151
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Fernandez-Sanchez ME, Brunet T, Röper JC, Farge E. Mechanotransduction's Impact on Animal Development, Evolution, and Tumorigenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:373-97. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-102314-112441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elena Fernandez-Sanchez
- Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumor Development Team, CNRS UMR 168 Physicochimie Curie, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes; and INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France;
| | - Thibaut Brunet
- Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumor Development Team, CNRS UMR 168 Physicochimie Curie, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes; and INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France;
- Evolution of the Nervous System in Bilateria Group, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens-Christian Röper
- Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumor Development Team, CNRS UMR 168 Physicochimie Curie, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes; and INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France;
| | - Emmanuel Farge
- Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumor Development Team, CNRS UMR 168 Physicochimie Curie, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University; Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes; and INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France;
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152
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Pepin KM, Ehman RL, McGee KP. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in cancer: Technique, analysis, and applications. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 90-91:32-48. [PMID: 26592944 PMCID: PMC4660259 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue mechanical properties are significantly altered with the development of cancer. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a noninvasive technique capable of quantifying tissue mechanical properties in vivo. This review describes the basic principles of MRE and introduces some of the many promising MRE methods that have been developed for the detection and characterization of cancer, evaluation of response to therapy, and investigation of the underlying mechanical mechanisms associated with malignancy.
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153
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Wei SC, Yang J. Forcing through Tumor Metastasis: The Interplay between Tissue Rigidity and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:111-120. [PMID: 26508691 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the tumor microenvironment have been increasingly recognized as potent modulators of cell behavior and function. In particular, tissue rigidity is functionally important during tumor progression. In this review, we survey recent advances in our understanding of the role of tissue rigidity in tumor progression and metastasis, the mechanisms by which mechanical cues integrate with biochemical signals from the microenvironment, and the underlying mechanotransduction pathways involved in tumor progression. These findings highlight the importance of understanding and defining cellular mechanotransduction pathways and the breadth of signals derived from the tumor microenvironment that influence tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA; The Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA; Current address: Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0819, USA.
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154
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Naveed H, Xu LX. Effects of mechanical properties on tumor invasion: insights from a cellular model. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2014:6818-21. [PMID: 25571562 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6945194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the regulating mechanism of tumor invasion is of crucial importance for both fundamental cancer research and clinical applications. Previous in vivo experiments have shown that invasive cancer cells dissociate from the primary tumor and invade into the stroma, forming an irregular invasive morphology. Although cell movements involved in tumor invasion are ultimately driven by mechanical forces of cell-cell interactions and tumor-host interactions, how these mechanical properties affect tumor invasion is still poorly understood. In this study, we use a recently developed two-dimensional cellular model to study the effects of mechanical properties on tumor invasion. We study the effects of cell-cell adhesions as well as the degree of degradation and stiffness of extracellular matrix (ECM). Our simulation results show that cell-cell adhesion relationship must be satisfied for tumor invasion. Increased adhesion to ECM and decreased adhesion among tumor cells result in invasive tumor behaviors. When this invasive behavior occurs, ECM plays an important role for both tumor morphology and the shape of invasive cancer cells. Increased stiffness and stronger degree of degradation of ECM promote tumor invasion, generating more aggressive tumor invasive morphologies. It can also generate irregular shape of invasive cancer cells, protruding towards ECM. The capability of our model suggests it a useful tool to study tumor invasion and might be used to propose optimal treatment in clinical applications.
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155
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Kurup A, Ravindranath S, Tran T, Keating M, Gascard P, Valdevit L, Tlsty TD, Botvinick EL. Novel insights from 3D models: the pivotal role of physical symmetry in epithelial organization. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15153. [PMID: 26472542 PMCID: PMC4608012 DOI: 10.1038/srep15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
3D tissue culture models are utilized to study breast cancer and other pathologies because they better capture the complexity of in vivo tissue architecture compared to 2D models. However, to mimic the in vivo environment, the mechanics and geometry of the ECM must also be considered. Here, we studied the mechanical environment created in two 3D models, the overlay protocol (OP) and embedded protocol (EP). Mammary epithelial acini features were compared using OP or EP under conditions known to alter acinus organization, i.e. collagen crosslinking and/or ErbB2 receptor activation. Finite element analysis and active microrheology demonstrated that OP creates a physically asymmetric environment with non-uniform mechanical stresses in radial and circumferential directions. Further contrasting with EP, acini in OP displayed cooperation between ErbB2 signalling and matrix crosslinking. These differences in acini phenotype observed between OP and EP highlight the functional impact of physical symmetry in 3D tissue culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kurup
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, USA
| | - Shreyas Ravindranath
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, USA
| | - Tim Tran
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, USA
| | - Mark Keating
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, USA
| | - Philippe Gascard
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pathology, San Francisco, USA
| | - Lorenzo Valdevit
- University of California Irvine, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Irvine, USA
| | - Thea D Tlsty
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pathology, San Francisco, USA
| | - Elliot L Botvinick
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, USA.,University of California Irvine, Department of Surgery, Irvine, USA
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156
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Singh M, Close DA, Mukundan S, Johnston PA, Sant S. Production of Uniform 3D Microtumors in Hydrogel Microwell Arrays for Measurement of Viability, Morphology, and Signaling Pathway Activation. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2015; 13:570-83. [PMID: 26274587 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant investments in cancer research and drug discovery/development, the rate of new cancer drug approval is ≤5% and most cases of metastatic cancer remain incurable. Ninety-five percent of new cancer drugs fail in clinical development because of a lack of therapeutic efficacy and/or unacceptable toxicity. One of the major factors responsible for the low success rate of anticancer drug development is the failure of preclinical models to adequately recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of human cancer. For throughput and capacity reasons, high-throughput screening growth inhibition assays almost exclusively use two-dimensional (2D) monolayers of tumor cell lines cultured on tissue culture-treated plastic/glass surfaces in serum-containing medium. However, these 2D tumor cell line cultures fail to recapitulate the three-dimensional (3D) context of cells in solid tumors even though the tumor microenvironment has been shown to have a profound effect on anticancer drug responses. Tumor spheroids remain the best characterized and most widely used 3D models; however, spheroid sizes tend to be nonuniform, making them unsuitable for high-throughput drug testing. To circumvent this challenge, we have developed defined size microwell arrays using nonadhesive hydrogels that are applicable to a wide variety of cancer cell lines to fabricate size-controlled 3D microtumors. We demonstrate that the hydrogel microwell array platform can be applied successfully to generate hundreds of uniform microtumors within 3-6 days from many cervical and breast, as well as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. Moreover, controlling size of the microwells in the hydrogel array allows precise control over the size of the microtumors. Finally, we demonstrate the application of this platform technology to probe activation as well as inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in 3D HNSCC microtumors in response to EGF and cetuximab treatments, respectively. We believe that the ability to generate large numbers of HNSCC microtumors of uniform size and 3D morphology using hydrogel arrays will provide more physiological in vitro 3D tumor models to investigate how tumor size influences signaling pathway activation and cancer drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjulata Singh
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Close
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shilpaa Mukundan
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul A Johnston
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shilpa Sant
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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157
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Marturano-Kruik A, Yeager K, Bach D, Villasante A, Cimetta E, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Mimicking biophysical stimuli within bone tumor microenvironment. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2015:3561-4. [PMID: 26737062 PMCID: PMC4869723 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, cells reside in a complex environment regulating their fate and function. Most of this complexity is lacking in standard in vitro models, leading to readouts falling short of predicting the actual in vivo situation. The use of engineering tools, combined with deep biological knowledge, leads to the development and use of bioreactors providing biologically sound niches. Such bioreactors offer new tools for biological research, and are now also entering the field of cancer research. Here we present the development and validation of a modular bioreactor system providing: (i) high throughput analyses, (ii) a range of biological conditions, (iii) high degree of control, and (iv) application of physiological stimuli to the cultured samples. The bioreactor was used to engineer a three-dimensional (3D) tissue model of cancer, where the effects of mechanical stimulation on the tumor phenotype were evaluated. Mechanical stimuli applied to the engineered tumor model activated the mechanotransduction machinery and resulted in measurable changes of mRNA levels towards a more aggressive tumor phenotype.
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158
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Kim J, Tanner K. Recapitulating the Tumor Ecosystem Along the Metastatic Cascade Using 3D Culture Models. Front Oncol 2015; 5:170. [PMID: 26284194 PMCID: PMC4518327 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cancer research have shown that a tumor can be likened to a foreign species that disrupts delicately balanced ecological interactions, compromising the survival of normal tissue ecosystems. In efforts to mitigate tumor expansion and metastasis, experimental approaches from ecology are becoming more frequently and successfully applied by researchers from diverse disciplines to reverse engineer and re-engineer biological systems in order to normalize the tumor ecosystem. We present a review on the use of 3D biomimetic platforms to recapitulate biotic and abiotic components of the tumor ecosystem, in efforts to delineate the underlying mechanisms that drive evolution of tumor heterogeneity, tumor dissemination, and acquisition of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Nano System Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kandice Tanner
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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159
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Abstract
Myofibroblasts are activated in response to tissue injury with the primary task to repair lost or damaged extracellular matrix. Enhanced collagen secretion and subsequent contraction - scarring - are part of the normal wound healing response and crucial to restore tissue integrity. Due to myofibroblasts ability to repair but not regenerate, accumulation of scar tissue is always associated with reduced organ performance. This is a fair price to pay by the body for not falling apart. Whereas myofibroblasts typically vanish after successful repair, dysregulation of the normal repair process can lead to persistent myofibroblast activation, for instance by chronic inflammation or mechanical stress in the tissue. Excessive repair leads to the accumulation of stiff collagenous ECM contractures - fibrosis - with dramatic consequences for organ function. The clinical need to terminate detrimental myofibroblast activities has stimulated researchers to answer a number of essential questions: where do myofibroblasts come from, what are the factors leading to their activation, how do we discriminate myofibroblasts from other cells, what is the molecular basis for their contractile activity, and how can we stop or at least control them? This article reviews the current state of the myofibroblast literature by emphasizing their role in ocular repair and fibrosis. It appears that although the eye is quite an extraordinary organ, ocular myofibroblasts behave or misbehave just like their siblings in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, FitzGerald Building, Room 234, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.
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160
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Hindman B, Goeckeler Z, Sierros K, Wysolmerski R. Non-Muscle Myosin II Isoforms Have Different Functions in Matrix Rearrangement by MDA-MB-231 Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131920. [PMID: 26136073 PMCID: PMC4489869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of a stiffening extra-cellular matrix (ECM) in cancer progression is documented but poorly understood. Here we use a conditioning protocol to test the role of nonmuscle myosin II isoforms in cell mediated ECM arrangement using collagen constructs seeded with breast cancer cells expressing shRNA targeted to either the IIA or IIB heavy chain isoform. While there are several methods available to measure changes in the biophysical characteristics of the ECM, we wanted to use a method which allows for the measurement of global stiffness changes as well as a dynamic response from the sample over time. The conditioning protocol used allows the direct measurement of ECM stiffness. Using various treatments, it is possible to determine the contribution of various construct and cellular components to the overall construct stiffness. Using this assay, we show that both the IIA and IIB isoforms are necessary for efficient matrix remodeling by MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, as loss of either isoform changes the stiffness of the collagen constructs as measured using our conditioning protocol. Constructs containing only collagen had an elastic modulus of 0.40 Pascals (Pa), parental MDA-MB-231 constructs had an elastic modulus of 9.22 Pa, while IIA and IIB KD constructs had moduli of 3.42 and 7.20 Pa, respectively. We also calculated the cell and matrix contributions to the overall sample elastic modulus. Loss of either myosin isoform resulted in decreased cell stiffness, as well as a decrease in the stiffness of the cell-altered collagen matrices. While the total construct modulus for the IIB KD cells was lower than that of the parental cells, the IIB KD cell-altered matrices actually had a higher elastic modulus than the parental cell-altered matrices (4.73 versus 4.38 Pa). These results indicate that the IIA and IIB heavy chains play distinct and non-redundant roles in matrix remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Hindman
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zoe Goeckeler
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases, West Virginia University, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kostas Sierros
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Robert Wysolmerski
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases, West Virginia University, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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161
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Ladoux B, Nelson WJ, Yan J, Mège RM. The mechanotransduction machinery at work at adherens junctions. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:1109-19. [PMID: 25968913 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00070j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The shaping of a multicellular body, and the maintenance and repair of adult tissues require fine-tuning of cell adhesion responses and the transmission of mechanical load between the cell, its neighbors and the underlying extracellular matrix. A growing field of research is focused on how single cells sense mechanical properties of their micro-environment (extracellular matrix, other cells), and on how mechanotransduction pathways affect cell shape, migration, survival as well as differentiation. Within multicellular assemblies, the mechanical load imposed by the physical properties of the environment is transmitted to neighboring cells. Force imbalance at cell-cell contacts induces essential morphogenetic processes such as cell-cell junction remodeling, cell polarization and migration, cell extrusion and cell intercalation. However, how cells respond and adapt to the mechanical properties of neighboring cells, transmit forces, and transform mechanical signals into chemical signals remain open questions. A defining feature of compact tissues is adhesion between cells at the specialized adherens junction (AJ) involving the cadherin super-family of Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion proteins (e.g., E-cadherin in epithelia). Cadherins bind to the cytoplasmic protein β-catenin, which in turn binds to the filamentous (F)-actin binding adaptor protein α-catenin, which can also recruit vinculin, making the mechanical connection between cell-cell adhesion proteins and the contractile actomyosin cytoskeleton. The cadherin-catenin adhesion complex is a key component of the AJ, and contributes to cell assembly stability and dynamic cell movements. It has also emerged as the main route of propagation of forces within epithelial and non-epithelial tissues. Here, we discuss recent molecular studies that point toward force-dependent conformational changes in α-catenin that regulate protein interactions in the cadherin-catenin adhesion complex, and show that α-catenin is the core mechanosensor that allows cells to locally sense, transduce and adapt to environmental mechanical constrains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
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162
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Nguyen TV, Melville A, Nath S, Story C, Howell S, Sutton R, Zannettino A, Revesz T. Bone Marrow Recovery by Morphometry during Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126233. [PMID: 25962143 PMCID: PMC4427405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow architecture is grossly distorted at the diagnosis of ALL and details of the morphological changes that accompany response to Induction chemotherapy have not been reported before. While marrow aspirates are widely used to assess initial response to ALL therapy and provide some indications, we have enumerated marrow components using morphometric analysis of trephine samples with the aim of achieving a greater understanding of changes in bone marrow niches. Morphometric analyses were carried out in the bone marrow trephine samples of 44 children with ALL, using a NanoZoomer HT digital scanner. Diagnostic samples were compared to those of 32 control patients with solid tumors but without marrow involvement. Samples from patients with ALL had significantly increased fibrosis and the area occupied by bony trabeculae was lower than in controls. Cellularity was higher in ALL samples due to leukemic infiltration while the percentage of normal elements such as megakaryocytes, adipocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts were all significantly lower. During the course of Induction therapy, there was a decrease in the cellularity of ALL samples at day 15 of therapy with a further decrease at the end of Induction and an increase in the area occupied by adipocytes and the width of sinusoids. Reticulin fibrosis decreased throughout Induction. Megakaryocytes increased, osteoblasts and osteoclasts remained unchanged. No correlation was found between clinical presentation, early response to treatment and morphological changes. Our results provide a morphological background to further studies of bone marrow stroma in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuong-Vi Nguyen
- Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anna Melville
- Women's and Children's Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Colin Story
- SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart Howell
- Data Management & Analysis Centre, Discipline of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rosemary Sutton
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Zannettino
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tamas Revesz
- SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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163
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Hinz B. The extracellular matrix and transforming growth factor-β1: Tale of a strained relationship. Matrix Biol 2015; 47:54-65. [PMID: 25960420 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiological tissue repair aims at restoring the mechano-protective properties of the extracellular matrix. Consequently, redundant regulatory mechanisms are in place ensuring that tissue remodeling terminates once matrix homeostasis is re-established. If these mechanisms fail, stromal cells become continuously activated, accumulate excessive amounts of stiff matrix, and fibrosis develops. In this mini-review, I develop the hypothesis that the mechanical state of the extracellular matrix and the pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 cooperate to regulate the remodeling activities of stromal cells. TGF-β1 is stored in the matrix as part of a large latent complex and can be activated by cell contractile force that is transmitted by integrins. Matrix straining and stiffening lower the threshold for TGF-β1 activation by increasing the mechanical resistance to cell pulling. Different elements of this mechanism can be pharmacologically targeted to interrupt the mechanical positive feedback loop of fibrosis, including specific integrins and matrix protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, FitzGerald Building, Room 234, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada.
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164
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Wong SY, Ulrich TA, Deleyrolle LP, MacKay JL, Lin JMG, Martuscello RT, Jundi MA, Reynolds BA, Kumar S. Constitutive activation of myosin-dependent contractility sensitizes glioma tumor-initiating cells to mechanical inputs and reduces tissue invasion. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1113-22. [PMID: 25634210 PMCID: PMC4359960 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells (TIC) perpetuate tumor growth, enable therapeutic resistance, and drive initiation of successive tumors. Virtually nothing is known about the role of mechanotransductive signaling in controlling TIC tumorigenesis, despite the recognized importance of altered mechanics in tissue dysplasia and the common observation that extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness strongly regulates cell behavior. To address this open question, we cultured primary human glioblastoma (GBM) TICs on laminin-functionalized ECMs spanning a range of stiffnesses. Surprisingly, we found that these cells were largely insensitive to ECM stiffness cues, evading the inhibition of spreading, migration, and proliferation typically imposed by compliant ECMs. We hypothesized that this insensitivity may result from insufficient generation of myosin-dependent contractile force. Indeed, we found that both pharmacologic and genetic activation of cell contractility through RhoA GTPase, Rho-associated kinase, or myosin light chain kinase restored stiffness-dependent spreading and motility, with TICs adopting the expected rounded and nonmotile phenotype on soft ECMs. Moreover, constitutive activation of RhoA restricted three-dimensional invasion in both spheroid implantation and Transwell paradigms. Orthotopic xenotransplantation studies revealed that control TICs formed tumors with classical GBM histopathology including diffuse infiltration and secondary foci, whereas TICs expressing a constitutively active mutant of RhoA produced circumscribed masses and yielded a 30% enhancement in mean survival time. This is the first direct evidence that manipulation of mechanotransductive signaling can alter the tumor-initiating capacity of GBM TICs, supporting further exploration of these signals as potential therapeutic targets and predictors of tumor-initiating capacity within heterogeneous tumor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Y Wong
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California. Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Theresa A Ulrich
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California. Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Loic P Deleyrolle
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Joanna L MacKay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Jung-Ming G Lin
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California. Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Musa A Jundi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brent A Reynolds
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California. Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
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165
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Thanh Vu B, Le HT, Phan NLC, Pham PV. Optimization of culture medium for the isolation and propagation of human breast cancer cells from primary tumour biopsies. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-015-0006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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166
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Li C, Rezania S, Kammerer S, Sokolowski A, Devaney T, Gorischek A, Jahn S, Hackl H, Groschner K, Windpassinger C, Malle E, Bauernhofer T, Schreibmayer W. Piezo1 forms mechanosensitive ion channels in the human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8364. [PMID: 25666479 PMCID: PMC4322926 DOI: 10.1038/srep08364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical interaction between cells - specifically distortion of tensional homeostasis-emerged as an important aspect of breast cancer genesis and progression. We investigated the biophysical characteristics of mechanosensitive ion channels (MSCs) in the malignant MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. MSCs turned out to be the most abundant ion channel species and could be activated by negative pressure at the outer side of the cell membrane in a saturable manner. Assessing single channel conductance (GΛ) for different monovalent cations revealed an increase in the succession: Li(+) < Na(+) < K(+) ≈Rb(+) ≈ Cs(+). Divalent cations permeated also with the order: Ca(2+) < Ba(2+). Comparison of biophysical properties enabled us to identify MSCs in MCF-7 as ion channels formed by the Piezo1 protein. Using patch clamp technique no functional MSCs were observed in the benign MCF-10A mammary epithelial cell line. Blocking of MSCs by GsMTx-4 resulted in decreased motility of MCF-7, but not of MCF-10A cells, underscoring a possible role of Piezo1 in invasion and metastatic propagation. The role of Piezo1 in biology and progression of breast cancer is further substantiated by markedly reduced overall survival in patients with increased Piezo1 mRNA levels in the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chouyang Li
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Simin Rezania
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Kammerer
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Sokolowski
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Trevor Devaney
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Gorischek
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan Jahn
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Hackl
- Division of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Groschner
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bauernhofer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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167
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Zhang Q, Xiao Y, Chen S, Wang C, Zheng H. Quantification of elastic heterogeneity using contourlet-based texture analysis in shear-wave elastography for breast tumor classification. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:588-600. [PMID: 25444693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound shear-wave elastography (SWE) has become a valuable tool for diagnosis of breast tumors. The purpose of this study was to quantify the elastic heterogeneity of breast tumors in SWE by using contourlet-based texture features and evaluating their diagnostic performance for classification of benign and malignant breast tumors, with pathologic results as the gold standard. A total of 161 breast tumors in 125 women who underwent B-mode and SWE ultrasonography before biopsy were included. Five quantitative texture features in SWE images were extracted from the directional subbands after the contourlet transform, including the mean (Tmean), maximum (Tmax), median (Tmed), third quartile (Tqt), and standard deviation (Tsd) of the subbands. Diagnostic performance of the texture features and the classic features was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the leave-one-out cross validation with Fisher classifier. The feature Tmean achieved the highest AUC (0.968) among all features and it yielded a sensitivity of 89.1%, a specificity of 94.3% and an accuracy of 92.5% for differentiation between benign and malignant tumors via the leave-one-out cross validation. Compared with the best classic feature, i.e., the maximum elasticity, Tmean improved the AUC, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy by 3.5%, 12.7%, 2.8% and 6.2%, respectively. The Tmed, Tqt and Tsd were also superior to the classic features in terms of the AUC and accuracy. The results demonstrated that the contourlet-based texture features captured the tumor's elastic heterogeneity and improved diagnostic performance contrasted with the classic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yang Xiao
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Congzhi Wang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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168
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Liu C, Liu Y, Xie HG, Zhao S, Xu XX, Fan LX, Guo X, Lu T, Sun GW, Ma XJ. Role of three-dimensional matrix stiffness in regulating the chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 62:556-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-guo Xie
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-xi Xu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Li-xin Fan
- Department of Oncology; The Third People's Hospital of Dalian; Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Lu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Wei Sun
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-jun Ma
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian People's Republic of China
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169
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Taubenberger AV. In vitro microenvironments to study breast cancer bone colonisation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:135-44. [PMID: 25453260 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis occurs frequently in patients with advanced breast cancer and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. In order to advance current therapies, the mechanisms leading to the formation of bone metastases and their pathophysiology have to be better understood. Several in vitro models have been developed for systematic studies of interactions between breast cancer cells and the bone microenvironment. Such models can provide insights into the molecular basis of bone metastatic colonisation and also may provide a useful platform to design more physiologically relevant drug testing assays. This review describes different in vitro approaches and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Taubenberger
- Group of Cellular Machines, Biotec TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Musk Avenue 60, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.
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170
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Johnson RW, Merkel AR, Page JM, Ruppender NS, Guelcher SA, Sterling JA. Wnt signaling induces gene expression of factors associated with bone destruction in lung and breast cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:945-59. [PMID: 25359619 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is an important regulator of bone destruction in bone metastatic tumors. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) stimulates PTHrP production in part through the transcription factor Gli2, which is regulated independent of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in osteolytic cancer cells. However, inhibition of TGF-β in vivo does not fully inhibit tumor growth in bone or tumor-induced bone destruction, suggesting other pathways are involved. While Wnt signaling regulates Gli2 in development, the role of Wnt signaling in bone metastasis is unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether Wnt signaling regulates Gli2 expression in tumor cells that induce bone destruction. We report here that Wnt activation by β-catenin/T cell factor 4 (TCF4) over-expression or lithium chloride (LiCl) treatment increased Gli2 and PTHrP expression in osteolytic cancer cells. This was mediated through the TCF and Smad binding sites within the Gli2 promoter as determined by promoter mutation studies, suggesting cross-talk between TGF-β and Wnt signaling. Culture of tumor cells on substrates with bone-like rigidity increased Gli2 and PTHrP production, enhanced autocrine Wnt activity and led to an increase in the TCF/Wnt signaling reporter (TOPFlash), enriched β-catenin nuclear accumulation, and elevated Wnt-related genes by PCR-array. Stromal cells serve as an additional paracrine source of Wnt ligands and enhanced Gli2 and PTHrP mRNA levels in MDA-MB-231 and RWGT2 cells in vitro and promoted tumor-induced bone destruction in vivo in a β-catenin/Wnt3a-dependent mechanism. These data indicate that a combination of matrix rigidity and stromal-secreted factors stimulate Gli2 and PTHrP through Wnt signaling in osteolytic breast cancer cells, and there is significant cross-talk between the Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways. This suggests that the Wnt signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for inhibiting tumor cell response to the bone microenvironment and at the very least should be considered in clinical regimens targeting TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle W Johnson
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (VISN 9), Nashville, TN, USA
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171
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Reddy LA, Mikesh L, Moskulak C, Harvey J, Sherman N, Zigrino P, Mauch C, Fox JW. Host response to human breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) as observed by changes in the stromal proteome. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4739-51. [PMID: 25244421 DOI: 10.1021/pr500620x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Following initial transformation, tumorigenesis, growth, invasion, and metastasis involves a complex interaction between the transformed tissue and the host, particularly in the microenvironment adjacent to the developing tumor. The tumor microenvironment itself is a unique outcome of the host reacting to the tumor and perhaps the tumor reacting to the host and in turn the tumor altering the host's response to give rise to an environment that ultimately promotes tumor progression. The tumor-adjacent stromal, sometimes referred to as "reactive stromal" or the desmoplastic stroma, has received some investigative studies, but it is incomplete, and likely different tumors promote a varied response and hence different reactive stroma. In this study, we have investigated the proteomics of the host response, both in vitro and in vivo, to breast epithelial cancer, in the former using tissue culture and in the latter laser microdissection of stromal tissue both adjacent and distal to breast invasive ductal cancer (IDC). From proteomic analysis of in vitro tissue culture studies, we observed that the stroma produced is related to the invasiveness of the stimulating breast cancer cell lines but different from that observed from the stromal proteome of archival tissue. In vivo we have identified several potential markers of a reactive stroma. Furthermore, we observed that the proteome of tumor-adjacent stroma differs from that of tumor-distal stroma. The proteomic description of human breast IDC stroma may serve to enhance our understanding of the role of stroma in the progression of cancer and may suggest potential mechanisms of therapeutic interdiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavakumar A Reddy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Jordan Hall, Box 441, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
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172
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Pattison AJ, McGarry M, Weaver JB, Paulsen KD. A dynamic mechanical analysis technique for porous media. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 62:443-9. [PMID: 25248170 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2357771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is a common way to measure the mechanical properties of materials as functions of frequency. Traditionally, a viscoelastic mechanical model is applied and current DMA techniques fit an analytical approximation to measured dynamic motion data by neglecting inertial forces and adding empirical correction factors to account for transverse boundary displacements. Here, a finite-element (FE) approach to processing DMA data was developed to estimate poroelastic material properties. Frequency-dependent inertial forces, which are significant in soft media and often neglected in DMA, were included in the FE model. The technique applies a constitutive relation to the DMA measurements and exploits a nonlinear inversion to estimate the material properties in the model that best fit the model response to the DMA data. A viscoelastic version of this approach was developed to validate the approach by comparing complex modulus estimates to the direct DMA results. Both analytical and FE poroelastic models were also developed to explore their behavior in the DMA testing environment. All of the models were applied to tofu as a representative soft poroelastic material that is a common phantom in elastography imaging studies. Five samples of three different stiffnesses were tested from 1-14 Hz with rough platens placed on the top and bottom surfaces of the material specimen under test to restrict transverse displacements and promote fluid-solid interaction. The viscoelastic models were identical in the static case, and nearly the same at frequency with inertial forces accounting for some of the discrepancy. The poroelastic analytical method was not sufficient when the relevant physical boundary constraints were applied, whereas the poroelastic FE approach produced high quality estimates of shear modulus and hydraulic conductivity. These results illustrated appropriate shear modulus contrast between tofu samples and yielded a consistent contrast in hydraulic conductivity as well.
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173
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Araujo TG, Marangoni K, Rocha RM, Maia YCP, Araujo GR, Alcântar TM, Alves PT, Calábria L, Neves AF, Soares FA, Goulart LR. Dynamic dialog between cytokeratin 18 and annexin A1 in breast cancer: a transcriptional disequilibrium. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1178-84. [PMID: 25028131 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytokeratins (CKs) constitute the cytoskeletal network and are regulated by post-translational modifications, acting not only as a mechanical support, but also in cell signaling and regulatory processes. Signaling is mediated by CK-associated proteins, such as Annexin A1 (ANXA1), a ligand of the CK18/CK8 complex. ANXA1 has a pivotal role in cellular and immunological responses, and together with CK18 have been implicated in several processes related to malignant transformation in breast cancer (BC). Our aim was to demonstrate how their interaction might be linked to BC development. We investigated transcript levels, protein expression and distribution for both targets in breast tissues of 92 patients (42 BCs and 50 benign diseases) using qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. ANXA1 and CK18 mRNAs were inversely correlated, and their ratio in each TNM stage significantly differentiated BC from benign diseases (OR=5.62). These differences did not mirror tissue protein levels, but a significant dichotomous protein distribution in tumor tissues was observed, differing from the expected co-localization observed during cell homeostasis. The disequilibrium of transcriptional levels between ANXA1/CK18 and alterations in their tissue distribution are present either in initial events or tumor progression, which suggest a critical event in BC. The broken dialog between ANXA1 and CK18 in normal breast tissues may play a critical role in BC development, and together may be used as combined targets for BC diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaise G Araujo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.
| | - Karina Marangoni
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Yara C P Maia
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Galber R Araujo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tânia M Alcântar
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital of Uberlandia, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Alves
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Luanda Calábria
- Obstetrics Division, Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Neves
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Goias, Catalao, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz R Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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174
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The effect of keratinocytes on the biomechanical characteristics and pore microstructure of tissue engineered skin using deep dermal fibroblasts. Biomaterials 2014; 35:9591-8. [PMID: 25176070 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis affects most organs, it results in replacement of normal parenchymal tissue with collagen-rich extracellular matrix, which compromises tissue architecture and ultimately causes loss of function of the affected organ. Biochemical pathways that contribute to fibrosis have been extensively studied, but the role of biomechanical signaling in fibrosis is not clearly understood. In this study, we assessed the effect keratinocytes have on the biomechanical characteristics and pore microstructure of tissue engineered skin made with superficial or deep dermal fibroblasts in order to determine any biomaterial-mediated anti-fibrotic influences on tissue engineered skin. Tissue engineered skin with deep dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes were found to be less stiff and contracted and had reduced number of myofibroblasts and lower expression of matrix crosslinking factors compared to matrices with deep fibroblasts alone. However, there were no such differences between tissue engineered skin with superficial fibroblasts and keratinocytes and matrices with superficial fibroblasts alone. Also, tissue engineered skin with deep fibroblasts and keratinocytes had smaller pores compared to those with superficial fibroblasts and keratinocytes; pore size of tissue engineered skin with deep fibroblasts and keratinocytes were not different from those matrices with deep fibroblasts alone. A better understanding of biomechanical characteristics and pore microstructure of tissue engineered skin may prove beneficial in promoting normal wound healing over pathologic healing.
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175
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Munson JM, Shieh AC. Interstitial fluid flow in cancer: implications for disease progression and treatment. Cancer Manag Res 2014; 6:317-28. [PMID: 25170280 PMCID: PMC4144982 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s65444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As cancer progresses, a dynamic microenvironment develops that creates and responds to cellular and biophysical cues. Increased intratumoral pressure and corresponding increases in interstitial flow from the tumor bulk to the healthy stroma is an observational hallmark of progressing cancers. Until recently, the role of interstitial flow was thought to be mostly passive in the transport and dissemination of cancer cells to metastatic sites. With research spanning the past decade, we have seen that interstitial flow has a promigratory effect on cancer cell invasion in multiple cancer types. This invasion is one mechanism by which cancers can resist therapeutics and recur, but the role of interstitial flow in cancer therapy is limited to the understanding of transport of therapeutics. Here we outline the current understanding of the role of interstitial flow in cancer and the tumor microenvironment through cancer progression and therapy. We also discuss the current role of fluid flow in the treatment of cancer, including drug transport and therapeutic strategies. By stating the current understanding of interstitial flow in cancer progression, we can begin exploring its role in therapeutic failure and treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Adrian C Shieh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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176
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Swartz MA. Inflammatory lymphangiogenesis in postpartum breast tissue remodeling. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3704-7. [PMID: 25133423 DOI: 10.1172/jci77765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Like many cancers, mammary carcinomas use lymphatic vessels to disseminate, and numerous clinical and experimental studies have documented a strong correlation between peritumoral lymphangiogenesis and tumor dissemination. At the same time, many other factors can affect the incidence, invasiveness, and mortality of breast cancer, including lactation history. Although lactation reduces overall cancer risk, patients diagnosed within 5 years of pregnancy have an increased incidence of metastatic disease. In this issue of the JCI, Lyons and colleagues demonstrate that postpartum breast tissue remodeling during involution coincides with inflammatory lymphangiogenesis. In mouse models, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition during involution reduced the risk of cancer metastasis and correlated with decreased lymphangiogenesis. In addition to lymphangiogenesis, COX-2 inhibition reduces many of the immune-suppressive features of the tumor microenvironment, including development of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells; therefore, these results support the notion that inhibiting COX-2 during lactation weaning may lessen the incidence of breast cancer metastasis.
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177
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Elastic free energy drives the shape of prevascular solid tumors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103245. [PMID: 25072702 PMCID: PMC4114546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the mechanical environment influences cell functions in health and disease. Here, we address how the mechanical environment influences tumor growth, in particular, the shape of solid tumors. In an in vitro tumor model, which isolates mechanical interactions between cancer tumor cells and a hydrogel, we find that tumors grow as ellipsoids, resembling the same, oft-reported observation of in vivo tumors. Specifically, an oblate ellipsoidal tumor shape robustly occurs when the tumors grow in hydrogels that are stiffer than the tumors, but when they grow in more compliant hydrogels they remain closer to spherical in shape. Using large scale, nonlinear elasticity computations we show that the oblate ellipsoidal shape minimizes the elastic free energy of the tumor-hydrogel system. Having eliminated a number of other candidate explanations, we hypothesize that minimization of the elastic free energy is the reason for predominance of the experimentally observed ellipsoidal shape. This result may hold significance for explaining the shape progression of early solid tumors in vivo and is an important step in understanding the processes underlying solid tumor growth.
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178
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Mierke CT. The fundamental role of mechanical properties in the progression of cancer disease and inflammation. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2014; 77:076602. [PMID: 25006689 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/77/7/076602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of mechanical properties in cancer disease and inflammation is still underinvestigated and even ignored in many oncological and immunological reviews. In particular, eight classical hallmarks of cancer have been proposed, but they still ignore the mechanics behind the processes that facilitate cancer progression. To define the malignant transformation of neoplasms and finally reveal the functional pathway that enables cancer cells to promote cancer progression, these classical hallmarks of cancer require the inclusion of specific mechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment such as the extracellular matrix as well as embedded cells such as fibroblasts, macrophages or endothelial cells. Thus, this review will present current cancer research from a biophysical point of view and will therefore focus on novel physical aspects and biophysical methods to investigate the aggressiveness of cancer cells and the process of inflammation. As cancer or immune cells are embedded in a certain microenvironment such as the extracellular matrix, the mechanical properties of this microenvironment cannot be neglected, and alterations of the microenvironment may have an impact on the mechanical properties of the cancer or immune cells. Here, it is highlighted how biophysical approaches, both experimental and theoretical, have an impact on the classical hallmarks of cancer and inflammation. It is even pointed out how these biophysical approaches contribute to the understanding of the regulation of cancer disease and inflammatory responses after tissue injury through physical microenvironmental property sensing mechanisms. The recognized physical signals are transduced into biochemical signaling events that guide cellular responses, such as malignant tumor progression, after the transition of cancer cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype or an inflammatory response due to tissue injury. Moreover, cell adaptation to mechanical alterations, in particular the understanding of mechano-coupling and mechano-regulating functions in cell invasion, appears as an important step in cancer progression and inflammatory response to injuries. This may lead to novel insights into cancer disease and inflammatory diseases and will overcome classical views on cancer and inflammation. In addition, this review will discuss how the physics of cancer and inflammation can help to reveal whether cancer cells will invade connective tissue and metastasize or how leukocytes extravasate and migrate through the tissue. In this review, the physical concepts of cancer progression, including the tissue basement membrane a cancer cell is crossing, its invasion and transendothelial migration as well as the basic physical concepts of inflammatory processes and the cellular responses to the mechanical stress of the microenvironment such as external forces and matrix stiffness, are presented and discussed. In conclusion, this review will finally show how physical measurements can improve classical approaches that investigate cancer and inflammatory diseases, and how these physical insights can be integrated into classical tumor biological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Institute of Experimental Physics I, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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179
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Singh SP, Schwartz MP, Lee JY, Fairbanks BD, Anseth KS. A peptide functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel for investigating the influence of biochemical and biophysical matrix properties on tumor cell migration. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:1024-1034. [PMID: 25105013 PMCID: PMC4120072 DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To address the challenges associated with defined control over matrix properties in 3D cell culture systems, we employed a peptide functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel matrix in which mechanical modulus and adhesive properties were tuned. An HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cell line was chosen as a model for probing matrix influences on tumor cell migration using the PEG hydrogel platform. HT-1080 speed varied with a complex dependence on both matrix modulus and Cys-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (CRGDS) adhesion ligand concentration, with regimes in which motility increased, decreased, or was minimally altered being observed. We further investigated cell motility by forming matrix interfaces that mimic aspects of tissue boundaries that might be encountered during invasion by taking advantage of the spatial control of the thiol-ene photochemistry to form patterned regions of low and high cross-linking densities. HT-1080s in 100 Pa regions of patterned PEG hydrogels tended to reverse direction or aggregate at the interface when they encountered a 360 Pa boundary. In contrast, HT-1080s were apparently unimpeded when migrating from the stiff to the soft regions of PEG peptide hydrogels, which may indicate that cells are capable of "reverse durotaxis" within at least some matrix regimes. Taken together, our results identified matrix regimes in which HT-1080 motility was both positively and negatively influenced by cell adhesion or matrix modulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir P. Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael P. Schwartz
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Justin Y. Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kristi S. Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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180
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Macroscopic stiffness of breast tumors predicts metastasis. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5512. [PMID: 24981707 PMCID: PMC4076689 DOI: 10.1038/srep05512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties of tumors differ substantially from normal cells and tissues. Changes in stiffness or elasticity regulate pro-metastatic behaviors of cancer cells, but effects have been documented predominantly in isolated cells or in vitro cell culture systems. To directly link relative stiffness of tumors to cancer progression, we combined a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer with ex vivo measurements of bulk moduli of freshly excised, intact tumors. We found a high, inverse correlation between bulk modulus of resected tumors and subsequent local recurrence and metastasis. More compliant tumors were associated with more frequent, larger local recurrences and more extensive metastases than mice with relatively stiff tumors. We found that collagen content of resected tumors correlated with bulk modulus values. These data establish that relative differences in tumor stiffness correspond with tumor progression and metastasis, supporting further testing and development of tumor compliance as a prognostic biomarker in breast cancer.
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181
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Sorafenib resistance and JNK signaling in carcinoma during extracellular matrix stiffening. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5749-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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182
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Pelissier FA, Garbe JC, Ananthanarayanan B, Miyano M, Lin C, Jokela T, Kumar S, Stampfer MR, Lorens JB, LaBarge MA. Age-related dysfunction in mechanotransduction impairs differentiation of human mammary epithelial progenitors. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1926-39. [PMID: 24910432 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional progenitor and luminal cells with acquired basal cell properties accumulate during human mammary epithelial aging for reasons not understood. Multipotent progenitors from women aged <30 years were exposed to a physiologically relevant range of matrix elastic modulus (stiffness). Increased stiffness causes a differentiation bias towards myoepithelial cells while reducing production of luminal cells and progenitor maintenance. Lineage representation in progenitors from women >55 years is unaffected by physiological stiffness changes. Efficient activation of Hippo pathway transducers YAP and TAZ is required for the modulus-dependent myoepithelial/basal bias in younger progenitors. In older progenitors, YAP and TAZ are activated only when stressed with extraphysiologically stiff matrices, which bias differentiation towards luminal-like phenotypes. In vivo YAP is primarily active in myoepithelia of younger breasts, but localization and activity increases in luminal cells with age. Thus, aging phenotypes of mammary epithelia may arise partly because alterations in Hippo pathway activation impair microenvironment-directed differentiation and lineage specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny A Pelissier
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
| | - James C Garbe
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Masaru Miyano
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - ChunHan Lin
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Comparative Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tiina Jokela
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Martha R Stampfer
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James B Lorens
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen 5009, Norway
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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183
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Pattison AJ, McGarry M, Weaver JB, Paulsen KD. Spatially-resolved hydraulic conductivity estimation via poroelastic magnetic resonance elastography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2014; 33:1373-1380. [PMID: 24771571 PMCID: PMC4510837 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2311456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Poroelastic magnetic resonance elastography is an imaging technique that could recover mechanical and hydrodynamical material properties of in vivo tissue. To date, mechanical properties have been estimated while hydrodynamical parameters have been assumed homogeneous with literature-based values. Estimating spatially-varying hydraulic conductivity would likely improve model accuracy and provide new image information related to a tissue's interstitial fluid compartment. A poroelastic model was reformulated to recover hydraulic conductivity with more appropriate fluid-flow boundary conditions. Simulated and physical experiments were conducted to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the inversion algorithm. Simulations were accurate (property errors were < 2%) even in the presence of Gaussian measurement noise up to 3%. The reformulated model significantly decreased variation in the shear modulus estimate (p << 0.001) and eliminated the homogeneity assumption and the need to assign hydraulic conductivity values from literature. Material property contrast was recovered experimentally in three different tofu phantoms and the accuracy was improved through soft-prior regularization. A frequency-dependence in hydraulic conductivity contrast was observed suggesting that fluid-solid interactions may be more prominent at low frequency. In vivo recovery of both structural and hydrodynamical characteristics of tissue could improve detection and diagnosis of neurological disorders such as hydrocephalus and brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Pattison
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Matthew McGarry
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - John B. Weaver
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA and also with the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
| | - Keith D. Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA and also with the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA
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184
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Song Y, Zhang M, Zhao L, Yin X, Zhao J, Li J, He R, Chang Y, Jin J, Zhao Y, Li J, Xing G. Regulation on mechanical properties of collagen: Enhanced bioactivities of metallofullerol. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:783-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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185
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Rybinski B, Franco-Barraza J, Cukierman E. The wound healing, chronic fibrosis, and cancer progression triad. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:223-44. [PMID: 24520152 PMCID: PMC4035661 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00158.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades tumors have been recognized as "wounds that do not heal." Besides the commonalities that tumors and wounded tissues share, the process of wound healing also portrays similar characteristics with chronic fibrosis. In this review, we suggest a tight interrelationship, which is governed as a concurrence of cellular and microenvironmental reactivity among wound healing, chronic fibrosis, and cancer development/progression (i.e., the WHFC triad). It is clear that the same cell types, as well as soluble and matrix elements that drive wound healing (including regeneration) via distinct signaling pathways, also fuel chronic fibrosis and tumor progression. Hence, here we review the relationship between fibrosis and cancer through the lens of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Rybinski
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center/Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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186
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Shah N, Morsi Y, Manasseh R. From mechanical stimulation to biological pathways in the regulation of stem cell fate. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:309-25. [PMID: 24574137 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli are important in directing the fate of stem cells; the effects of mechanical stimuli reported in recent research are reviewed here. Stem cells normally undergo two fundamental processes: proliferation, in which their numbers multiply, and differentiation, in which they transform into the specialized cells needed by the adult organism. Mechanical stimuli are well known to affect both processes of proliferation and differentiation, although the complete pathways relating specific mechanical stimuli to stem cell fate remain to be elucidated. We identified two broad classes of research findings and organized them according to the type of mechanical stress (compressive, tensile or shear) of the stimulus. Firstly, mechanical stress of any type activates stretch-activated channels (SACs) on the cell membrane. Activation of SACs leads to cytoskeletal remodelling and to the expression of genes that regulate the basic growth, survival or apoptosis of the cells and thus regulates proliferation. Secondly, mechanical stress on cells that are physically attached to an extracellular matrix (ECM) initiates remodelling of cell membrane structures called integrins. This second process is highly dependent on the type of mechanical stress applied and result into various biological responses. A further process, the Wnt pathway, is also implicated: crosstalk between the integrin and Wnt pathways regulates the switch from proliferation to differentiation and finally regulates the type of differentiation. Therefore, the stem cell differentiation process involves different signalling molecules and their pathways and most likely depends upon the applied mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Shah
- Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, VIC, Melbourne, Australia
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187
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Substrate stiffness regulates filopodial activities in lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89767. [PMID: 24587021 PMCID: PMC3937376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironment stiffening plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis. While filopodia are generally thought to be one of the cellular mechanosensors for probing environmental stiffness, the effects of environmental stiffness on filopodial activities of cancer cells remain unclear. In this work, we investigated the filopodial activities of human lung adenocarcinoma cells CL1-5 cultured on substrates of tunable stiffness using a novel platform. The platform consists of an optical system called structured illumination nano-profilometry, which allows time-lapsed visualization of filopodial activities without fluorescence labeling. The culturing substrates were composed of polyvinyl chloride mixed with an environmentally friendly plasticizer to yield Young's modulus ranging from 20 to 60 kPa. Cell viability studies showed that the viability of cells cultured on the substrates was similar to those cultured on commonly used elastomers such as polydimethylsiloxane. Time-lapsed live cell images were acquired and the filopodial activities in response to substrates with varying degrees of stiffness were analyzed. Statistical analyses revealed that lung cancer cells cultured on softer substrates appeared to have longer filopodia, higher filopodial densities with respect to the cellular perimeter, and slower filopodial retraction rates. Nonetheless, the temporal analysis of filopodial activities revealed that whether a filopodium decides to extend or retract is purely a stochastic process without dependency on substrate stiffness. The discrepancy of the filopodial activities between lung cancer cells cultured on substrates with different degrees of stiffness vanished when the myosin II activities were inhibited by treating the cells with blebbistatin, which suggests that the filopodial activities are closely modulated by the adhesion strength of the cells. Our data quantitatively relate filopodial activities of lung cancer cells with environmental stiffness and should shed light on the understanding and treatment of cancer progression and metastasis.
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188
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Guo J, Sachs F, Meng F. Fluorescence-based force/tension sensors: a novel tool to visualize mechanical forces in structural proteins in live cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:986-99. [PMID: 24205787 PMCID: PMC3924807 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Three signaling systems, chemical, electrical, and mechanical, ubiquitously contribute to cellular activities. There is limited information on the mechanical signaling system because of a lack of tools to measure stress in specific proteins. Although significant advances in methodologies such as atomic force microscopy and laser tweezers have achieved great success in single molecules and measuring the mean properties of cells and tissues, they cannot deal with specific proteins in live cells. RECENT ADVANCES To remedy the situation, we developed a family of genetically encoded optical force sensors to measure the stress in structural proteins in living cells. The sensors can be incorporated into specific proteins and are not harmful in transgenic animals. The chimeric proteins distribute and function as their wild-type counterparts, and local stress can be read out from changes in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). CRITICAL ISSUES Our original sensor used two mutant green fluorescence proteins linked by an alpha helix that served as a linking spring. Ever since, we have improved the probe design in a number of ways. For example, we replaced the helical linker with more common elastic protein domains to better match the compliance of the wild-type hosts. We greatly improved sensitivity by using the angular dependence of FRET rather than the distance dependence as the transduction mechanism, because that has nearly 100% efficiency at rest and nearly zero when stretched. FUTURE DIRECTIONS These probes enable researchers to investigate the roles of mechanical force in cellular activities at the level of single molecules, cells, tissues, and whole animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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189
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Li M, Liu L, Xi N, Wang Y, Xiao X, Zhang W. Nanoscale imaging and mechanical analysis of Fc receptor-mediated macrophage phagocytosis against cancer cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:1609-1621. [PMID: 24495237 DOI: 10.1021/la4042524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fc receptor-mediated macrophage phagocytosis against cancer cells is an important mechanism in the immune therapy of cancers. Traditional research about macrophage phagocytosis was based on optical microscopy, which cannot reveal detailed information because of the 200-nm-resolution limit. Quantitatively investigating the macrophage phagocytosis at micro- and nanoscale levels is still scarce. The advent of atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers an excellent analytical instrument for quantitatively investigating the biological processes at single-cell and single-molecule levels under native conditions. In this work, we combined AFM and fluorescence microscopy to visualize and quantify the detailed changes in cell morphology and mechanical properties during the process of Fc receptor-mediated macrophage phagocytosis against cancer cells. Lymphoma cells were discernible by fluorescence staining. Then, the dynamic process of phagocytosis was observed by time-lapse optical microscopy. Next, AFM was applied to investigate the detailed cellular behaviors during macrophage phagocytosis under the guidance of fluorescence recognition. AFM imaging revealed the distinct features in cellular ultramicrostructures for the different steps of macrophage phagocytosis. AFM cell mechanical property measurements indicated that the binding of cancer cells to macrophages could make macrophages become stiffer. The experimental results provide novel insights in understanding the Fc-receptor-mediated macrophage phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang 110016, China
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190
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Wu M, Swartz MA. Modeling tumor microenvironments in vitro. J Biomech Eng 2014; 136:021011. [PMID: 24402507 PMCID: PMC4023667 DOI: 10.1115/1.4026447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor progression depends critically upon the interactions between the tumor cells and their microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment is heterogeneous and dynamic; it consists of extracellular matrix, stromal cells, immune cells, progenitor cells, and blood and lymphatic vessels. The emerging fields of tissue engineering and microtechnologies have opened up new possibilities for engineering physiologically relevant and spatially well-defined microenvironments. These in vitro models allow specific manipulation of biophysical and biochemical parameters, such as chemical gradients, biomatrix stiffness, metabolic stress, and fluid flows; thus providing a means to study their roles in certain aspects of tumor progression such as cell proliferation, invasion, and crosstalk with other cell types. Challenges and perspectives for deconvolving the complexity of tumor microenvironments will be discussed. Emphasis will be given to in vitro models of tumor cell migration and invasion.
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191
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Jacobs MJ, Blank K. Joining forces: integrating the mechanical and optical single molecule toolkits. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52502c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining single molecule force measurements with fluorescence detection opens up exciting new possibilities for the characterization of mechanoresponsive molecules in Biology and Materials Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique J. Jacobs
- Radboud University Nijmegen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Department of Molecular Materials
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Blank
- Radboud University Nijmegen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- Department of Molecular Materials
- 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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192
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Barreto S, Perrault CM, Lacroix D. Structural finite element analysis to explain cell mechanics variability. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 38:219-31. [PMID: 24389336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to model the mechanical responses of different cell types presents many opportunities to tissue engineering research to further identify changes from physiological conditions to disease. Using a previously validated finite element cell model we aim to show how variation of the material properties of the intracellular components affects cell response after compression and shearing. A parametric study was performed to understand the key mechanical features from different cell types, focussing on specific cytoskeleton components and prestress. Results show that actin cortex does not have a mechanical role in resisting shearing loading conditions. The sensitivity analysis predicted that cell force to compression and shearing is highly affected by changes in cortex thickness, cortex Young's modulus and rigidity of the remaining cytoplasm. Variation of prestress affects mainly the response of cells under shear loads and the model defines a relationship between cell force and prestress depending on the specific loading conditions, which is in good agreement with in vitro experiments. The results are used to make predictions that can relate mechanical properties with cell phenotype to be used as guidelines for individual cytoskeletal structures for future modelling efforts of the structure-function relationships of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Barreto
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Cecile M Perrault
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Lacroix
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom.
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193
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Mierke CT. The role of focal adhesion kinase in the regulation of cellular mechanical properties. Phys Biol 2013; 10:065005. [PMID: 24304934 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of mechanical properties is necessary for cell invasion into connective tissue or intra- and extravasation through the endothelium of blood or lymph vessels. Cell invasion is important for the regulation of many healthy processes such as immune response reactions and wound healing. In addition, cell invasion plays a role in disease-related processes such as tumor metastasis and autoimmune responses. Until now the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in regulating mechanical properties of cells and its impact on cell invasion efficiency is still not well known. Thus, this review focuses on mechanical properties regulated by FAK in comparison to the mechano-regulating protein vinculin. Moreover, it points out the connection between cancer cell invasion and metastasis and FAK by showing that FAK regulates cellular mechanical properties required for cellular motility. Furthermore, it sheds light on the indirect interaction of FAK with vinculin by binding to paxillin, which then impairs the binding of paxillin to vinculin. In addition, this review emphasizes whether FAK fulfills regulatory functions similar to vinculin. In particular, it discusses the differences and the similarities between FAK and vinculin in regulating the biomechanical properties of cells. Finally, this paper highlights that both focal adhesion proteins, vinculin and FAK, synergize their functions to regulate the mechanical properties of cells such as stiffness and contractile forces. Subsequently, these mechanical properties determine cellular invasiveness into tissues and provide a source sink for future drug developments to inhibit excessive cell invasion and hence, metastases formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Institute of Experimental Physics I, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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194
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Mechanical stress impairs mitosis progression in multi-cellular tumor spheroids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80447. [PMID: 24312473 PMCID: PMC3848935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing solid tumors are subjected to mechanical stress that influences their growth rate and development. However, little is known about its effects on tumor cell biology. To explore this issue, we investigated the impact of mechanical confinement on cell proliferation in MultiCellular Tumor Spheroids (MCTS), a 3D culture model that recapitulates the microenvironment, proliferative gradient, and cell-cell interactions of a tumor. Dedicated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microdevices were designed to spatially restrict MCTS growth. In this confined environment, spheroids are likely to experience mechanical stress as indicated by their modified cell morphology and density and by their relaxation upon removal from the microdevice. We show that the proliferation gradient within mechanically confined spheroids is different in comparison to MCTS grown in suspension. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a population of cells within the body of mechanically confined MCTS is arrested at mitosis. Cell morphology analysis reveals that this mitotic arrest is not caused by impaired cell rounding, but rather that confinement negatively affects bipolar spindle assembly. All together these results suggest that mechanical stress induced by progressive confinement of growing spheroids could impair mitotic progression. This study paves the way to future research to better understand the tumor cell response to mechanical cues similar to those encountered during in vivo tumor development.
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195
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Alessandri K, Sarangi BR, Gurchenkov VV, Sinha B, Kießling TR, Fetler L, Rico F, Scheuring S, Lamaze C, Simon A, Geraldo S, Vignjević D, Doméjean H, Rolland L, Funfak A, Bibette J, Bremond N, Nassoy P. Cellular capsules as a tool for multicellular spheroid production and for investigating the mechanics of tumor progression in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14843-8. [PMID: 23980147 PMCID: PMC3773746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1309482110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the multifactorial determinants of tumor progression requires standardized high-throughput preparation of 3D in vitro cellular assays. We present a simple microfluidic method based on the encapsulation and growth of cells inside permeable, elastic, hollow microspheres. We show that this approach enables mass production of size-controlled multicellular spheroids. Due to their geometry and elasticity, these microcapsules can uniquely serve as quantitative mechanical sensors to measure the pressure exerted by the expanding spheroid. By monitoring the growth of individual encapsulated spheroids after confluence, we dissect the dynamics of pressure buildup toward a steady-state value, consistent with the concept of homeostatic pressure. In turn, these confining conditions are observed to increase the cellular density and affect the cellular organization of the spheroid. Postconfluent spheroids exhibit a necrotic core cemented by a blend of extracellular material and surrounded by a rim of proliferating hypermotile cells. By performing invasion assays in a collagen matrix, we report that peripheral cells readily escape preconfined spheroids and cell-cell cohesivity is maintained for freely growing spheroids, suggesting that mechanical cues from the surrounding microenvironment may trigger cell invasion from a growing tumor. Overall, our technology offers a unique avenue to produce in vitro cell-based assays useful for developing new anticancer therapies and to investigate the interplay between mechanics and growth in tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Alessandri
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Bibhu Ranjan Sarangi
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vasily Valérïévitch Gurchenkov
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bidisha Sinha
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741252, India
| | | | - Luc Fetler
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Felix Rico
- U1006 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Simon Scheuring
- U1006 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anthony Simon
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sara Geraldo
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Danijela Vignjević
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Doméjean
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 75231 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7195, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Leslie Rolland
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 75231 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7195, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Anette Funfak
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 75231 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7195, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bibette
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 75231 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7195, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Bremond
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, 75231 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7195, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Nassoy
- Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 168, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut d’Optique d’Aquitaine, 33405 Talence, France; and
- Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique, et Nanosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5298, 33405 Talence, France
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196
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Johnson MD, Mueller SC. Three dimensional multiphoton imaging of fresh and whole mount developing mouse mammary glands. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:373. [PMID: 23919456 PMCID: PMC3750743 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The applications of multiphoton microscopy for deep tissue imaging in basic and clinical research are ever increasing, supplementing confocal imaging of the surface layers of cells in tissue. However, imaging living tissue is made difficult by the light scattering properties of the tissue, and this is extraordinarily apparent in the mouse mammary gland which contains a stroma filled with fat cells surrounding the ductal epithelium. Whole mount mammary glands stained with Carmine Alum are easily archived for later reference and readily viewed using bright field microscopy to observe branching architecture of the ductal network. Here, we report on the advantages of multiphoton imaging of whole mount mammary glands. Chief among them is that optical sectioning of the terminal end bud (TEB) and ductal epithelium allows the appreciation of abnormalities in structure that are very difficult to ascertain using either bright field imaging of the stained gland or the conventional approach of hematoxylin and eosin staining of fixed and paraffin-embedded sections. A second advantage is the detail afforded by second harmonic generation (SHG) in which collagen fiber orientation and abundance can be observed. Methods GFP-mouse mammary glands were imaged live or after whole mount preparation using a Zeiss LSM510/META/NLO multiphoton microscope with the purpose of obtaining high resolution images with 3D content, and evaluating any structural alterations induced by whole mount preparation. We describe a simple means for using a commercial confocal/ multiphoton microscope equipped with a Ti-Sapphire laser to simultaneously image Carmine Alum fluorescence and collagen fiber networks by SHG with laser excitation set to 860 nm. Identical terminal end buds (TEBs) were compared before and after fixation, staining, and whole mount preparation and structure of collagen networks and TEB morphologies were determined. Flexibility in excitation and emission filters was explored using the META detector for spectral emission scanning. Backward scattered or reflected SHG (SHG-B) was detected using a conventional confocal detector with maximum aperture and forward scattered or transmitted SHG (SHG-F) detected using a non-descanned detector. Results We show here that the developing mammary gland is encased in a thin but dense layer of collagen fibers. Sparse collagen layers are also interspersed between stromal layers of fat cells surrounding TEBs. At the margins, TEBs approach the outer collagen layer but do not penetrate it. Abnormal mammary glands from an HAI-1 transgenic FVB mouse model were found to contain TEBs with abnormal pockets of cells forming extra lumens and zones of continuous lateral bud formation interspersed with sparse collagen fibers. Parameters influencing live imaging and imaging of fixed unstained and Carmine Alum stained whole mounts were evaluated. Artifacts induced by light scattering of GFP and Carmine Alum signals from epithelial cells were identified in live tissue as primarily due to fat cells and in whole mount tissue as due to dense Carmine Alum staining of epithelium. Carmine Alum autofluorescence was detected at excitation wavelengths from 750 to 950 nm with a peak of emission at 623 nm (~602-656 nm). Images of Carmine Alum fluorescence differed dramatically at emission wavelengths of 565–615 nm versus 650–710 nm. In the latter, a mostly epithelial (nuclear) visualization of Carmine Alum predominates. Autofluorescence with a peak emission of 495 nm was derived from the fixed and processed tissue itself as it was present in the unstained whole mount. Contribution of autofluorescence to the image decreases with increasing laser excitation wavelengths. SHG-B versus SHG-F signals revealed collagen fibers and could be found within single fibers, or in different fibers within the same layer. These differences presumably reflected different states of collagen fiber maturation. Loss of SHG signals from layer to layer could be ascribed to artifacts rendered by light scattering from the dense TEB structures, and unless bandpass emissions were selected, contained unfiltered non-SHG fluorescence and autofluorescent emissions. Flexibility in imaging can be increased using spectral emission imaging to optimize emission bandwidths and to separate SHG-B, GFP, and Carmine Alum signals, although conventional filters were also useful. Conclusions Collagen fibril arrangement and TEB structure is well preserved during the whole mount procedure and light scattering is reduced dramatically by extracting fat resulting in improved 3D structure, particularly for SHG signals originating from collagen. In addition to providing a bright signal, Carmine Alum stained whole mount slides can be imaged retrospectively such as performed for the HAI-1 mouse gland revealing new aspects of abnormal TEB morphology. These studies demonstrated the intimate contact, but relatively sparse abundance of collagen fibrils adjacent to normal and abnormal TEBS in the developing mammary gland and the ability to obtain these high resolution details subject to the discussed limitations. Our studies demonstrated that the TEB architecture is essentially unchanged after processing.
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Mammoto T, Jiang A, Jiang E, Panigrahy D, Kieran MW, Mammoto A. Role of collagen matrix in tumor angiogenesis and glioblastoma multiforme progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:1293-1305. [PMID: 23928381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly vascularized brain tumor, and antiangiogenic therapy improves its progression-free survival. However, current antiangiogenic therapy induces serious adverse effects including neuronal cytotoxicity and tumor invasiveness and resistance to therapy. Although it has been suggested that the physical microenvironment has a key role in tumor angiogenesis and progression, the mechanism by which physical properties of extracellular matrix control tumor angiogenesis and glioblastoma progression is not completely understood. Herein we show that physical compaction (the process in which cells gather and pack together and cause associated changes in cell shape and size) of human glioblastoma cell lines U87MG, U251, and LN229 induces expression of collagen types IV and VI and the collagen crosslinking enzyme lysyl oxidase and up-regulates in vitro expression of the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor. The lysyl oxidase inhibitor β-aminopropionitrile disrupts collagen structure in the tumor and inhibits tumor angiogenesis and glioblastoma multiforme growth in a mouse orthotopic brain tumor model. Similarly, d-penicillamine, which inhibits lysyl oxidase enzymatic activity by depleting intracerebral copper, also exhibits antiangiogenic effects on brain tumor growth in mice. These findings suggest that tumor microenvironment controlled by collagen structure is important in tumor angiogenesis and brain tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda Jiang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elisabeth Jiang
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dipak Panigrahy
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Akiko Mammoto
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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198
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Wang YK, Chen CS. Cell adhesion and mechanical stimulation in the regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:823-32. [PMID: 23672518 PMCID: PMC3741348 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been shown to have the potential to provide a source of cells for applications to tissue engineering and organ repair. The mechanisms that regulate stem cell fate, however, mostly remain unclear. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that are isolated from bone marrow and other adult tissues, and can be differentiated into multiple cell lineages, such as bone, cartilage, fat, muscles and neurons. Although previous studies have focused intensively on the effects of chemical signals that regulate MSC commitment, the effects of physical/mechanical cues of the microenvironment on MSC fate determination have long been neglected. However, several studies provided evidence that mechanical signals, both direct and indirect, played important roles in regulating a stem cell fate. In this review, we summarize a number of recent studies on how cell adhesion and mechanical cues influence the differentiation of MSCs into specific lineages. Understanding how chemical and mechanical cues in the microenvironment orchestrate stem cell differentiation may provide new insights into ways to improve our techniques in cell therapy and organ repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Kao Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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199
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Van De Water L, Varney S, Tomasek JJ. Mechanoregulation of the Myofibroblast in Wound Contraction, Scarring, and Fibrosis: Opportunities for New Therapeutic Intervention. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:122-141. [PMID: 24527336 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Myofibroblasts are responsible for wound closure that occurs in healed acute wounds. However, their actions can result in disfiguring scar contractures, compromised organ function, and a tumor promoting stroma. Understanding the mechanisms regulating their contractile machinery, gene expression, and lifespan is essential to develop new therapies to control their function. RECENT ADVANCES Mechanical stress and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) regulate myofibroblast differentiation from mesenchymal progenitors. As these precursor cells differentiate, they assemble a contractile apparatus to generate the force used to contract wounds. The mechanisms by which mechanical stress promote expression of contractile genes through the TGF-β1 and serum response factor pathways and offer therapeutic targets to limit myofibroblast function are being elucidated. CRITICAL ISSUES Emerging evidence suggests that the integration of mechanical cues with intracellular signaling pathways is critical to myofibroblast function via its effects on gene expression, cellular contraction, and paracrine signaling with neighboring cells. In addition, while apoptosis is clearly one pathway that can limit myofibroblast lifespan, recent data suggest that pathogenic myofibroblasts can become senescent and adopt a more beneficial phenotype, or may revert to a quiescent state, thereby limiting their function. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Given the important role that myofibroblasts play in pathologies as disparate as cutaneous scarring, organ fibrosis, and tumor progression, knowledge gained in the areas of intracellular signaling networks, mechanical signal transduction, extracellular matrix biology, and cell fate will support efforts to develop new therapies with a wide impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Varney
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - James J. Tomasek
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Huang JW, Pan HJ, Yao WY, Tsao YW, Liao WY, Wu CW, Tung YC, Lee CH. Interaction between lung cancer cell and myofibroblast influenced by cyclic tensile strain. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1114-20. [PMID: 23348149 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41050h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Using a cell culture chip with a deformable substrate driven by a hydraulic force, we investigated the motility of cancer cells affected by myofibroblasts undergoing cyclic tensile strain (CTS). CTS reduced both the expression of α-smooth muscle actin in the myofibroblast and the ability of the myofibroblast to accelerate cancer cell migration. However, with the treatment of a pro-inflammatory factor interleukin-1β on the myofibroblasts, the effects of CTS on the myofibroblast were diminished. This result suggests an antagonism between mechanical and chemical stimulations on mediating cancer metastasis by the stromal myofibroblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Wei Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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