151
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Carter RJ, Nickson CM, Thompson JM, Kacperek A, Hill MA, Parsons JL. Complex DNA Damage Induced by High Linear Energy Transfer Alpha-Particles and Protons Triggers a Specific Cellular DNA Damage Response. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 100:776-784. [PMID: 29413288 PMCID: PMC5796827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the precise mechanism of recognition and processing of ionizing radiation (IR)-induced complex DNA damage (CDD), where two or more DNA lesions are in close proximity, in cellular DNA which is packaged with histones to form chromatin. Methods and Materials HeLa and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (UMSCC74A and UMSCC6) cells were irradiated with high linear energy transfer (LET) α-particles or protons, versus low-LET protons and X rays. At various time points after irradiation, site-specific histone post-translational modifications were analyzed by quantitative Western blotting; DNA damage and repair were measured by different versions of the comet assay; and cell survival was determined using clonogenic assays. Results Site-specific histone post-translational modifications after low- and high-LET radiation, particularly proton irradiation, were screened, aiming to identify those responsive to CDD. We demonstrate that histone H2B ubiquitylated on lysine 120 (H2Bub) is specifically induced several hours after irradiation in response to high-LET α-particles and protons but not by low-LET protons or X rays/γ-radiation. This is associated with increased levels of CDD, which contributes to decreased cell survival. We further discovered that modulation of H2Bub is under the control of two E3 ubiquitin ligases, MSL2 and RNF20/RNF40 complex, whose depletion leads to defective processing and further persistence of CDD, and to additional decreased cell survival after irradiation. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the signaling and repair of CDD, particularly induced by high-LET IR is co-ordinated through the specific induction of H2Bub catalyzed by MSL2 and RNF20/40, a mechanism that contributes significantly to cell survival after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Carter
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine M Nickson
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James M Thompson
- Gray Laboratories, Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrzej Kacperek
- The National Eye Proton Therapy Centre, The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Bebington, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Hill
- Gray Laboratories, Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jason L Parsons
- Cancer Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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152
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Screening of Pesticides with the Potential of Inducing DSB and Successive Recombinational Repair. J Toxicol 2017; 2017:3574840. [PMID: 29129974 PMCID: PMC5654340 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3574840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was realized to ascertain whether eight selected pesticides would induce double strand breaks (DSB) in lymphocyte cultures and whether this damage would induce greater levels of proteins Rad51 participating in homologous recombination or of p-Ku80 participating in nonhomologous end joining. Only five pesticides were found to induce DSB of which only glyphosate and paraoxon induced a significant increase of p-Ku80 protein, indicating that nonhomologous end joining recombinational DNA repair system would be activated. The type of gamma-H2AX foci observed was comparable to that induced by etoposide at similar concentrations. These results are of importance since these effects occurred at low concentrations in the micromolar range, in acute treatments to the cells. Effects over longer exposures in actual environmental settings are expected to produce cumulative damage if repeated events of recombination take place over time.
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153
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Jasińska-Konior K, Pochylczuk K, Czajka E, Michalik M, Romanowska-Dixon B, Swakoń J, Urbańska K, Elas M. Proton beam irradiation inhibits the migration of melanoma cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186002. [PMID: 29016654 PMCID: PMC5634624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In recent years experimental data have indicated that low-energy proton beam radiation might induce a difference in cellular migration in comparison to photons. We therefore set out to compare the effect of proton beam irradiation and X-rays on the survival and long-term migratory properties of two cell lines: uveal melanoma Mel270 and skin melanoma BLM. Materials and methods Cells treated with either proton beam or X-rays were analyzed for their survival using clonogenic assay and MTT test. Long-term migratory properties were assessed with time-lapse monitoring of individual cell movements, wound test and transpore migration, while the expression of the related proteins was measured with western blot. Results Exposure to proton beam and X-rays led to similar survival but the quality of the cell colonies was markedly different. More paraclones with a low proliferative activity and fewer highly-proliferative holoclones were found after proton beam irradiation in comparison to X-rays. At 20 or 40 days post-irradiation, migratory capacity was decreased more by proton beam than by X-rays. The beta-1-integrin level was decreased in Mel270 cells after both types of radiation, while vimentin, a marker of EMT, was increased in BLM cells only. Conclusions We conclude that proton beam irradiation induced long-term inhibition of cellular motility, as well as changes in the level of beta-1 integrin and vimentin. If confirmed, the change in the quality, but not in the number of colonies after proton beam irradiation might favor tumor growth inhibition after fractionated proton therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Pochylczuk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Czajka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marta Michalik
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Bożena Romanowska-Dixon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jan Swakoń
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, PAS, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krystyna Urbańska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Martyna Elas
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Cracow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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154
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Wan R, Mo Y, Zhang Z, Jiang M, Tang S, Zhang Q. Cobalt nanoparticles induce lung injury, DNA damage and mutations in mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:38. [PMID: 28923112 PMCID: PMC5604172 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We and other groups have demonstrated that exposure to cobalt nanoparticles (Nano-Co) caused oxidative stress and inflammation, which have been shown to be strongly associated with genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. However, few studies have reported Nano-Co-induced genotoxic effects in vivo. Here, we propose that Nano-Co may have high genotoxic effects due to their small size and high surface area, which have high capacity for causing oxidative stress and inflammation. METHODS gpt delta transgenic mice were used as our in vivo study model. They were intratracheally instilled with 50 μg per mouse of Nano-Co. At day 1, 3, 7 and 28 after exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed and the number of neutrophils, CXCL1/KC level, LDH activity and concentration of total protein in the BAL fluid (BALF) were determined. Mouse lung tissues were collected for H&E staining, and Ki-67, PCNA and γ-H2AX immunohistochemical staining. 8-OHdG level in the genomic DNA of mouse lungs was determined by an OxiSelect™ Oxidative DNA Damage ELISA Kit, and mutant frequency and mutation spectrum in the gpt gene were also determined in mouse lungs at four months after Nano-Co exposure by 6-TG selection, colony PCR, and DNA sequencing. RESULTS Exposure of mice to Nano-Co (50 μg per mouse) resulted in extensive acute lung inflammation and lung injury which were reflected by increased number of neutrophils, CXCL1/KC level, LDH activity and concentration of total protein in the BALF, and infiltration of large amount of neutrophils and macrophages in the alveolar space and interstitial tissues. Increased immunostaining of cell proliferation markers, Ki-67 and PCNA, and the DNA damage marker, γ-H2AX, was also observed in bronchiolar epithelial cells and hyperplastic type II pneumocytes in mouse lungs at day 7 after Nano-Co exposure. At four months after exposure, extensive interstitial fibrosis and proliferation of interstitial cells with inflammatory cells infiltrating the alveolar septa were observed. Moreover, Nano-Co caused increased level of 8-OHdG in genomic DNA of mouse lung tissues. Nano-Co also induced a much higher mutant frequency as compared to controls, and the most common mutation was G:C to T:A transversion, which may be explained by Nano-Co-induced increased formation of 8-OHdG. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that exposure to Nano-Co caused oxidative stress, lung inflammation and injury, and cell proliferation, which further resulted in DNA damage and DNA mutation. These findings have important implications for understanding the potential health effects of nanoparticle exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wan
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E. Gray Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Yiqun Mo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E. Gray Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Seven-year Program of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E. Gray Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shichuan Tang
- Beijing Municipal Institute of Labor Protection, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qunwei Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E. Gray Street, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
- Beijing Municipal Institute of Labor Protection, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122 People’s Republic of China
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155
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Akamatsu K, Shikazono N, Saito T. New method for estimating clustering of DNA lesions induced by physical/chemical mutagens using fluorescence anisotropy. Anal Biochem 2017; 536:78-89. [PMID: 28827125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new method for estimating the localization of DNA damage such as apurinic/apyrimidinic sites (APs) on DNA using fluorescence anisotropy. This method is aimed at characterizing clustered DNA damage produced by DNA-damaging agents such as ionizing radiation and genotoxic chemicals. A fluorescent probe with an aminooxy group (AlexaFluor488) was used to label APs. We prepared a pUC19 plasmid with APs by heating under acidic conditions as a model for damaged DNA, and subsequently labeled the APs. We found that the observed fluorescence anisotropy (robs) decreases as averaged AP density (λAP: number of APs per base pair) increases due to homo-FRET, and that the APs were randomly distributed. We applied this method to three DNA-damaging agents, 60Co γ-rays, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and neocarzinostatin (NCS). We found that robs-λAP relationships differed significantly between MMS and NCS. At low AP density (λAP < 0.001), the APs induced by MMS seemed to not be closely distributed, whereas those induced by NCS were remarkably clustered. In contrast, the AP clustering induced by 60Co γ-rays was similar to, but potentially more likely to occur than, random distribution. This simple method can be used to estimate mutagenicity of ionizing radiation and genotoxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Akamatsu
- Radiation DNA Damage Research Group, Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan.
| | - Naoya Shikazono
- Radiation DNA Damage Research Group, Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Radiation Biochemistry and Biological Function, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Sennan, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
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156
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Sollazzo A, Brzozowska B, Cheng L, Lundholm L, Haghdoost S, Scherthan H, Wojcik A. Alpha Particles and X Rays Interact in Inducing DNA Damage in U2OS Cells. Radiat Res 2017; 188:400-411. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14803.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sollazzo
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beata Brzozowska
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lei Cheng
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Lundholm
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siamak Haghdoost
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, D-80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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157
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Mavragani IV, Nikitaki Z, Souli MP, Aziz A, Nowsheen S, Aziz K, Rogakou E, Georgakilas AG. Complex DNA Damage: A Route to Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9070091. [PMID: 28718816 PMCID: PMC5532627 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9070091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular effects of ionizing radiation (IR) are of great variety and level, but they are mainly damaging since radiation can perturb all important components of the cell, from the membrane to the nucleus, due to alteration of different biological molecules ranging from lipids to proteins or DNA. Regarding DNA damage, which is the main focus of this review, as well as its repair, all current knowledge indicates that IR-induced DNA damage is always more complex than the corresponding endogenous damage resulting from endogenous oxidative stress. Specifically, it is expected that IR will create clusters of damage comprised of a diversity of DNA lesions like double strand breaks (DSBs), single strand breaks (SSBs) and base lesions within a short DNA region of up to 15–20 bp. Recent data from our groups and others support two main notions, that these damaged clusters are: (1) repair resistant, increasing genomic instability (GI) and malignant transformation and (2) can be considered as persistent “danger” signals promoting chronic inflammation and immune response, causing detrimental effects to the organism (like radiation toxicity). Last but not least, the paradigm shift for the role of radiation-induced systemic effects is also incorporated in this picture of IR-effects and consequences of complex DNA damage induction and its erroneous repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigeneia V Mavragani
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Zacharenia Nikitaki
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria P Souli
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Asef Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Khaled Aziz
- Mayo Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Emmy Rogakou
- First Department of Pediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
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158
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Abstract
This introductory article should be viewed as a prologue to the Free Radical Biology & Medicine Special Issue devoted to the important topic of Oxidatively Damaged DNA and its Repair. This special issue is dedicated to Professor Tomas Lindahl, co-winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his seminal discoveries in the area repair of oxidatively damaged DNA. In the past several years it has become abundantly clear that DNA oxidation is a major consequence of life in an oxygen-rich environment. Concomitantly, survival in the presence of oxygen, with the constant threat of deleterious DNA mutations and deletions, has largely been made possible through the evolution of a vast array of DNA repair enzymes. The articles in this Oxidatively Damaged DNA & Repair special issue detail the reactions by which intracellular DNA is oxidatively damaged, and the enzymatic reactions and pathways by which living organisms survive such assaults by repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine de des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences of the Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
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159
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Gao Y, Li C, Wei L, Teng Y, Nakajima S, Chen X, Xu J, Leger B, Ma H, Spagnol ST, Wan Y, Dahl KN, Liu Y, Levine AS, Lan L. SSRP1 Cooperates with PARP and XRCC1 to Facilitate Single-Strand DNA Break Repair by Chromatin Priming. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2674-2685. [PMID: 28416484 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) are the most common form of DNA damage, requiring repair processes that to initiate must overcome chromatin barriers. The FACT complex comprised of the SSRP1 and SPT16 proteins is important for maintaining chromatin integrity, with SSRP1 acting as an histone H2A/H2B chaperone in chromatin disassembly during DNA transcription, replication, and repair. In this study, we show that SSRP1, but not SPT16, is critical for cell survival after ionizing radiation or methyl methanesulfonate-induced single-strand DNA damage. SSRP1 is recruited to SSB in a PARP-dependent manner and retained at DNA damage sites by N-terminal interactions with the DNA repair protein XRCC1. Mutational analyses showed how SSRP1 function is essential for chromatin decondensation and histone H2B exchange at sites of DNA strand breaks, which are both critical to prime chromatin for efficient SSB repair and cell survival. By establishing how SSRP1 facilitates SSB repair, our findings provide a mechanistic rationale to target SSRP1 as a general approach to selectively attack cancer cells. Cancer Res; 77(10); 2674-85. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Changling Li
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Experimental Medicine, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Leizhen Wei
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yaqun Teng
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Satoshi Nakajima
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiukai Chen
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianquan Xu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brittany Leger
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hongqiang Ma
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen T Spagnol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yong Wan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kris Noel Dahl
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yang Liu
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Arthur S Levine
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Li Lan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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160
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Reiter RJ, Rosales-Corral SA, Tan DX, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Qin L, Yang SF, Xu K. Melatonin, a Full Service Anti-Cancer Agent: Inhibition of Initiation, Progression and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E843. [PMID: 28420185 PMCID: PMC5412427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is highly credible evidence that melatonin mitigates cancer at the initiation, progression and metastasis phases. In many cases, the molecular mechanisms underpinning these inhibitory actions have been proposed. What is rather perplexing, however, is the large number of processes by which melatonin reportedly restrains cancer development and growth. These diverse actions suggest that what is being observed are merely epiphenomena of an underlying more fundamental action of melatonin that remains to be disclosed. Some of the arresting actions of melatonin on cancer are clearly membrane receptor-mediated while others are membrane receptor-independent and involve direct intracellular actions of this ubiquitously-distributed molecule. While the emphasis of melatonin/cancer research has been on the role of the indoleamine in restraining breast cancer, this is changing quickly with many cancer types having been shown to be susceptible to inhibition by melatonin. There are several facets of this research which could have immediate applications at the clinical level. Many studies have shown that melatonin's co-administration improves the sensitivity of cancers to inhibition by conventional drugs. Even more important are the findings that melatonin renders cancers previously totally resistant to treatment sensitive to these same therapies. Melatonin also inhibits molecular processes associated with metastasis by limiting the entrance of cancer cells into the vascular system and preventing them from establishing secondary growths at distant sites. This is of particular importance since cancer metastasis often significantly contributes to death of the patient. Another area that deserves additional consideration is related to the capacity of melatonin in reducing the toxic consequences of anti-cancer drugs while increasing their efficacy. Although this information has been available for more than a decade, it has not been adequately exploited at the clinical level. Even if the only beneficial actions of melatonin in cancer patients are its ability to attenuate acute and long-term drug toxicity, melatonin should be used to improve the physical wellbeing of the patients. The experimental findings, however, suggest that the advantages of using melatonin as a co-treatment with conventional cancer therapies would far exceed improvements in the wellbeing of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Sergio A Rosales-Corral
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente, Del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico.
| | - Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | | | - Lilan Qin
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan, Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Kexin Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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161
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Annealing of Complementary DNA Sequences During Double-Strand Break Repair in Drosophila Is Mediated by the Ortholog of SMARCAL1. Genetics 2017; 206:467-480. [PMID: 28258182 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.200238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose a serious threat to genomic integrity. If unrepaired, they can lead to chromosome fragmentation and cell death. If repaired incorrectly, they can cause mutations and chromosome rearrangements. DSBs are repaired using end-joining or homology-directed repair strategies, with the predominant form of homology-directed repair being synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA). SDSA is the first defense against genomic rearrangements and information loss during DSB repair, making it a vital component of cell health and an attractive target for chemotherapeutic development. SDSA has also been proposed to be the primary mechanism for integration of large insertions during genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9. Despite the central role for SDSA in genome stability, little is known about the defining step: annealing. We hypothesized that annealing during SDSA is performed by the annealing helicase SMARCAL1, which can anneal RPA-coated single DNA strands during replication-associated DNA damage repair. We used unique genetic tools in Drosophila melanogaster to test whether the fly ortholog of SMARCAL1, Marcal1, mediates annealing during SDSA. Repair that requires annealing is significantly reduced in Marcal1 null mutants in both synthesis-dependent and synthesis-independent (single-strand annealing) assays. Elimination of the ATP-binding activity of Marcal1 also reduced annealing-dependent repair, suggesting that the annealing activity requires translocation along DNA. Unlike the null mutant, however, the ATP-binding defect mutant showed reduced end joining, shedding light on the interaction between SDSA and end-joining pathways.
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