opaqueness of animal tissue can be attributed mostly to light absorption and light scattering. In most noncleared tissue samples, confocal images can be acquired at no more than a 100-µm depth. Tissue-clearing techniques have emerged in recent years in the neuroscience field. Many tissue-clearing methods have been developed, and they all follow similar working principles. During the tissue-clearing process, chemical or physical treatments are applied to remove components blocking or scattering the light. Finally, samples are immersed in a designated clearing medium to achieve a uniform refractive index and to gain transparency. Once the transparency is reached, images can be acquired even at several millimeters of depth with high resolution. Tissue clearing has become an essential tool for neuroscientists to investigate the neural connectome or to analyze spatial information of various types of brain cells. Other than neural science research, tissue-clearing techniques also have applications for bone research. Several methods have been developed for clearing bones. Clearing treatment enables 3-dimensional imaging of bones without sectioning and provides important new insights that are difficult or impossible to acquire with conventional approaches. Application of tissue-clearing technique on dental research remains limited. This review will provide an overview of the recent literature related to the methods and application of various tissue-clearing methods. The following aspects will be covered: general principles for the tissue-clearing technique, current available methods for clearing bones and teeth, general principles of 3-dimensional imaging acquisition and data processing, applications of tissue clearing on studying biological processes within bones and teeth, and future directions for 3-dimensional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jing
- 1 Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Y Yi
- 1 Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA.,2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - W Luo
- 1 Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - S Zhang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Q Yuan
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - J Wang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - E Lachika
- 3 Intelligent Imaging Innovations (3i), Denver, CO, USA
| | - Z Zhao
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - H Zhao
- 1 Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, USA
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154
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Chevalier NR, Dacher N, Jacques C, Langlois L, Guedj C, Faklaris O. Embryogenesis of the peristaltic reflex. J Physiol 2019; 597:2785-2801. [PMID: 30924929 DOI: 10.1113/jp277746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Neurogenic gut movements start after longitudinal smooth muscle differentiation in three species (mouse, zebrafish, chicken), and at E16 in the chicken embryo. The first activity of the chicken enteric nervous system is dominated by inhibitory neurons. The embryonic enteric nervous system electromechanically couples circular and longitudinal spontaneous myogenic contractions, thereby producing a new, rostro-caudally directed bolus transport pattern: the migrating motor complex. The response of the embryonic gut to mechanical stimulation evolves from a symmetric, myogenic response at E12, to a neurally mediated, polarized, descending inhibitory, 'law of the intestine'-like response at E16. High resolution, whole-mount 3D reconstructions are presented of the enteric nervous system of the chicken embryo at the neural-control stage E16 with the iDISCO+ tissue clarification technique. ABSTRACT Gut motility is a complex transport phenomenon involving smooth muscle, enteric neurons, glia and interstitial cells of Cajal. Because these different cells differentiate and become active at different times during embryo development, studying the ontogenesis of motility offers a unique opportunity to 'time-reverse-engineer' the peristaltic reflex. Working on chicken embryo intestinal explants in vitro, we found by spatio-temporal mapping and signal processing of diameter and position changes that motility follows a characteristic sequence of increasing complexity: (1) myogenic circular smooth muscle contractions from E6 to E12 that propagate as waves along the intestine, (2) overlapping and independent, myogenic, low-frequency, bulk longitudinal smooth muscle contractions around E14, and (3) tetrodotoxin-sensitive coupling of longitudinal and circular contractions by the enteric nervous system as from E16. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase neurons shows that the coupling consists in nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of circular smooth muscle when the longitudinal muscle layer is contracted. This mechanosensitive coupling gives rise to a directional, cyclical, propagating bolus transport pattern: the migrating motor complex. We further reveal a transition to a polarized, descending, inhibitory reflex response to mechanical stimulation after neuronal activity sets in at E16. This asymmetric response is the elementary mechanism responsible for peristaltic transport. We finally present unique high-resolution 3D reconstructions of the chicken enteric nervous system at the neural-control stage based on confocal imaging of iDISCO+ clarified tissues. Our study shows that the enteric nervous system gives rise to new peristaltic transport patterns during development by coupling spontaneous circular and longitudinal smooth muscle contraction waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas R Chevalier
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dacher
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Jacques
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Lucas Langlois
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Guedj
- Imagoseine Core Facility, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS UMR7592, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Orestis Faklaris
- Imagoseine Core Facility, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS UMR7592, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013, Paris, France.,MRI Core facility, Biocampus, UMS 3426 CNRS - Université Montpellier, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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155
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Turco AE, Cadena MT, Zhang HL, Sandhu JK, Oakes SR, Chathurvedula T, Peterson RE, Keast JR, Vezina CM. A temporal and spatial map of axons in developing mouse prostate. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 152:35-45. [PMID: 30976911 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate autonomic and sensory axons control glandular growth, fluid secretion, and smooth muscle contraction and are remodeled during cancer and inflammation. Morphogenetic signaling pathways reawakened during disease progression may drive this axon remodeling. These pathways are linked to proliferative activities in prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. However, little is known about which developmental signaling pathways guide axon investment into prostate. The first step in defining these pathways is pinpointing when axon subtypes first appear in prostate. We accomplished this by immunohistochemically mapping three axon subtypes (noradrenergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic) during fetal, neonatal, and adult stages of mouse prostate development. We devised a method for peri-prostatic axon density quantification and tested whether innervation is uniform across the proximo-distal axis of dorsal and ventral adult mouse prostate. Many axons directly interact with or innervate neuroendocrine cells in other organs, so we examined whether sensory or autonomic axons innervate neuroendocrine cells in prostate. We first detected noradrenergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic axons in prostate at embryonic day (E) 14.5. Noradrenergic and cholinergic axon densities are uniform across the proximal-distal axis of adult mouse prostate while peptidergic axons are denser in the periurethral and proximal regions. Peptidergic and cholinergic axons are closely associated with prostate neuroendocrine cells whereas noradrenergic axons are not. These results provide a foundation for understanding mouse prostatic axon development and organization and, provide strategies for quantifying axons during progression of prostate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Turco
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark T Cadena
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Helen L Zhang
- Comparative Biosciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jaskiran K Sandhu
- Comparative Biosciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Steven R Oakes
- Comparative Biosciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thrishna Chathurvedula
- Comparative Biosciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Janet R Keast
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chad M Vezina
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Comparative Biosciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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156
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Volumetric chemical imaging by clearing-enhanced stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6608-6617. [PMID: 30872474 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813044116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional visualization of tissue structures using optical microscopy facilitates the understanding of biological functions. However, optical microscopy is limited in tissue penetration due to severe light scattering. Recently, a series of tissue-clearing techniques have emerged to allow significant depth-extension for fluorescence imaging. Inspired by these advances, we develop a volumetric chemical imaging technique that couples Raman-tailored tissue-clearing with stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. Compared with the standard SRS, the clearing-enhanced SRS achieves greater than 10-times depth increase. Based on the extracted spatial distribution of proteins and lipids, our method reveals intricate 3D organizations of tumor spheroids, mouse brain tissues, and tumor xenografts. We further develop volumetric phasor analysis of multispectral SRS images for chemically specific clustering and segmentation in 3D. Moreover, going beyond the conventional label-free paradigm, we demonstrate metabolic volumetric chemical imaging, which allows us to simultaneously map out metabolic activities of protein and lipid synthesis in glioblastoma. Together, these results support volumetric chemical imaging as a valuable tool for elucidating comprehensive 3D structures, compositions, and functions in diverse biological contexts, complementing the prevailing volumetric fluorescence microscopy.
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157
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Friocourt F, Kozulin P, Belle M, Suárez R, Di‐Poï N, Richards LJ, Giacobini P, Chédotal A. Shared and differential features of Robo3 expression pattern in amniotes. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2009-2029. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Kozulin
- The Queensland Brain Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Morgane Belle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS Institut de la Vision Paris France
| | - Rodrigo Suárez
- The Queensland Brain Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Nicolas Di‐Poï
- Research Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Linda J. Richards
- The Queensland Brain Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- The School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- University of Lille, UMR‐S 1172, Centre de Recherche Jean‐Pierre AUBERT Lille France
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain INSERM, UMR‐S 1172 Lille France
- FHU 1,000 Days for Health School of Medicine Lille France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS Institut de la Vision Paris France
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158
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Yang L, Feuchtinger A, Möller W, Ding Y, Kutschke D, Möller G, Schittny JC, Burgstaller G, Hofmann W, Stoeger T, Walch A, Schmid O. Three-Dimensional Quantitative Co-Mapping of Pulmonary Morphology and Nanoparticle Distribution with Cellular Resolution in Nondissected Murine Lungs. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1029-1041. [PMID: 30566327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering biodistribution, biokinetics, and biological effects of nanoparticles (NPs) in entire organs with cellular resolution remains largely elusive due to the lack of effective imaging tools. Here, light sheet fluorescence microscopy in combination with optical tissue clearing was validated for concomitant three-dimensional mapping of lung morphology and NP biodistribution with cellular resolution in nondissected ex vivo murine lungs. Tissue autofluorescence allowed for label-free, quantitative morphometry of the entire bronchial tree, acinar structure, and blood vessels. Co-registration of fluorescent NPs with lung morphology revealed significant differences in pulmonary NP distribution depending on the means of application (intratracheal instillation and ventilator-assisted aerosol inhalation under anesthetized conditions). Inhalation exhibited a more homogeneous NP distribution in conducting airways and acini indicated by a central-to-peripheral (C/P) NP deposition ratio of unity (0.98 ± 0.13) as compared to a 2-fold enhanced central deposition (C/P = 1.98 ± 0.37) for instillation. After inhalation most NPs were observed in the proximal part of the acini as predicted by computational fluid dynamics simulations. At cellular resolution patchy NP deposition was visualized in bronchioles and acini, but more pronounced for instillation. Excellent linearity of the fluorescence intensity-dose response curve allowed for accurate NP dosimetry and revealed ca. 5% of the inhaled aerosol was deposited in the lungs. This single-modality imaging technique allows for quantitative co-registration of tissue architecture and NP biodistribution, which could accelerate elucidation of NP biokinetics and bioactivity within intact tissues, facilitating both nanotoxicology studies and the development of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
- Faculty of Medicine , Technical University of Munich , Munich , 80333 , Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - Winfried Möller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - Yaobo Ding
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - David Kutschke
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Department Genome Analysis Center , Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | | | - Gerald Burgstaller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - Werner Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , A-5020 , Austria
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - Alex Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) , Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich , 81377 , Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease , Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg , 85764 , Germany
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159
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Blaszkiewicz M, Willows JW, Johnson CP, Townsend KL. The Importance of Peripheral Nerves in Adipose Tissue for the Regulation of Energy Balance. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:E10. [PMID: 30759876 PMCID: PMC6466238 DOI: 10.3390/biology8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brown and white adipose tissues are essential for maintenance of proper energy balance and metabolic health. In order to function efficiently, these tissues require both endocrine and neural communication with the brain. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as the inducible brown adipocytes that appear in white adipose tissue (WAT) after simulation, are thermogenic and energy expending. This uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-mediated process requires input from sympathetic nerves releasing norepinephrine. In addition to sympathetic noradrenergic signaling, adipose tissue contains sensory nerves that may be important for relaying fuel status to the brain. Chemical and surgical denervation studies of both WAT and BAT have clearly demonstrated the role of peripheral nerves in browning, thermogenesis, lipolysis, and adipogenesis. However, much is still unknown about which subtypes of nerves are present in BAT versus WAT, what nerve products are released from adipose nerves and how they act to mediate metabolic homeostasis, as well as which cell types in adipose are receiving synaptic input. Recent advances in whole-depot imaging and quantification of adipose nerve fibers, as well as other new research findings, have reinvigorated this field of research. This review summarizes the history of research into adipose innervation and brain⁻adipose communication, and also covers landmark and recent research on this topic to outline what we currently know and do not know about adipose tissue nerve supply and communication with the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Blaszkiewicz
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Jake W Willows
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Cory P Johnson
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Kristy L Townsend
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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160
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Synergistic Activity of Floor-Plate- and Ventricular-Zone-Derived Netrin-1 in Spinal Cord Commissural Axon Guidance. Neuron 2019; 101:625-634.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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161
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Masselink W, Reumann D, Murawala P, Pasierbek P, Taniguchi Y, Bonnay F, Meixner K, Knoblich JA, Tanaka EM. Broad applicability of a streamlined ethyl cinnamate-based clearing procedure. Development 2019; 146:dev166884. [PMID: 30665888 PMCID: PMC7115989 DOI: 10.1242/dev.166884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Turbidity and opaqueness are inherent properties of tissues that limit the capacity to acquire microscopic images through large tissues. Creating a uniform refractive index, known as tissue clearing, overcomes most of these issues. These methods have enabled researchers to image large and complex 3D structures with unprecedented depth and resolution. However, tissue clearing has been adopted to a limited extent due to a combination of cost, time, complexity of existing methods and potential negative impact on fluorescence signal. Here, we describe 2Eci (2nd generation ethyl cinnamate-based clearing), which can be used to clear a wide range of tissues in several species, including human organoids, Drosophila melanogaster, zebrafish, axolotl and Xenopus laevis, in as little as 1-5 days, while preserving a broad range of fluorescent proteins, including GFP, mCherry, Brainbow and Alexa-conjugated fluorophores. Ethyl cinnamate is non-toxic and can easily be used in multi-user microscope facilities. This method opens up tissue clearing to a much broader group of researchers due to its ease of use, the non-toxic nature of ethyl cinnamate and broad applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Masselink
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Reumann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Prayag Murawala
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pawel Pasierbek
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuka Taniguchi
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - François Bonnay
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Meixner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-BioCenter 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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162
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Lin DSY, Guo F, Zhang B. Modeling organ-specific vasculature with organ-on-a-chip devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:024002. [PMID: 30395536 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae7de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip devices, also known as microphysiological systems, have gained significant attention in recent years. Recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication have enabled these devices to provide more precise control over cellular microenvironments to mimic the tissue-level or organ-level function of the human body. These more complex tissue models can provide either an improvement in the functional expression and maturation of cells or an avenue to probe biological events and function that would otherwise be difficult to visualize and mechanistically study. This high-value information, when complimented with the existing gold-standards of cell-based assays and animal models, could potentially lead to more informed decision-making in drug development. A prevalent biological component in many organ-on-a-chip devices is an engineered vascular interface that is present in almost all organs of the human body. The vasculature and the vascular interface are particularly susceptible to biomechanical forces, they function as the conduits for inter-cellular and inter-organ interactions, and regulate drug transport. In this review, we examine the various approaches taken to model the human vasculature with an emphasis on the engineering of organ-specific vasculatures, and discuss various challenges and opportunities ahead as the field advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn S Y Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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163
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Cloarec R, Riffault B, Dufour A, Rabiei H, Gouty-Colomer LA, Dumon C, Guimond D, Bonifazi P, Eftekhari S, Lozovaya N, Ferrari DC, Ben-Ari Y. Pyramidal neuron growth and increased hippocampal volume during labor and birth in autism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav0394. [PMID: 30746473 PMCID: PMC6357736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report that the apical dendrites of CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neurons are increased during labor and birth in the valproate model of autism but not in control animals. Using the iDISCO clearing method, we show that hippocampal, especially CA3 region, and neocortical volumes are increased and that the cerebral volume distribution shifts from normal to lognormal in valproate-treated animals. Maternal administration during labor and birth of the NKCC1 chloride transporter antagonist bumetanide, which reduces [Cl-]i levels and attenuates the severity of autism, abolished the neocortical and hippocampal volume changes and reduced the whole-brain volume in valproate-treated animals. These results suggest that the abolition of the oxytocin-mediated excitatory-to-inhibitory shift of GABA actions during labor and birth contributes to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders by stimulating growth during a vulnerable period.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Cloarec
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, 13288 Cedex 09 , Marseille, France
| | - B. Riffault
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, 13288 Cedex 09 , Marseille, France
| | - A. Dufour
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, 13288 Cedex 09 , Marseille, France
| | - H. Rabiei
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, 13288 Cedex 09 , Marseille, France
| | - L.-A. Gouty-Colomer
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, 13288 Cedex 09 , Marseille, France
| | - C. Dumon
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, 13288 Cedex 09 , Marseille, France
| | - D. Guimond
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, 13288 Cedex 09 , Marseille, France
| | - P. Bonifazi
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain & IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - S. Eftekhari
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, 13288 Cedex 09 , Marseille, France
| | - N. Lozovaya
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, 13288 Cedex 09 , Marseille, France
| | - D. C. Ferrari
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, 13288 Cedex 09 , Marseille, France
| | - Y. Ben-Ari
- Neurochlore, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology (IBEN), Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, 13288 Cedex 09 , Marseille, France
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164
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Panoptic imaging of transparent mice reveals whole-body neuronal projections and skull-meninges connections. Nat Neurosci 2018; 22:317-327. [PMID: 30598527 PMCID: PMC6494982 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of entire transparent rodent bodies after clearing could provide holistic biological information in health and disease, but reliable imaging and quantification of fluorescent protein signals deep inside the tissues has remained a challenge. Here, we developed vDISCO, a pressure-driven, nanobody-based whole-body immunolabeling technology to enhance the signal of fluorescent proteins by up to two orders of magnitude. This allowed us to image and quantify subcellular details through bones, skin and highly autofluorescent tissues of intact transparent mice. For the first time, we visualized whole-body neuronal projections in adult mice. We assessed CNS trauma effects in the whole body and found degeneration of peripheral nerve terminals in the torso. Furthermore, vDISCO revealed short vascular connections between skull marrow and brain meninges, which were filled with immune cells upon stroke. Thus, our new approach enables unbiased comprehensive studies of the interactions between the nervous system and the rest of the body.
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165
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166
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Xavier da Silveira Dos Santos A, Liberali P. From single cells to tissue self-organization. FEBS J 2018; 286:1495-1513. [PMID: 30390414 PMCID: PMC6519261 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-organization is a process by which interacting cells organize and arrange themselves in higher order structures and patterns. To achieve this, cells must have molecular mechanisms to sense their complex local environment and interpret it to respond accordingly. A combination of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic cues are decoded by the single cells dictating their behaviour, their differentiation and symmetry-breaking potential driving development, tissue remodeling and regenerative processes. A unifying property of these self-organized pattern-forming systems is the importance of fluctuations, cell-to-cell variability, or noise. Cell-to-cell variability is an inherent and emergent property of populations of cells that maximize the population performance instead of the individual cell, providing tissues the flexibility to develop and maintain homeostasis in diverse environments. In this review, we will explore the role of self-organization and cell-to-cell variability as fundamental properties of multicellularity-and the requisite of single-cell resolution for its understanding. Moreover, we will analyze how single cells generate emergent multicellular dynamics observed at the tissue level 'travelling' across different scales: spatial, temporal and functional.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Switzerland
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167
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Sambathkumar R, Migliorini A, Nostro MC. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Pancreatic Progenitors and β-Like Cells for Type 1 Diabetes Treatment. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 33:394-402. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00026.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the processes guiding human pancreas development and provide an update on methods to efficiently generate pancreatic progenitors (PPs) and β-like cells in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Furthermore, we assess the strengths and weaknesses of using PPs and β-like cell for cell replacement therapy for the treatment of Type 1 diabetes with respect to cell manufacturing, engrafting, functionality, and safety. Finally, we discuss the identification and use of specific cell surface markers to generate safer populations of PPs for clinical translation and to study the development of PPs in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangarajan Sambathkumar
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adriana Migliorini
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Cristina Nostro
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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168
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Godefroy D, Rostène W, Anouar Y, Goazigo ARL. Tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the mouse transparent brain and adrenal glands. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:367-375. [PMID: 30206700 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Working on catecholamine systems for years, the neuropharmacologist Arvid Carlsson has made a number of important and pioneering discoveries, which have highlighted the key role of these neuronal and peripheral neurotransmitters in brain functions and adrenal regulations. Since then, major advances have been made concerning the distribution of the catecholaminergic systems in particular by studying their rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Recently new methods of tissue transparency coupled with in toto immununostaining and three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies allow to precisely map TH immunoreactive pathways in the mouse brain and adrenal glands. High magnification images and movies obtained with combined technologies (iDISCO+ and light-sheet microscopy) are presented in this review dedicated to the pioneer work of Arvid Carlsson and his collaborators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Godefroy
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM CNRS UMRS 968, Paris, France
- Normandie Université, INSERM, U1239, DC2N, IRIB, UNIROUEN, Mont-St-Aignan, France
| | - William Rostène
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM CNRS UMRS 968, Paris, France.
| | - Youssef Anouar
- Normandie Université, INSERM, U1239, DC2N, IRIB, UNIROUEN, Mont-St-Aignan, France
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169
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Yamamoto Y, Miyazaki S, Maruyama K, Kobayashi R, Le MNT, Kano A, Kondow A, Fujii S, Ohnuma K. Random migration of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human gastrulation-stage mesendoderm. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201960. [PMID: 30199537 PMCID: PMC6130871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrulation is the initial systematic deformation of the embryo to form germ layers, which is characterized by the placement of appropriate cells in their destined locations. Thus, gastrulation, which occurs at the beginning of the second month of pregnancy, is a critical stage in human body formation. Although histological analyses indicate that human gastrulation is similar to that of other amniotes (birds and mammals), much of human gastrulation dynamics remain unresolved due to ethical and technical limitations. We used human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to study the migration of mesendodermal cells through the primitive streak to form discoidal germ layers during gastrulation. Immunostaining results showed that hiPSCs differentiated into mesendodermal cells and that epithelial–mesenchymal transition occurred through the activation of the Activin/Nodal and Wnt/beta-catenin pathways. Single-cell time-lapse imaging of cells adhered to cover glass showed that mesendodermal differentiation resulted in the dissociation of cells and an increase in their migration speed, thus confirming the occurrence of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. These results suggest that mesendodermal cells derived from hiPSCs may be used as a model system for studying migration during human gastrulation in vitro. Using random walk analysis, we found that random migration occurred for both undifferentiated hiPSCs and differentiated mesendodermal cells. Two-dimensional random walk simulation showed that homogeneous dissociation of particles may form a discoidal layer, suggesting that random migration might be suitable to effectively disperse cells homogeneously from the primitive streak to form discoidal germ layers during human gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yamamoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, NIIGATA, Japan
| | - Shota Miyazaki
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, NIIGATA, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Maruyama
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, NIIGATA, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, NIIGATA, Japan
| | - Minh Nguyen Tuyet Le
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, NIIGATA, Japan
| | - Ayumu Kano
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, NIIGATA, Japan
| | - Akiko Kondow
- Division of Biomedical Polymer Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuji Fujii
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, NIIGATA, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohnuma
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, NIIGATA, Japan
- Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, NIIGATA, Japan
- * E-mail:
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170
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Hiesinger PR, Hassan BA. The Evolution of Variability and Robustness in Neural Development. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:577-586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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171
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Pourquié O, Brown K. Human development: recent progress and future prospects. Development 2018; 145:145/16/dev170738. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.170738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary: Our second Special Issue on human development highlights recent progress in this field, new technologies that have contributed to this progress and some of the ethical issues to consider.
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172
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Chemical Landscape for Tissue Clearing Based on Hydrophilic Reagents. Cell Rep 2018; 24:2196-2210.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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173
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Dasgupta S, Bader GD, Goyal S. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: A New Window into Cell Scale Dynamics. Biophys J 2018; 115:429-435. [PMID: 30033145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell genomics has recently emerged as a powerful tool for observing multicellular systems at a much higher level of resolution and depth than previously possible. High-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing techniques are able to simultaneously quantify expression levels of several thousands of genes within individual cells for tens of thousands of cells within a complex tissue. This has led to development of novel computational methods to analyze this high-dimensional data, investigating longstanding and fundamental questions regarding the granularity of cell types, the definition of cell states, and transitions from one cell type to another along developmental trajectories. In this perspective, we outline this emerging field starting from the "input data" (e.g., quantifying transcription levels in single cells), which are analyzed to define "identities" (e.g., cell types, states, and key genes) and to build "interactions" using models that can infer relations and transitions between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sidhartha Goyal
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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174
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Kim JY, Kim HJ, Jang MJ, Kim JH, Lee JH, Lee E, Park K, Kim H, Lee J, Kwag J, Kim N, Song MR, Kim H, Sun W. BrainFilm, a novel technique for physical compression of 3D brain slices for efficient image acquisition and post-processing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8531. [PMID: 29867183 PMCID: PMC5986777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue clearing enables us to observe thick tissue at a single cell resolution by reducing light scattering and refractive index matching. However, imaging of a large volume of tissue for 3D reconstruction requires a great deal of time, cost, and efforts. Few methods have been developed to transcend these limitations by mechanical compression or isotropic tissue shrinkage. Tissue shrinkage significantly lessens the imaging burden; however, there is an inevitable trade-off with image resolution. Here, we have developed the “BrainFilm” technique to compress cleared tissue at Z-axis by dehydration, without alteration of the XY-axis. The Z-axis compression was approximately 90%, and resulted in substantial reduction in image acquisition time and data size. The BrainFilm technique was successfully used to trace and characterize the morphology of thick biocytin-labelled neurons following electrophysiological recording and trace the GFP-labelled long nerve projections in irregular tissues such as the limb of mouse embryo. Thus, BrainFilm is a versatile tool that can be applied in diverse studies of 3D tissues in which spatial information of the Z-axis is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yeon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Min Jee Jang
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - June Hoan Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Kyerl Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jaedong Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kwag
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Namhee Kim
- School of Life Sciences, GIST Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Mi-Ryoung Song
- School of Life Sciences, GIST Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Plus Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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175
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Abstract
Endocrine organs secrete a variety of hormones involved in the regulation of a multitude of body functions. Although pancreatic islets were discovered at the turn of the 19th century, other endocrine glands remained commonly described as diffuse endocrine systems. Over the last two decades, development of new imaging techniques and genetically-modified animals with cell-specific fluorescent tags or specific hormone deficiencies have enabled in vivo imaging of endocrine organs and revealed intricate endocrine cell network structures and plasticity. Overall, these new tools have revolutionized our understanding of endocrine function. The overarching aim of this Review is to describe the current mechanistic understanding that has emerged from imaging studies of endocrine cell network structure/function relationships in animal models, with a particular emphasis on the pituitary gland and the endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Mollard
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, F-34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Schaeffer
- Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, F-34094, Montpellier, France.
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176
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Jing D, Zhang S, Luo W, Gao X, Men Y, Ma C, Liu X, Yi Y, Bugde A, Zhou BO, Zhao Z, Yuan Q, Feng JQ, Gao L, Ge WP, Zhao H. Tissue clearing of both hard and soft tissue organs with the PEGASOS method. Cell Res 2018; 28:803-818. [PMID: 29844583 PMCID: PMC6082844 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-018-0049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue clearing technique enables visualization of opaque organs and tissues in 3-dimensions (3-D) by turning tissue transparent. Current tissue clearing methods are restricted by limited types of tissues that can be cleared with each individual protocol, which inevitably led to the presence of blind-spots within whole body or body parts imaging. Hard tissues including bones and teeth are still the most difficult organs to be cleared. In addition, loss of endogenous fluorescence remains a major concern for solvent-based clearing methods. Here, we developed a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-associated solvent system (PEGASOS), which rendered nearly all types of tissues transparent and preserved endogenous fluorescence. Bones and teeth could be turned nearly invisible after clearing. The PEGASOS method turned the whole adult mouse body transparent and we were able to image an adult mouse head composed of bones, teeth, brain, muscles, and other tissues with no blind areas. Hard tissue transparency enabled us to reconstruct intact mandible, teeth, femur, or knee joint in 3-D. In addition, we managed to image intact mouse brain at sub-cellular resolution and to trace individual neurons and axons over a long distance. We also visualized dorsal root ganglions directly through vertebrae. Finally, we revealed the distribution pattern of neural network in 3-D within the marrow space of long bone. These results suggest that the PEGASOS method is a useful tool for general biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Jing
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yi Men
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Yating Yi
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Abhijit Bugde
- Live Cell Imaging Core Facility, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Bo O Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Liang Gao
- Intelligent Imaging Innovations (3i) Inc., 3509 Ringsby Court, Denver, CO, 80216, USA
| | - Woo-Ping Ge
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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177
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Chemical Processing of Brain Tissues for Large-Volume, High-Resolution Optical Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-9020-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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178
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Elevated prenatal anti-Müllerian hormone reprograms the fetus and induces polycystic ovary syndrome in adulthood. Nat Med 2018; 24:834-846. [PMID: 29760445 PMCID: PMC6098696 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the main cause of female infertility worldwide and corresponds with a high degree of comorbidities and economic burden. How PCOS is passed on from one generation to the next is not clear, but it may be a developmental condition. Most women with PCOS exhibit higher levels of circulating luteinizing hormone, suggestive of heightened gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release, and Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) as compared to healthy women. Excess AMH in utero may affect the development of the female fetus. However, as AMH levels drop during pregnancy in women with normal fertility it was unclear if their levels were also elevated in pregnant women with PCOS. Here, we measured AMH in a cohort of pregnant women with PCOS and control women and found that AMH is significantly more elevated in the former group versus the latter. To determine if the elevation of AMH during pregnancy in women with PCOS is a bystander effect or a driver of the condition in the offspring, we modelled our clinical findings by treating pregnant mice with AMH and followed the neuroendocrine phenotype of their female progeny postnatally. This treatment resulted in maternal neuroendocrine-driven testosterone excess and diminished placental metabolism of testosterone to estradiol, resulting in a masculinization of the exposed female fetus and a PCOS-like reproductive and neuroendocrine phenotype in adulthood. We found that the affected females had persistently hyperactivated GnRH neurons and that GnRH antagonist treatment in the adult female offspring restored their neuroendocrine phenotype to a normal state. These findings highlight a critical role for excess prenatal AMH exposure and subsequent aberrant GnRH receptor signaling in the neuroendocrine dysfunctions of PCOS, while offering a new potential therapeutic avenue to treat the condition during adulthood.
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179
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Munro DAD, Davies JA. Vascularizing the Kidney in the Embryo and Organoid: Questioning Assumptions about Renal Vasculogenesis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1593-1595. [PMID: 29748327 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A D Munro
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A Davies
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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180
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Vue Z, Gonzalez G, Stewart CA, Mehra S, Behringer RR. Volumetric imaging of the developing prepubertal mouse uterine epithelium using light sheet microscopy. Mol Reprod Dev 2018. [PMID: 29543367 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial or uterine glands secrete substances essential for uterine receptivity to the embryo, implantation, conceptus survival, and growth. Adenogenesis is the process of gland formation within the stroma of the uterus. In the mouse, uterine gland formation initiates at postnatal day (P) 5. Uterine gland morphology is poorly understood because it is primarily based on two-dimensional (2D) histology. To more fully describe uterine gland morphogenesis, we generated three-dimensional (3D) models of postnatal uterine glands from P0 to P21, based on volumetric imaging using light sheet microscopy. At birth (P0), there were no glands. At P8, we found bud- and teardrop-shaped epithelial invaginations. By P11, the forming glands were elongated epithelial tubes. By P21, the elongated tubes had a sinuous morphology. These morphologies are homogeneously distributed along the anterior-posterior axis of the uterus. To facilitate uterine gland analyses, we propose a novel 3D staging system of uterine gland morphology during development in the prepubertal mouse. We define five uterine gland stages: Stage 1: bud; Stage 2: teardrop; Stage 3: elongated; Stage 4: sinuous; and Stage 5: primary branches. This staging system provides a standardized key to assess and quantify prepubertal uterine gland morphology that can be used for studies of uterine gland development and pathology. In addition, our studies suggest that gland formation initiation occurs during P8 and P11. However, between P11 and P21 gland formation initiation stops and all glands elongate and become sinuous. We also found that the mesometrial epithelium develops a unique morphology we term the uterine rail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zer Vue
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - C Allison Stewart
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shyamin Mehra
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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181
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Abstract
The skeletal muscle lineage derives from the embryonic paraxial mesoderm (PM) which also gives rise to the axial skeleton, the dermis of the back, brown fat, meninges, and endothelial cells. Direct conversion was pioneered in skeletal muscle with overexpression of the transcription factor MyoD which can convert fibroblasts to a muscle fate. In contrast, directed differentiation of skeletal muscle from pluripotent cells (PC) in vitro has proven to be very difficult compared to other lineages and has only been achieved recently. Experimental strategies recapitulating myogenesis in vitro from mouse and human PC (ES/iPS) have now been reported and all rely on early activation of Wnt signaling at the epiblast stage. This leads to induction of neuromesodermal progenitors that can subsequently be induced to a PM fate and to skeletal muscle. These protocols can efficiently produce fetal muscle fibers and immature satellite cells. These new in vitro systems now open the possibility to better understand human myogenesis and to develop in vitro disease models as well as cell therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pourquié
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Ziad Al Tanoury
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jérome Chal
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, United States
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182
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GABAergic inhibition in dual-transmission cholinergic and GABAergic striatal interneurons is abolished in Parkinson disease. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1422. [PMID: 29651049 PMCID: PMC5897332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03802-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that half striatal cholinergic interneurons are dual transmitter cholinergic and GABAergic interneurons (CGINs) expressing ChAT, GAD65, Lhx7, and Lhx6 mRNAs, labeled with GAD and VGAT, generating monosynaptic dual cholinergic/GABAergic currents and an inhibitory pause response. Dopamine deprivation increases CGINs ongoing activity and abolishes GABAergic inhibition including the cortico-striatal pause because of high [Cl−]i levels. Dopamine deprivation also dramatically increases CGINs dendritic arbors and monosynaptic interconnections probability, suggesting the formation of a dense CGINs network. The NKCC1 chloride importer antagonist bumetanide, which reduces [Cl−]i levels, restores GABAergic inhibition, the cortico-striatal pause-rebound response, and attenuates motor effects of dopamine deprivation. Therefore, most of the striatal cholinergic excitatory drive is balanced by a concomitant powerful GABAergic inhibition that is impaired by dopamine deprivation. The attenuation by bumetanide of cardinal features of Parkinson’s disease paves the way to a novel therapeutic strategy based on a restoration of low [Cl−]i levels and GABAergic inhibition. Cholinergic interneurons of the striatum are involved reward-related behaviors and have been implicated in Parkinson’s disease. Here the authors report that half of cholinergic neurons co-release acetylcholine and GABA, and study the role of these neurons in a model of Parkinson’s Disease.
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183
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Cloarec R, Bauer S, Teissier N, Schaller F, Luche H, Courtens S, Salmi M, Pauly V, Bois E, Pallesi-Pocachard E, Buhler E, Michel FJ, Gressens P, Malissen M, Stamminger T, Streblow DN, Bruneau N, Szepetowski P. In Utero Administration of Drugs Targeting Microglia Improves the Neurodevelopmental Outcome Following Cytomegalovirus Infection of the Rat Fetal Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:55. [PMID: 29559892 PMCID: PMC5845535 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections represent one leading cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. Recently, we reported on a rat model of CMV infection of the developing brain in utero, characterized by early and prominent infection and alteration of microglia-the brain-resident mononuclear phagocytes. Besides their canonical function against pathogens, microglia are also pivotal to brain development. Here we show that CMV infection of the rat fetal brain recapitulated key postnatal phenotypes of human congenital CMV including increased mortality, sensorimotor impairment reminiscent of cerebral palsy, hearing defects, and epileptic seizures. The possible influence of early microglia alteration on those phenotypes was then questioned by pharmacological targeting of microglia during pregnancy. One single administration of clodronate liposomes in the embryonic brains at the time of CMV injection to deplete microglia, and maternal feeding with doxycyxline throughout pregnancy to modify microglia in the litters' brains, were both associated with dramatic improvements of survival, body weight gain, sensorimotor development and with decreased risk of epileptic seizures. Improvement of microglia activation status did not persist postnatally after doxycycline discontinuation; also, active brain infection remained unchanged by doxycycline. Altogether our data indicate that early microglia alteration, rather than brain CMV load per se, is instrumental in influencing survival and the neurological outcomes of CMV-infected rats, and suggest that microglia might participate in the neurological outcome of congenital CMV in humans. Furthermore this study represents a first proof-of-principle for the design of microglia-targeted preventive strategies in the context of congenital CMV infection of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Cloarec
- INMED, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Neurochlore, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvian Bauer
- INMED, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Natacha Teissier
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1141, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Schaller
- INMED, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,PPGI Platform, INMED, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Luche
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMS3367, CIPHE (Centre D'Immunophénomique), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM US012, PHENOMIN, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Sandra Courtens
- INMED, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Manal Salmi
- INMED, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Vanessa Pauly
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique EA 3279, Faculté de Médecine Centre d'Evaluation de la Pharmacodépendance-Addictovigilance de Marseille (PACA-Corse) Associé, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Bois
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1141, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Pallesi-Pocachard
- INMED, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,PBMC platform, INMED, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Buhler
- INMED, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,PPGI Platform, INMED, Marseille, France
| | - François J Michel
- INMED, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,InMAGIC platform, INMED, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1141, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMS3367, CIPHE (Centre D'Immunophénomique), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM US012, PHENOMIN, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nadine Bruneau
- INMED, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Szepetowski
- INMED, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research INSERM U1249, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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184
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Yuan J, Deng W, Cha J, Sun X, Borg JP, Dey SK. Tridimensional visualization reveals direct communication between the embryo and glands critical for implantation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:603. [PMID: 29426931 PMCID: PMC5807548 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryo implantation is central to pregnancy success. Our previous understanding is limited by studying this phenomenon primarily in two dimensions. Here we employ 3D visualization, revealing that epithelial evaginations that form implantation chambers (crypts) consistently arise with preexisting glands, suggesting direct access of glands to embryos within the chamber. While the lobular domains of the glands become more developed, the ductal regions continue to elongate and progressively stretch following implantation. Using diapausing mice and mice with deletion of the planar cell polarity gene Vangl2 in uterine epithelial cells, we show that dynamic changes in gland topography depend on implantation-competent blastocysts and planar cell polarity. By transferring blastocyst-size beads preloaded with HB-EGF in pseudopregnant mice, we found that HB-EGF is a trigger for the communication between embryos and glands. Glands directly connecting the crypt encasing the embryo during implantation are therefore fundamental to pregnancy success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yuan
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Wenbo Deng
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jeeyeon Cha
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University UM105, Inst Paoli-Calmettes, UMR7258 CNRS, U1068 INSERM, Cell Polarity, Cell signalling and Cancer - Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Sudhansu K Dey
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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185
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Behjati S, Lindsay S, Teichmann SA, Haniffa M. Mapping human development at single-cell resolution. Development 2018; 145:145/3/dev152561. [PMID: 29439135 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human development is regulated by spatiotemporally restricted molecular programmes and is pertinent to many areas of basic biology and human medicine, such as stem cell biology, reproductive medicine and childhood cancer. Mapping human development has presented significant technological, logistical and ethical challenges. The availability of established human developmental biorepositories and the advent of cutting-edge single-cell technologies provide new opportunities to study human development. Here, we present a working framework for the establishment of a human developmental cell atlas exploiting single-cell genomics and spatial analysis. We discuss how the development atlas will benefit the scientific and clinical communities to advance our understanding of basic biology, health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK .,Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan Lindsay
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK .,Theory of Condensed Matter, Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK .,Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4LP, UK
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186
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Moore AM, Lucas KA, Goodman RL, Coolen LM, Lehman MN. Three-dimensional imaging of KNDy neurons in the mammalian brain using optical tissue clearing and multiple-label immunocytochemistry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2242. [PMID: 29396547 PMCID: PMC5797235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin (KNDy) neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) play a key role in the regulation of fertility. The ability to detect features of KNDy neurons that are essential for fertility may require three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the complete population. Recently developed protocols for optical tissue clearing permits 3D imaging of neuronal populations in un-sectioned brains. However, these techniques have largely been described in the mouse brain. We report 3D imaging of the KNDy cell population in the whole rat brain and sheep hypothalamus using immunolabelling and modification of a solvent-based clearing protocol, iDISCO. This study expands the use of optical tissue clearing for multiple mammalian models and provides versatile analysis of KNDy neurons across species. Additionally, we detected a small population of previously unreported kisspeptin neurons in the lateral region of the ovine mediobasal hypothalamus, demonstrating the ability of this technique to detect novel features of the kisspeptin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kathryn A Lucas
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Robert L Goodman
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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187
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Yu T, Qi Y, Gong H, Luo Q, Zhu D. Optical clearing for multiscale biological tissues. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11. [PMID: 29024450 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional reconstruction of tissue structures is essential for biomedical research. The development of light microscopes and various fluorescent labeling techniques provides powerful tools for this motivation. However, optical imaging depth suffers from strong light scattering due to inherent heterogeneity of biological tissues. Tissue optical clearing technology provides a distinct solution and permits us to image large volumes with high resolution. Until now, various clearing methods have been developed. In this study, from the perspective of the end users, we review in vitro tissue optical clearing techniques based on the sample features in terms of size and age, enumerate the methods suitable for immunostaining and lipophilic dyes and summarize the combinations with various imaging techniques. We hope this review will be helpful for researchers to choose the most suitable clearing method from a variety of protocols to meet their specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yisong Qi
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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188
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Lindsey BW, Douek AM, Loosli F, Kaslin J. A Whole Brain Staining, Embedding, and Clearing Pipeline for Adult Zebrafish to Visualize Cell Proliferation and Morphology in 3-Dimensions. Front Neurosci 2018; 11:750. [PMID: 29386991 PMCID: PMC5776138 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of macro-imaging has grown considerably with the appearance of innovative clearing methods and confocal microscopes with lasers capable of penetrating increasing tissue depths. The ability to visualize and model the growth of whole organs as they develop from birth, or with manipulation, disease or injury, provides new ways of thinking about development, tissue-wide signaling, and cell-to-cell interactions. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has ascended from a predominantly developmental model to a leading adult model of tissue regeneration. The unmatched neurogenic and regenerative capacity of the mature central nervous system, in particular, has received much attention, however tools to interrogate the adult brain are sparse. At present there exists no straightforward methods of visualizing changes in the whole adult brain in 3-dimensions (3-D) to examine systemic patterns of cell proliferation or cell populations of interest under physiological, injury, or diseased conditions. The method presented here is the first of its kind to offer an efficient step-by-step pipeline from intraperitoneal injections of the proliferative marker, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU), to whole brain labeling, to a final embedded and cleared brain sample suitable for 3-D imaging using optical projection tomography (OPT). Moreover, this method allows potential for imaging GFP-reporter lines and cell-specific antibodies in the presence or absence of EdU. The small size of the adult zebrafish brain, the highly consistent degree of EdU labeling, and the use of basic clearing agents, benzyl benzoate, and benzyl alcohol, makes this method highly tractable for most laboratories interested in understanding the vertebrate central nervous system in health and disease. Post-processing of OPT-imaged adult zebrafish brains injected with EdU illustrate that proliferative patterns in EdU can readily be observed and analyzed using IMARIS and/or FIJI/IMAGEJ software. This protocol will be a valuable tool to unlock new ways of understanding systemic patterns in cell proliferation in the healthy and injured brain, brain-wide cellular interactions, stem cell niche development, and changes in brain morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Lindsey
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alon M Douek
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Felix Loosli
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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189
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Moreno-Bravo JA, Roig Puiggros S, Blockus H, Dominici C, Zelina P, Mehlen P, Chédotal A. Commissural neurons transgress the CNS/PNS boundary in absence of ventricular zone-derived netrin 1. Development 2018; 145:dev.159400. [PMID: 29343638 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the central nervous system (CNS), only motor axons project into peripheral nerves. Little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control the development of a boundary at the CNS surface and prevent CNS neuron emigration from the neural tube. It has previously been shown that a subset of spinal cord commissural axons abnormally invades sensory nerves in Ntn1 hypomorphic embryos and Dcc knockouts. However, whether netrin 1 also plays a similar role in the brain is unknown. In the hindbrain, precerebellar neurons migrate tangentially under the pial surface, and their ventral migration is guided by netrin 1. Here, we show that pontine neurons and inferior olivary neurons, two types of precerebellar neurons, are not confined to the CNS in Ntn1 and Dcc mutant mice, but that they invade the trigeminal, auditory and vagus nerves. Using a Ntn1 conditional knockout, we show that netrin 1, which is released at the pial surface by ventricular zone progenitors is responsible for the CNS confinement of precerebellar neurons. We propose, that netrin 1 distribution sculpts the CNS boundary by keeping CNS neurons in netrin 1-rich domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Moreno-Bravo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Sergi Roig Puiggros
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Heike Blockus
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Chloé Dominici
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Pavol Zelina
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
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190
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Herrero MJ, Gitton Y. The untold stories of the speech gene, the FOXP2 cancer gene. Genes Cancer 2018; 9:11-38. [PMID: 29725501 PMCID: PMC5931254 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP2 encodes a transcription factor involved in speech and language acquisition. Growing evidence now suggests that dysregulated FOXP2 activity may also be instrumental in human oncogenesis, along the lines of other cardinal developmental transcription factors such as DLX5 and DLX6 [1-4]. Several FOXP familymembers are directly involved during cancer initiation, maintenance and progression in the adult [5-8]. This may comprise either a pro-oncogenic activity or a deficient tumor-suppressor role, depending upon cell types and associated signaling pathways. While FOXP2 is expressed in numerous cell types, its expression has been found to be down-regulated in breast cancer [9], hepatocellular carcinoma [8] and gastric cancer biopsies [10]. Conversely, overexpressed FOXP2 has been reported in multiple myelomas, MGUS (Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance), several subtypes of lymphomas [5,11], as well as in neuroblastomas [12] and ERG fusion-negative prostate cancers [13]. According to functional evidences reported in breast cancer [9] and survey of recent transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of different tumor biopsies, we postulate that FOXP2 dysregulation may play a main role throughout cancer initiation and progression. In some cancer conditions, FOXP2 levels are now considered as a critical diagnostic marker of neoplastic cells, and in many situations, they even bear strong prognostic value [5]. Whether FOXP2 may further become a therapeutic target is an actively explored lead. Knowledge reviewed here may help improve our understanding of FOXP2 roles during oncogenesis and provide cues for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jesus Herrero
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yorick Gitton
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, CNRS, Vision Institute Research Center, Paris, France
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191
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Godefroy D, Dominici C, Hardin-Pouzet H, Anouar Y, Melik-Parsadaniantz S, Rostène W, Reaux-Le Goazigo A. Three-dimensional distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase, vasopressin and oxytocin neurones in the transparent postnatal mouse brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 29044774 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, advances in immunohistochemistry techniques have been a critical step in detecting and mapping neuromodulatory substances in the central nervous system. The better quality and specificity of primary antibodies, new staining procedures and the spectacular development of imaging technologies have allowed such progress. Very recently, new methods permitting tissue transparency have been successfully used on brain tissues. In the present study, we combined whole-mount immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), with the iDISCO+ clearing method, light-sheet microscopy and semi-automated counting of three-dimensionally-labelled neurones to obtain a (3D) distribution of these neuronal populations in a 5-day postnatal (P5) mouse brain. Segmentation procedure and 3D reconstruction allowed us, with high resolution, to map TH staining of the various catecholaminergic cell groups and their ascending and descending fibre pathways. We show that TH pathways are present in the whole P5 mouse brain, similar to that observed in the adult rat brain. We also provide new information on the postnatal distribution of OXT and AVP immunoreactive cells in the mouse hypothalamus, and show that, compared to AVP neurones, OXT neurones in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei are not yet mature in the early postnatal period. 3D semi-automatic quantitative analysis of the PVN reveals that OXT cell bodies are more numerous than AVP neurones, although their immunoreactive soma have a volume half smaller. More AVP nerve fibres compared to OXT were observed in the PVN and the retrochiasmatic area. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate the utility and the potency of imaging large brain tissues with clearing procedures coupled to novel 3D imaging technologies to study, localise and quantify neurotransmitter substances involved in brain and neuroendocrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Godefroy
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM CNRS UMRS 968, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Normandie Université, INSERM, U1239, DC2N, IRIB, UNIROUEN, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - C Dominici
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM CNRS UMRS 968, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - H Hardin-Pouzet
- Neuroscience Paris - Seine Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Y Anouar
- Normandie Université, INSERM, U1239, DC2N, IRIB, UNIROUEN, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - S Melik-Parsadaniantz
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM CNRS UMRS 968, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - W Rostène
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM CNRS UMRS 968, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - A Reaux-Le Goazigo
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM CNRS UMRS 968, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
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192
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De Tomasi L, David P, Humbert C, Silbermann F, Arrondel C, Tores F, Fouquet S, Desgrange A, Niel O, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschké P, Roume J, Cordier MP, Pietrement C, Isidor B, Khau Van Kien P, Gonzales M, Saint-Frison MH, Martinovic J, Novo R, Piard J, Cabrol C, Verma IC, Puri R, Journel H, Aziza J, Gavard L, Said-Menthon MH, Heidet L, Saunier S, Jeanpierre C. Mutations in GREB1L Cause Bilateral Kidney Agenesis in Humans and Mice. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:803-814. [PMID: 29100091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) constitute a major cause of chronic kidney disease in children and 20% of prenatally detected anomalies. CAKUT encompass a spectrum of developmental kidney defects, including renal agenesis, hypoplasia, and cystic and non-cystic dysplasia. More than 50 genes have been reported as mutated in CAKUT-affected case subjects. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to bilateral kidney agenesis (BKA) remain largely elusive. Whole-exome or targeted exome sequencing of 183 unrelated familial and/or severe CAKUT-affected case subjects, including 54 fetuses with BKA, led to the identification of 16 heterozygous variants in GREB1L (growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer 1-like), a gene reported as a target of retinoic acid signaling. Four loss-of-function and 12 damaging missense variants, 14 being absent from GnomAD, were identified. Twelve of them were present in familial or simplex BKA-affected case subjects. Female BKA-affected fetuses also displayed uterus agenesis. We demonstrated a significant association between GREB1L variants and BKA. By in situ hybridization, we showed expression of Greb1l in the nephrogenic zone in developing mouse kidney. We generated a Greb1l knock-out mouse model by CRISPR-Cas9. Analysis at E13.5 revealed lack of kidneys and genital tract anomalies in male and female Greb1l-/- embryos and a slight decrease in ureteric bud branching in Greb1l+/- embryos. We showed that Greb1l invalidation in mIMCD3 cells affected tubulomorphogenesis in 3D-collagen culture, a phenotype rescued by expression of the wild-type human protein. This demonstrates that GREB1L plays a major role in early metanephros and genital development in mice and humans.
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193
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Vigouroux RJ, Belle M, Chédotal A. Neuroscience in the third dimension: shedding new light on the brain with tissue clearing. Mol Brain 2017; 10:33. [PMID: 28728585 PMCID: PMC5520295 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
For centuries analyses of tissues have depended on sectioning methods. Recent developments of tissue clearing techniques have now opened a segway from studying tissues in 2 dimensions to 3 dimensions. This particular advantage echoes heavily in the field of neuroscience, where in the last several years there has been an active shift towards understanding the complex orchestration of neural circuits. In the past five years, many tissue-clearing protocols have spawned. This is due to varying strength of each clearing protocol to specific applications. However, two main protocols have shown their applicability to a vast number of applications and thus are exponentially being used by a growing number of laboratories. In this review, we focus specifically on two major tissue-clearing method families, derived from the 3DISCO and the CLARITY clearing protocols. Moreover, we provide a “hands-on” description of each tissue clearing protocol and the steps to look out for when deciding to choose a specific tissue clearing protocol. Lastly, we provide perspectives for the development of tissue clearing protocols into the research community in the fields of embryology and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Vigouroux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Belle
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.
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194
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Hsueh B, Burns VM, Pauerstein P, Holzem K, Ye L, Engberg K, Wang AC, Gu X, Chakravarthy H, Arda HE, Charville G, Vogel H, Efimov IR, Kim S, Deisseroth K. Pathways to clinical CLARITY: volumetric analysis of irregular, soft, and heterogeneous tissues in development and disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5899. [PMID: 28724969 PMCID: PMC5517617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional tissue-structural relationships are not well captured by typical thin-section histology, posing challenges for the study of tissue physiology and pathology. Moreover, while recent progress has been made with intact methods for clearing, labeling, and imaging whole organs such as the mature brain, these approaches are generally unsuitable for soft, irregular, and heterogeneous tissues that account for the vast majority of clinical samples and biopsies. Here we develop a biphasic hydrogel methodology, which along with automated analysis, provides for high-throughput quantitative volumetric interrogation of spatially-irregular and friable tissue structures. We validate and apply this approach in the examination of a variety of developing and diseased tissues, with specific focus on the dynamics of normal and pathological pancreatic innervation and development, including in clinical samples. Quantitative advantages of the intact-tissue approach were demonstrated compared to conventional thin-section histology, pointing to broad applications in both research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hsueh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Vanessa M Burns
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Philip Pauerstein
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Katherine Holzem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kristin Engberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ai-Chi Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xueying Gu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Harini Chakravarthy
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - H Efsun Arda
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gregory Charville
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Igor R Efimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Seung Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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195
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Syed AM, Sindhwani S, Wilhelm S, Kingston BR, Lee DSW, Gommerman JL, Chan WCW. Three-Dimensional Imaging of Transparent Tissues via Metal Nanoparticle Labeling. J Am Chem Soc 2017. [PMID: 28641018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical probes are key components of the bioimaging toolbox, as they label biomolecules in cells and tissues. The new challenge in bioimaging is to design chemical probes for three-dimensional (3D) tissue imaging. In this work, we discovered that light scattering of metal nanoparticles can provide 3D imaging contrast in intact and transparent tissues. The nanoparticles can act as a template for the chemical growth of a metal layer to further enhance the scattering signal. The use of chemically grown nanoparticles in whole tissues can amplify the scattering to produce a 1.4 million-fold greater photon yield than obtained using common fluorophores. These probes are non-photobleaching and can be used alongside fluorophores without interference. We demonstrated three distinct biomedical applications: (a) molecular imaging of blood vessels, (b) tracking of nanodrug carriers in tumors, and (c) mapping of lesions and immune cells in a multiple sclerosis mouse model. Our strategy establishes a distinct yet complementary set of imaging probes for understanding disease mechanisms in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Muhammad Syed
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Rosebrugh Building, Room 407, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Shrey Sindhwani
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Rosebrugh Building, Room 407, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Stefan Wilhelm
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Rosebrugh Building, Room 407, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Benjamin R Kingston
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Rosebrugh Building, Room 407, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Dennis S W Lee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Warren C W Chan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Rosebrugh Building, Room 407, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada.,Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto , Room 230, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto , 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.,Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , Room 450, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
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196
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Abstract
Imaging is widely used in anticancer drug development, typically for whole-body tracking of labelled drugs to different organs or to assess drug efficacy through volumetric measurements. However, increasing attention has been drawn to pharmacology at the single-cell level. Diverse cell types, including cancer-associated immune cells, physicochemical features of the tumour microenvironment and heterogeneous cell behaviour all affect drug delivery, response and resistance. This Review summarizes developments in the imaging of in vivo anticancer drug action, with a focus on microscopy approaches at the single-cell level and translational lessons for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A. Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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197
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Barbotin AL, Prévot V, Giacobini P. [Development of GnRH neurons in humans: new insights from 3D-imaging of fetal brains]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:376-379. [PMID: 28497730 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173304003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Barbotin
- Unité Inserm U1172, laboratoire du développement et plasticité du cerveau neuroendocrine, centre de recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, 1, place de Verdun, 59045 Lille, France - Institut de biologie de la reproduction-spermiologie-CECOS, CHU de Lille, avenue Eugène Avinée, 59037 Lille, France
| | - Vincent Prévot
- Unité Inserm U1172, laboratoire du développement et plasticité du cerveau neuroendocrine, centre de recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, 1, place de Verdun, 59045 Lille, France - Faculté de médecine, Université de Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Unité Inserm U1172, laboratoire du développement et plasticité du cerveau neuroendocrine, centre de recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, 1, place de Verdun, 59045 Lille, France - Faculté de médecine, Université de Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, 59045 Lille, France
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