151
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Miettinen K, Pollier J, Buyst D, Arendt P, Csuk R, Sommerwerk S, Moses T, Mertens J, Sonawane PD, Pauwels L, Aharoni A, Martins J, Nelson DR, Goossens A. The ancient CYP716 family is a major contributor to the diversification of eudicot triterpenoid biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14153. [PMID: 28165039 PMCID: PMC5303825 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are widespread bioactive plant defence compounds with potential use as pharmaceuticals, pesticides and other high-value products. Enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 family have an essential role in creating the immense structural diversity of triterpenoids across the plant kingdom. However, for many triterpenoid oxidation reactions, the corresponding enzyme remains unknown. Here we characterize CYP716 enzymes from different medicinal plant species by heterologous expression in engineered yeasts and report ten hitherto unreported triterpenoid oxidation activities, including a cyclization reaction, leading to a triterpenoid lactone. Kingdom-wide phylogenetic analysis of over 400 CYP716s from over 200 plant species reveals details of their evolution and suggests that in eudicots the CYP716s evolved specifically towards triterpenoid biosynthesis. Our findings underscore the great potential of CYP716s as a source for generating triterpenoid structural diversity and expand the toolbox available for synthetic biology programmes for sustainable production of bioactive plant triterpenoids. Cytochrome P450 family enzymes have an essential role in the creation of triterpenoid diversity in plants. Here, the authors describe triterpenoid synthesis as mediated by CYP716 enzymes in medicinal plant species, and perform phylogenetic analysis to describe CYP716 molecular evolution in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Miettinen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Buyst
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philipp Arendt
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - René Csuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sven Sommerwerk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tessa Moses
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Mertens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Prashant D Sonawane
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - José Martins
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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152
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Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum ameliorate high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:205-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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153
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Tang Z, Hou Y, Hu X, Liu A, Yau L, Tong T, Jiang Z, Bai G. Metabolite identification and pharmacokinetic study of platycodi radix (Jiegeng) in vivo. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04814a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary platycosides, 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosylplatycodigenin and 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosylplatyconic acid, were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in vivo for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Xueyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Aina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Leefong Yau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health
- Macau University of Science and Technology
- Taipa
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health
- Macau University of Science and Technology
- Taipa
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health
- Macau University of Science and Technology
- Taipa
- People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300353
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154
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Yim NH, Hwang YH, Liang C, Ma JY. A platycoside-rich fraction from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum enhances cell death in A549 human lung carcinoma cells via mainly AMPK/mTOR/AKT signal-mediated autophagy induction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:1060-1068. [PMID: 27989873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG), commonly known as Kilkyong in Korea, Jiegeng in China, and Kikyo in Japan, has been extensively used as a traditional anti-inflammatory medicine in Asia for the treatment of respiratory conditions, such as bronchitis, asthma, and tonsillitis. Platycosides isolated from PG are especially well-known for their anti-cancer effects. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the involvement of autophagic cell death and other potential molecular mechanisms induced by the platycoside-containing butanol fraction of PG (PGB) in human lung carcinoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS PGB-induced growth inhibition and cell death were measured using a 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The effects of PGB on autophagy were determined by observing microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) redistribution with confocal microscopy. The PGB-mediated regulation of autophagy-associated proteins was investigated using Western blotting analysis. Furthermore, the anti-cancer mechanism of PGB was confirmed using chemical inhibitors. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-DAD system was used to analyze the platycosides in PGB. RESULTS In A549 cells, PGB induced significant autophagic cell death. Specifically, PGB upregulated LC3-II in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and it redistributed LC3 via autophagosome formation in the cytoplasm. PGB treatment increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and subsequently suppressed the AKT/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Furthermore, PGB inhibited cell proliferation by regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In this study, six types of platycosides were identified in the PGB using HPLC. CONCLUSIONS PGB efficiently induced cancer cell death via autophagy and the modulation of the AMPK/mTOR/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways in A549 cells. Therefore, PGB may be an efficacious herbal anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Hui Yim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Hwan Hwang
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiangshi, Henansheng 453-100, China
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea.
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155
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Choi JH, Han Y, Kim YA, Jin SW, Lee GH, Jeong HM, Lee HS, Chung YC, Lee YC, Kim EJ, Lee KY, Jeong HG. Platycodin D Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis by Repressing the NFATc1 and MAPK Signaling Pathway. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:860-868. [PMID: 27739107 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum root-derived saponins (Changkil saponins, CKS) are reported to have many pharmacological activities. In our latest research, CKS was proven to have a significant osteogenic effect. However, the detail molecular mechanism of CKS on osteoclastic differentiation has not been fully investigated. Administration of CKS considerably reduced OVX-induced bone loss, and ameliorated the reduction in plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus observed in OVX mice. CKS also repressed the deterioration of bone trabecular microarchitecture. Interestingly, platycodin D, the most abundant and major pharmacological constituent of triterpenoid CKS, inhibited receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced activation of NF-κB, and ERK and p38 MAPK, ultimately repressing osteoclast differentiation. OVX-induced bone turnover was attenuated by CKS, possibly via repression of osteoclast differentiation by platycodin D, the active component of CKS. Platycodin D can be regarded as an antiosteoporotic candidate for treatment of osteoporosis diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 860-868, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Younho Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong An Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Min Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Chung
- Department of Food Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chun Lee
- Jangsaeng Doraji Research Institute of Biotechnology, Jangsaeng Doraji Co., Ltd., Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Kim
- Jangsaeng Doraji Research Institute of Biotechnology, Jangsaeng Doraji Co., Ltd., Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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156
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Zeng L, Kong H, Zhu M, Yan W. A facile method to evaluate the quality of Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle using reference standard extract. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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157
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Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract Attenuates Body Fat Mass, Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance through the Interplay between the Liver and Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8090532. [PMID: 27589792 PMCID: PMC5037519 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Platycodon grandiflorus root, a Korean medicinal food, is well known to have beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes. In this study, we demonstrated the metabolic effects of P. grandiflorus root ethanol extract (PGE), which is rich in platycodins, on diet-induced obesity. C57BL/6J mice (four-week-old males) were fed a normal diet (16.58% of kilocalories from fat), high-fat diet (HFD, 60% of kilocalories from fat), and HFD supplemented with 5% (w/w) PGE. In the HFD-fed mice, PGE markedly suppressed the body weight gain and white fat mass to normal control level, with simultaneous increase in the expression of thermogenic genes (such as SIRT1, PPARα, PGC1α, and UCP1), that accompanied changes in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and energy expenditure. In addition, PGE improved insulin sensitivity through activation of the PPARγ expression, which upregulates adiponectin while decreasing leptin gene expression in adipocytes. Furthermore, PGE improved hepatic steatosis by suppressing hepatic lipogenesis while increasing expression of FAO-associated genes such as PGC1α. PGE normalized body fat and body weight, which is likely associated with the increased energy expenditure and thermogenic gene expression. PGE can protect from HFD-induced insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis by controlling lipid and glucose metabolism.
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158
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Khan M, Maryam A, Zhang H, Mehmood T, Ma T. Killing cancer with platycodin D through multiple mechanisms. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:389-402. [PMID: 26648178 PMCID: PMC4759477 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multi-faceted disease comprised of a combination of genetic, epigenetic, metabolic and signalling aberrations which severely disrupt the normal homoeostasis of cell growth and death. Rational developments of highly selective drugs which specifically block only one of the signalling pathways have been associated with limited therapeutic success. Multi-targeted prevention of cancer has emerged as a new paradigm for effective anti-cancer treatment. Platycodin D, a triterpenoid saponin, is one the major active components of the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and possesses multiple biological and pharmacological properties including, anti-nociceptive, anti-atherosclerosis, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, immunoregulatory, hepatoprotective and anti-tumour activities. Recently, the anti-cancer activity of platycodin D has been extensively studied. The purpose of this review was to give our perspectives on the current status of platycodin D and discuss its anti-cancer activity and molecular mechanisms which may help the further design and conduct of pre-clinical and clinical trials to develop it successfully into a potential lead drug for oncological therapy. Platycodin D has been shown to fight cancer by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy and inhibiting angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis by targeting multiple signalling pathways which are frequently deregulated in cancers suggesting that this multi-target activity rather than a single effect may play an important role in developing platycodin D into potential anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Amara Maryam
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tahir Mehmood
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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159
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Peng Y, Zhang F, Tao H, Wang W, Sun L, Chen W, Wang C. Simultaneous determination of multiple platycosides with a single reference standard in Platycodi Radix by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3712-9. [PMID: 26331296 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Peng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Hongxun Tao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Lianna Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
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