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Tasso B, Spallarossa A, Russo E, Brullo C. The Development of BTK Inhibitors: A Five-Year Update. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237411. [PMID: 34885993 PMCID: PMC8659154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) represented, in the past ten years, an important target for the development of new therapeutic agents that could be useful for cancer and autoimmune disorders. To date, five compounds, able to block BTK in an irreversible manner, have been launched in the market, whereas many reversible BTK inhibitors (BTKIs), with reduced side effects that are more useful for long-term administration in autoimmune disorders, are under clinical investigation. Despite the presence in the literature of many articles and reviews, studies on BTK function and BTKIs are of great interest for pharmaceutical companies as well as academia. This review is focused on compounds that have appeared in the literature from 2017 that are able to block BTK in an irreversible or reversible manner; also, new promising tunable irreversible inhibitors, as well as PROTAC molecules, have been reported. This summary could improve the knowledge of the chemical diversity of BTKIs and provide information for future studies, particularly from the medicinal chemistry point of view. Data reported here are collected from different databases (Scifinder, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Pubmed) using "BTK" and "BTK inhibitors" as keywords.
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152
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Shen Z, Yan YH, Yang S, Zhu S, Yuan Y, Qiu Z, Jia H, Wang R, Li GB, Li H. ProfKin: A comprehensive web server for structure-based kinase profiling. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113772. [PMID: 34411891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are central mediators of signal-transduction cascades and attractive drug targets for therapeutic intervention. Since kinases are structurally and mechanistically related to each other, kinase inhibitor selectivity is often investigated by kinase profiling and considered as an important index for drug discovery. We here describe a versatile web server termed ProfKin for structure-based kinase profiling, which is based on a kinase-ligand focused database (KinLigDB). It provides all ready-to-use 3D structure coordinates of 4219 kinase-ligand complex structures covering 297 human kinases and the associated information, particularly including binding site type, binding ligand type, interaction fingerprints, downstream molecules and related human diseases. The web server works via predicting possible binding modes for the query molecule, prioritizing the binding modes guided by an interaction fingerprint analysis method, and giving a list of ranked kinases by a comprehensive index. Users can freely select entire or part of the KinLigDB database, e.g. via subfamily and binding site type, to customize the profiling contents. The superimpositions of the predicted binding poses of the query molecule with reference binding modes can be visually inspected on the website. The additional classification attributes and phylogenetic tree are also given for each top-ranked kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yu-Hang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Sang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Huan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ruiqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Guo-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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153
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Coniglio SJ, Segall JE. Microglial-stimulation of glioma invasion involves the EGFR ligand amphiregulin. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260252. [PMID: 34843542 PMCID: PMC8629255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High grade glioma is one of the deadliest human cancers with a median survival rate of only one year following diagnosis. The highly motile and invasive nature of high grade glioma makes it difficult to completely remove surgically. Therefore, increasing our knowledge of the mechanisms glioma cells use to invade normal brain is of critical importance in designing novel therapies. It was previously shown by our laboratory that tumor-associated microglia (TAMs) stimulate glioma cell invasion and this process is dependent on CSF-1R signaling. In this study, we seek to identify pro-invasive factors that are upregulated in microglia in a CSF-1R-dependent manner. We assayed cDNA and protein from microglia treated with conditioned media from the murine glioma cell line GL261, and discovered that several EGFR ligands including amphiregulin (AREG) are strongly upregulated. This upregulation is blocked by addition of a pharmacological CSF-1R inhibitor. Using RNA interference, we show that AREG-depleted microglia are less effective at promoting invasion of GL261 cells into Matrigel-coated invasion chambers. In addition, an AREG blocking antibody strongly attenuates the ability of THP-1 macrophages to activate human glioma cell line U87 invasion. Furthermore, we have identified a signaling pathway which involves CSF-1 signaling through ERK to upregulate AREG expression in microglia. Interfering with ERK using pharmacological inhibitors prevents AREG upregulation in microglia and microglia-stimulated GL261 invasion. These data highlight AREG as a key factor in produced by tumor associated microglia in promoting glioma invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore J. Coniglio
- New Jersey Center for Science Technology and Mathematics, Kean University, Union, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey E. Segall
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
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154
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Proux-Gillardeaux V, Advedissian T, Perin C, Gelly JC, Viguier M, Deshayes F. Identification of a new regulation pathway of EGFR and E-cadherin dynamics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22705. [PMID: 34811416 PMCID: PMC8609017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin and EGFR are known to be closely associated hence regulating differentiation and proliferation notably in epithelia. We have previously shown that galectin-7 binds to E-cadherin and favors its retention at the plasma membrane. In this study, we shed in light that galectin-7 establishes a physical link between E-cadherin and EGFR. Indeed, our results demonstrate that galectin-7 also binds to EGFR, but unlike the binding to E-cadherin this binding is sugar dependent. The establishment of E-cadherin/EGFR complex and the binding of galectin-7 to EGFR thus lead to a regulation of its signaling and intracellular trafficking allowing cell proliferation and migration control. In vivo observations further support these results since an epidermal thickening is observed in galectin-7 deficient mice. This study therefore reveals that galectin-7 controls epidermal homeostasis through the regulation of E-cadherin/EGFR balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamara Advedissian
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Perin
- Université de Paris, UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, 75006, Paris, France.,Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Gelly
- Université de Paris, UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, 75006, Paris, France.,Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Viguier
- CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, F-75013, Paris, France
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155
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Yang X, Liu M, Ren Y, Chen H, Yu P, Wang S, Zhang R, Dai H, Wang C. Using contrast-enhanced CT and non-contrast-enhanced CT to predict EGFR mutation status in NSCLC patients-a radiomics nomogram analysis. Eur Radiol 2021; 32:2693-2703. [PMID: 34807270 PMCID: PMC8921110 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To develop and validate a general radiomics nomogram capable of identifying EGFR mutation status in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, regardless of patient with either contrast-enhanced CT (CE-CT) or non-contrast-enhanced CT (NE-CT). Methods A total of 412 NSCLC patients were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Patients’ radiomics features not significantly different between NE-CT and CE-CT were defined as general features, and were further used to construct the general radiomics signature. Fivefold cross-validation was used to select the best machine learning algorithm. Finally, a general radiomics nomogram was developed using general radiomics signature, and clinical and radiological characteristics. Two groups of data collected at different time periods were used as two test sets to access the discrimination and clinical usefulness. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) was applied to performance evaluation. Result The general radiomics signature yielded the highest AUC of 0.756 and 0.739 in the two test sets, respectively. When applying to same type of CT, the performance of general radiomics signature was always similar to or higher than that of models built using only NE-CT or CE-CT features. The general radiomics nomogram combining general radiomics signature, smoking history, emphysema, and ILD achieved higher performance whether applying to NE-CT or CE-CT (test set 1, AUC = 0.833 and 0.842; test set 2, AUC = 0.839 and 0.850). Conclusions Our work demonstrated that using general features to construct radiomics signature and nomogram could help identify EGFR mutation status of NSCLC patients and expand its scope of clinical application. Key Points • General features were proposed to construct general radiomics signature using different types of CT of different patients at the same time to identify EGFR mutation status of NSCLC patients. • The general radiomics nomogram based on general radiomics signature, and clinical and radiological characteristics could identify EGFR mutation status of patients with NSCLC and outperformed the general radiomics signature. • The general radiomics nomogram had a wider scope of clinical application; no matter which of NE-CT and CE-CT the patient has, its EGFR mutation status could be predicted. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00330-021-08366-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Ren
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Chen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pengxin Yu
- Infervision Medical Technology Co Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- Infervision Medical Technology Co Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Rongguo Zhang
- Infervision Medical Technology Co Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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156
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Ge W, Chi H, Tang H, Xu J, Wang J, Cai W, Ma H. Circular RNA CELF1 drives immunosuppression and anti-PD1 therapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer via the miR-491-5p/EGFR axis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:24560-24579. [PMID: 34788230 PMCID: PMC8660608 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To explore the immunoregulatory effects of circ_CELF1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: The mRNA level of circ_CELF1 in primary tissue samples was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The assays of CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing as well as Transwell were employed for measurement of cancer cell malignant transformation. The murine subcutaneous tumor model was used to assess the tumorigenesis of NSCLC in vivo. The assays of circRNA precipitation, RNA immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter were performed to study the relationship between circ_CELF1, miR-491-5p, and EGFR. Results: circ_CELF1 is upregulated in primary cancer tissues from patients with NSCLC, and a high level of circ_CELF1, is associated with malignant characteristics and poor outcomes of patients with NSCLC. Enforced expression of circ_CELF1 exacerbated the malignant transformation of NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, through directly interacting with miR-491-5p, circ_CELF1 acted as a miRNA sponge that increased the expression of the miR-491-5p target gene EGFR, eventually promoting the progression of NSCLC and increasing cancer resistance to immunotherapy. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that upregulation of circ_CELF1 elicits both oncogenic and immunoregulatory effects on the development of NSCLC. We believe that circ_CELF1 can act as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ge
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hao Chi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wan Cai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
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157
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Singh S, Utreja D, Kumar V. Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine: a promising fused heterocycle to target kinases in cancer therapy. Med Chem Res 2021; 31:1-25. [PMID: 34803342 PMCID: PMC8590428 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide responsible for about 10 million deaths per year. To date several approaches have been developed to treat this deadly disease including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy, and synthetic lethality. The targeted therapy refers to targeting only specific proteins or enzymes that are dysregulated in cancer rather than killing all rapidly dividing cells, has gained much attention in the recent past. Kinase inhibition is one of the most successful approaches in targeted therapy. As of 30 March 2021, FDA has approved 65 small molecule protein kinase inhibitors and most of them are for cancer therapy. Interestingly, several kinase inhibitors contain one or more fused heterocycles as part of their structures. Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine is one the most interesting fused heterocycle that is an integral part of several kinase inhibitors and nucleoside drugs viz. avapritinib and remdesivir. This review articles focus on the recent advances made in the development of kinase inhibitors containing pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine scaffold. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbjit Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Divya Utreja
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004 Punjab India
| | - Vimal Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT), Jalandhar, 144011 Punjab India
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158
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Zhao D, Yang Z, Chen C, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Li Z. CXCR4 promotes gefitinib resistance of Huh7 cells by activating the c-Met signaling pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:3115-3125. [PMID: 34555268 PMCID: PMC8564344 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) expression is associated with poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to explore the biological role of CXCR4 in gefitinib resistance of HCC. Compared with a normal, non-gefitinib-resistant, human HCC cell line (Huh7), CXCR4 mRNA and protein were highly expressed in gefitinib-resistant Huh7 cells (Huh7-R). Cell proliferation was decreased, and apoptosis was enhanced in Huh7 cells in the presence of gefitinib. These influences conferred by gefitinib treatment on proliferation and apoptosis of Huh7 cells were abolished by CXCR4 overexpression. CXCR4 knockdown reduced the proliferation ability of HuH-7R cells after gefitinib treatment. Importantly, CXCR4 overexpression had no influence on caveolin 1 (Cav-1) expression; similarly, Cav-1 silencing did not cause a substantive change in CXCR4 expression. However, CXCR4 activated Cav-1, c-Met, and Raf-1 in Huh7 cells, whereas Cav-1 silencing repressed the expression of Raf-1 and phosphorylated c-Met in Huh7 cells. CXCR4 overexpression promoted proliferation and repressed apoptosis in gefitinib-treated Huh7 cells, which was partly rescued by PHA-665752 (a c-Met inhibitor) treatment or c-Met deficiency. Finally, we constructed a tumor xenograft model to determine the influence of CXCR4 overexpression on tumor growth of HCC. CXCR4 overexpression accelerated tumor growth of HCC, which was abrogated by c-Met deficiency. These findings demonstrate that CXCR4 overexpression activates c-Met via the Cav-1 signaling pathway, thereby promoting gefitinib resistance of Huh7 cells. Thus, this study highlights novel insights into the mechanism of gefitinib resistance of HCC and CXCR4 may become a potential target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Zhao
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Yangsheng Yu
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Zhituo Li
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityChina
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159
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Jia R, Gao Y, Guo S, Li S, Zhou L, Gou C, Huang Y, Fan M, Chen Y. Super Enhancer Profiles Identify Key Cell Identity Genes During Differentiation From Embryonic Stem Cells to Trophoblast Stem Cells Super Enhencers in Trophoblast Differentiation. Front Genet 2021; 12:762529. [PMID: 34712273 PMCID: PMC8546299 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.762529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) are derived from blastocysts and the extra-embryonic ectoderm (ExE) of post-implantation embryos and play a significant role in fetal development, but the roles that TSCs play in the earlier status of fetal diseases need further exploration. Super enhancers (SEs) are dense clusters of stitched enhancers that control cell identity determination and disease development and may participate in TSC differentiation. We identified key cell identity genes regulated by TSC-SEs via integrated analysis of H3K27ac and H3K4me1 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and ATAC-sequencing (ATAC-seq) data. The identified key TSC identity genes regulated by SEs, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), integrin β5 (ITGB5) and Paxillin (Pxn), were significantly upregulated during TSC differentiation, and the transcription network mediated by TSC-SEs enriched in terms like focal adhesion and actin cytoskeleton regulation related to differentiation of TSCs. Additionally, the increased chromatin accessibility of the key cell identity genes verified by ATAC-seq further demonstrated the regulatory effect of TSC-SEs on TSC lineage commitment. Our results illustrated the significant roles of the TSC-SE-regulated network in TSC differentiation, and identified key TSC identity genes EGFR, ITGB5 and Pxn, providing novel insight into TSC differentiation and lays the foundation for future studies on embryo implantation and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongpu Jia
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Gao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Guo
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si Li
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangji Zhou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenyu Gou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijuan Huang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiqiong Fan
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqiu Chen
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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160
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Si C, Chen C, Guo Y, Kang Q, Sun Z. Effect, Mechanism, and Applications of Coding/Non-coding RNA m6A Modification in Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:711815. [PMID: 34660577 PMCID: PMC8514707 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.711815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), which includes immune cells, fibroblasts, and other components, is the site of tumor cell growth and metastasis and significantly impacts tumor development. Among them, N6-methyladenosine RNA modifications (m6A RNA modifications) are the most abundant internal modifications in coding and non-coding RNAs, which can significantly influence the cancer process and have potential as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for tumor therapy. This manuscript reviews the role of m6A RNA modifications in TME and their application in tumor therapy. To some extent, an in-depth understanding of the relationship between TME and m6A RNA modifications will provide new approaches and ideas for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Si
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Henan Academy of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiaozhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenqiang Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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161
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Wang L, Zhang J, Shan G, Liang J, Jin W, Li Y, Su F, Ba Y, Tian X, Sun X, Zhang D, Zhang W, Chen CL. Establishment of a Lung Cancer Discriminative Model Based on an Optimized Support Vector Machine Algorithm and Study of Key Targets of Wogonin in Lung Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:728937. [PMID: 34630106 PMCID: PMC8493220 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.728937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimized support vector machine model was used to construct a lung cancer diagnosis model based on serological indicators, and a molecular regulation model of Wogonin, a component of Scutellaria baicalensis, was established. Serological indexes of patients were collected, the grid search method was used to identify the optimal penalty coefficient C and parameter g of the support vector machine model, and the benign and malignant auxiliary diagnosis model of isolated pulmonary nodules based on serological indicators was established. The regulatory network and key targets of Wogonin in lung cancer were analyzed by network pharmacology, and key targets were detected by western blot. The relationship between serological susceptibility genes and key targets of Wogonin was established, and the signaling pathway of Wogonin regulating lung cancer was constructed. After support vector machine parameter optimization (C = 90.597, g = 32), the accuracy of the model was 90.8333%, with nine false positives and two false negative cases. Ontology functional analysis of 67 common genes between Wogonin targets and lung cancer–related genes showed that the targets were associated with biological processes involved in peptidye-serine modification and regulation of protein kinase B signaling; cell components in the membrane raft and chromosomal region; and molecular function in protein serine/threonine kinase activity and heme binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the regulation pathways involved the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, ERBB signaling pathway, and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance. In vitro analyses using lung cancer cells showed that Wogonin led to significantly increased levels of cleaved caspase-3 and Bad and significantly decreased Bcl-2 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. ErbB4 expression also significantly decreased in lung cancer cells after treatment with Wogonin. A regulatory network of Wogonin regulating lung cancer cell apoptosis was constructed, including the participation of serological susceptibility genes. There is a certain regulatory effect between the serological indexes that can be used in the diagnosis of lung cancer and the key targets of Chinese herbal medicine treatment of lung cancer, which provides a new idea for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of clinical lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Medical Engineering Technology and Data Mining Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoyong Shan
- Department of Radiotherapy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junting Liang
- Clinical Bioinformatics Experimental Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Medical Engineering Technology and Data Mining Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingyue Li
- Medical Engineering Technology and Data Mining Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fangchu Su
- Medical Engineering Technology and Data Mining Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Ba
- Department of Radiotherapy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Tian
- Department of Radiotherapy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dayong Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Medical Engineering Technology and Data Mining Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuan Liang Chen
- Clinical Bioinformatics Experimental Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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162
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Sharma B, Singh VJ, Chawla PA. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors as potential anticancer agents: An update of recent progress. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105393. [PMID: 34628226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a vital intermediate in cell signaling pathway including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and metastatic spread and also having four divergent members with similar structural features, such as EGFR (HER1/ErbB1), ErbB2 (HER2/neu), ErbB3 (HER3), and ErbB4 (HER4). Despite this, clinically exploited inhibitors of EGFR (including erlotinib, lapatinib, gefitinib, selumetinib, etc.) are not specific thus provoking unenviable adverse effects. Some of the paramount obstacles to generate and develop new lead molecules of EGFR inhibitors are drug resistance, mutation, and also selectivity which inspire medicinal chemists to generate novel chemotypes. The discovery of therapeutic agents that inhibit the precise stage in tumorous cells such as EGFR is one of the chief successful targets in many cancer therapies, including lung and breast cancers. This review aims to compile the various recent progressions (2016-2021) in the discovery and development of diverse epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors belonging to distinct structural classes like pyrazoline, pyrazole, imidazole, pyrimidine, coumarin, benzothiazole, etc. We have summarized preclinical and clinical data, structure-activity relationships (SAR) containing mechanistic and in silico studies to provide proposals for the design and invention of new EGFR inhibitors with therapeutic significance. The detailed progress of the work in the field will provide inexorable scope for the development of novel drug candidates with greater selectivity and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Vikram Jeet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, India.
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Ayala-Aguilera CC, Valero T, Lorente-Macías Á, Baillache DJ, Croke S, Unciti-Broceta A. Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitor Drugs (1995-2021): Medical Indication, Pharmacology, and Synthesis. J Med Chem 2021; 65:1047-1131. [PMID: 34624192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central role of dysregulated kinase activity in the etiology of progressive disorders, including cancer, has fostered incremental efforts on drug discovery programs over the past 40 years. As a result, kinase inhibitors are today one of the most important classes of drugs. The FDA approved 73 small molecule kinase inhibitor drugs until September 2021, and additional inhibitors were approved by other regulatory agencies during that time. To complement the published literature on clinical kinase inhibitors, we have prepared a review that recaps this large data set into an accessible format for the medicinal chemistry community. Along with the therapeutic and pharmacological properties of each kinase inhibitor approved across the world until 2020, we provide the synthesis routes originally used during the discovery phase, many of which were only available in patent applications. In the last section, we also provide an update on kinase inhibitor drugs approved in 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia C Ayala-Aguilera
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Valero
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Álvaro Lorente-Macías
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Baillache
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Croke
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
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164
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Leal AS, Moerland JA, Zhang D, Carapellucci S, Lockwood B, Krieger-Burke T, Aleiwi B, Ellsworth E, Liby KT. The RXR Agonist MSU42011 Is Effective for the Treatment of Preclinical HER2+ Breast Cancer and Kras-Driven Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5004. [PMID: 34638488 PMCID: PMC8508021 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13195004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Notwithstanding numerous therapeutic advances, 176,000 deaths from breast and lung cancers will occur in the United States in 2021 alone. The tumor microenvironment and its modulation by drugs have gained increasing attention and relevance, especially with the introduction of immunotherapy as a standard of care in clinical practice. Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and upon ligand binding, function as transcription factors to modulate multiple cell functions. Bexarotene, the only FDA-approved RXR agonist, is still used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (2) Methods: To test the immunomodulatory and anti-tumor effects of MSU42011, a new RXR agonist, we used two different immunocompetent murine models (MMTV-Neu mice, a HER2 positive model of breast cancer and the A/J mouse model, in which vinyl carbamate is used to initiate lung tumorigenesis) and an immunodeficient xenograft lung cancer model. (3) Results: Treatment of established tumors in immunocompetent models of HER2-positive breast cancer and Kras-driven lung cancer with MSU42011 significantly decreased the tumor burden and increased the ratio of CD8/CD4, CD25 T cells, which correlates with enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Moreover, the combination of MSU42011 and immunotherapy (anti-PDL1 and anti-PD1 antibodies) significantly (p < 0.05) reduced tumor size vs. individual treatments. However, MSU42011 was ineffective in an athymic human A549 lung cancer xenograft model, supporting an immunomodulatory mechanism of action. (4) Conclusions: Collectively, these data suggest that the RXR agonist MSU42011 can be used to modulate the tumor microenvironment in breast and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Leal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Jessica A. Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Sarah Carapellucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Beth Lockwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
| | - Teresa Krieger-Burke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
- In Vivo Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bilal Aleiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Edmund Ellsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Karen T. Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.S.L.); (J.A.M.); (D.Z.); (S.C.); (B.L.); (T.K.-B.); (B.A.); (E.E.)
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Tan TS, Common JEA, Lim JSY, Badowski C, Firdaus MJ, Leonardi SS, Lane EB. A cell-based drug discovery assay identifies inhibition of cell stress responses as a new approach to treatment of epidermolysis bullosa simplex. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272475. [PMID: 34643242 PMCID: PMC8542385 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the skin fragility disorder epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), mutations in keratin 14 (K14, also known as KRT14) or keratin 5 (K5, also known as KRT5) lead to keratinocyte rupture and skin blistering. Severe forms of EBS are associated with cytoplasmic protein aggregates, with elevated kinase activation of ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2; also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively), suggesting intrinsic stress caused by misfolded keratin protein. Human keratinocyte EBS reporter cells stably expressing GFP-tagged EBS-mimetic mutant K14 were used to optimize a semi-automated system to quantify the effects of test compounds on keratin aggregates. Screening of a protein kinase inhibitor library identified several candidates that reduced aggregates and impacted on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling. EGF ligand exposure induced keratin aggregates in EBS reporter keratinocytes, which was reversible by EGFR inhibition. EBS keratinocytes treated with a known EGFR inhibitor, afatinib, were driven out of activation and towards quiescence with minimal cell death. Aggregate reduction was accompanied by denser keratin filament networks with enhanced intercellular cohesion and resilience, which when extrapolated to a whole tissue context would predict reduced epidermal fragility in EBS patients. This assay system provides a powerful tool for discovery and development of new pathway intervention therapeutic avenues for EBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong San Tan
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648.,Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
| | - John E A Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648.,Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
| | - John S Y Lim
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
| | - Cedric Badowski
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
| | - Muhammad Jasrie Firdaus
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648.,Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
| | - Steven S Leonardi
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
| | - E Birgitte Lane
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648.,Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR, Immunos Building, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore138648
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166
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He J, Huang Z, Han L, Gong Y, Xie C. Mechanisms and management of 3rd‑generation EGFR‑TKI resistance in advanced non‑small cell lung cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:90. [PMID: 34558640 PMCID: PMC8562388 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‑tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is a standard modality of the 1st‑line treatments for patients with advanced EGFR‑mutated non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and substantially improves their prognosis. However, EGFR T790M mutation is the primary mechanism of 1st‑ and 2nd‑generation EGFR‑TKI resistance. Osimertinib is a representative of the 3rd‑generation EGFR‑TKIs that target T790M mutation, and has satisfactory efficacy in the treatment of T790M‑positive NSCLC with disease progression following use of 1st‑ or 2nd‑generation EGFR‑TKIs. Other 3rd‑generation EGFR‑TKIs, such as abivertinib, rociletinib, nazartinib, olmutinib and alflutinib, are also at various stages of development. However, the occurrence of acquired resistance is inevitable, and the mechanisms of 3rd‑generation EGFR‑TKI resistance are complex and incompletely understood. Genomic studies in tissue and liquid biopsies of resistant patients reveal multiple candidate pathways. The present review summarizes the recent findings in mechanisms of resistance to 3rd‑generation EGFR‑TKIs in advanced NSCLC, and provides possible strategies to overcome this resistance. The mechanisms of acquired resistance mainly include an altered EGFR signaling pathway (EGFR tertiary mutations and amplification), activation of aberrant bypassing pathways (hepatocyte growth factor receptor amplification, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 amplification and aberrant insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor activation), downstream pathway activation (RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR) and histological/phenotypic transformations (SCLC transformation and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition). The combination of targeted therapies is a promising strategy to treat osimertinib‑resistant patients, and multiple clinical studies on novel combined therapies are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi He
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Linzhi Han
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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167
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Zhu J, Yang Q, Xu W. Iterative Upgrading of Small Molecular Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for EGFR Mutation in NSCLC: Necessity and Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1500. [PMID: 34575576 PMCID: PMC8468657 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy has been reported to have fewer adverse effects, and offer a more convenient route of administration, compared with conventional chemotherapy. With the development of sequencing technology, and research on the molecular biology of lung cancer, especially whole-genome information on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), various therapeutic targets have been unveiled. Among the NSCLC-driving gene mutations, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are the most common, and approximately 10% of Caucasian, and more than 50% of Asian, NSCLC patients have been found to have sensitive EGFR mutations. A variety of targeted therapeutic agents for EGFR mutations have been approved for clinical applications, or are undergoing clinical trials around the world. This review focuses on: the indications of approved small molecular kinase inhibitors for EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC; the mechanisms of drug resistance and the corresponding therapeutic strategies; the principles of reasonable and precision molecular structure; and the drug development discoveries of next-generation inhibitors for EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China;
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Sichuan Province College Key Laboratory of Structure-Specific Small Molecule Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China;
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang 621000, China
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168
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Zou XZ, Zhou XH, Feng YQ, Hao JF, Liang B, Jia MW. Novel inhibitor of OCT1 enhances the sensitivity of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells to antitumor agents. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 907:174222. [PMID: 34087221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most fatal malignancies of the digestive system, and shows an especially high incidence in some regions of China. Octamer transcription factors are a family of transcription factors whose DNA-binding domain is a POU domain. OCT transcription factors (OCT-TFs) mediate maintenance of the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. We measured expression of OCT-TFs in ESCC clinical specimens. Among the OCTs tested, OCT1 showed the highest expression in ESCC tissues. Using molecular docking, we discovered a small-molecule inhibitor, which we named "novel inhibitor of OCT1" (NIO-1), for OCT1. Treatment with NIO-1 inhibited recruitment of OCT1 to the promoter region of its downstream genes and, consequently, repressed OCT1 activation. Treatment with NIO-1 enhanced the susceptibility of ESCC cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, OCT1 may be a valuable target for ESCC treatment, and NIO-1 could be a promising therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zheng Zou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Xiu-Hua Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Ying-Qi Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Jun-Feng Hao
- Department of Nephrology, Jin Qiu Hospital of Liaoning Province / Geriatric Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Bing Liang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Meng-Wei Jia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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Gong K, Yang Y, Huang H, Kuang X, Yang X. HER2-amplified metastatic lung adenocarcinoma responds to fourth-line pyrotinib therapy: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:213. [PMID: 34476097 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of anti-HER2 therapy in patients with breast cancer with HER2 amplification or HER2 overexpression, the results of clinical trials on anti-HER2 therapy for lung cancer have not been satisfactory. The aim of the present study was to report a case of a non-smoker, female patient diagnosed with stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma harboring HER2 amplification. The disease progressed despite surgery and multiple lines of chemotherapy, plus trastuzumab or lapatinib. The pan-ErbB inhibitor pyrotinib (400 mg/day) was commenced as a fourth-line regimen, and the patient achieved complete response with a time to progression (TTP) of 6 months. After the lung adenocarcinoma progressed, pyrotinib was continued, along with anlotinib and nivolumab. The patient achieved stable disease (SD) status with another 6 months of TTP. The overall survival of the patient was 28 months. Therefore, the present case suggests that the development of novel drugs may provide new and effective therapeutic regimens for lung cancer with HER2 amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Gong
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Huan Huang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xunjie Kuang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Yang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, P.R. China
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170
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Patil S, Bhandari S. A Review: Discovering 1,3,4-oxadiazole and chalcone nucleus for cytotoxicity/EGFR inhibitory anticancer activity. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:805-820. [PMID: 34477516 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210902160644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer is reported to be one of the most life-threatening diseases. Major limitations of currently used anticancer agents are drug resistance, very small therapeutic index, and severe, multiple side effects. OBJECTIVE The current scenario necessitates developing new anticancer agents, acting on novel targets for effectively controlling cancer. The epidermal growth factor receptor is one such target, which is being explored for 1,3,4-oxadiazole and chalcone nuclei. METHOD Findings of different researchers working on these scaffolds have been reviewed and analyzed, and the outcomes were summarized. This review focuses on Structure-Activity Relationship studies (SARs) and computational studies of various 1,3,4-oxadiazole and chalcone hybrids/derivatives reported as cytotoxic/EGFR-TK inhibitory anticancer activity. RESULT AND CONCLUSION 1,3,4-oxadiazole and chalcone hybrids/derivatives with varied substitutions are found to be effective pharmacophores in obtaining potent anticancer activity. Having done a thorough literature survey, we conclude that this review will surely provide firm and better insights to the researchers to design and develop potent hybrids/derivatives that inhibit EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shital Patil
- All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society's College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Near RTO, Pune-411001, India
| | - Shashikant Bhandari
- All India Shri Shivaji Memorial Society's College of Pharmacy, Kennedy Road, Near RTO, Pune-411001, India
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171
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Development of New Meridianin/Leucettine-Derived Hybrid Small Molecules as Nanomolar Multi-Kinase Inhibitors with Antitumor Activity. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091131. [PMID: 34572319 PMCID: PMC8468039 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the sea ecosystem offers a broad range of bioactivities including anticancer, none of the FDA-approved antiproliferative protein kinase inhibitors are derived from a marine source. In a step to develop new marine-inspired potent kinase inhibitors with antiproliferative activities, a new series of hybrid small molecules (5a–5g) was designed and synthesized based on chemical moieties derived from two marine natural products (Meridianin E and Leucettamine B). Over a panel of 14 cancer-related kinases, a single dose of 10 µM of the parent hybrid 5a possessing the benzo[d][1,3]dioxole moiety of Leucettamine B was able to inhibit the activity of FMS, LCK, LYN, and DAPK1 kinases with 82.5 ± 0.6, 81.4 ± 0.6, 75.2 ± 0.0, and 55 ± 1.1%, respectively. Further optimization revealed the most potent multiple kinase inhibitor of this new series (5g) with IC50 values of 110, 87.7, and 169 nM against FMS, LCK, and LYN kinases, respectively. Compared to imatinib (FDA-approved multiple kinase inhibitor), compound 5g was found to be ~ 9- and 2-fold more potent than imatinib over both FMS and LCK kinases, respectively. In silico docking simulation models of the synthesized compounds within the active site of FMS, LCK, LYN, and DAPK1 kinases offered reasonable explanations of the elicited biological activities. In an in vitro anticancer assay using a library of 60 cancer cell lines that include blood, lung, colon, CNS, skin, ovarian, renal, prostate, and breast cancers, it was found that compound 5g was able to suppress 60 and 70% of tumor growth in leukemia SR and renal RXF 393 cell lines, respectively. Moreover, an ADME study indicated a suitable profile of compound 5g concerning cell permeability and blood-brain barrier (BBB) impermeability, avoiding possible CNS side effects. Accordingly, compound 5g is reported as a potential lead towards novel antiproliferative marine-derived kinase modulators.
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172
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Shi Y, Meng D, Wang S, Geng P, Xu T, Zhou Q, Zhou Y, Li W, Chen X. Effects of Avitinib on CYP450 Enzyme Activity in vitro and in vivo in Rats. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:3661-3673. [PMID: 34456561 PMCID: PMC8387736 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s323186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Avitinib is the first third-generation epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor independently developed in China and is mainly used for treating non-small cell lung cancer. However, pharmacokinetic details are limited. This study explored the in vivo and in vitro effects of avitinib on cytochrome CYP450 enzymes metabolic activity. Methods A rapid and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for determining six probe substrates and their metabolites. Avitinib influence on activity levels of CYP isozymes was examined in vitro using human and rat liver microsomes (HLMs/RLMs). For in vivo studies, rats were pretreated with 30 mg/kg avitinib once daily for 7 days (avitinib multiple-doses group), 30 mg/kg avitinib on day 7 (avitinib single-dose group), or an equivalent amount of CMC-Na once daily for 7 days (control group), followed by intragastrical administration of the probe substrates (1 mg/kg tolbutamide and 10 mg/kg phenacetin, bupropion, chlorzoxazone, dextromethorphan, and midazolam). Plasma pharmacokinetics and IC50 values of the probe substrates were then compared. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-compartmental analysis implemented in a pharmacokinetic program. Results In vitro experiments revealed different inhibitory effects of avitinib on the six probe substrates with various IC50 values (bupropion, 6.39/22.64 μM; phenacetin, 15.79/48.36 μM; chlorzoxazone, 23.15/57.09 μM; midazolam, 27.64/59.6 μM; tolbutamide, 42.18/6.91 μM; dextromethorphan, 44.39/56.57 μM, in RLMs and HLMs respectively). In vivo analysis revealed significant differences (P <0.05) in distinct pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC(0-t), AUC (0-∞), Cmax, MRT(0-t), MRT (0-∞), and CLz/F) for the six probe substrates after avitinib pretreatment. Conclusion A sensitive and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method was established to determine the concentration of six probe substrates in rat plasma. Avitinib had inhibitory effects on CYP450 enzymes, especially cyp2b1, cyp1a2 in RLMs, CYP2C9 in HLMs, and cyp1a2, cyp2b1, cyp2d1, and cyp2e1 in vivo. Our data recommend caution when avitinib was taken simultaneously with drugs metabolized by CYP450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shi
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Deru Meng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfang Zhou
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanshu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xugao Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
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173
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Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: The Role of the EGFR in Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091113. [PMID: 34578147 PMCID: PMC8470510 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a type 4 γ herpes virus, is recognized as a causative agent in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Incidence of EBV-positive NPC have grown in recent decades along with worse outcomes compared with their EBV-negative counterparts. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), encoded by EBV, induces NPC progression. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), is a driver of tumorigenesis, including for NPC. Little data exist on the relationship between EGFR and EBV-induced NPC. In our initial review, we found that LMP1 promoted the expression of EGFR in NPC in two main ways: the NF-κB pathway and STAT3 activation. On the other hand, EGFR also enhances EBV infection in NPC cells. Moreover, activation of EGFR signalling affects NPC cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Since EGFR promotes tumorigenesis and progression by downstream signalling pathways, causing poor outcomes in NPC patients, EGFR-targeted drugs could be considered a newly developed anti-tumor drug. Here, we summarize the major studies on EBV, EGFR, and LMP1-regulatory EGFR expression and nucleus location in NPC and discuss the clinical efficacy of EGFR-targeted agents in locally advanced NPC (LA NPC) and recurrent or metastatic NPC (R/M NPC) patients.
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174
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Papini F, Sundaresan J, Leonetti A, Tiseo M, Rolfo C, Peters GJ, Giovannetti E. Hype or hope - Can combination therapies with third-generation EGFR-TKIs help overcome acquired resistance and improve outcomes in EGFR-mutant advanced/metastatic NSCLC? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 166:103454. [PMID: 34455092 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Three generations of epidermal growth factor receptor - tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have been developed for treating advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring EGFR-activating mutations, while a fourth generation is undergoing preclinical assessment. Although initially effective, acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs usually arises within a year due to the emergence of clones harboring multiple resistance mechanisms. Therefore, the combination of EGFR-TKIs with other therapeutic agents has emerged as a potential strategy to overcome resistance and improve clinical outcomes. However, results obtained so far are ambiguous and ideal therapies for patients who experience disease progression during treatment with EGFR-TKIs remain elusive. This review provides an updated landscape of EGFR-TKIs, along with a description of the mechanisms causing resistance to these drugs. Moreover, it discusses the current knowledge, limitations, and future perspective regarding the use of EGFR-TKIs in combination with other anticancer agents, supporting the need for bench-to-bedside approaches in selected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Papini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Janani Sundaresan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Leonetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Rolfo
- The Center of Thoracic Oncology at the Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai, NYC, United States
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Pisa, Italy.
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175
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Roskoski R. Blockade of mutant RAS oncogenic signaling with a special emphasis on KRAS. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105806. [PMID: 34450320 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RAS proteins (HRAS, KRAS, NRAS) participate in many physiological signal transduction processes related to cell growth, division, and survival. The RAS proteins are small (188/189 amino acid residues) and they function as GTPases. These proteins toggle between inactive and functional forms; the conversion of inactive RAS-GDP to active RAS-GTP as mediated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) turns the switch on and the intrinsic RAS-GTPase activity stimulated by the GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) turns the switch off. RAS is upstream to the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK and the PI3-kinase-AKT signaling modules. Importantly, the overall incidence of RAS mutations in all cancers is about 19% and RAS mutants have been a pharmacological target for more than three decades. About 84% of all RAS mutations involve KRAS. Except for the GTP/GDP binding site, the RAS proteins lack other deep surface pockets thereby hindering efforts to identify high-affinity antagonists; thus, they have been considered to be undruggable. KRAS mutations frequently occur in lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers, the three most deadly cancers in the United States. Studies within the last decade demonstrated that the covalent modification of KRAS C12, which accounts for about 10% of all RAS mutations, led to the discovery of an adjacent pocket (called the switch II pocket) that accommodated a portion of the drug. This led to the development of sotorasib as a second-line treatment of KRASG12C-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Considerable effort also has been expended to develop MAP kinase and PI3-kinase pathway inhibitors as indirect RAS antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 106, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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176
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Xu Z, Qin F, Yuan L, Wei J, Sun Y, Qin J, Deng K, Zheng T, Li S. EGFR DNA Methylation Correlates With EGFR Expression, Immune Cell Infiltration, and Overall Survival in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:691915. [PMID: 34447695 PMCID: PMC8383738 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.691915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a primary target of molecular targeted therapy for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The mechanisms that lead to epigenetic abnormalities of EGFR in LUAD are still unclear. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the abnormal methylation of EGFR CpG sites as potential biomarkers for LUAD. Methods To assess the differentially methylation CpG sites of EGFR in LUAD, we used an integrative study of Illumina HumanMethylation450K and RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We evaluated and compared EGFR multiple-omics data to explore the role of CpG sites located in EGFR promoter regions and gene body regions and the association with transcripts, protein expression levels, mutations, and somatic copy number variation. We calculated the correlation coefficients between CpG sites of EGFR and immune infiltration fraction (by MCPcounter and ESTIMATE) and immune-related pathways in LUAD. Finally, we validated the differential methylation of clinically and prognostically relevant CpG sites using quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP). Results We found that the methylation level of many EGFR CpGs in the promoter region was negatively correlated with the transcription level, protein expression, and SCNV, while the methylation at the gene body region was positively correlated with these features. The methylation level of EGFR CpGs in the promoter region was positively correlated with the level of immune infiltration and IFN-γ signature, while the opposite was found for methylation of the gene body region. The qMSP results showed that cg02316066 had a high methylation level, while cg02166842 had a low methylation level in LUAD. There was a high degree of co-methylation between cg02316066 and cg03046247. Conclusion Our data indicate that EGFR is an epigenetic regulator in LUAD acting through DNA methylation. Our research provides a theoretical basis for the further detection of EGFR DNA methylation as a predictive biomarker for LUAD survival and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyu Xu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fanglu Qin
- School of Information and Management, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liqiang Yuan
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiangbo Wei
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junqi Qin
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Kun Deng
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tiaozhan Zheng
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shikang Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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177
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Profiling novel pharmacology of receptor complexes using Receptor-HIT. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1555-1565. [PMID: 34436548 PMCID: PMC8421044 DOI: 10.1042/bst20201110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many receptors are able to undergo heteromerisation, leading to the formation of receptor complexes that may have pharmacological profiles distinct from those of the individual receptors. As a consequence of this, receptor heteromers can be classed as new drug targets, with the potential for achieving greater specificity and selectivity over targeting their constituent receptors. We have developed the Receptor-Heteromer Investigation Technology (Receptor-HIT), which enables the detection of receptor heteromers using a proximity-based reporter system such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Receptor-HIT detects heteromers in live cells and in real time, by utilising ligand-induced signals that arise from altered interactions with specific biomolecules, such as ligands or proteins. Furthermore, monitoring the interaction between the receptors and the specific biomolecules generates functional information about the heteromer that can be pharmacologically quantified. This review will discuss various applications of Receptor-HIT, including its use with different classes of receptors (e.g. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and others), its use to monitor receptor interactions both intracellularly and extracellularly, and also its use with genome-edited endogenous proteins.
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178
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Wall TP, Buggy DJ. Perioperative Intravenous Lidocaine and Metastatic Cancer Recurrence - A Narrative Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:688896. [PMID: 34408981 PMCID: PMC8365881 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.688896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major global health problem and the second leading cause of death worldwide. When detected early, surgery provides a potentially curative intervention for many solid organ tumours. Unfortunately, cancer frequently recurs postoperatively. Evidence from laboratory and retrospective clinical studies suggests that the choice of anaesthetic and analgesic agents used perioperatively may influence the activity of residual cancer cells and thus affect subsequent recurrence risk. The amide local anaesthetic lidocaine has a well-established role in perioperative therapeutics, whether used systemically as an analgesic agent or in the provision of regional anaesthesia. Under laboratory conditions, lidocaine has been shown to inhibit cancer cell behaviour and exerts beneficial effects on components of the inflammatory and immune responses which are known to affect cancer biology. These findings raise the possibility that lidocaine administered perioperatively as a safe and inexpensive intravenous infusion may provide significant benefits in terms of long term cancer outcomes. However, despite the volume of promising laboratory data, robust prospective clinical evidence supporting beneficial anti-cancer effects of perioperative lidocaine treatment is lacking, although trials are planned to address this. This review provides a state of the art summary of the current knowledge base and recent advances regarding perioperative lidocaine therapy, its biological effects and influence on postoperative cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Wall
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,EU COST Action 15204, Euro-Periscope, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Donal J Buggy
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,EU COST Action 15204, Euro-Periscope, Brussels, Belgium.,Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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179
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Oh SJ, Noh KH, Song KH, Kim TW. Interaction between SCP3 and JAB1 Confers Cancer Therapeutic Resistance and Stem-like Properties through EGF Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168839. [PMID: 34445562 PMCID: PMC8396186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SCP3), a member of the Cor1 family, has been implicated in cancer progression, and therapeutic resistance, as well as cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties. Previously, we demonstrated that SCP3 promotes these aggressive phenotypes via hyperactivation of the AKT signaling pathway; however, the underlying mechanisms responsible for SCP3-induced AKT activation remain to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that the EGF-EGFR axis is the primary route through which SCP3 acts to activate AKT signaling. SCP3 triggers the EGFR-AKT pathway through transcriptional activation of EGF. Notably, neutralization of secreted EGF by its specific monoclonal antibody reversed SCP3-mediated aggressive phenotypes with a concomitant reversal of EGFR-AKT activation. In an effort to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying SCP3-induced transcriptional activation of EGF, we identified Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (JAB1) as a binding partner of SCP3 using a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay system, and we demonstrated that SCP3 induces EGF transcription through physical interaction with JAB1. Thus, our findings establish a firm molecular link among SCP3, EGFR, and AKT by identifying the novel roles of SCP3 in transcriptional regulation. We believe that these findings hold important implications for controlling SCP3high therapeutic-refractory cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Oh
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Noh
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Kwon-Ho Song
- Department of Cell Biology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-H.S.); (T.W.K.); Tel.: +82-053-650-4752 (K.-H.S.); +82-02-2286-1301 (T.W.K.)
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.-H.S.); (T.W.K.); Tel.: +82-053-650-4752 (K.-H.S.); +82-02-2286-1301 (T.W.K.)
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180
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Computational studies of anaplastic lymphoma kinase mutations reveal common mechanisms of oncogenic activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019132118. [PMID: 33674381 PMCID: PMC7958353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019132118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk tumors are genomically heterogeneous, harboring gene amplifications and mutations. The activation status of mutated proteins in cancer can profoundly impact disease progression, patient response, and drug sensitivity. Yet, outside of a few hotspot mutations, functional studies of clinically observed mutations are not commonly pursued. We report a combined experimental profiling and computational analysis of the effects of clinically observed and “test” mutations in the kinase domain of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a known oncogenic driver in pediatric neuroblastoma. We find that the activation status of the mutated protein is a good indicator of the transforming ability in NIH 3T3 cells. We also report biophysical as well as data-driven models with predictive power to profile these mutant kinases in silico. Kinases play important roles in diverse cellular processes, including signaling, differentiation, proliferation, and metabolism. They are frequently mutated in cancer and are the targets of a large number of specific inhibitors. Surveys of cancer genome atlases reveal that kinase domains, which consist of 300 amino acids, can harbor numerous (150 to 200) single-point mutations across different patients in the same disease. This preponderance of mutations—some activating, some silent—in a known target protein make clinical decisions for enrolling patients in drug trials challenging since the relevance of the target and its drug sensitivity often depend on the mutational status in a given patient. We show through computational studies using molecular dynamics (MD) as well as enhanced sampling simulations that the experimentally determined activation status of a mutated kinase can be predicted effectively by identifying a hydrogen bonding fingerprint in the activation loop and the αC-helix regions, despite the fact that mutations in cancer patients occur throughout the kinase domain. In our study, we find that the predictive power of MD is superior to a purely data-driven machine learning model involving biochemical features that we implemented, even though MD utilized far fewer features (in fact, just one) in an unsupervised setting. Moreover, the MD results provide key insights into convergent mechanisms of activation, primarily involving differential stabilization of a hydrogen bond network that engages residues of the activation loop and αC-helix in the active-like conformation (in >70% of the mutations studied, regardless of the location of the mutation).
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181
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Bayazeid O, Rahman T. Correlation Analysis of Target Selectivity and Side Effects of FDA‐Approved Kinase Inhibitors**. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omer Bayazeid
- Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Hacettepe University, Sihhiye 06100 Ankara Turkey
| | - Taufiq Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology University of Cambridge Tennis Court Road Cambridge CB2 1PD UK
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182
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Guo XF, Zhang YY, Kang J, Dou QH, Zhu XF. A bispecific decoy receptor VEGFR-EGFR/Fc binding EGF-like ligands and VEGF shows potent antitumor efficacy. J Drug Target 2021; 30:302-312. [PMID: 34319822 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1961791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) represent two clinically validated targets for a variety of human cancers, and dual inhibition of EGFR and VEGF(R) has demonstrated superior activity to single EGFR inhibitors. This study was to construct a novel bispecific decoy receptor VEGFR-EGFR/Fc that contains Fc portion of human IgG1 acted as molecular scaffold, and the immunoglobulin-like domain 1-3 of VEGFR1 and extracellular domain of EGFR fused to the N-terminal and C-terminal of Fc, respectively, aiming at capturing the EGF-like ligands and VEGF. ELISA showed that VEGFR-EGFR/Fc bound to EGF, TGF-α and VEGF with high affinity. It displayed potent proliferation inhibitory effects on human non-small-cell lung cancer A549 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells revealed by MTT assays. VEGFR-EGFR/Fc significantly inhibited cell invasion and migration demonstrated by wound healing assay and transwell assay. In vivo, VEGFR-EGFR/Fc showed remarkable growth inhibition on A549 xenografts. Cell apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis were also observed in xenograft tumour tissues. Mechanistically, VEGFR-EGFR/Fc pre-treatment blocked the phosphorylation of EGFR and VEGFR2 and resulted in a decrease in the downstream signalling molecules, AKT, p44/42MAPK and p38MAPK. These data suggest VEGFR-EGFR/Fc would be a promising candidate for cancer targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yue-Yue Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jia Kang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qiao-Hua Dou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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183
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Shraim BA, Moursi MO, Benter IF, Habib AM, Akhtar S. The Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Mediating Diabetes-Induced Cardiovascular Complications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:701390. [PMID: 34408653 PMCID: PMC8365470 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major debilitating disease whose global incidence is progressively increasing with currently over 463 million adult sufferers and this figure will likely reach over 700 million by the year 2045. It is the complications of diabetes such as cardiovascular, renal, neuronal and ocular dysfunction that lead to increased patient morbidity and mortality. Of these, cardiovascular complications that can result in stroke and cardiomyopathies are 2- to 5-fold more likely in diabetes but the underlying mechanisms involved in their development are not fully understood. Emerging research suggests that members of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR/ErbB/HER) family of tyrosine kinases can have a dual role in that they are beneficially required for normal development and physiological functioning of the cardiovascular system (CVS) as well as in salvage pathways following acute cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury but their chronic dysregulation may also be intricately involved in mediating diabetes-induced cardiovascular pathologies. Here we review the evidence for EGFR/ErbB/HER receptors in mediating these dual roles in the CVS and also discuss their potential interplay with the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System heptapeptide, Angiotensin-(1-7), as well the arachidonic acid metabolite, 20-HETE (20-hydroxy-5, 8, 11, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid). A greater understanding of the multi-faceted roles of EGFR/ErbB/HER family of tyrosine kinases and their interplay with other key modulators of cardiovascular function could facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bara A Shraim
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Moaz O Moursi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ibrahim F Benter
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, North Cyprus
| | - Abdella M Habib
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saghir Akhtar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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184
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HER Tyrosine Kinase Family and Rhabdomyosarcoma: Role in Onset and Targeted Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071808. [PMID: 34359977 PMCID: PMC8305095 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are tumors of the skeletal muscle lineage. Two main features allow for distinction between subtypes: morphology and presence/absence of a translocation between the PAX3 (or PAX7) and FOXO1 genes. The two main subtypes are fusion-positive alveolar RMS (ARMS) and fusion-negative embryonal RMS (ERMS). This review will focus on the role of receptor tyrosine kinases of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family that is comprised EGFR itself, HER2, HER3 and HER4 in RMS onset and the potential therapeutic targeting of receptor tyrosine kinases. EGFR is highly expressed by ERMS tumors and cell lines, in some cases contributing to tumor growth. If not mutated, HER2 is not directly involved in control of RMS cell growth but can be expressed at significant levels. A minority of ERMS carries a HER2 mutation with driving activity on tumor growth. HER3 is frequently overexpressed by RMS and can play a role in the residual myogenic differentiation ability and in resistance to signaling-directed therapy. HER family members could be exploited for therapeutic approaches in two ways: blocking the HER member (playing a driving role for tumor growth with antibodies or inhibitors) and targeting expressed HER members to vehiculate toxins or immune effectors.
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185
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Zhao J, Zhang T, Liang Y, Zou H, Zhang J. Inhibitory activities of 20(R, S)-protopanaxatriol against epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 155:112411. [PMID: 34271119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As major metabolites of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, 20(R, S)-protopanaxatriol [20(R, S)-PPT] display multiple bioactivities. This work aimed to investigate the inhibitory activities of 20(R, S)-PPT against epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and the potential mechanism. 20(R, S)-PPT inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner and blocked cell cycle progression at G1/G0 phase. Then 20(R, S)-PPT were found to influence the protein expressions involved in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Molecular docking suggested that 20(R, S)-PPT could bind to the active sites of all target proteins in EGFR-MAPK pathway. It is worth noting that 20(R, S)-PPT showed stronger binding capacities with EGFR, compared with other proteins. Hence, this work further investigated the binding interactions and binding stabilities between 20(R, S)-PPT and EGFR. Both hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds contributed to the 20(R, S)-PPT-EGFR binding. In addition, the in vitro inhibitory activities of 20(R, S)-PPT against EGFR tyrosine kinase were observed in a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay, with the IC50 values of 24.10 ± 0.17 and 33.19 ± 0.19 μM respectively. Taken together with the above results, both of 20(R)-PPT and 20(S)-PPT might serve as potential EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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186
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Aliwaini S, Abu Thaher B, Al-Masri I, Shurrab N, El-Kurdi S, Schollmeyer D, Qeshta B, Ghunaim M, Csuk R, Laufer S, Kaiser L, Deigner HP. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrazolo[1,2,4]triazolopyrimidine Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134065. [PMID: 34279406 PMCID: PMC8271544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three novel pyrazolo-[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolopyrimidine derivatives (1, 2, and 3) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro biological activity. All three compounds exhibited different levels of cytotoxicity against cervical and breast cancer cell lines. However, compound 1 showed the best antiproliferative activity against all tested tumor cell lines, including HCC1937 and HeLa cells, which express high levels of wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Western blot analyses demonstrated that compound 1 inhibited the activation of EGFR, protein kinase B (Akt), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2 in breast and cervical cancer cells at concentrations of 7 and 11 µM, respectively. The results from docking experiments with EGFR suggested the binding of compound 1 at the ATP binding site of EGFR. Furthermore, the crystal structure of compound 3 (7-(4-bromophenyl)-9-(pyridin-4-yl)-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine) was determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. Our work represents a promising starting point for the development of a new series of compounds targeting EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeb Aliwaini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine or (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - Bassam Abu Thaher
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine; (S.E.-K.); (B.Q.)
- Correspondence: (B.A.T.); (H.-P.D.); Tel.: +970-8-264-4400 (B.A.T.); +49-7720-307-4232 (H.-P.D.)
| | - Ihab Al-Masri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Gaza P.O. Box 1277, Palestine;
| | - Nabil Shurrab
- Chemistry Department, Al Azhar University-Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 1277, Palestine;
| | - Said El-Kurdi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine; (S.E.-K.); (B.Q.)
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Basem Qeshta
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine; (S.E.-K.); (B.Q.)
| | - Mariam Ghunaim
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine or (S.A.); (M.G.)
| | - René Csuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Furtwangen University (HFU), Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Furtwangen University (HFU), Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany;
- EXIM Department, Fraunhofer Institute IZI Leipzig, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Associated Member of Faculty of Science, Tuebingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.A.T.); (H.-P.D.); Tel.: +970-8-264-4400 (B.A.T.); +49-7720-307-4232 (H.-P.D.)
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187
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Molecular Landscape of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137069. [PMID: 34209172 PMCID: PMC8269046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) is a rare malignancy with dual pathogenesis, Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated and HPV-independent, with a poorly explored molecular landscape. We aimed to summarize the findings of the series analyzing molecular hallmarks of this neoplasm. In January 2021, we conducted a comprehensive literature search using Pubmed Medline and Scopus to identify publications focused on genomic profiling of VSCC. Observational studies, including both prospective and retrospective designs, evaluating molecular alterations in VSCC were deemed eligible. A total of 14 studies analyzing 749 VSCC were identified. The study series were heterogeneous in HPV testing and sequencing strategies, included small sets of tumors and cancer genes, and commonly lacked survival analysis. Only one extensive targeted next-generation sequencing-based study comprised a large cohort of 280 VSCC. The mutated genes, their number, and frequencies were highly variable between the series. Overall, TP53 and CDKN2A, followed by PIK3CA, HRAS, and PTEN, were the most frequently studied and mutated genes. Mutations involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, including TP53, HRAS, KRAS, and PIK3CA, have been consistently reported across the studies. However, the role of individual mutations or pathways in the development of VSCC remains unclear. In conclusion, heterogeneity and the small sample size of available molecular series contribute to a limited view of the molecular landscape of VSCC. Large-scale genome- or exome-wide studies with robust HPV testing are necessary to improve the molecular characterization of VSCC.
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188
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Li XF, Liu CF, Rao GW. Monoclonal Antibodies, Small Molecule Inhibitors and Antibody-drug Conjugates as HER2 Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3339-3360. [PMID: 32900344 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200908112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 is found in a variety of cancers, often portending poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, HER2 is an attractive target for treatment. This review describes the research progress of HER2 targeted inhibitors in recent years. Excellent reviews are available, so we focus on the development, mechanisms of action, and structure-activity relationships of different types of inhibitors, including monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). In addition, the differences among them are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chen-Fu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Guo-Wu Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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189
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Fleming MR, Xiao L, Jackson KD, Beckman JA, Barac A, Moslehi JJ. Vascular Impact of Cancer Therapies: The Case of BTK (Bruton Tyrosine Kinase) Inhibitors. Circ Res 2021; 128:1973-1987. [PMID: 34110908 PMCID: PMC10185355 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel targeted cancer therapies have revolutionized oncology therapies, but these treatments can have cardiovascular complications, which include heterogeneous cardiac, metabolic, and vascular sequelae. Vascular side effects have emerged as important considerations in both cancer patients undergoing active treatment and cancer survivors. Here, we provide an overview of vascular effects of cancer therapies, focusing on small-molecule kinase inhibitors and specifically inhibitors of BTK (Bruton tyrosine kinase), which have revolutionized treatment and prognosis for B-cell malignancies. Cardiovascular side effects of BTK inhibitors include atrial fibrillation, increased risk of bleeding, and hypertension, with the former 2 especially providing a treatment challenge for the clinician. Cardiovascular complications of small-molecule kinase inhibitors can occur through either on-target (targeting intended target kinase) or off-target kinase inhibition. We will review these concepts and focus on the case of BTK inhibitors, highlight the emerging data suggesting an off-target effect that may provide insights into development of arrhythmias, specifically atrial fibrillation. We believe that cardiac and vascular sequelae of novel targeted cancer therapies can provide insights into human cardiovascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Fleming
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.R.F., J.A.B., J.J.M.), Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ling Xiao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.X.)
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (K.D.J.)
| | - Joshua A Beckman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.R.F., J.A.B., J.J.M.), Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ana Barac
- Georgetown University and MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, MedStar Washing Hospital Center, DC (A.B.)
| | - Javid J Moslehi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.R.F., J.A.B., J.J.M.), Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Cardio-Oncology Program (J.J.M.), Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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190
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González L, Díaz ME, Miquet JG, Sotelo AI, Dominici FP. Growth Hormone Modulation of Hepatic Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:403-414. [PMID: 33838976 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has a central role in the regenerative response of the liver upon injury and is involved in cellular transformation linked to chronic damage. Hepatic EGFR expression, trafficking, and signaling are regulated by growth hormone (GH). Chronically elevated GH levels are associated with liver cancer development and progression in mice. Studies in different in vivo experimental models indicate that EGF and GH mutually crossregulate in a complex manner. Several factors, such as the extent of exposure to supraphysiological GH levels and the pattern of GH administration, are important variables to be considered in exploring the interplay between the two hormones in connection with the progression of hepatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena González
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María E Díaz
- Universidad Nacional de Luján, CONICET, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna G Miquet
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana I Sotelo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando P Dominici
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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191
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Zhong L, Li Y, Xiong L, Wang W, Wu M, Yuan T, Yang W, Tian C, Miao Z, Wang T, Yang S. Small molecules in targeted cancer therapy: advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:201. [PMID: 34054126 PMCID: PMC8165101 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 208.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the advantages in efficacy and safety compared with traditional chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapeutic drugs have become mainstream cancer treatments. Since the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib was approved to enter the market by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001, an increasing number of small-molecule targeted drugs have been developed for the treatment of malignancies. By December 2020, 89 small-molecule targeted antitumor drugs have been approved by the US FDA and the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) of China. Despite great progress, small-molecule targeted anti-cancer drugs still face many challenges, such as a low response rate and drug resistance. To better promote the development of targeted anti-cancer drugs, we conducted a comprehensive review of small-molecule targeted anti-cancer drugs according to the target classification. We present all the approved drugs as well as important drug candidates in clinical trials for each target, discuss the current challenges, and provide insights and perspectives for the research and development of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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192
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Shuai S, Liao X, Wang H, Liu L, Mei S, Cao J, Wang S. TIP30 overcomes gefitinib resistance by regulating cytoplasmic and nuclear EGFR signaling in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4139-4150. [PMID: 34058054 PMCID: PMC8486181 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (eg, gefitinib) exert potent therapeutic efficacy in non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EGFR‐activating mutations. However, the resistance to EGFR TKIs limits their clinical therapeutic efficacy. TIP30, a newly identified tumor suppressor, appears to be involved in the regulation of cytoplasmic and nuclear EGFR signaling in NSCLC. Our previous study demonstrated that TIP30 regulated EGF‐dependent cyclin D1 transcription in human lung adenocarcinoma and suppressed tumorigenesis. In the present study, the involvement of TIP30 in combating gefitinib resistance in NSCLC was determined for the first time in vitro and in vivo. Gain and loss of function studies showed that overexpression of TIP30 effectively sensitized cells to gefitinib in vitro, whereas TIP30 inhibition promoted gefitinib cell resistance. Moreover, TIP30 negatively regulated the activation of the p‐AKT and p‐MEK signaling pathways in PC9/GR. Importantly, PC9/GR harbored high levels of nuclear EGFR, and overexpression of TIP30 restored irregular EGFR trafficking and degradation from early endosomes to the late endosomes, decreasing the nuclear accumulation of EGFR, which may partly or totally inhibit EGFR‐mediated induction of c‐Myc transcription. Xenographic tumors induced by overexpression of TIP30 by PC9/GR cells in nude mice were suppressed compared with their original counterparts. Overall, it was revealed that TIP30 overexpression restored gefitinib sensitivity in NSCLC cells and attenuated the cytoplasmic and nuclear EGFR signaling pathways and may be a promising biomarker in gefitinib resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shuai
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueyang Liao
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lusha Liu
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Mei
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Cao
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Senming Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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193
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Chang Z, Jian P, Zhang Q, Liang W, Zhou K, Hu Q, Liu Y, Liu R, Zhang L. Tannins in Terminalia bellirica inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma growth by regulating EGFR-signaling and tumor immunity. Food Funct 2021; 12:3720-3739. [PMID: 33900343 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00203a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The fruits of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (TB) are used as a multi-use therapeutic herbal product in the Tibetan medicinal system and are prescribed as a general health tonic in the traditional Ayurvedic medicinal system. It has been demonstrated that these fruits have a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and immunoregulatory effects, etc. However, the therapeutic effects of tannins in TB on HCC and the underlying mechanisms remain uncharacterized. In the current study, we aimed to identify the anti-tumor effect of tannins in TB by employing a H22 xenograft mouse model and by performing cell-based in vitro studies with the assistance of the network pharmacology analysis. The crude extract of TB was purified to yield total tannin fraction (TB-TF), and our results found that TB-TF significantly inhibited the tumor growth of H22 xenografts in mice by inducing apoptosis and reducing angiogenesis. A total of 90 compounds were then identified in TB-TF by UPLC-MS/MS, and 27 were found in serum after oral administration of TB-TF in mice. The network pharmacology analysis based on these absorbed components was performed and, along with experimental evidence, it revealed that the ERBB, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways may be involved in the anti-tumor effect of TB-TF on HCC. Furthermore, we suggested that TB-TF effectively modulated the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in H22 xenograft mice. In summary, our study demonstrated that TB-TF could be developed as a functional food, which is not only a promising anti-cancer reagent but also a potential candidate with bright prospects for the emerging trends of immunotherapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Chang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Ping Jian
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Qiunan Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Wenyi Liang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Kun Zhou
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Qian Hu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Yuqi Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Runping Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Lanzhen Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
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194
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Paracchini L, D’Incalci M, Marchini S. Liquid Biopsy in the Clinical Management of High-Grade Serous Epithelial Ovarian Cancer-Current Use and Future Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2386. [PMID: 34069200 PMCID: PMC8156052 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of a sensitive and specific biomarker and the limits relating to the single primary tumor sampling make it difficult to monitor high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer (HGS-EOC) over time and to capture those alterations that are potentially useful in guiding clinical decisions. To overcome these issues, liquid biopsy has emerged as a very promising tool for HGS-EOC. The analysis of circulating tumor DNA appears to be feasible and studies assessing specific pathogenic mutations (i.e., TP53) or copy number alterations have shown a sufficient degree of sensitivity and specificity to be realistically used to monitor the effectiveness of antitumor therapy. Liquid biopsy can also provide potential important information on the mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance, e.g., by the determination of the reversion of BRCA mutations. Perspective studies are needed to test whether the application of liquid biopsy will significantly improve HGS-EOC management and patients' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Paracchini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy;
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
| | - Maurizio D’Incalci
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
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195
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Ginghină O, Hudiță A, Zaharia C, Tsatsakis A, Mezhuev Y, Costache M, Gălățeanu B. Current Landscape in Organic Nanosized Materials Advances for Improved Management of Colorectal Cancer Patients. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2440. [PMID: 34066710 PMCID: PMC8125868 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as one of the most prevalent types of cancers at the moment, being the second cause of cancer-related deaths. The CRC chemotherapy backbone is represented by 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and their combinations, but their administration presents several serious disadvantages, such as poor bioavailability, lack of tumor specificity, and susceptibility to multidrug resistance. To address these limitations, nanomedicine has arisen as a powerful tool to improve current chemotherapy since nanosized carriers hold great promise in improving the stability and solubility of the drug payload and enhancing the active concentration of the drug that reaches the tumor tissue, increasing, therefore, the safety and efficacy of the treatment. In this context, the present review offers an overview of the most recent advances in the development of nanosized drug-delivery systems as smart therapeutic tools in CRC management and highlights the emerging need for improving the existing in vitro cancer models to reduce animal testing and increase the success of nanomedicine in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octav Ginghină
- Department of Surgery, “Sf. Ioan” Emergency Clinical Hospital, 13 Vitan Barzesti Street, 042122 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department II, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 17-21 Calea Plevnei Street, 010232 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ariana Hudiță
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei Street, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Cătălin Zaharia
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Yaroslav Mezhuev
- Center of Biomaterials, D Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marieta Costache
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei Street, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (B.G.)
| | - Bianca Gălățeanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei Street, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (B.G.)
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196
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Roskoski R. Hydrophobic and polar interactions of FDA-approved small molecule protein kinase inhibitors with their target enzymes. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105660. [PMID: 33971270 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation and mutations of protein kinases play causal roles in many diseases including cancer. The KLIFS (kinase-ligand interaction fingerprint and structure) catalog includes 85 ligand binding-site residues occurring in both the small and large protein kinase lobes. Except for allosteric inhibitors, all FDA-approved drug-target enzyme complexes display hydrophobic interactions involving catalytic spine residue-6 (KLIFS-77), catalytic spine residue-7 (KLIFS-11), and catalytic spine residue-8 (KLIFS-15) within the small lobe and residues within the hinge-linker region (KLIFS-46-52). Except for allosteric antagonists, the approved drugs form hydrogen bonds with the third hinge residue (KLIFS-48) of their target. Most of the approved drugs, including the allosteric inhibitors, interact with the small lobe gatekeeper residue (KLIFS-45). The type IIA inhibitors have the most hydrophobic interactions with their target enzymes. These include interactions with KLIFS-27/31/35/61/66 residues of the back pocket within both the small and large lobes. There is also interaction with KLIFS-68 (regulatory spine residue-1), the conserved histidine of the catalytic loop that is found in the back pocket of type II antagonists, but within the front pocket of the other types of inhibitors. Owing to the participation of protein kinase signaling cascades in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes, one can foresee the increasing use of targeted inhibitors both as primary and secondary treatments for many illnesses. Further studies of protein kinase signal transduction pathways promise to yield new and actionable information that will serve as a basis for fundamental and applied biomedical breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742-8814, United States.
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197
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Expression and purification of a recombinant ELRL-MAP30 with dual-targeting anti-tumor bioactivity. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 185:105893. [PMID: 33933613 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
MAP30 (Momordica antiviral protein 30kD) is a single-chain Ⅰ-type ribosome inactivating protein with a variety of biological activities, including anti-tumor ability. It was reported that MAP30 would serve as a novel and relatively safe agent for prophylaxis and treatment of liver cancer. To determine whether adding two tumor targeting peptides could improve the antitumor activities of MAP30, we genetically modified MAP30 with an RGD motif and a EGFRi motif, which is a ligand with high affinity for αvβ3 integrins and with high affinity for EGFR. The recombinant protein ELRL-MAP30 (rELRL-MAP30) containing a GST-tag was expressed in E. coli. The rELRL-MAP30 was highly expressed in the soluble fraction after induction with 0.15 mM IPTG for 20 h at 16 °C. The purified rELRL-MAP30 appeared as a band on SDS-PAGE. It was identified by western blotting. Cytotoxicity of recombinant protein to HepG2, MDA-MB-231, HUVEC and MCF-7 cells was detected by MTT analysis. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were 54.64 μg/mL, 70.13 μg/mL, 146 μg/mL, 466.4 μg/mL, respectively. Proliferation inhibition assays indicated that rELRL-MAP30 could inhibit the growth of Human liver cancer cell HepG2 effectively. We found that rELRL-MAP30 significantly induced apoptosis in liver cancer cells, as evidenced by nuclear staining of DAPI. In addition, rELRL-MAP30 induced apoptosis in human liver cancer HepG2 cells by up-regulation of Bax as well as down-regulation of Bcl-2. Migration of cell line were markedly inhibited by rELRL-MAP30 in a dose-dependent manner compared to the recombinant MAP30 (rMAP30). In summary, the fusion protein displaying extremely potent cytotoxicity might be highly effective for tumor therapy.
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198
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Lan T, Xue X, Dunmall LC, Miao J, Wang Y. Patient-derived xenograft: a developing tool for screening biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for human esophageal cancers. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:12273-12293. [PMID: 33903283 PMCID: PMC8109069 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) represents a human malignancy, diagnosed often at the advanced stage of cancer and resulting in high morbidity and mortality. The development of precision medicine allows for the identification of more personalized therapeutic strategies to improve cancer treatment. By implanting primary cancer tissues into immunodeficient mice for expansion, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models largely maintain similar histological and genetic representations naturally found in patients' tumor cells. PDX models of EC (EC-PDX) provide fine platforms to investigate the tumor microenvironment, tumor genomic heterogeneity, and tumor response to chemoradiotherapy, which are necessary for new drug discovery to combat EC in addition to optimization of current therapeutic strategies for EC. In this review, we summarize the methods used for establishing EC-PDX models and investigate the utilities of EC-PDX in screening predictive biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. The challenge of this promising research tool is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Lan
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Xia Xue
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
- The Academy of Medical Science, Precision Medicine Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Louisa Chard Dunmall
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeuitcs, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jinxin Miao
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
- Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeuitcs, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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199
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Xu B, Huo Z, Huang H, Ji W, Bian Z, Jiao J, Sun J, Shao J. The expression and prognostic value of the epidermal growth factor receptor family in glioma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:451. [PMID: 33892666 PMCID: PMC8063311 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family belongs to the transmembrane protein receptor of the tyrosine kinase I subfamily and has 4 members: EGFR/ERBB1, ERBB2, ERBB3, and ERBB4. The EGFR family is closely related to the occurrence and development of a variety of cancers. MATERIALS/METHODS In this study, we used multiple online bioinformatics websites, including ONCOMINE, TCGA, CGGA, TIMER, cBioPortal, GeneMANIA and DAVID, to study the expression profiles, prognostic values and immune infiltration correlations of the EGFR family in glioma. RESULTS We found that EGFR and ERBB2 mRNA expression levels were higher in glioblastoma (GBM, WHO IV) than in other grades (WHO grade II & III), while the ERBB3 and ERBB4 mRNA expression levels were the opposite. EGFR and ERBB2 were notably downregulated in IDH mutant gliomas, while ERBB3 and ERBB4 were upregulated, which was associated with a poor prognosis. In addition, correlation analysis between EGFR family expression levels and immune infiltrating levels in glioma showed that EGFR family expression and immune infiltrating levels were significantly correlated. The PPI network of the EGFR family in glioma and enrichment analysis showed that the EGFR family and its interactors mainly participated in the regulation of cell motility, involving integrin receptors and Rho family GTPases. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the results of this study indicate that the EGFR family members may become potential therapeutic targets and new prognostic markers for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qing Yang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengyuan Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qing Yang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qing Yang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qing Yang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qing Yang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiantong Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qing Yang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qing Yang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Junfei Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qing Yang Road, Wuxi, 214023, Jiangsu, China.
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200
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Ren Y, Chen D, Zhai Z, Chen J, Li A, Liang Y, Zhou J. JAC1 suppresses proliferation of breast cancer through the JWA/p38/SMURF1/HER2 signaling. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:85. [PMID: 33875644 PMCID: PMC8055679 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of HER2 is associated with a malignant proliferation of breast cancer. In this study, we developed a non-cytotoxic JWA gene activating compound 1 (JAC1) to inhibit the proliferation of HER2-positive breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo experimental models. JAC1 increased the ubiquitination of HER2 at the K716 site through the E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF1 which was due to the decreased expression of NEDD4, the E3 ubiquitin ligase of SMURF1. In conclusion, JAC1 suppresses the proliferation of HER2-positive breast cancer cells through the JWA triggered HER2 ubiquitination signaling. JAC1 may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Ren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.,Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 226007, Nantong, China
| | - Dongyin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Zurong Zhai
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiping Li
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China.
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