151
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Strong CE, Schoepfer KJ, Dossat AM, Saland SK, Wright KN, Kabbaj M. Locomotor sensitization to intermittent ketamine administration is associated with nucleus accumbens plasticity in male and female rats. Neuropharmacology 2017; 121:195-203. [PMID: 28479397 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests superior antidepressant response over time with a repeated, intermittent ketamine treatment regimen as compared to a single infusion. However, the club drug ketamine is commonly abused. Therefore, the abuse potential of repeated ketamine injections at low doses needs to be investigated. In this study, we investigated the abuse potential of repeated exposure to either 0, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg ketamine administered once weekly for seven weeks. Locomotor activity and conditioned place preference (CPP) were assayed to evaluate behavioral sensitization to the locomotor activating effects of ketamine and its rewarding properties, respectively. Our results show that while neither males nor females developed CPP, males treated with 5 mg/kg and females treated with either 2.5 or 5 mg/kg ketamine behaviorally sensitized. Furthermore, dendritic spine density was increased in the NAc of both males and females administered 5 mg/kg ketamine, an effect specific to the NAc shell (NAcSh) in males but to both the NAc core (NAcC) and NAcSh in females. Additionally, males administered 5 mg/kg ketamine displayed increased protein expression of ΔfosB, calcium calmodulin kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an effect not observed in females administered either dose of ketamine. However, males and females administered 5 mg/kg ketamine displayed increased protein expression of AMPA receptors (GluA1). Taken together, low-dose ketamine, when administered intermittently, induces behavioral sensitization at a lower dose in females than males, accompanied by an increase in spine density in the NAc and protein expression changes in pathways commonly implicated in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Strong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - K J Schoepfer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - A M Dossat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - S K Saland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - K N Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - M Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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152
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GLYX-13 Produces Rapid Antidepressant Responses with Key Synaptic and Behavioral Effects Distinct from Ketamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1231-1242. [PMID: 27634355 PMCID: PMC5437877 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
GLYX-13 is a putative NMDA receptor modulator with glycine-site partial agonist properties that produces rapid antidepressant effects, but without the psychotomimetic side effects of ketamine. Studies were conducted to examine the molecular, cellular, and behavioral actions of GLYX-13 to further characterize the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant actions of this agent. The results demonstrate that a single dose of GLYX-13 rapidly activates the mTORC1 pathway in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and that infusion of the selective mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin into the medial PFC (mPFC) blocks the antidepressant behavioral actions of GLYX-13, indicating a requirement for mTORC1 similar to ketamine. The results also demonstrate that GLYX-13 rapidly increases the number and function of spine synapses in the apical dendritic tuft of layer V pyramidal neurons in the mPFC. Notably, GLYX-13 significantly increased the synaptic responses to hypocretin, a measure of thalamocortical synapses, compared with its effects on 5-HT responses, a measure of cortical-cortical responses mediated by the 5-HT2A receptor. Behavioral studies further demonstrate that GLYX-13 does not influence 5-HT2 receptor induced head twitch response or impulsivity in a serial reaction time task (SRTT), whereas ketamine increased responses in both tests. In contrast, both GLYX-13 and ketamine increased attention in the SRTT task, which is linked to hypocretin-thalamocortical responses. The differences in the 5-HT2 receptor synaptic and behavioral responses may be related to the lack of psychotomimetic side effects of GLYX-13 compared with ketamine, whereas regulation of the hypocretin responses may contribute to the therapeutic benefits of both rapid acting antidepressants.
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153
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Ramaker MJ, Dulawa SC. Identifying fast-onset antidepressants using rodent models. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:656-665. [PMID: 28322276 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and a major contributor to the burden of suicide. A major limitation of classical antidepressants is that 2-4 weeks of continuous treatment is required to elicit therapeutic effects, prolonging the period of depression, disability and suicide risk. Therefore, the development of fast-onset antidepressants is crucial. Preclinical identification of fast-onset antidepressants requires animal models that can accurately predict the delay to therapeutic onset. Although several well-validated assay models exist that predict antidepressant potential, few thoroughly tested animal models exist that can detect therapeutic onset. In this review, we discuss and assess the validity of seven rodent models currently used to assess antidepressant onset: olfactory bulbectomy, chronic mild stress, chronic forced swim test, novelty-induced hypophagia (NIH), novelty-suppressed feeding (NSF), social defeat stress, and learned helplessness. We review the effects of classical antidepressants in these models, as well as six treatments that possess fast-onset antidepressant effects in the clinic: electroconvulsive shock therapy, sleep deprivation, ketamine, scopolamine, GLYX-13 and pindolol used in conjunction with classical antidepressants. We also discuss the effects of several compounds that have yet to be tested in humans but have fast-onset antidepressant-like effects in one or more of these antidepressant onset sensitive models. These compounds include selective serotonin (5-HT)2C receptor antagonists, a 5-HT4 receptor agonist, a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, NMDA receptor antagonists, a TREK-1 receptor antagonist, mGluR antagonists and (2R,6R)-HNK. Finally, we provide recommendations for identifying fast-onset antidepressants using rodent behavioral models and molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ramaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S C Dulawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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154
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Duclot F, Kabbaj M. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of the Effects of Antidepressant Drugs in Stress-Susceptible Mice. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:278-279. [PMID: 28089023 PMCID: PMC5384644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
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155
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Wright KN, Strong CE, Addonizio MN, Brownstein NC, Kabbaj M. Reinforcing properties of an intermittent, low dose of ketamine in rats: effects of sex and cycle. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:393-401. [PMID: 27837330 PMCID: PMC5384643 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Repeated intermittent exposure to ketamine has rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects, but the abuse potential has only been assessed at high doses. Furthermore, while females are more susceptible to depression and more sensitive to ketamine's antidepressant-like effects, the abuse potential for ketamine in females is unknown. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are to determine the reinforcing properties of low-dose intermittent ketamine in adult rats of both sexes and determine whether cycling gonadal hormones influence females' response to ketamine. In male rats, we also aimed to determine whether reinstatement to intermittent ketamine is comparable to intermittent cocaine. METHODS Male rats intravenously self-administered cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/infusion) or ketamine (0.1 mg/kg/infusion) once every fourth day, while intact cycling female rats self-administered ketamine only during preidentified stages of their 4-day estrus cycle, when gonadal hormones are either high (proestrus) or low (diestrus). After acquiring self-administration, rats underwent daily extinction training followed by cue-primed and drug-primed reinstatement to assess drug-seeking behavior. RESULTS Diestrus-trained females fail to maintain ketamine self-administration and did not display reinstatement to ketamine-paired cues. Males and proestrus-trained females reinstated to ketamine-paired cues. Ketamine-primed reinstatement was dependent on simultaneous cue presentation. Male rats reinstated to cocaine priming independent of cue presentation. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that females's responsivity to this dose of ketamine depends on stage of cycle, as only proestrus-trained females and males respond to ketamine's reinforcing effects under this treatment paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N. Wright
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Caroline E. Strong
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Marjorie N. Addonizio
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Naomi C. Brownstein
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. .,College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, 1115 W. Call St., Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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156
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Pellman BA, Schuessler BP, Tellakat M, Kim JJ. Sexually Dimorphic Risk Mitigation Strategies in Rats. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0288-16.2017. [PMID: 28197550 PMCID: PMC5292597 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0288-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific understanding of fear and anxiety-in both normal and pathological forms-is presently limited by a predominance of studies that use male animals and Pavlovian fear conditioning-centered paradigms that restrict and assess specific behaviors (e.g., freezing) over brief sampling periods and overlook the broader contributions of the spatiotemporal context to an animal's behavioral responses to threats. Here, we use a risky "closed economy" system, in which the need to acquire food and water and the need to avoid threats are simultaneously integrated into the lives of rats, to examine sex differences in mitigating threat risk while foraging. Rats lived for an extended period (∼2 months) in enlarged chambers that consisted of a safe, bedded nest and a risky foraging area where footshocks could be delivered unpredictably. We observed that male and female rats used different strategies for responding to the threat of footshock. Whereas male rats increased the size of meals consumed to reduce the overall time spent foraging, female rats sacrificed their metabolic needs in order to avoid shocks. Ovarian hormone fluctuations were shown to exert slight but reliable rhythmic effects on risky decision-making in gonadally intact female rats. However, this did not produce significant differences in approach-avoidance trade-offs between ovariectomized and intact female groups, suggesting that male-female sex differences are not due to the activational effects of gonadal hormones but, rather, are likely to be organized during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A. Pellman
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1525
| | - Bryan P. Schuessler
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1525
| | - Mohini Tellakat
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Jeansok J. Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1525
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1525
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157
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Radford KD, Park TY, Lee BH, Moran S, Osborne LA, Choi KH. Dose-response characteristics of intravenous ketamine on dissociative stereotypy, locomotion, sensorimotor gating, and nociception in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 153:130-140. [PMID: 28024909 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians administer subanesthetic intravenous (IV) ketamine infusions for treatment of refractory depression, chronic pain, and post-traumatic stress disorder in humans. However, ketamine is administered via the subcutaneous (SC) or intraperitoneal (IP) routes to rodents in most pre-clinical research, which may limit translational application. The present study characterized the dose-response of a subanesthetic IV ketamine bolus (2 and 5mg/kg) and 1-h infusion (5, 10, and 20mg/kg/h) on dissociative stereotypy, locomotion, sensorimotor gating, and thermal nociception in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The secondary aim was to measure ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations following IV ketamine bolus at 1, 20, and 50min and at the conclusion of the 1-h infusion using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results showed that ketamine bolus and infusions produced dose-dependent dissociative stereotypy. Bolus (2 and 5mg/kg) and 20mg/kg/h infusion increased locomotor activity while 5mg/kg/h infusion decreased locomotor activity. Both 10 and 20mg/kg/h infusions reduced the acoustic startle reflex, while 5mg/kg bolus and 20mg/kg/h infusion impaired pre-pulse inhibition. Ketamine 5mg/kg bolus and the 10 and 20mg/kg/h infusions induced significant and prolonged antinociception to the hotplate test. Plasma concentrations of ketamine decreased quickly after bolus while norketamine levels increased from 1 to 20min and plateaued from 20 to 50min. The peak ketamine plasma concentrations [ng/ml] were similar between 5mg/kg bolus [4100] vs. 20mg/kg/h infusion [3900], and 2mg/kg bolus [1700] vs. 10mg/kg/h infusion [1500]. These results support the findings from previous ketamine injection studies and further validate the feasibility of administering subanesthetic doses of IV ketamine infusion to rats for neuropharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennett D Radford
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Y Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Center for Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bong Hyo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Republic of Korea
| | - Sean Moran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Osborne
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kwang H Choi
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Center for Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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158
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Miyata S, Kurachi M, Sakurai N, Yanagawa Y, Ishizaki Y, Mikuni M, Fukuda M. Gene expression alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex and blood cells in a mouse model of depression during menopause. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00219. [PMID: 28054037 PMCID: PMC5198744 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is higher in women than in men, and this may be due to the decline in estrogen levels that occurs during the menopausal transition. We studied the biological alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which is a region that is highly implicated in the neurobiology of MDD, and the blood cells (BCs) of ovariectomized (OVX) mice subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS), which represents a mouse model of depression during menopause. Main methods The mPFC and the BCs were obtained from the same individuals. Gene expression levels were analyzed by microarray. The data were used for the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and the Gene Ontology analysis. Key findings The gene expression alterations (GEAs) induced by OVX were mainly associated with ribosomal and mitochondrial functions in both the mPFC and the BCs. Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (RICTOR) was identified as a possible upstream regulator of the OVX-induced GEAs in both tissues. The CMS-induced GEAs were associated with retinoic acid receptor signaling, inflammatory cytokines and post-synaptic density in the mPFC, but not in the BCs. Significance OVX and CMS independently affect biological pathways in the mPFC, which is involved in the development of the depression-like phenotype. Because a subset of the OVX-induced GEAs in the mPFC also occurred in the BCs, the GEAs in the BCs might be a useful probe to predict biological pathways in the corresponding brain tissue under specific conditions such as OVX in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Miyata
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan; Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masashi Kurachi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakurai
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Mikuni
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masato Fukuda
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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159
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Li L, Vlisides PE. Ketamine: 50 Years of Modulating the Mind. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:612. [PMID: 27965560 PMCID: PMC5126726 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine was introduced into clinical practice in the 1960s and continues to be both clinically useful and scientifically fascinating. With considerably diverse molecular targets and neurophysiological properties, ketamine’s effects on the central nervous system remain incompletely understood. Investigators have leveraged the unique characteristics of ketamine to explore the invariant, fundamental mechanisms of anesthetic action. Emerging evidence indicates that ketamine-mediated anesthesia may occur via disruption of corticocortical information transfer in a frontal-to-parietal (“top down”) distribution. This proposed mechanism of general anesthesia has since been demonstrated with anesthetics in other pharmacological classes as well. Ketamine remains invaluable to the fields of anesthesiology and critical care medicine, in large part due to its ability to maintain cardiorespiratory stability while providing effective sedation and analgesia. Furthermore, there may be an emerging role for ketamine in treatment of refractory depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. In this article, we review the history of ketamine, its pharmacology, putative mechanisms of action and current clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip E Vlisides
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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160
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Saland SK, Duclot F, Kabbaj M. Integrative analysis of sex differences in the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine in preclinical models for individualized clinical outcomes. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 14:19-26. [PMID: 28584860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In major depressive disorder, women exhibit higher lifetime prevalence and different antidepressant response rates than men, which illustrates the importance of examining individual differences in the pathophysiology of depression and therapeutic response. In recent years, the consideration of sex in related preclinical research has thus gained interest-particularly in light of novel evidence for rapid-acting antidepressants. Notably, the literature recently revealed a higher sensitivity of females to the antidepressant effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine, in both baseline and preclinical conditions. Combined with its fast-acting and relatively sustained properties, this evidence highlights ketamine as a particularly interesting therapeutic alternative for this sensitive population, and supports the value in considering sex as a critical factor for improved individualized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Saland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL-32306.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL-32306
| | - Florian Duclot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL-32306.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL-32306
| | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL-32306.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL-32306
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161
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Neis VB, Bettio LEB, Moretti M, Rosa PB, Ribeiro CM, Freitas AE, Gonçalves FM, Leal RB, Rodrigues ALS. Acute agmatine administration, similar to ketamine, reverses depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable stress in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 150-151:108-114. [PMID: 27743829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Agmatine is an endogenous neuromodulator that has been shown to have antidepressant-like properties. We have previously demonstrated that it can induce a rapid increase in BDNF levels after acute administration, suggesting that agmatine may be a fast-acting antidepressant. To investigate this hypothesis, the present study evaluated the effects of a single administration of agmatine in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), a model of depression responsive only to chronic treatment with conventional antidepressants. The ability of agmatine to reverse CUS-induced behavioral and biochemical alterations was evaluated and compared with those elicited by the fast-acting antidepressant (ketamine) and the conventional antidepressant (fluoxetine). After exposed to CUS for 14days, mice received a single oral dose of agmatine (0.1mg/kg), ketamine (1mg/kg) or fluoxetine (10mg/kg), and were submitted to behavioral evaluation after 24h. The exposure to CUS caused an increased immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) but did not change anhedonic-related parameters in the splash test. Our findings provided evidence that, similarly to ketamine, agmatine is able to reverse CUS-induced depressive-like behavior in the TST. Western blot analyses of prefrontal cortex (PFC) demonstrated that mice exposed to CUS and/or treated with agmatine, fluoxetine or ketamine did not present alterations in the immunocontent of synaptic proteins [i.e. GluA1, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and synapsin]. Altogether, our findings indicate that a single administration of agmatine is able to reverse behavioral alterations induced by CUS in the TST, suggesting that this compound may have fast-acting antidepressant-like properties. However, there was no alteration in the levels of synaptic proteins in the PFC, a result that need to be further investigated in other time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian B Neis
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luis E B Bettio
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Morgana Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Post-Graduate Nutrition Program, Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Priscila B Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Camille M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Andiara E Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Filipe M Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Leal
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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162
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Sarkar A, Kabbaj M. Sex Differences in Effects of Ketamine on Behavior, Spine Density, and Synaptic Proteins in Socially Isolated Rats. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:448-456. [PMID: 26957131 PMCID: PMC4940294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanistic underpinnings of sex differences in occurrence of depression and efficacy of antidepressant treatments are poorly understood. We examined the effects of isolation stress (IS) and the fast-acting antidepressant ketamine on anhedonia and depression-like behavior, spine density, and synaptic proteins in male and female rats. METHODS We used a chronic social IS paradigm to test the effects of ketamine (0, 2.5 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg) on behavior and levels of synaptic proteins synapsin-1, postsynaptic density protein 95, and glutamate receptor 1 in male rats and female rats in diestrus. Medial prefrontal cortex spine density was also examined in male rats and female rats that received ketamine during either the diestrus or the proestrus phase of their estrous cycle. RESULTS Male rats showed anhedonia and depression-like behavior after 8 weeks of IS, concomitant with decreases in spine density and levels of synapsin-1, postsynaptic density protein 95, and glutamate receptor 1 in the medial prefrontal cortex; these changes were reversed by a single injection of ketamine (5 mg/kg). After 11 weeks of IS, female rats showed depression-like behavior but no signs of anhedonia. Although both doses of ketamine rescued depression-like behavior in female rats, the decline observed in synaptic proteins and spine density in IS and in diestrus female rats could not be reversed by ketamine. Spine density was higher in female rats during proestrus than in diestrus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings implicate a role for synaptic proteins synapsin-1, postsynaptic density protein 95, and glutamate receptor 1 and medial prefrontal cortex spine density in the antidepressant effects of ketamine in male rats subjected to IS but not in female rats subjected to IS, suggesting dissimilar underlying mechanisms for efficacy of ketamine in the two sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambalika Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
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163
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Duclot F, Perez-Taboada I, Wright KN, Kabbaj M. Prediction of individual differences in fear response by novelty seeking, and disruption of contextual fear memory reconsolidation by ketamine. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:293-305. [PMID: 27343386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Only a portion of the population exposed to trauma will develop persistent emotional alterations characteristic of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which illustrates the necessity for identifying vulnerability factors and novel pharmacotherapeutic alternatives. Interestingly, clinical evidence suggests that novelty seeking is a good predictor for vulnerability to the development of excessive and persistent fear. Here, we first tested this hypothesis by analyzing contextual and cued fear responses of rats selected for their high (high responders, HR) or low (low responders, LR) exploration of a novel environment, indicator of novelty seeking. While HR and LR rats exhibited similar sensitivity to the shock and cued fear memory retention, fewer extinction sessions were required in HR than LR animals to reach extinction, indicating faster contextual and cued memory extinction. In a second part, we found an effective disruption of contextual fear reconsolidation by the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine, associated with a down-regulation of early growth response 1 (Egr1) in the hippocampal CA1 area, and up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA levels in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices. Altogether, these data demonstrate a link between novelty seeking and conditioned fear extinction, and highlight a promising novel role of ketamine in affecting established fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Duclot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Iara Perez-Taboada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Katherine N Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States.
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164
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Thelen C, Sens J, Mauch J, Pandit R, Pitychoutis PM. Repeated ketamine treatment induces sex-specific behavioral and neurochemical effects in mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:305-12. [PMID: 27343934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most striking discoveries in the treatment of major depression was the finding that infusion of a single sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine induces rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant depressed patients. However, ketamine's antidepressant-like actions are transient and can only be sustained by repeated drug treatment. Despite the fact that women experience major depression at roughly twice the rate of men, research regarding the neurobiological antidepressant-relevant effects of ketamine has focused almost exclusively on the male sex. Importantly, knowledge regarding the sex-differentiated effects, the frequency and the dose on which repeated ketamine administration stops being beneficial, is limited. In the current study, we investigated the behavioral, neurochemical and synaptic molecular effects of repeated ketamine treatment (10mg/kg; 21days) in male and female C57BL/6J mice. We report that ketamine induced beneficial antidepressant-like effects in male mice, but induced both anxiety-like (i.e., decreased time spent in the center of the open field arena) and depressive-like effects (i.e., enhanced immobility duration in the forced swim test; FST) in their female counterparts. Moreover, repeated ketamine treatment induced sustained sex-differentiated neurochemical and molecular effects, as it enhanced hippocampal synapsin protein levels and serotonin turnover in males, but attenuated glutamate and aspartate levels in female mice. Taken together, our findings indicate that repeated ketamine treatment induces opposite behavioral effects in male and female mice, and thus, present data have far-reaching implications for the sex-oriented use of ketamine in both experimental and clinical research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Thelen
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, 45469-2320 OH, USA
| | - Jonathon Sens
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, 45469-2320 OH, USA
| | - Joseph Mauch
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, 45469-2320 OH, USA
| | - Radhika Pandit
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, 45469-2320 OH, USA
| | - Pothitos M Pitychoutis
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, 45469-2320 OH, USA.
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165
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Guo R, Tang Q, Ye Y, Lu X, Chen F, Dai X, Yan Y, Liao L. Effects of gender on ketamine-induced conditioned placed preference and urine metabonomics. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 77:263-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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166
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NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites. Nature 2016; 533:481-6. [PMID: 27144355 PMCID: PMC4922311 DOI: 10.1038/nature17998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1082] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder afflicts ~16 percent of the world population at some point in their lives. Despite a number of available monoaminergic-based antidepressants, most patients require many weeks, if not months, to respond to these treatments, and many patients never attain sustained remission of their symptoms. The non-competitive glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, (R,S)-ketamine (ketamine), exerts rapid and sustained antidepressant effects following a single dose in depressed patients. Here we show that the metabolism of ketamine to (2S,6S;2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) is essential for its antidepressant effects, and that the (2R,6R)-HNK enantiomer exerts behavioural, electroencephalographic, electrophysiological and cellular antidepressant actions in vivo. Notably, we demonstrate that these antidepressant actions are NMDAR inhibition-independent but they involve early and sustained α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor activation. We also establish that (2R,6R)-HNK lacks ketamine-related side-effects. Our results indicate a novel mechanism underlying ketamine’s unique antidepressant properties, which involves the required activity of a distinct metabolite and is independent of NMDAR inhibition. These findings have relevance for the development of next generation, rapid-acting antidepressants.
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168
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Longitudinal Effects of Ketamine on Dendritic Architecture In Vivo in the Mouse Medial Frontal Cortex. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0133-15. [PMID: 27066532 PMCID: PMC4819286 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0133-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A single subanesthetic dose of ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, leads to fast-acting antidepressant effects. In rodent models, systemic ketamine is associated with higher dendritic spine density in the prefrontal cortex, reflecting structural remodeling that may underlie the behavioral changes. However, turnover of dendritic spines is a dynamic process in vivo, and the longitudinal effects of ketamine on structural plasticity remain unclear. The purpose of the current study is to use subcellular resolution optical imaging to determine the time course of dendritic alterations in vivo following systemic ketamine administration in mice. We used two-photon microscopy to visualize repeatedly the same set of dendritic branches in the mouse medial frontal cortex (MFC) before and after a single injection of ketamine or saline. Compared to controls, ketamine-injected mice had higher dendritic spine density in MFC for up to 2 weeks. This prolonged increase in spine density was driven by an elevated spine formation rate, and not by changes in the spine elimination rate. A fraction of the new spines following ketamine injection was persistent, which is indicative of functional synapses. In a few cases, we also observed retraction of distal apical tuft branches on the day immediately after ketamine administration. These results indicate that following systemic ketamine administration, certain dendritic inputs in MFC are removed immediately, while others are added gradually. These dynamic structural modifications are consistent with a model of ketamine action in which the net effect is a rebalancing of synaptic inputs received by frontal cortical neurons.
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169
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New Hippocampal Neurons Mature Rapidly in Response to Ketamine But Are Not Required for Its Acute Antidepressant Effects on Neophagia in Rats. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0116-15. [PMID: 27066531 PMCID: PMC4819285 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0116-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually all antidepressant agents increase the birth of granule neurons in the adult dentate gyrus in rodents, providing a key basis for the neurogenesis hypothesis of antidepressant action. The novel antidepressant ketamine, however, shows antidepressant activity in humans within hours, far too rapid for a mechanism involving neuronal birth. Ketamine could potentially act more rapidly by enhancing maturation of new neurons born weeks earlier. To test this possibility, we assessed the effects of S-ketamine (S-(+)-ketamine hydrochloride) injection on maturation, as well as birth and survival, of new dentate gyrus granule neurons in rats, using the immediate-early gene zif268, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and BrdU, respectively. We show that S-ketamine has rapid effects on new neurons, increasing the proportion of functionally mature young granule neurons within 2 h. A single injection of S-ketamine also increased cell proliferation and functional maturation, and decreased depressive-like behavior, for at least 4 weeks in rats treated with long-term corticosterone administration (a depression model) and controls. However, the behavioral effects of S-ketamine on neophagia were unaffected by elimination of adult neurogenesis. Together, these results indicate that ketamine has surprisingly rapid and long-lasting effects on the recruitment of young neurons into hippocampal networks, but that ketamine has antidepressant-like effects that are independent of adult neurogenesis.
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170
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Milak MS, Proper CJ, Mulhern ST, Parter AL, Kegeles LS, Ogden RT, Mao X, Rodriguez CI, Oquendo MA, Suckow RF, Cooper TB, Keilp JC, Shungu DC, Mann JJ. A pilot in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of amino acid neurotransmitter response to ketamine treatment of major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:320-7. [PMID: 26283639 PMCID: PMC4758914 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine can improve major depressive disorder (MDD) within hours. To evaluate the putative role of glutamatergic and GABAergic systems in ketamine's antidepressant action, medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) levels of glutamate+glutamine (Glx) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were measured before, during, and after ketamine administration using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Ketamine (0.5 mg kg(-1) intravenously) was administered to 11 depressed patients with MDD. Glx and GABA mPFC responses were measured as ratios relative to unsuppressed voxel tissue water (W) successfully in 8/11 patients. Ten of 11 patients remitted (50% reduction in 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and total score ⩽10) within 230 min of commencing ketamine. mPFC Glx/W and GABA/W peaked at 37.8%±7.5% and 38.0%±9.1% above baseline in ~26 min. Mean areas under the curve for Glx/W (P=0.025) and GABA/W (P=0.005) increased and correlated (r=0.796; P=0.018). Clinical improvement correlated with 90-min norketamine concentration (df=6, r=-0.78, P=0.023), but no other measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Milak
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
| | - Caitlin J. Proper
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
| | - Stephanie T. Mulhern
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
| | - Amy L. Parter
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
| | - Lawrence S. Kegeles
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
| | - R. Todd Ogden
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
| | - Xiangling Mao
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
| | - Carolyn I. Rodriguez
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
| | - Maria A. Oquendo
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
| | - Raymond F. Suckow
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
- Analytical Psychopharmacology Laboratory, the Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
| | - Thomas B. Cooper
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
- Analytical Psychopharmacology Laboratory, the Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
| | - John C. Keilp
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
| | - Dikoma C. Shungu
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
- Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
| | - J. John Mann
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
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171
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Hedonic sensitivity to low-dose ketamine is modulated by gonadal hormones in a sex-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21322. [PMID: 26888470 PMCID: PMC4766854 DOI: 10.1038/srep21322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported a greater sensitivity of female rats to rapid antidepressant-like effects of ketamine compared to male rats, and that ovarian-derived estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) are essential for this response. However, to what extent testosterone may also contribute, and whether duration of response to ketamine is modulated in a sex- and hormone-dependent manner remains unclear. To explore this, we systematically investigated the influence of testosterone, estradiol and progesterone on initiation and maintenance of hedonic response to low-dose ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) in intact and gonadectomized male and female rats. Ketamine induced a sustained increase in sucrose preference of female, but not male, rats in an E2P4-dependent manner. Whereas testosterone failed to alter male treatment response, concurrent administration of P4 alone in intact males enhanced hedonic response low-dose ketamine. Treatment responsiveness in female rats only was associated with greater hippocampal BDNF levels, but not activation of key downstream signaling effectors. We provide novel evidence supporting activational roles for ovarian-, but not testicular-, derived hormones in mediating hedonic sensitivity to low-dose ketamine in female and male rats, respectively. Organizational differences may, in part, account for the persistence of sex differences following gonadectomy and selective involvement of BDNF in treatment response.
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172
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Hypoestrogenism alters mood: Ketamine reverses depressive-like behavior induced by ovariectomy in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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173
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Makowska IJ, Weary DM. Differences in Anticipatory Behaviour between Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Housed in Standard versus Semi-Naturalistic Laboratory Environments. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147595. [PMID: 26820978 PMCID: PMC4731070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory rats are usually kept in relatively small cages, but research has shown that they prefer larger and more complex environments. The physiological, neurological and health effects of standard laboratory housing are well established, but fewer studies have addressed the sustained emotional impact of a standard cage environment. One method of assessing affective states in animals is to look at the animals' anticipatory behaviour between the presentation of a cue signalling the arrival of a reward and the arrival of that reward. The primary aim of this study was to use anticipatory behaviour to assess the affective state experienced by female rats a) reared and housed long-term in a standard laboratory cage versus a semi-naturalistic environment, and b) before and after treatment with an antidepressant or an anxiolytic. A secondary aim was to add to the literature on anticipatory behaviour by describing and comparing the frequency and duration of individual elements of anticipatory behaviour displayed by rats reared in these two systems. In all experiments, total behavioural frequency was higher in standard-housed rats compared to rats from the semi-naturalistic condition, suggesting that standard-housed rats were more sensitive to rewards and experiencing poorer welfare than rats reared in the semi-naturalistic environment. What rats did in anticipation of the reward also differed between housing treatments, with standard-housed rats mostly rearing and rats from the semi-naturalistic condition mostly sitting facing the direction of the upcoming treat. Drug interventions had no effect on the quantity or form of anticipatory behaviour, suggesting that the poorer welfare experienced by standard-housed rats was not analogous to depression or anxiety, or alternatively that the drug interventions were ineffective. This study adds to mounting evidence that standard laboratory housing for rats compromises rat welfare, and provides further scientific support for recommendations that current minimum standards be raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Joanna Makowska
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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174
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Xiao L, Kish VL, Benders KM, Wu ZX. Prenatal and Early Postnatal Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Decreases BDNF/TrkB Signaling and Increases Abnormal Behaviors Later in Life. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 19:pyv117. [PMID: 26503133 PMCID: PMC4886663 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke exposure during prenatal and early postnatal periods increases the incidence of a variety of abnormal behaviors later in life. The purpose of this study was to identify the possible critical period of susceptibility to cigarette smoke exposure and evaluate the possibe effects of cigarette smoke during early life on brain-derived neurotrophic factor/neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor B signaling in the brain. METHODS Three different age of imprinting control region mice were exposed to cigarette smoke or filtered air for 10 consecutive days beginning on either gestational day 7 by maternal exposure, or postnatal days 2 or 21 by direct inhalation. A series of behavioral profiles and neurotrophins in brain were measured 24 hours after mice received acute restraint stress for 1 hour on postnatal day 59. RESULTS Cigarette smoke exposure in gestational day 7 and postnatal day 2 produced depression-like behaviors as evidenced by significantly increased immobility in both tail suspension and forced-swim test. Increased entry latencies, but not ambulation in the open field test, were also observed in the gestational day 7 and postnatal day 2 cigarette smoke exposure groups. Genetic analysis showed that gestational day 7 cigarette smoke exposure significantly altered mRNA level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase receptor B in the hippocampus. However, behavioral profiles and brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase receptor B signaling were not significantly changed in PND21 cigarette smoke exposure group compared with FA group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a critical period of susceptibility to cigarette smoke exposure exists in the prenatal and early postnatal period, which results a downregulation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase receptor B signaling in the hippocampus and enhances depression-like behaviors later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhong-Xin Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
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175
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Carrier N, Wang X, Sun L, Lu XY. Sex-Specific and Estrous Cycle-Dependent Antidepressant-Like Effects and Hippocampal Akt Signaling of Leptin. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3695-705. [PMID: 26181103 PMCID: PMC4588814 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in the incidence of depression and antidepressant treatment responses are well documented. Depression is twice as common in women as in men. Recent studies indicate that low levels of leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, are associated with increased symptoms of depression in women. Leptin has been shown to produce antidepressant-like effects in male rodents. In the present study, we examined sex differences and estrous cycle variations in antidepressant-like responses to leptin. Leptin administration significantly reduced immobility, a putative measure of behavioral despair, in the forced swim test in intact female mice in the proestrus phase but not in the diestrus phase of the estrous cycle. Moreover, leptin administration stimulated Akt phosphorylation in the hippocampus of female mice in proestrus but not in diestrus, in correlation with its differential behavioral effects in these two phases of the cycle. Leptin-induced behavioral responses and stimulation of hippocampal Akt phosphorylation in female mice were abolished by ovariectomy. By contrast, the antidepressant-like effect of leptin in male mice was not affected by gonadectomy (castration). Pretreatment with 17β-estradiol restored sensitivity to the effects of leptin on behavior and hippocampal Akt phosphorylation in ovariectomized female mice. These results suggest leptin regulates depression-like behavior and hippocampal Akt signaling in a sex-specific and estrous cycle-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Carrier
- Department of Pharmacology (N.C., X.W., L.S., X.-Y.L.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; and Institute for Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (X.W., L.S.), Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 256603, China
| | - Xuezhen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (N.C., X.W., L.S., X.-Y.L.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; and Institute for Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (X.W., L.S.), Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 256603, China
| | - Linshan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology (N.C., X.W., L.S., X.-Y.L.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; and Institute for Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (X.W., L.S.), Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 256603, China
| | - Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Pharmacology (N.C., X.W., L.S., X.-Y.L.), The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; and Institute for Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (X.W., L.S.), Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 256603, China
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176
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van den Buuse M, Mingon RL, Gogos A. Chronic estrogen and progesterone treatment inhibits ketamine-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition in rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 607:72-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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177
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Scheuing L, Chiu CT, Liao HM, Chuang DM. Antidepressant mechanism of ketamine: perspective from preclinical studies. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:249. [PMID: 26257598 PMCID: PMC4508505 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A debilitating mental disorder, major depressive disorder is a leading cause of global disease burden. Existing antidepressant drugs are not adequate for the majority of depressed patients, and large clinical studies have demonstrated their limited efficacy and slow response onset. Growing evidence of low-dose ketamine's rapid and potent antidepressant effects offers strong potential for future antidepressant agents. However, ketamine has considerable drawbacks such as its abuse potential, psychomimetic effects, and increased oxidative stress in the brain, thus limiting its widespread clinical use. To develop superior antidepressant drugs, it is crucial to better understand ketamine's antidepressant mechanism of action. Recent preclinical studies indicate that ketamine's antidepressant mechanism involves mammalian target of rapamycin pathway activation and subsequent synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex, as well as glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) inactivation. Adjunct GSK-3β inhibitors, such as lithium, can enhance ketamine's efficacy by augmenting and prolonging its antidepressant effects. Given the potential for depressive relapses, lithium in addition to ketamine is a promising solution for this clinical issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Scheuing
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chi-Tso Chiu
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hsiao-Mei Liao
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - De-Maw Chuang
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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178
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Coyle CM, Laws KR. The use of ketamine as an antidepressant: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015; 30:152-63. [PMID: 25847818 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current meta-analysis examines the effects of ketamine infusion on depressive symptoms over time in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS Following a systematic review of the literature, data were extracted from 21 studies (n = 437 receiving ketamine) and analysed at four post-infusion time points (4 h, 24 h, 7 days and 12-14 days). The moderating effects of several factors were assessed including: repeat/single infusion, diagnosis, open-label/participant-blind infusion, pre-post/placebo-controlled design and the sex of patients. RESULTS Effect sizes were significantly larger for repeat than single infusion at 4 h, 24 h and 7 days. For single infusion studies, effect sizes were large and significant at 4 h, 24 h and 7 days. The percentage of males was a predictor of antidepressant response at 7 days. Effect sizes for open-label and participant-blind infusions were not significantly different at any time point. CONCLUSIONS Single ketamine infusions elicit a significant antidepressant effect from 4 h to 7 days; the small number of studies at 12-14 days post infusion failed to reach significance. Results suggest a discrepancy in peak response time depending upon primary diagnosis - 24 h for MDD and 7 days for BD. The majority of published studies have used pre-post comparison; further placebo-controlled studies would help to clarify the effect of ketamine over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe M Coyle
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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179
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Chiu CT, Scheuing L, Liu G, Liao HM, Linares GR, Lin D, Chuang DM. The mood stabilizer lithium potentiates the antidepressant-like effects and ameliorates oxidative stress induced by acute ketamine in a mouse model of stress. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu102. [PMID: 25548109 PMCID: PMC4438544 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that mammalian target of rapamycin activation mediates ketamine's rapid but transient antidepressant effects and that glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibits this pathway. However, ketamine has associated psychotomimetic effects and a high risk of abuse. The mood stabilizer lithium is a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor with strong antisuicidal properties. Here, we used a mouse stress model to investigate whether adjunct lithium treatment would potentiate ketamine's antidepressant-like effects. METHODS Mice received chronic restraint stress and long-term pre- or postketamine lithium treatment in drinking water. The effects of lithium on ketamine-induced antidepressant-like effects, activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin/brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathways, oxidative stress, and dendritic spine density in the brain of mice were investigated. RESULTS Subtherapeutic (600 mg/L) lithium-pretreated mice exhibited an antidepressant-like response to an ineffective ketamine (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) challenge in the forced swim test. Both the antidepressant-like effects and restoration of dendritic spine density in the medial prefrontal cortex of stressed mice induced by a single ketamine (50 mg/kg) injection were sustained by postketamine treatment with 1200 mg/L of lithium for at least 2 weeks. These benefits of lithium treatments were associated with activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin/brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathways in the prefrontal cortex. Acute ketamine (50 mg/kg) injection also significantly increased lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, and oxidized glutathione levels in stressed mice. Notably, these oxidative stress markers were completely abolished by pretreatment with 1200 mg/L of lithium. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a novel therapeutic strategy and justify the use of lithium in patients who benefit from ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Tso Chiu
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - De-Maw Chuang
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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180
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Franceschelli A, Sens J, Herchick S, Thelen C, Pitychoutis PM. Sex differences in the rapid and the sustained antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in stress-naïve and "depressed" mice exposed to chronic mild stress. Neuroscience 2015; 290:49-60. [PMID: 25595985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, one of the most striking discoveries in the treatment of major depression was the clinical finding that a single infusion of a sub-anesthetic dose of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine produces a rapid (i.e. within a few hours) and long-lasting (i.e. up to two weeks) antidepressant effect in both treatment-resistant depressed patients and in animal models of depression. Notably, converging clinical and preclinical evidence support that responsiveness to antidepressant drugs is sex-differentiated. Strikingly, research regarding the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine has focused almost exclusively on the male sex. Herein we report that female C57BL/6J stress-naïve mice are more sensitive to the rapid and the sustained antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in the forced swim test (FST). In particular, female mice responded to lower doses of ketamine (i.e. 3mg/kg at 30 min and 5mg/kg at 24h post-injection), doses that were not effective in their male counterparts. Moreover, tissue levels of the excitatory amino acids glutamate and aspartate, as well as serotonergic activity, were affected in a sex-dependent manner in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, at the same time-points. Most importantly, a single injection of ketamine (10mg/kg) induced sex-dependent behavioral effects in mice subjected to the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression. Intriguingly, female mice were more reactive to the earlier effects of ketamine, as assessed in the open field and the FST (at 30 min and 24h post-treatment, respectively) but the antidepressant potential of the drug proved to be longer lasting in males, as assessed in the splash test and the FST (days 5 and 7 post-treatment, respectively). Taken together, present data revealed that ketamine treatment induces sex-dependent rapid and sustained neurochemical and behavioral antidepressant-like effects in stress-naïve and CMS-exposed C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Franceschelli
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - J Sens
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - S Herchick
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - C Thelen
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - P M Pitychoutis
- Department of Biology & Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA.
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181
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Chen WY, Huang MC, Lin SK. Gender differences in subjective discontinuation symptoms associated with ketamine use. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2014; 9:39. [PMID: 25245125 PMCID: PMC4183767 DOI: 10.1186/1747-597x-9-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent substance abuse research indicates gender differences in the substance-related epidemiology, biological responses, progression to dependence, medical consequences and treatments. Studies exploring human sex-different responses to ketamine are rare and there has been no systemic survey of gender differences in ketamine use. Determining whether females are more susceptible than males to ketamine withdrawal symptoms and adverse effects is important, because it associated with treatment retention and outcome in drug users. Methods The Taiwanese juridical system has implemented a new regulation on ketamine in the year 2009. Ketamine users who are caught by the police, are mandated to attend an educational program. We recruited ketamine offenders from February 2010 to May 2012 at the Kunming branch of the Taipei City Hospital, where the educational classes are held. A designed questionnaire was performed to gather information about demographic characteristics, discontinuation symptoms, concomitant use of other substances, and subjective experience of memory impairment or urinary discomforts, and to compare the gender differences. Results A total of 1,614 ketamine users were surveyed and most of them were males (83.8%), with an average age of 26.3 ± 5.4 years. Female ketamine users presented significantly more discontinuation symptoms such as anxiety, dysphoria, and tremors compared with male users. 72.4% of total ketamine users smoked cigarettes concomitantly. Male ketamine users had a higher rate of concomitant betel nut use, while female ketamine users had a higher rate of concomitant hypnotic and alcohol use. 76% of total ketamine users reported cognitive impairment and 51.6% mentioned urinary symptoms. Furthermore, female ketamine users self-reported significantly greater levels of severity in cognitive impairment and urinary discomforts compared with male users. Less than 10% of total ketamine users in our study reported the desire to transfer for medical intervention or treatment, despite the high rates of discontinuation symptoms and negative physical side effects. Conclusions Gender differences were noted in the subjective experience of discontinuation symptoms, concomitant substance use, and severity of impairment related to ketamine use. However, the probable cause of the gender differences found in this study requires further investigation. We hoped our study will stimulate further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shih-Ku Lin
- Department of Addiction Science, Taipei City Hospital and Psychiatric Center, 309 Songde Road, Xinyi District, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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Potter DE, Choudhury M. Ketamine: repurposing and redefining a multifaceted drug. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1848-54. [PMID: 25224017 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This short review will highlight recent clinical and basic research that supports the therapeutic utility of ketamine as a rapid-acting, life-saving antidepressant and a versatile analgesic. After 50 years of use as a dissociative anesthetic and misuse as a street drug, ketamine has re-emerged as a useful off-label agent for ameliorating various types of pain and resistant depression. In addition to its ability to inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, the diverse actions of ketamine might involve epigenetic mechanisms such as microRNA regulation. Thus, ketamine is transitioning from being the pharmacologist's nightmare to one of the most interesting developments in the pharmacology of depression and pain.
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183
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Zhou Z, Zhang G, Li X, Liu X, Wang N, Qiu L, Liu W, Zuo Z, Yang J. Loss of Phenotype of Parvalbumin Interneurons in Rat Prefrontal Cortex Is Involved in Antidepressant- and Propsychotic-Like Behaviors Following Acute and Repeated Ketamine Administration. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:808-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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184
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Antony LJ, Paruchuri VNK, Ramanan R. Antidepressant effect of ketamine in sub anaesthetic doses in male albino mice. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:HC05-7. [PMID: 25120999 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9679.4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is the most common mental disorder in community settings, and is a major cause of disability across the world. Antidepressants such as SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor) and TCA (Tricyclic antidepressants) are used. These drugs affect the adrenergic and serotonergic pathways. These drugs have an unfavorable side effect profile, take longer time to act and are not very effective in resistant cases. Alternate pathways involving the glutamate receptors have also been linked with depression, hence Ketamine an NMDA antagonist was evaluated for the antidepressant effect. AIM To study the antidepressant effect of ketamine in subanaesthetic doses in male albino mice. STUDY DESIGN, MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a randomized controlled animal study done on 30 male albino BALB/c mice divided into five groups with Imipramine (10mg/kg) as the standard drug and Ketamine in varying doses (5, 7.5, 10 mg/kg) as the test drug. The animal model used was the forced swim test. The reduction in immobility time was taken as the index of the antidepressant effect. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The data were analysed with the one way ANOVA test using SPSS version 12. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The data analysis showed that Ketamine at a dose lower dose of Ketamine (5mg/kg) did not show a significant antidepressant effect in contrast to the higher doses (7.5 and 10mg/kg) which showed significant antidepressant effect ('p' > 0.05). The inference of this study is that Ketamine has significant antidepressant property at variable dose ranges and further studies can be done on these lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdu Jafrin Antony
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College , Pondicherry, India
| | | | - Ramchandar Ramanan
- Final Year Student, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College , Pondicherry, India
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185
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Hasselmann HWW. Ketamine as antidepressant? Current state and future perspectives. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:57-70. [PMID: 24533016 PMCID: PMC3915350 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mental disorder that ranks among the major causes of disease burden. Standard medical treatment targeting cerebral monoamines often provides only insufficient symptom relief and fails in approximately every fifth patient. The complexity of MDD therefore, reflects more than monoaminergic dysregulation. Initial research argues the case for excessive glutamate levels, suggesting that antiglutamatergic drugs might be useful in treating MDD. Ketamine is a non-selective, high-affinity N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist most commonly used in pediatric and animal surgery. In the past, ketamine has gained popularity because of its ability to rapidly elevate mood, even in treatment-resistant and bipolar depression. However, there are still many obstacles before widespread clinical approval of ketamine treatment could become reality. In this review, ketamine's powerful antidepressant effects are discussed and further research necessary for therapeutic application is outlined. NMDAR antagonists provide an entirely new way of treating the manifold appearances of depression that should not be left unused.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W W Hasselmann
- Research Master Programme Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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186
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Browne CA, Lucki I. Antidepressant effects of ketamine: mechanisms underlying fast-acting novel antidepressants. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:161. [PMID: 24409146 PMCID: PMC3873522 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Newer antidepressants are needed for the many individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) that do not respond adequately to treatment and because of a delay of weeks before the emergence of therapeutic effects. Recent evidence from clinical trials shows that the NMDA antagonist ketamine is a revolutionary novel antidepressant because it acts rapidly and is effective for treatment-resistant patients. A single infusion of ketamine alleviates depressive symptoms in treatment-resistant depressed patients within hours and these effects may be sustained for up to 2 weeks. Although the discovery of ketamine's effects has reshaped drug discovery for antidepressants, the psychotomimetic properties of this compound limit the use of this therapy to the most severely ill patients. In order to develop additional antidepressants like ketamine, adequate preclinical behavioral screening paradigms for fast-acting antidepressants need to be established and used to identify the underlying neural mechanisms. This review examines the preclinical literature attempting to model the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine. Acute administration of ketamine has produced effects in behavioral screens for antidepressants like the forced swim test, novelty suppression of feeding and in rodent models for depression. Protracted behavioral effects of ketamine have been reported to appear after a single treatment that last for days. This temporal pattern is similar to its clinical effects and may serve as a new animal paradigm for rapid antidepressant effects in humans. In addition, protracted changes in molecules mediating synaptic plasticity have been implicated in mediating the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of ketamine. Current preclinical studies are examining compounds with more specific pharmacological effects at glutamate receptors and synapses in order to develop additional rapidly acting antidepressants without the hallucinogenic side effects or abuse potential of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Browne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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187
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Zunszain PA, Horowitz MA, Cattaneo A, Lupi MM, Pariante CM. Ketamine: synaptogenesis, immunomodulation and glycogen synthase kinase-3 as underlying mechanisms of its antidepressant properties. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:1236-41. [PMID: 23877835 PMCID: PMC3835937 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is an extremely debilitating condition affecting millions of people worldwide. Nevertheless, currently available antidepressant medications still have important limitations, such as a low response rate and a time lag for treatment response that represent a significant problem when dealing with individuals who are vulnerable and prone to self-harm. Recent clinical trials have shown that the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, ketamine, can induce an antidepressant response within hours, which lasts up to 2 weeks, and is effective even in treatment-resistant patients. Nonetheless, its use is limited due to its psychotomimetic and addictive properties. Understanding the molecular pathways through which ketamine exerts its antidepressant effects would help in the developing of novel antidepressant agents that do not evoke the same negative side effects of this drug. This review focuses specifically on the effects of ketamine on three molecular mechanisms that are relevant to depression: synaptogenesis, immunomodulation and regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Zunszain
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK. E-mail:
| | - M A Horowitz
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Cattaneo
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M M Lupi
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C M Pariante
- Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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188
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Antidepressant effects of AMPA and ketamine combination: role of hippocampal BDNF, synapsin, and mTOR. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:291-8. [PMID: 23732839 PMCID: PMC3805670 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A number of preclinical and clinical studies suggest that ketamine, a glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, has a rapid and lasting antidepressant effect when administered either acutely or chronically. It has been postulated that this effect is due to stimulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. OBJECTIVE In this study, we tested whether AMPA alone has an antidepressant effect and if the combination of AMPA and ketamine provides added benefit in Wistar-Kyoto rats, a putative animal model of depression. RESULTS Chronic AMPA treatment resulted in a dose-dependent antidepressant effect in both the forced swim test and sucrose preference test. Moreover, chronic administration (10-11 days) of combinations of AMPA and ketamine, at doses that were ineffective on their own, resulted in a significant antidepressant effect. The behavioral effects were associated with increases in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor, synapsin, and mammalian target of rapamycin. CONCLUSION These findings are the first to provide evidence for an antidepressant effect of AMPA and suggest the usefulness of AMPA-ketamine combination in treatment of depression. Furthermore, these effects appear to be associated with increases in markers of hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, suggesting a mechanism of their action.
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189
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Kuipers SD, Trentani A, van der Zee EA, den Boer JA. Chronic stress-induced changes in the rat brain: role of sex differences and effects of long-term tianeptine treatment. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:426-36. [PMID: 23994757 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests neuroplasticity changes are pivotal in both the occurrence and treatment of affective disorders. Abnormal expression and/or phosphorylation of numerous plasticity-related proteins have been observed in depression, while prolonged antidepressant treatment has been associated with the attenuation of stress-mediated effects on dendritic remodeling and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in experimental animals. This study explores the neurobiological adaptations induced by chronic stress and/or long-term tianeptine treatment. Male and female rats were studied to determine the potential contributory role of sex differences on stress-induced pathology and antidepressant-mediated actions. Our results confirm chronic stress-induced HPA axis disturbance and neuroplasticity impairment in both sexes (i.e. reduced CREB phosphorylation and hippocampal BrdU labeling). Commonly ensuing neurobiological alterations were accompanied by unique sex-specific adaptations. When the antidepressant tianeptine was administered, HPA axis hyperactivity was attenuated and specific neuronal defects were ameliorated in both sexes. These findings provide novel insight into sex-related influences on the neurobiological substrates mediating chronic stress-induced actions on neuroplasticity and the mechanisms underlying tianeptine-mediated therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoukje D Kuipers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrea Trentani
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Eddy A van der Zee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A den Boer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, The Netherlands
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