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Graham CB, Pilgard MA, Maes SE, Hojgaard A, Eisen RJ. Paired real-time PCR assays for detection of Borrelia miyamotoi in North American Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:1230-1235. [PMID: 27475875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia miyamotoi is an emerging, tick-borne human pathogen. In North America, it is primarily associated with Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus, two species known to bite humans. Here we describe the development and evaluation of a pair of real-time TaqMan PCR assays designed to detect B. miyamotoi in North American ticks. We sought to achieve sensitivity to B. miyamotoi strains associated with ticks throughout North America, the full genetic diversity of which is unknown, by targeting sequences that are largely conserved between B. miyamotoi strains from the eastern United States and genetically distinct B. miyamotoi strains from Japan. The two assays target different loci on the B. miyamotoi chromosome and can be run side by side under identical cycling conditions. One of the assays also includes a tick DNA target that can be used to verify the integrity of tick-derived samples. Using both recombinant plasmid controls and genomic DNA from North American and Japanese strains, we determined that both assays reliably detect as few as 5 copies of the B. miyamotoi genome. We verified that neither detects B. burgdorferi, B. lonestari or B. turicatae. This sensitive and specific pair of assays successfully detected B. miyamotoi in naturally-infected, colony-reared nymphs and in field-collected I. scapularis and I. pacificus from the Northeast and the Pacific Northwest respectively. These assays will be useful in screening field-collected Ixodes spp. from varied regions of North America to assess the risk of human exposure to this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine B Graham
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States.
| | - Mark A Pilgard
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States
| | - Sarah E Maes
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States
| | - Andrias Hojgaard
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States
| | - Rebecca J Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States
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152
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Baneth G, Nachum-Biala Y, Halperin T, Hershko Y, Kleinerman G, Anug Y, Abdeen Z, Lavy E, Aroch I, Straubinger RK. Borrelia persica infection in dogs and cats: clinical manifestations, clinicopathological findings and genetic characterization. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:244. [PMID: 27160515 PMCID: PMC4862127 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Relapsing fever (RF) is an acute infectious disease caused by arthropod-borne spirochetes of the genus Borrelia. The disease is characterized by recurrent episodes of fever that concur with spirochetemia. The RF borrelioses include louse-borne RF caused by Borrelia recurrentis and tick-borne endemic RF transmitted by argasid soft ticks and caused by several Borrelia spp. such as B. crocidurae, B. coriaceae, B. duttoni, B. hermsii, B. hispanica and B. persica. Human infection with B. persica is transmitted by the soft tick Ornithodoros tholozani and has been reported from Iran, Israel, Egypt, India, and Central Asia. Methods During 2003–2015, five cats and five dogs from northern, central and southern Israel were presented for veterinary care and detected with borrelia spirochetemia by blood smear microscopy. The causative infective agent in these animals was identified and characterized by PCR from blood and sequencing of parts of the flagellin (flab), 16S rRNA and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiestrase (GlpQ) genes. Results All animals were infected with B. persica genetically identical to the causative agent of human RF. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that DNA sequences from these pet carnivores clustered together with B. persica genotypes I and II from humans and O. tholozani ticks and distinctly from other RF Borrelia spp. The main clinical findings in cats included lethargy, anorexia, anemia in 5/5 cats and thrombocytopenia in 4/5. All dogs were lethargic and anorectic, 4/5 were febrile and anemic and 3/5 were thrombocytopenic. Three dogs were co-infected with Babesia spp. The animals were all treated with antibiotics and the survival rate of both dogs and cats was 80 %. The cat and dog that succumbed to disease died one day after the initiation of antibiotic treatment, while survival in the others was followed by the rapid disappearance of spirochetemia. Conclusions This is the first report of disease due to B. persica infection in cats and the first case series in dogs. Infection was associated with anemia and thrombocytopenia. Fever was more frequently observed in dogs than cats. Domestic canines and felines suffer from clinical disease due to B. persica infection and may also serve as sentinels for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
| | | | - Tamar Halperin
- Medical Laboratory, Medical Corps, IDF, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yizhak Hershko
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Yigal Anug
- Pathovet LTD, Yehosa Ben Hanania 81, Rehovot, 76391, Israel
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of community Health, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestinian Authority
| | - Eran Lavy
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reinhard K Straubinger
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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153
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Nelder MP, Russell CB, Sheehan NJ, Sander B, Moore S, Li Y, Johnson S, Patel SN, Sider D. Human pathogens associated with the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:265. [PMID: 27151067 PMCID: PMC4857413 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis transmits Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu stricto) in eastern North America; however, the agent of Lyme disease is not the sole pathogen harbored by the blacklegged tick. The blacklegged tick is expanding its range into areas of southern Canada such as Ontario, an area where exposure to blacklegged tick bites and tick-borne pathogens is increasing. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the public health risks posed by expanding blacklegged tick populations and their associated pathogens. METHODS We followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for conducting our systematic review. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, BIOSIS, Scopus and Environment Complete databases for studies published from 2000 through 2015, using subject headings and keywords that included "Ixodes scapularis", "Rickettsia", "Borrelia", "Anaplasma", "Babesia" and "pathogen." Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts against eligibility criteria (i.e. studies that included field-collected blacklegged ticks and studies that did not focus solely on B. burgdorferi) and performed quality assessments on eligible studies. RESULTS Seventy-eight studies were included in the final review, 72 were from the US and eight were from Canada (two studies included blacklegged ticks from both countries). Sixty-four (82%) studies met ≥ 75% of the quality assessment criteria. Blacklegged ticks harbored 91 distinct taxa, 16 of these are tick-transmitted human pathogens, including species of Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Borrelia, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, Theileria and Flavivirus. Organism richness was highest in the Northeast (Connecticut, New York) and Upper Midwest US (Wisconsin); however, organism richness was dependent on sampling effort. The primary tick-borne pathogens of public health concern in Ontario, due to the geographic proximity or historical detection in Ontario, are Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia microti, B. burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi, deer tick virus and Ehrlichia muris-like sp. Aside from B. burgdorferi and to a much lesser concern A. phagocytophilum, these pathogens are not immediate concerns to public health in Ontario; rather they represent future threats as the distribution of vectors and pathogens continue to proliferate. CONCLUSIONS Our review is the first systematic assessment of the literature on the human pathogens associated with the blacklegged tick. As Lyme disease awareness continues to increase, it is an opportune time to document the full spectrum of human pathogens transmittable by blacklegged ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Nelder
- Enteric, Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases; Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Curtis B Russell
- Enteric, Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases; Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nina Jain Sheehan
- Enteric, Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases; Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beate Sander
- Enteric, Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases; Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Moore
- Enteric, Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases; Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ye Li
- Analytic Services, Knowledge Services, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Johnson
- Analytic Services, Knowledge Services, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samir N Patel
- Public Health Ontario Laboratories, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Doug Sider
- Enteric, Zoonotic and Vector-borne Diseases; Communicable Diseases, Emergency Preparedness and Response; Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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154
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Wagemakers A, Koetsveld J, Narasimhan S, Wickel M, Deponte K, Bleijlevens B, Jahfari S, Sprong H, Karan LS, Sarksyan DS, van der Poll T, Bockenstedt LK, Bins AD, Platonov AE, Fikrig E, Hovius JW. Variable Major Proteins as Targets for Specific Antibodies against Borrelia miyamotoi. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4185-95. [PMID: 27076681 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever spirochete in Ixodes ticks that has been recently identified as a human pathogen causing hard tick-borne relapsing fever (HTBRF) across the Northern Hemisphere. No validated serologic test exists, and current serologic assays have low sensitivity in early HTBRF. To examine the humoral immune response against B. miyamotoi, we infected C3H/HeN mice with B. miyamotoi strain LB-2001 expressing variable small protein 1 (Vsp1) and demonstrated that spirochetemia was cleared after 3 d, coinciding with anti-Vsp1 IgM production. Clearance was also observed after passive transfer of immune sera to infected SCID mice. Next, we showed that anti-Vsp1 IgG eliminates Vsp1-expressing B. miyamotoi, selecting for spirochetes expressing a variable large protein (VlpC2) resistant to anti-Vsp1. The viability of Asian isolate B. miyamotoi HT31, expressing Vlp15/16 and Vlp18, was also unaffected by anti-Vsp1. Finally, in nine HTBRF patients, we demonstrated IgM reactivity to Vsp1 in two and against Vlp15/16 in four ∼1 wk after these patients tested positive for B. miyamotoi by PCR. Our data show that B. miyamotoi is able to express various variable major proteins (VMPs) to evade humoral immunity and that VMPs are antigenic in humans. We propose that serologic tests based on VMPs are of additional value in diagnosing HTBRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Wagemakers
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Joris Koetsveld
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sukanya Narasimhan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Melvin Wickel
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kathleen Deponte
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Boris Bleijlevens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Seta Jahfari
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hein Sprong
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lyudmila S Karan
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow 111123, Russia
| | | | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Linda K Bockenstedt
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Adriaan D Bins
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Joppe W Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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Shaw DK, Kotsyfakis M, Pedra JHF. For Whom the Bell Tolls (and Nods): Spit-acular Saliva. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2016; 3:40-50. [PMID: 27547699 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-016-0072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Having emerged during the early part of the Cretaceous period, ticks are an ancient group of hematophagous ectoparasites with significant veterinary and public health importance worldwide. The success of their life strategy can be attributed, in part, to saliva. As we enter into a scientific era where the collection of massive data sets and structures for biological application is possible, we suggest that understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern the life cycle of ticks is within grasp. With this in mind, we discuss what is currently known regarding the manipulation of Toll-like (TLR) and Nod-like (NLR) receptor signaling pathways by tick salivary proteins, and how these molecules impact pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana K Shaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Budweis, Czech Republic
| | - Joao H F Pedra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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156
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Sarksyan DS, Maleev VV, Platonov AE, Platonova OV, Karan LS. [Relapsing (recurrent) disease caused by Borrelia miyamotoi]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016; 87:18-25. [PMID: 26821411 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2015871118-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To clarify the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological characteristics of relapsing Ixodes tick-borne borreliosis (ITB) caused by Borrelia miyamotoi. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Retrospective clinical observation was made in 79 inpatients of the Republican Infectious Diseases Hospital (Udmurt Republic), who had been diagnosed with B. miyamotoi-caused disease verified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The latter and enzyme immunoassay ruled out possible vector-borne coinfections (ITB caused by B. burgdorferi sensu lato; tick-borne encephalitis; anaplasmosis; and ehrlichiosis). RESULTS The recurrent course of the disease was observed in 8 (10%) of the 79 patients. The relapsing fever curve was noted in 6 of the 8 patients; 4 patients had 2 episodes of fever and 2 patients had 3 episodes; the wave-like continuous type of fever cannot enable one to estimate the specific number of episodes in 2 more cases. Relapses occurred in all the 8 patients before antibiotic treatment. Febrile syndrome (weakness, headache, chill, fever, sweating, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, and arthralgia) was leading in patients with relapses. These patients were less frequently observed to have signs of organ dysfunctions than those with one episode of fever. The values of clinical and biochemical blood tests and urinalyses were normal and near-normal in the majority of patients on hospital admission. CONCLUSION Relapsing B. miyamotoi infection cases detected in the directed study proved to be unrecognized by practical health authorities during the first and sometimes second episodes of fever. This indicates that the prevalence of this disease is essentially underestimated and there is a need to increase physicians' alertness and awareness and to introduce adequate diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Sarksyan
- Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Izhevsk, Republic of Udmurtia, Russia
| | - V V Maleev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Platonov
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Platonova
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Moscow, Russia
| | - L S Karan
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Moscow, Russia
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157
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Eisen RJ, Eisen L, Beard CB. County-Scale Distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Continental United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:349-86. [PMID: 26783367 PMCID: PMC4844559 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, is the primary vector to humans in the eastern United States of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, as well as causative agents of anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Its close relative in the far western United States, the western blacklegged tick Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, is the primary vector to humans in that region of the Lyme disease and anaplasmosis agents. Since 1991, when standardized surveillance and reporting began, Lyme disease case counts have increased steadily in number and in geographical distribution in the eastern United States. Similar trends have been observed for anaplasmosis and babesiosis. To better understand the changing landscape of risk of human exposure to disease agents transmitted by I. scapularis and I. pacificus, and to document changes in their recorded distribution over the past two decades, we updated the distribution of these species from a map published in 1998. The presence of I. scapularis has now been documented from 1,420 (45.7%) of the 3,110 continental United States counties, as compared with 111 (3.6%) counties for I. pacificus. Combined, these vectors of B. burgdorferi and other disease agents now have been identified in a total of 1,531 (49.2%) counties spread across 43 states. This marks a 44.7% increase in the number of counties that have recorded the presence of these ticks since the previous map was presented in 1998, when 1,058 counties in 41 states reported the ticks to be present. Notably, the number of counties in which I. scapularis is considered established (six or more individuals or one or more life stages identified in a single year) has more than doubled since the previous national distribution map was published nearly two decades ago. The majority of county status changes occurred in the North-Central and Northeastern states, whereas the distribution in the South remained fairly stable. Two previously distinct foci for I. scapularis in the Northeast and North-Central states appear to be merging in the Ohio River Valley to form a single contiguous focus. Here we document a shifting landscape of risk for human exposure to medically important ticks and point to areas of re-emergence where enhanced vector surveillance and control may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, NCEZID/CDC, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80522
| | - Lars Eisen
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, NCEZID/CDC, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80522
| | - Charles B. Beard
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, NCEZID/CDC, 3156 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80522
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158
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Marcsisin RA, Lewis ERG, Barbour AG. Expression of the Tick-Associated Vtp Protein of Borrelia hermsii in a Murine Model of Relapsing Fever. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149889. [PMID: 26918760 PMCID: PMC4769344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia hermsii, a spirochete and cause of relapsing fever, is notable for its immune evasion by multiphasic antigenic variation within its vertebrate host. This is based on a diverse repertoire of surface antigen genes, only one of which is expressed at a time. Another major surface protein, the Variable Tick Protein (Vtp), is expressed in the tick vector and is invariable at its genetic locus. Given the limited immune systems of ticks, the finding of considerable diversity among the Vtp proteins of different strains of B. hermsii was unexpected. We investigated one explanation for this diversity of Vtp proteins, namely expression of the protein in mammals and a consequent elicitation of a specific immune response. Mice were infected with B. hermsii of either the HS1 or CC1 strain, which have antigenically distinctive Vtp proteins but otherwise have similar repertoires of the variable surface antigens. Subsequently collected sera were examined for antibody reactivities against Vtp and other antigens using Western blot analysis, dot blot, and protein microarray. Week-6 sera of infected mice contained antibodies that were largely specific for the Vtp of the infecting strain and were not attributable to antibody cross-reactivities. The antibody responses of the mice infected with different strains were otherwise similar. Further evidence of in vivo expression of the vtp gene was from enumeration of cDNA sequence reads that mapped to a set of selected B. hermsii genes. This measure of transcription of the infecting strain’s vtp gene was ~10% of that for the abundantly-expressed, serotype-defining variable antigen gene but similar to that of genes known for in vivo expression. The findings of Vtp expression in a vertebrate host and elicitation of a specific anti-Vtp antibody response support the view that balancing selection by host adaptive immunity accounts in part for the observed diversity of Vtp proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A Marcsisin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Eric R G Lewis
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Alan G Barbour
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Aase A, Hajdusek O, Øines Ø, Quarsten H, Wilhelmsson P, Herstad TK, Kjelland V, Sima R, Jalovecka M, Lindgren PE, Aaberge IS. Validate or falsify: Lessons learned from a microscopy method claimed to be useful for detectingBorreliaandBabesiaorganisms in human blood. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:411-9. [DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2016.1144931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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160
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Pritt BS, Mead PS, Johnson DKH, Neitzel DF, Respicio-Kingry LB, Davis JP, Schiffman E, Sloan LM, Schriefer ME, Replogle AJ, Paskewitz SM, Ray JA, Bjork J, Steward CR, Deedon A, Lee X, Kingry LC, Miller TK, Feist MA, Theel ES, Patel R, Irish CL, Petersen JM. Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:556-564. [PMID: 26856777 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme borreliosis is the most common tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere. It is a multisystem disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies and characterised by tissue localisation and low spirochaetaemia. In this study we aimed to describe a novel Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis in the USA. METHODS At the Mayo clinic, from 2003 to 2014, we tested routine clinical diagnostic specimens from patients in the USA with PCR targeting the oppA1 gene of B burgdorferi sensu lato. We identified positive specimens with an atypical PCR result (melting temperature outside of the expected range) by sequencing, microscopy, or culture. We collected Ixodes scapularis ticks from regions of suspected patient tick exposure and tested them by oppA1 PCR. FINDINGS 100 545 specimens were submitted by physicians for routine PCR from Jan 1, 2003 to Sept 30, 2014. From these samples, six clinical specimens (five blood, one synovial fluid) yielded an atypical oppA1 PCR product, but no atypical results were detected before 2012. Five of the six patients with atypical PCR results had presented with fever, four had diffuse or focal rash, three had symptoms suggestive of neurological inclusion, and two were admitted to hospital. The sixth patient presented with knee pain and swelling. Motile spirochaetes were seen in blood samples from one patient and cultured from blood samples from two patients. Among the five blood specimens, the median oppA1 copy number was 180 times higher than that in 13 specimens that tested positive for B burgdorferi sensu stricto during the same time period. Multigene sequencing identified the spirochaete as a novel B burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies. This same genospecies was detected in ticks collected at a probable patient exposure site. INTERPRETATION We describe a new pathogenic Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies (candidatus Borrelia mayonii) in the upper midwestern USA, which causes Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia. Clinicians should be aware of this new B burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies, its distinct clinical features, and the usefulness of oppA1 PCR for diagnosis. FUNDING US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Infectious Diseases (ELC) Cooperative Agreement and Mayo Clinic Small Grant programme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul S Mead
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Laurel B Respicio-Kingry
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Martin E Schriefer
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Adam J Replogle
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Julie A Ray
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jenna Bjork
- Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Alecia Deedon
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xia Lee
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luke C Kingry
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeannine M Petersen
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Platonov AE, Sarksyan DS, Karan LS, Shipulin GA, Gordygina EV, Malinin OV, Maleev VV. [The blood coagulation system and microcirculatory disorders in ixodid tick-borne borreliosis caused by Borrelia miyamotoi]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016; 87:26-32. [PMID: 26821412 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2015871126-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study blood coagulation and microcirculatory disorders as a possible cause of transient dysfunctions of organs (the kidney, liver, heart, lung, etc.) in patients with ixodid tick-borne borreliosis caused by Borrelia miyamotoi (Bmt). SUBJECTS AND METHODS; Twenty-four patients with Lyme disease (LD) and 28 Bmt patients treated at Izhevsk City Hospital (Udmurtia) were examined in the study. Platelet counts and the presence of D-dimers were determined; activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen and antithrombin III levels, and Factor XIIa-dependent fibrin clot lysis time were measured. Slit lamp microscopy of the conjunctiva was. also carried out. Results. Platelet counts'were less than 150,000 per pL of blood in 43% of the Bmt patients. All the Bmt patients had at least one abnormal coagulation parameter of the eight ones that were tested; 64% of them had marked coagulation disorders with three or more abnormal laboratory findings. In contrast, all the eight parameters were normal in 71% of the LD patients. The other seven LD patients had only one or two abnormal coagulation parameters (p < 0.001 in comparison with Bmt patients). Microscopic examination of eye capillary blood flow revealed pathological findings that included aggregates of erythrocytes and obstructed and/or sinuous capillaries in 22 (79%) of the Bmt patients, but none of the LD patients. A total of 14 Bmt patients had both coagulation and microcirculatory abnormalities. Eleven of them also had transient signs of organ dysfunction. CONCLUSION As far as Borrelia secrete no known toxins, we hypothesized that uncovered disorders of blood coagulation and microcirculation in Bmt patients may contribute to organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Platonov
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Moscow, Russia
| | - D S Sarksyan
- Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Izhevsk, Republic of Udmurtia, Russia
| | - L S Karan
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Moscow, Russia
| | - G A Shipulin
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Gordygina
- Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Izhevsk, Republic of Udmurtia, Russia
| | - O V Malinin
- Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of Russia, Izhevsk, Republic of Udmurtia, Russia
| | - V V Maleev
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Moscow, Russia
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162
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Diaz JH. Chemical and Plant-Based Insect Repellents: Efficacy, Safety, and Toxicity. Wilderness Environ Med 2016; 27:153-63. [PMID: 26827259 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most emerging infectious diseases today are arthropod-borne and cannot be prevented by vaccinations. Because insect repellents offer important topical barriers of personal protection from arthropod-borne infectious diseases, the main objectives of this article were to describe the growing threats to public health from emerging arthropod-borne infectious diseases, to define the differences between insect repellents and insecticides, and to compare the efficacies and toxicities of chemical and plant-derived insect repellents. Internet search engines were queried with key words to identify scientific articles on the efficacy, safety, and toxicity of chemical and plant-derived topical insect repellants and insecticides to meet these objectives. Data sources reviewed included case reports; case series; observational, longitudinal, and surveillance studies; and entomological and toxicological studies. Descriptive analysis of the data sources identified the most effective application of insect repellents as a combination of topical chemical repellents, either N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (formerly N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide, or DEET) or picaridin, and permethrin-impregnated or other pyrethroid-impregnated clothing over topically treated skin. The insecticide-treated clothing would provide contact-level insecticidal effects and provide better, longer lasting protection against malaria-transmitting mosquitoes and ticks than topical DEET or picaridin alone. In special cases, where environmental exposures to disease-transmitting ticks, biting midges, sandflies, or blackflies are anticipated, topical insect repellents containing IR3535, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus (p-menthane-3, 8-diol or PMD) would offer better topical protection than topical DEET alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Diaz
- Schools of Public Health and Medicine, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA.
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163
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Barbour AG. Multiple and Diverse vsp and vlp Sequences in Borrelia miyamotoi, a Hard Tick-Borne Zoonotic Pathogen. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146283. [PMID: 26785134 PMCID: PMC4718594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on chromosome sequences, the human pathogen Borrelia miyamotoi phylogenetically clusters with species that cause relapsing fever. But atypically for relapsing fever agents, B. miyamotoi is transmitted not by soft ticks but by hard ticks, which also are vectors of Lyme disease Borrelia species. To further assess the relationships of B. miyamotoi to species that cause relapsing fever, I investigated extrachromosomal sequences of a North American strain with specific attention on plasmid-borne vsp and vlp genes, which are the underpinnings of antigenic variation during relapsing fever. For a hybrid approach to achieve assemblies that spanned more than one of the paralogous vsp and vlp genes, a database of short-reads from next-generation sequencing was supplemented with long-reads obtained with real-time DNA sequencing from single polymerase molecules. This yielded three contigs of 31, 16, and 11 kb, which each contained multiple and diverse sequences that were homologous to vsp and vlp genes of the relapsing fever agent B. hermsii. Two plasmid fragments had coding sequences for plasmid partition proteins that differed from each other from paralogous proteins for the megaplasmid and a small plasmid of B. miyamotoi. One of 4 vsp genes, vsp1, was present at two loci, one of which was downstream of a candiate prokaryotic promoter. A limited RNA-seq analysis of a population growing in the blood of mice indicated that of the 4 different vsp genes vsp1 was the one that was expressed. The findings indicate that B. miyamotoi has at least four types of plasmids, two or more of which bear vsp and vlp gene sequences that are as numerous and diverse as those of relapsing fever Borrelia. The database and insights from these findings provide a foundation for further investigations of the immune responses to this pathogen and of the capability of B. miyamotoi for antigenic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G. Barbour
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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165
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Diuk-Wasser MA, Vannier E, Krause PJ. Coinfection by Ixodes Tick-Borne Pathogens: Ecological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Consequences. Trends Parasitol 2015; 32:30-42. [PMID: 26613664 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ixodes ticks maintain a large and diverse array of human pathogens in the enzootic cycle, including Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti. Despite the poor ecological fitness of B. microti, babesiosis has recently emerged in areas endemic for Lyme disease. Studies in ticks, reservoir hosts, and humans indicate that coinfection with B. burgdorferi and B. microti is common, promotes transmission and emergence of B. microti in the enzootic cycle, and causes greater disease severity and duration in humans. These interdisciplinary studies may serve as a paradigm for the study of other vector-borne coinfections. Identifying ecological drivers of pathogen emergence and host factors that fuel disease severity in coinfected individuals will help guide the design of effective preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edouard Vannier
- Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Krause
- Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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166
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Leffad M, Raoult D. CMI editorial report, 2016. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 22:1-7. [PMID: 26551843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - D Raoult
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, URMITE CNRS-IRD 198 UMR 6236, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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167
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Molloy PJ, Telford SR, Chowdri HR, Lepore TJ, Gugliotta JL, Weeks KE, Hewins ME, Goethert HK, Berardi VP. Borrelia miyamotoi Disease in the Northeastern United States: A Case Series. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163:91-8. [PMID: 26053877 DOI: 10.7326/m15-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first recognized cases of Borrelia miyamotoi disease (BMD) in North America were reported in the northeastern United States in 2013. OBJECTIVE To further describe the clinical spectrum and laboratory findings for BMD. DESIGN Case series. SETTING Patients presenting to primary care offices, emergency departments, or urgent care clinics in 2013 and 2014. PARTICIPANTS Acutely febrile patients from the northeastern United States in whom the treating health care providers suspected and ordered testing for tick-transmitted infections. MEASUREMENTS Whole-blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing was performed for the presence of specific DNA sequences of common tickborne infections (including BMD). Serologic testing for B. miyamotoi was performed using a recombinant glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (rGlpQ) protein. Clinical records were analyzed to identify the major features of acute disease. RESULTS Among 11,515 patients tested, 97 BMD cases were identified by PCR. Most of the 51 case patients on whom clinical histories were reviewed presented with high fever, chills, marked headache, and myalgia or arthralgia. Twenty-four percent were hospitalized. Elevated liver enzyme levels, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia were common. At presentation, 16% of patients with BMD were seropositive for IgG and/or IgM antibody to B. miyamotoi rGlpQ. Most (78%) had seropositive convalescent specimens. Symptoms resolved after treatment with doxycycline, and no chronic sequelae or symptoms were observed. LIMITATION Findings were based on specimens submitted for testing to a reference laboratory, and medical records of only 51 of the 97 case patients with BMD were reviewed. CONCLUSION Patients with BMD presented with nonspecific symptoms, including fever, headache, chills, myalgia, and arthralgia. Laboratory confirmation of BMD was possible by PCR on blood from acutely symptomatic patients who were seronegative at presentation. Borrelia miyamotoi disease may be an emerging tickborne infection in the northeastern United States. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE IMUGEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Molloy
- From IMUGEN, Norwood, Massachusetts; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts; Hawthorn Medical Associates and South Coast Hospital System, New Bedford, Massachusetts; Nantucket Cottage Hospital, Nantucket, Massachusetts; Hunterdon Medical Center, Flemington, New Jersey; and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Sam R. Telford
- From IMUGEN, Norwood, Massachusetts; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts; Hawthorn Medical Associates and South Coast Hospital System, New Bedford, Massachusetts; Nantucket Cottage Hospital, Nantucket, Massachusetts; Hunterdon Medical Center, Flemington, New Jersey; and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Hanumara Ram Chowdri
- From IMUGEN, Norwood, Massachusetts; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts; Hawthorn Medical Associates and South Coast Hospital System, New Bedford, Massachusetts; Nantucket Cottage Hospital, Nantucket, Massachusetts; Hunterdon Medical Center, Flemington, New Jersey; and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Timothy J. Lepore
- From IMUGEN, Norwood, Massachusetts; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts; Hawthorn Medical Associates and South Coast Hospital System, New Bedford, Massachusetts; Nantucket Cottage Hospital, Nantucket, Massachusetts; Hunterdon Medical Center, Flemington, New Jersey; and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Joseph L. Gugliotta
- From IMUGEN, Norwood, Massachusetts; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts; Hawthorn Medical Associates and South Coast Hospital System, New Bedford, Massachusetts; Nantucket Cottage Hospital, Nantucket, Massachusetts; Hunterdon Medical Center, Flemington, New Jersey; and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Karen E. Weeks
- From IMUGEN, Norwood, Massachusetts; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts; Hawthorn Medical Associates and South Coast Hospital System, New Bedford, Massachusetts; Nantucket Cottage Hospital, Nantucket, Massachusetts; Hunterdon Medical Center, Flemington, New Jersey; and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Mary Ellen Hewins
- From IMUGEN, Norwood, Massachusetts; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts; Hawthorn Medical Associates and South Coast Hospital System, New Bedford, Massachusetts; Nantucket Cottage Hospital, Nantucket, Massachusetts; Hunterdon Medical Center, Flemington, New Jersey; and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Heidi K. Goethert
- From IMUGEN, Norwood, Massachusetts; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts; Hawthorn Medical Associates and South Coast Hospital System, New Bedford, Massachusetts; Nantucket Cottage Hospital, Nantucket, Massachusetts; Hunterdon Medical Center, Flemington, New Jersey; and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Victor P. Berardi
- From IMUGEN, Norwood, Massachusetts; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts; Hawthorn Medical Associates and South Coast Hospital System, New Bedford, Massachusetts; Nantucket Cottage Hospital, Nantucket, Massachusetts; Hunterdon Medical Center, Flemington, New Jersey; and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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168
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Krause PJ, Barbour AG. Borrelia miyamotoi: The Newest Infection Brought to Us by Deer Ticks. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163:141-2. [PMID: 26053967 DOI: 10.7326/m15-1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Krause
- From Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, and University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Alan G. Barbour
- From Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, and University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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169
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Venczel R, Knoke L, Pavlovic M, Dzaferovic E, Vaculova T, Silaghi C, Overzier E, Konrad R, Kolenčík S, Derdakova M, Sing A, Schaub GA, Margos G, Fingerle V. A novel duplex real-time PCR permits simultaneous detection and differentiation of Borrelia miyamotoi and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Infection 2015; 44:47-55. [PMID: 26168860 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For simultaneous detection of Borrelia miyamotoi (relapsing fever spirochete) and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, we have developed a duplex real-time PCR targeting the flagellin gene (flaB; p41), a locus frequently used in routine diagnostic PCR for B. burgdorferi s.l. detection. METHODS Primers and probes were designed using multiple alignments of flaB sequences of B. miyamotoi and B. burgdorferi s.l. species. The sensitivity and specificity of primers and probes were determined using serial dilutions (ranging from 10(4) to 10(-1)) of B. miyamotoi and B. burgdorferi s.l. DNA and of several species of relapsing fever spirochetes. Conventional PCR on recG and glpQ and sequencing of p41 PCR products were used to confirm the species assignment. RESULTS The detection limit of both singleplex and duplex PCR was 10 genome equivalents except for B. spielmanii and two B. garinii genotypes which showed a detection limit of 10(2) genome equivalents. There was no cross reactivity of the B. miyamotoi primers/probes with B. burgdorferi s.l. DNA, while the B. burgdorferi s.l. primer/probe generated a signal with B. hermsii DNA. Out of 2341 Ixodes ricinus ticks from Germany and Slovakia that were screened simultaneously for the presence of B. miyamotoi and B. burgdorferi s.l., 52 were positive for B. miyamotoi and 276 for B. burgdorferi s.l., denoting an average prevalence of 2.2% for B. miyamotoi and 11.8% for B. burgdorferi s.l., and B. miyamotoi DNA was also detectable by PCR using artificial clinical samples. CONCLUSION The duplex real-time PCR developed here represents a method that permits simultaneous detection and differentiation of B. burgdorferi s.l. and B. miyamotoi in environmental and potentially clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Venczel
- German National Reference Centre for Borrelia, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany. .,Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - L Knoke
- Zoology/Parasitology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - M Pavlovic
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - E Dzaferovic
- German National Reference Centre for Borrelia, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - T Vaculova
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - C Silaghi
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Leopoldstr. 5, 80802, Munich, Germany. .,Swiss National Reference Center for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 266A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - E Overzier
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Leopoldstr. 5, 80802, Munich, Germany. .,Lehrstuhl für Bakteriologie und Mykologie, Veterinärwissenschaftliches Department, Tierärztliche Fakultät der LMU, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - R Konrad
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - S Kolenčík
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého 1/3, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - M Derdakova
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84506, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - A Sing
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - G A Schaub
- Zoology/Parasitology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - G Margos
- German National Reference Centre for Borrelia, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany. .,Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - V Fingerle
- German National Reference Centre for Borrelia, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany. .,Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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Ohmes CM, Hostetler J, Davis WL, Settje T, McMinn A, Everett WR. Comparative Efficacy of an Imidacloprid/Flumethrin Collar (Seresto®) and an Oral Fluralaner Chewable Tablet (Bravecto®) against Tick (Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma americanum) Infestations on Dogs: a Randomised Controlled Trial. Parasitol Res 2015; 114 Suppl 1:S95-108. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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171
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Avšič-Županc T. New vector-transmitted pathogens. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:611-3. [PMID: 25936580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Avšič-Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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