151
|
Shankar K, Kumar D, Gupta S, Varshney S, Rajan S, Srivastava A, Gupta A, Gupta AP, Vishwakarma AL, Gayen JR, Gaikwad AN. Role of brown adipose tissue in modulating adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat diet fed mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 854:354-364. [PMID: 30822393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity results in the chronic activation of innate immune system and subsequently sets in diabetes. Aim of the study was to investigate the immunometabolic role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in the obesity. We performed both BAT transplantation as well as extirpation experiments in the mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. We carried out immune cell profiling in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) isolated from epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). BAT transplantation reversed HFD-induced increase in body weight gain and insulin resistance without altering diet intake. Importantly, BAT transplantation attenuated the obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation in terms of decreased pro-inflammatory M1-macrophages, cytotoxic CD8a T-cells and restored anti-inflammatory regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in the eWAT. BAT transplantation also improved endogenous BAT activity by elevating protein expression of browning markers (UCP-1, PRDM16 and PGC1α) in it. In addition, BAT transplantation promoted the eWAT expression of various genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (such as Elvol3 and Tfam,). In contrast, extirpation of the interscapular BAT exacerbated HFD-induced obesity, insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation (by increasing M1 macrophages, CD8a T-cell and decreasing Tregs in eWAT). Taken together, our results suggested an important role of BAT in combating obesity-associated metabolic complications. These results open a novel therapeutic option to target obesity and related metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Shankar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sanchita Gupta
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Salil Varshney
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sujith Rajan
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anand Prakash Gupta
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Achchhe Lal Vishwakarma
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Anil Nilkanth Gaikwad
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Wang H, Willershäuser M, Karlas A, Gorpas D, Reber J, Ntziachristos V, Maurer S, Fromme T, Li Y, Klingenspor M. A dual Ucp1 reporter mouse model for imaging and quantitation of brown and brite fat recruitment. Mol Metab 2019; 20:14-27. [PMID: 30580967 PMCID: PMC6358570 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates nutritional energy as heat through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The discovery of functional BAT in healthy adult humans has promoted the search for pharmacological interventions to recruit and activate brown fat as a treatment of obesity and diabetes type II. These efforts require in vivo models to compare the efficacy of novel compounds in a relevant physiological context. METHODS We generated a knock-in mouse line expressing firefly luciferase and near-infrared red florescent protein (iRFP713) driven by the regulatory elements of the endogenous Ucp1 gene. RESULTS Our detailed characterization revealed that firefly luciferase activity faithfully reports endogenous Ucp1 gene expression in response to physiological and pharmacological stimuli. The iRFP713 fluorescence signal was detected in the interscapular BAT region of cold-exposed reporter mice in an allele-dosage dependent manner. Using this reporter mouse model, we detected a higher browning capacity in female peri-ovarian white adipose tissue compared to male epididymal WAT, which we further corroborated by molecular and morphological features. In situ imaging detected a strong luciferase activity signal in a previously unappreciated adipose tissue depot adjunct to the femoral muscle, now adopted as femoral brown adipose tissue. In addition, screening cultured adipocytes by bioluminescence imaging identified the selective Salt-Inducible Kinase inhibitor, HG-9-91-01, to increase Ucp1 gene expression and mitochondrial respiration in brown and brite adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS In our mouse model, firefly luciferase activity serves as a bona fide reporter for dynamic regulation of Ucp1. In addition, by means of iRFP713 we are able to monitor Ucp1 expression in a non-invasive fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Zentrum for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Monja Willershäuser
- EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Zentrum for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Angelos Karlas
- Chair for Biological Imaging, Technical University of Munich, Troger Str. 9, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Dimitris Gorpas
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr.1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair for Biological Imaging, Technical University of Munich, Troger Str. 9, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Josefine Reber
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr.1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr.1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair for Biological Imaging, Technical University of Munich, Troger Str. 9, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Stefanie Maurer
- EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Zentrum for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Fromme
- EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Zentrum for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Yongguo Li
- EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Zentrum for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Zentrum for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Sclareol-loaded lipid nanoparticles improved metabolic profile in obese mice. Life Sci 2019; 218:292-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
154
|
Abstract
Adipose tissue remains a cryptic organ. The ubiquitous presence of adipocytes, the different fat pads in distinct anatomical locations, the many different types of fat, in each case with their distinct precursor populations, and the ability to interchange into other types of fat cells or even de-differentiate altogether, offers a staggering amount of complexity to the adipose tissue organ as a whole. Adipose tissue holds the key to improving our understanding of systemic metabolic homeostasis. As such, understanding adipose tissue physiology offers the basis for a mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes. This review presents some of the lesser known aspects of this fascinating tissue, which consistently still offers much opportunity for the discovery of novel targets for pharmacological intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-8549, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Srivastava S, Veech RL. Brown and Brite: The Fat Soldiers in the Anti-obesity Fight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:38. [PMID: 30761017 PMCID: PMC6363669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is proposed to maintain thermal homeostasis through dissipation of chemical energy as heat by the uncoupling proteins (UCPs) present in their mitochondria. The recent demonstration of the presence of BAT in humans has invigorated research in this area. The research has provided many new insights into the biology and functioning of this tissue and the biological implications of its altered activities. Another finding of interest is browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) resulting in what is known as beige/brite cells, which have increased mitochondrial proteins and UCPs. In general, it has been observed that the activation of BAT is associated with various physiological improvements such as a reduction in blood glucose levels increased resting energy expenditure and reduced weight. Given the similar physiological functions of BAT and beige/ brite cells and the higher mass of WAT compared to BAT, it is likely that increasing the brite/beige cells in WATs may also lead to greater metabolic benefits. However, development of treatments targeting brown fat or WAT browning would require not only a substantial understanding of the biology of these tissues but also the effect of altering their activity levels on whole body metabolism and physiology. In this review, we present evidence from recent literature on the substrates utilized by BAT, regulation of BAT activity and browning by circulating molecules. We also present dietary and pharmacological activators of brown and beige/brite adipose tissue and the effect of physical exercise on BAT activity and browning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shireesh Srivastava
- Systems Biology for Biofuels Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Richard L Veech
- Laboratory of Metabolic Control, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Ro SH, Jang Y, Bae J, Kim IM, Schaecher C, Shomo ZD. Autophagy in Adipocyte Browning: Emerging Drug Target for Intervention in Obesity. Front Physiol 2019; 10:22. [PMID: 30745879 PMCID: PMC6360992 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, lipophagy, and mitophagy are considered to be the major recycling processes for protein aggregates, excess fat, and damaged mitochondria in adipose tissues in response to nutrient status-associated stress, oxidative stress, and genotoxic stress in the human body. Obesity with increased body weight is often associated with white adipose tissue (WAT) hypertrophy and hyperplasia and/or beige/brown adipose tissue atrophy and aplasia, which significantly contribute to the imbalance in lipid metabolism, adipocytokine secretion, free fatty acid release, and mitochondria function. In recent studies, hyperactive autophagy in WAT was observed in obese and diabetic patients, and inhibition of adipose autophagy through targeted deletion of autophagy genes in mice improved anti-obesity phenotypes. In addition, active mitochondria clearance through activation of autophagy was required for beige/brown fat whitening – that is, conversion to white fat. However, inhibition of autophagy seemed detrimental in hypermetabolic conditions such as hepatic steatosis, atherosclerosis, thermal injury, sepsis, and cachexia through an increase in free fatty acid and glycerol release from WAT. The emerging concept of white fat browning–conversion to beige/brown fat–has been controversial in its anti-obesity effect through facilitation of weight loss and improving metabolic health. Thus, proper regulation of autophagy activity fit to an individual metabolic profile is necessary to ensure balance in adipose tissue metabolism and function, and to further prevent metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. In this review, we summarize the effect of autophagy in adipose tissue browning in the context of obesity prevention and its potential as a promising target for the development of anti-obesity drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Ro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Yura Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jiyoung Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Isaac M Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Cameron Schaecher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Zachery D Shomo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Zhang Y, Hu X, Hu S, Scotti A, Cai K, Wang J, Zhou X, Yang D, Figini M, Pan L, Shangguan J, Yang J, Zhang Z. Non-invasive Imaging Methods for Brown Adipose Tissue Detection and Function Evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 8. [PMID: 31080698 PMCID: PMC6508884 DOI: 10.4172/2165-8048.1000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) has a major role in thermoregulation, producing heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. Primarily found in animals and human infants, the presence of significant brown adipose tissue was identified only recently, and its metabolic role in adults was reconsidered. BAT is believed to have an important role in many metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, and also to be associated with cancer cachexia. Therefore, it is currently a topic of great interest in the research community, and many groups are investigating the mechanisms underlying BAT metabolism in normal and pathological conditions. However, well established non-invasive methods for assessing BAT distribution and function are still lacking. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of the art of these methods, with a particular focus on PET, CT and MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Department of Radiology, Third Military Medical University Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Su Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alessandro Scotti
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kejia Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Radiology, Third Military Medical University Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Pingjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ding Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matteo Figini
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Liang Pan
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Shangguan
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhuoli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Yudasaka M, Yomogida Y, Zhang M, Nakahara M, Kobayashi N, Tanaka T, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Saeki K, Kataura H. Fasting-dependent Vascular Permeability Enhancement in Brown Adipose Tissues Evidenced by Using Carbon Nanotubes as Fluorescent Probes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14446. [PMID: 30262832 PMCID: PMC6160465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is composed of thermogenic brown adipocytes (BA) and non-parenchymal components including vasculatures and extracellular matrix, contribute to the maintenance of body temperature. BAT distribution is detected by positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) using 18F-fluorodeoxy glucose (18F-FDG) or single-photon-emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT/CT) using [123/125I]-beta-methyl-p-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid. Although sympathetic nerve activity and thermogenic capacity of BA is downregulated under fasting conditions in mice, fasting-dependent structural changes and fluid kinetics of BAT remain unknown. Here we show that the fasting induces fine and reversible structural changes in the non-parenchymal region in murine BAT with widened intercellular spaces and deformed collagen bands as revealed by electron microscopy. Interestingly, a newly introduced near infrared fluorescent probe of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) coated with phospholipid polyethylene glycol (PLPEG) easily demonstrated enhanced vascular permeability in BAT by the fasting. PLPEG-CNTs extravasated and remained in intercellular spaces or further redistributed in parenchymal cells in fasted mice, which is a previously unknown phenomenon. Thus, PLPEG-CNTs provide a powerful tool to trace fluid kinetics in sub-tissue levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masako Yudasaka
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan. .,Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-85002, Japan.
| | - Yohei Yomogida
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Minfang Zhang
- CNT-Application Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masako Nakahara
- Department of Disease Control, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Norihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Disease Control, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kumiko Saeki
- Department of Disease Control, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Kataura
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Maternal n-3 PUFA supplementation promotes fetal brown adipose tissue development through epigenetic modifications in C57BL/6 mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1488-1497. [PMID: 30266429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a crucial regulator of energy expenditure. Emerging evidence suggests that n-3 PUFA potentiate brown adipogenesis in vitro. Since the pregnancy and lactation is a critical time for brown fat formation, we hypothesized that maternal supplementation of n-3 PUFA promotes BAT development in offspring. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing n-3 PUFA (3%) derived from fish oil (FO), or an isocaloric diet devoid of n-3 PUFA (Cont) during pregnancy and lactation. Maternal n-3 PUFA intake was delivered to the BAT of neonates significantly reducing the n-6/n-3 ratio. The maternal n-3 PUFA exposure was linked with upregulated brown-specific gene and protein profiles and the functional cluster of brown-specific miRNAs. In addition, maternal n-3 PUFA induced histone modifications in the BAT evidenced by 1) increased epigenetic signature of brown adipogenesis, i.e., H3K27Ac and H3K9me2, 2) modified chromatin-remodeling enzymes, and 3) enriched the H3K27Ac in the promoter region of Ucp1. The offspring received maternal n-3 PUFA nutrition exhibited a significant increase in whole-body energy expenditure and better maintenance of core body temperature against acute cold treatment. Collectively, our results suggest that maternal n-3 PUFA supplementation potentiates fetal BAT development via the synergistic action of miRNA production and histone modifications, which may confer long-lasting metabolic benefits to offspring.
Collapse
|
160
|
Hankir MK, Klingenspor M. Brown adipocyte glucose metabolism: a heated subject. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201846404. [PMID: 30135070 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy expending and glucose sink properties of brown adipose tissue (BAT) make it an attractive target for new obesity and diabetes treatments. Despite decades of research, only recently have mechanistic studies started to provide a more complete and consistent picture of how activated brown adipocytes handle glucose. Here, we discuss the importance of intracellular glycolysis, lactate production, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and beta-oxidation for BAT thermogenesis in response to natural (temperature) and artificial (pharmacological and optogenetic) forms of sympathetic nervous system stimulation. It is now clear that together, these metabolic processes in series and in parallel flexibly power ATP-dependent and independent futile cycles in brown adipocytes to impact on whole-body thermal, energy, and glucose balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Hankir
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany .,German Research Foundation Collaborative Research Center in Obesity Mechanisms 1052, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany .,EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Soler-Vázquez MC, Mera P, Zagmutt S, Serra D, Herrero L. New approaches targeting brown adipose tissue transplantation as a therapy in obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:346-355. [PMID: 30030977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is raising high expectations as a potential target in the fight against metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. BAT utilizes fuels such as fatty acids to maintain body temperature by uncoupling mitochondrial electron transport to produce heat instead of ATP. This process is called thermogenesis. BAT was considered to be exclusive to rodents and human neonates. However, in the last decade several studies have demonstrated that BAT is not only present but also active in adult humans and that its activity is reduced in several pathological conditions, such as aging, obesity, and diabetes. Thus, tremendous efforts are being made by the scientific community to enhance either BAT mass or activity. Several activators of thermogenesis have been described, such as natriuretic peptides, bone morphogenic proteins, or fibroblast growth factor 21. Furthermore, recent studies have tested a therapeutic approach to directly increase BAT mass by the implantation of either adipocytes or fat tissue. This approach might have an important future in regenerative medicine and in the fight against metabolic disorders. Here, we review the emerging field of BAT transplantation including the various sources of mesenchymal stem cell isolation in rodents and humans and the described metabolic outcomes of adipocyte cell transplantation and BAT transplantation in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Soler-Vázquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Mera
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Zagmutt
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Serra
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Shao M, Gupta RK. Transcriptional brakes on the road to adipocyte thermogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:20-28. [PMID: 29800720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
White adipocytes represent the principle site for energy storage whereas brown/beige adipocytes emerge from seemingly distinct cellular lineages and burn chemical energy to produce heat. Thermogenic adipocytes utilize cell-type selective master regulatory transcription factors to drive the expression of their adipocyte thermogenic gene program. White adipocytes harbor transcriptional mechanisms to suppress the thermogenic gene program and maintain an energy-storing function. Here, we summarize some of the key developmental and transcriptional mechanisms leading to the postnatal recruitment of thermogenic adipocytes under physiological conditions, with a particular emphasis on the transcriptional "brakes" on the thermogenic gene program. We highlight a number of recent studies, including our own work on the transcription factor, ZFP423, that illustrate the potential to engineer the subcutaneous and visceral white fat lineages to adopt a thermogenic fat cell fate by releasing the inhibition of the adipocyte thermogenic gene program. These transcriptional brakes on adipocyte thermogenesis may represent potential targets of therapeutic interventions designed to combat obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Whole-tissue 3D imaging reveals intra-adipose sympathetic plasticity regulated by NGF-TrkA signal in cold-induced beiging. Protein Cell 2018; 9:527-539. [PMID: 29589323 PMCID: PMC5966360 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic arborizations act as the essential efferent signals in regulating the metabolism of peripheral organs including white adipose tissues (WAT). However, whether these local neural structures would be of plastic nature, and how such plasticity might participate in specific metabolic events of WAT, remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, we exploit the new volume fluorescence-imaging technique to observe the significant, and also reversible, plasticity of intra-adipose sympathetic arborizations in mouse inguinal WAT in response to cold challenge. We demonstrate that this sympathetic plasticity depends on the cold-elicited signal of nerve growth factor (NGF) and TrkA receptor. Blockage of NGF or TrkA signaling suppresses intra-adipose sympathetic plasticity, and moreover, the cold-induced beiging process of WAT. Furthermore, we show that NGF expression in WAT depends on the catecholamine signal in cold challenge. We therefore reveal the key physiological relevance, together with the regulatory mechanism, of intra-adipose sympathetic plasticity in the WAT metabolism.
Collapse
|
164
|
Abstract
Interactions between the brain and distinct adipose depots have a key role in maintaining energy balance, thereby promoting survival in response to metabolic challenges such as cold exposure and starvation. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the specific central neuronal circuits that regulate adipose depots. Here, we review anatomical, genetic and pharmacological studies on the neural regulation of adipose function, including lipolysis, non-shivering thermogenesis, browning and leptin secretion. In particular, we emphasize the role of leptin-sensitive neurons and the sympathetic nervous system in modulating the activity of brown, white and beige adipose tissues. We provide an overview of advances in the understanding of the heterogeneity of the brain regulation of adipose tissues and offer a perspective on the challenges and paradoxes that the community is facing regarding the actions of leptin on this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Syann Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel K. Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Abstract
The adult human adipose tissue is predominantly composed of white adipocytes. However, within certain depots, adipose tissue contains thermogenically active brown-like adipocytes, which have been evolutionarily conserved in mammals. This chapter will give a brief overview on the methods used to genetically target and trace both white and brown adipocytes using techniques such as bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) cloning to create transgenic mouse models and the tools with which genetic recombination is mediated in vivo (e.g., Cre-loxP, CreERT, and Tet-On). The chapter furthermore critically discusses the strength and limitation of the various systems used to target mature white and brown adipocytes (ap2-Cre, Adipoq-Cre, and Ucp1-Cre). Based on these systems, it is evident that our knowledge of mature adipocyte categorization into brown, white, brite, or beige adipocytes is strongly influenced by the use of the various genetic mouse models described in this chapter. Our evaluation of different studies using the aforementioned systems focuses on key genes, which have been reported to maintain adipocyte's function (insulin receptor, Raptor, or Atgl).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|