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Schagdarsurengin U, Western P, Steger K, Meinhardt A. Developmental origins of male subfertility: role of infection, inflammation, and environmental factors. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:765-781. [PMID: 27315198 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Male gamete development begins with the specification of primordial cells in the epiblast of the early embryo and is not complete until spermatozoa mature in the epididymis of adult males. This protracted developmental process involves extensive alteration of the paternal germline epigenome. Initially, epigenetic reprogramming in fetal germ cells results in removal of most DNA methylation, including parent-specific epigenetic information. The germ cells then establish sex-specific epigenetic information through de novo methylation and undergo spermatogenesis. Chromatin in haploid germ cells is repackaged into protamines during spermiogenesis, providing further widespread epigenetic reorganization. Finally, after fertilization, epigenetic reprogramming in the preimplantation embryo is necessary for regaining totipotency. These events provide substantial windows during which epigenetic errors either may be corrected or may occur in the germline. There is now increasing evidence that environmental factors such as exposure to toxicants, the parents' and individual's diet, and even infectious and inflammatory events in the male reproductive tract may influence epigenetic reprogramming. This, together with other damage inflicted on the germline chromatin, may result in negative consequences for fertility and health. Large epidemiological birth cohort studies have yielded insight into possible causative environmental factors. Together with experimental animal studies, a clearer view of environmental impacts on fetal development and their intergenerational and even transgenerational effects on reproductive health has emerged and is reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undraga Schagdarsurengin
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Section Molecular Andrology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Patrick Western
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute for Medical Research and Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Klaus Steger
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Section Molecular Andrology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
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152
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Co-repressor CBFA2T2 regulates pluripotency and germline development. Nature 2016; 534:387-90. [PMID: 27281218 PMCID: PMC4911307 DOI: 10.1038/nature18004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Developmental specification of germ cells lies at the heart of inheritance, as germ cells contain all of the genetic and epigenetic information transmitted between generations. The critical developmental event distinguishing germline from somatic lineages is the differentiation of primordial germ cells (PGCs), precursors of sex-specific gametes that produce an entire organism upon fertilization. Germ cells toggle between uni- and pluripotent states as they exhibit their own 'latent' form of pluripotency. For example, PGCs express a number of transcription factors in common with embryonic stem (ES) cells, including OCT4 (encoded by Pou5f1), SOX2, NANOG and PRDM14 (refs 2, 3, 4). A biochemical mechanism by which these transcription factors converge on chromatin to produce the dramatic rearrangements underlying ES-cell- and PGC-specific transcriptional programs remains poorly understood. Here we identify a novel co-repressor protein, CBFA2T2, that regulates pluripotency and germline specification in mice. Cbfa2t2(-/-) mice display severe defects in PGC maturation and epigenetic reprogramming. CBFA2T2 forms a biochemical complex with PRDM14, a germline-specific transcription factor. Mechanistically, CBFA2T2 oligomerizes to form a scaffold upon which PRDM14 and OCT4 are stabilized on chromatin. Thus, in contrast to the traditional 'passenger' role of a co-repressor, CBFA2T2 functions synergistically with transcription factors at the crossroads of the fundamental developmental plasticity between uni- and pluripotency.
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153
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von Meyenn F, Iurlaro M, Habibi E, Liu NQ, Salehzadeh-Yazdi A, Santos F, Petrini E, Milagre I, Yu M, Xie Z, Kroeze LI, Nesterova TB, Jansen JH, Xie H, He C, Reik W, Stunnenberg HG. Impairment of DNA Methylation Maintenance Is the Main Cause of Global Demethylation in Naive Embryonic Stem Cells. Mol Cell 2016; 62:848-861. [PMID: 27237052 PMCID: PMC4914828 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Global demethylation is part of a conserved program of epigenetic reprogramming to naive pluripotency. The transition from primed hypermethylated embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to naive hypomethylated ones (serum-to-2i) is a valuable model system for epigenetic reprogramming. We present a mathematical model, which accurately predicts global DNA demethylation kinetics. Experimentally, we show that the main drivers of global demethylation are neither active mechanisms (Aicda, Tdg, and Tet1-3) nor the reduction of de novo methylation. UHRF1 protein, the essential targeting factor for DNMT1, is reduced upon transition to 2i, and so is recruitment of the maintenance methylation machinery to replication foci. Concurrently, there is global loss of H3K9me2, which is needed for chromatin binding of UHRF1. These mechanisms synergistically enforce global DNA hypomethylation in a replication-coupled fashion. Our observations establish the molecular mechanism for global demethylation in naive ESCs, which has key parallels with those operating in primordial germ cells and early embryos. Impaired DNA methylation maintenance is the cause of global demethylation in naive ESCs Loss of H3K9me2 and UHRF1 lead to impaired maintenance targeting to replication foci TET enzymes are not required for global demethylation Mathematical model accurately predicts global 5mC and 5hmC during epigenetic resetting
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Iurlaro
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ehsan Habibi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ning Qing Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ali Salehzadeh-Yazdi
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fátima Santos
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Edoardo Petrini
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Inês Milagre
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhenqing Xie
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Leonie I Kroeze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tatyana B Nesterova
- Developmental Epigenetics Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Joop H Jansen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hehuang Xie
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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154
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Payer B. Developmental regulation of X-chromosome inactivation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:88-99. [PMID: 27112543 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of sex-determination by sex chromosomes, which differ in composition and number between males and females, appeared the need to equalize X-chromosomal gene dosage between the sexes. Mammals have devised the strategy of X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), in which one of the two X-chromosomes is rendered transcriptionally silent in females. In the mouse, the best-studied model organism with respect to XCI, this inactivation process occurs in different forms, imprinted and random, interspersed by periods of X-chromosome reactivation (XCR), which is needed to switch between the different modes of XCI. In this review, I describe the recent advances with respect to the developmental control of XCI and XCR and in particular their link to differentiation and pluripotency. Furthermore, I review the mechanisms, which influence the timing and choice, with which one of the two X-chromosomes is chosen for inactivation during random XCI. This has an impact on how females are mosaics with regard to which X-chromosome is active in different cells, which has implications on the severity of diseases caused by X-linked mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Payer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
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155
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Liu C, Liu W, Fan L, Liu J, Li P, Zhang W, Gao J, Li Z, Zhang Q, Wang X. Sequences analyses and expression profiles in tissues and embryos of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) PRDM1. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:467-482. [PMID: 26508172 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PRDM1 (PRDI-BF1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing 1) appears to be a pleiotropic regulatory factor in various processes. It contains a PR (PRDI-BF1-RIZ1 homologous) domain protein and five zinc fingers. In the present study, a gene coding the homolog of prdm1 and the 5' regulatory region of prdm1 was identified from the Paralichthys olivaceus (denoted Po-prdm1). Results of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction amplification (RT-qPCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) in embryos revealed that Po-prdm1 was highly expressed between the early gastrula and tail bud stages, with its expression peaking in the mid-gastrula stage, whereas the results of RT-qPCR and ISH in tissues demonstrated that Po-prdm1 transcripts were ubiquitously detected in all tissues, which indicates its pleiotropic function in multiple processes. ISH of gonadal tissues revealed that the transcripts were located in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the oocytes in the ovaries but only in the spermatogonia and not in the spermatocytes in the testes. The Po-prdm1 transcription factor binding sites and their conserved binding region among vertebrates were analyzed in this study. The combined results suggest that Po-PRDM1 has a conserved function in teleosts and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jinxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Peizhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jinning Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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156
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Larriba E, del Mazo J. Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Transgenerational Epigenetic Transmission of the Effects of Reprotoxicants. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:452. [PMID: 27023531 PMCID: PMC4848908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are regulatory elements of gene expression and chromatin structure. Both long and small ncRNAs can also act as inductors and targets of epigenetic programs. Epigenetic patterns can be transmitted from one cell to the daughter cell, but, importantly, also through generations. Diversity of ncRNAs is emerging with new and surprising roles. Functional interactions among ncRNAs and between specific ncRNAs and structural elements of the chromatin are drawing a complex landscape. In this scenario, epigenetic changes induced by environmental stressors, including reprotoxicants, can explain some transgenerationally-transmitted phenotypes in non-Mendelian ways. In this review, we analyze mechanisms of action of reprotoxicants upon different types of ncRNAs and epigenetic modifications causing transgenerationally transmitted characters through germ cells but affecting germ cells and reproductive systems. A functional model of epigenetic mechanisms of transgenerational transmission ncRNAs-mediated is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Larriba
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Jesús del Mazo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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157
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Zhou Q, Wang M, Yuan Y, Wang X, Fu R, Wan H, Xie M, Liu M, Guo X, Zheng Y, Feng G, Shi Q, Zhao XY, Sha J, Zhou Q. Complete Meiosis from Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Germ Cells In Vitro. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:330-40. [PMID: 26923202 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro generation of functional gametes is a promising approach for treating infertility, although faithful replication of meiosis has proven to be a substantial obstacle to deriving haploid gamete cells in culture. Here we report complete in vitro meiosis from embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived primordial germ cells (PGCLCs). Co-culture of PGCLCs with neonatal testicular somatic cells and sequential exposure to morphogens and sex hormones reproduced key hallmarks of meiosis, including erasure of genetic imprinting, chromosomal synapsis and recombination, and correct nuclear DNA and chromosomal content in the resulting haploid cells. Intracytoplasmic injection of the resulting spermatid-like cells into oocytes produced viable and fertile offspring, showing that this robust stepwise approach can functionally recapitulate male gametogenesis in vitro. These findings provide a platform for investigating meiotic mechanisms and the potential generation of human haploid spermatids in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of the Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuepeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haifeng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mingming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Science, Anhui University of China, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xuejiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guihai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qinghua Shi
- Molecular and Cell Genetics Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jiahao Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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158
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Hammoud SS, Low DHP, Yi C, Lee CL, Oatley JM, Payne CJ, Carrell DT, Guccione E, Cairns BR. Transcription and imprinting dynamics in developing postnatal male germline stem cells. Genes Dev 2016; 29:2312-24. [PMID: 26545815 PMCID: PMC4647563 DOI: 10.1101/gad.261925.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hammoud et al. conducted extensive genomic profiling and classified three broad spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) populations in juveniles: (1) epithelial-like SSCs, (2) more abundant mesenchymal-like SSCs, and (3) (in older juveniles) abundant cells committing to gametogenesis. Mesenchymal-like SSCs lacked imprinting specifically at paternally imprinted loci but fully restored imprinting prior to puberty. Mesenchymal-like SSCs also displayed developmentally linked DNA demethylation at meiotic genes and also at certain monoallelic neural genes. Postnatal spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) progress through proliferative and developmental stages to populate the testicular niche prior to productive spermatogenesis. To better understand, we conducted extensive genomic profiling at multiple postnatal stages on subpopulations enriched for particular markers (THY1, KIT, OCT4, ID4, or GFRa1). Overall, our profiles suggest three broad populations of spermatogonia in juveniles: (1) epithelial-like spermatogonia (THY1+; high OCT4, ID4, and GFRa1), (2) more abundant mesenchymal-like spermatogonia (THY1+; moderate OCT4 and ID4; high mesenchymal markers), and (3) (in older juveniles) abundant spermatogonia committing to gametogenesis (high KIT+). Epithelial-like spermatogonia displayed the expected imprinting patterns, but, surprisingly, mesenchymal-like spermatogonia lacked imprinting specifically at paternally imprinted loci but fully restored imprinting prior to puberty. Furthermore, mesenchymal-like spermatogonia also displayed developmentally linked DNA demethylation at meiotic genes and also at certain monoallelic neural genes (e.g., protocadherins and olfactory receptors). We also reveal novel candidate receptor–ligand networks involving SSCs and the developing niche. Taken together, neonates/juveniles contain heterogeneous epithelial-like or mesenchymal-like spermatogonial populations, with the latter displaying extensive DNA methylation/chromatin dynamics. We speculate that this plasticity helps SSCs proliferate and migrate within the developing seminiferous tubule, with proper niche interaction and membrane attachment reverting mesenchymal-like spermatogonial subtype cells back to an epithelial-like state with normal imprinting profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saher Sue Hammoud
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Diana H P Low
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Chongil Yi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Chee Leng Lee
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Jon M Oatley
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Christopher J Payne
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA; Human Molecular Genetics Program, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA
| | - Douglas T Carrell
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Bradley R Cairns
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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159
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Abstract
Germ cells are the precursors of the sperm and oocytes and hence are critical for survival of the species. In mammals, they are specified during fetal life, migrate to the developing gonads and then undergo a critical period during which they are instructed, by the soma, to adopt the appropriate sexual fate. In a fetal ovary, germ cells enter meiosis and commit to oogenesis, whereas in a fetal testis, they avoid entry into meiosis and instead undergo mitotic arrest and mature toward spermatogenesis. Here, we discuss what we know so far about the regulation of sex-specific differentiation of germ cells, considering extrinsic molecular cues produced by somatic cells, as well as critical intrinsic changes within the germ cells. This review focuses almost exclusively on our understanding of these events in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josephine Bowles
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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160
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Kress C, Montillet G, Jean C, Fuet A, Pain B. Chicken embryonic stem cells and primordial germ cells display different heterochromatic histone marks than their mammalian counterparts. Epigenetics Chromatin 2016; 9:5. [PMID: 26865862 PMCID: PMC4748481 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-016-0056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromatin epigenetics participate in control of gene expression during metazoan development. DNA methylation and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones have been extensively characterised in cell types present in, or derived from, mouse embryos. In embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from blastocysts, factors involved in deposition of epigenetic marks regulate properties related to self-renewal and pluripotency. In the germ lineage, changes in histone PTMs and DNA demethylation occur during formation of the primordial germ cells (PGCs) to reset the epigenome of the future gametes. Trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3) by Polycomb group proteins is involved in several epigenome-remodelling steps, but it remains unclear whether these epigenetic features are conserved in non-mammalian vertebrates. To investigate this question, we compared the abundance and nuclear distribution of the main histone PTMs, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in chicken ESCs, PGCs and blastodermal cells (BCs) with differentiated chicken ESCs and embryonic fibroblasts. In addition, we analysed the expression of chromatin modifier genes to better understand the establishment and dynamics of chromatin epigenetic profiles. Results The nuclear distributions of most PTMs and 5hmC in chicken stem cells were similar to what has been described for mammalian cells. However, unlike mouse pericentric heterochromatin (PCH), chicken ESC PCH contained high levels of trimethylated histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3). In differentiated chicken cells, PCH was less enriched in H3K27me3 relative to chromatin overall. In PGCs, the H3K27me3 global level was greatly reduced, whereas the H3K9me3 level was elevated. Most chromatin modifier genes known in mammals were expressed in chicken ESCs, PGCs and BCs. Genes presumably involved in de novo DNA methylation were very highly expressed. DNMT3B and HELLS/SMARCA6 were highly expressed in chicken ESCs, PGCs and BCs compared to differentiated chicken ESCs and embryonic fibroblasts, and DNMT3A was strongly expressed in ESCs, differentiated ESCs and BCs. Conclusions Chicken ESCs and PGCs differ from their mammalian counterparts with respect to H3K27 methylation. High enrichment of H3K27me3 at PCH is specific to pluripotent cells in chicken. Our results demonstrate that the dynamics in chromatin constitution described during mouse development is not universal to all vertebrate species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-016-0056-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Kress
- Inserm, U1208, INRA, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500 Bron, France ; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Montillet
- Inserm, U1208, INRA, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500 Bron, France ; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Christian Jean
- Inserm, U1208, INRA, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500 Bron, France ; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Fuet
- Inserm, U1208, INRA, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500 Bron, France ; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Pain
- Inserm, U1208, INRA, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500 Bron, France ; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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161
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Dean A, van den Driesche S, Wang Y, McKinnell C, Macpherson S, Eddie SL, Kinnell H, Hurtado-Gonzalez P, Chambers TJ, Stevenson K, Wolfinger E, Hrabalkova L, Calarrao A, Bayne RA, Hagen CP, Mitchell RT, Anderson RA, Sharpe RM. Analgesic exposure in pregnant rats affects fetal germ cell development with inter-generational reproductive consequences. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19789. [PMID: 26813099 PMCID: PMC4728385 DOI: 10.1038/srep19789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Analgesics which affect prostaglandin (PG) pathways are used by most pregnant women. As germ cells (GC) undergo developmental and epigenetic changes in fetal life and are PG targets, we investigated if exposure of pregnant rats to analgesics (indomethacin or acetaminophen) affected GC development and reproductive function in resulting offspring (F1) or in the F2 generation. Exposure to either analgesic reduced F1 fetal GC number in both sexes and altered the tempo of fetal GC development sex-dependently, with delayed meiotic entry in oogonia but accelerated GC differentiation in males. These effects persisted in adult F1 females as reduced ovarian and litter size, whereas F1 males recovered normal GC numbers and fertility by adulthood. F2 offspring deriving from an analgesic-exposed F1 parent also exhibited sex-specific changes. F2 males exhibited normal reproductive development whereas F2 females had smaller ovaries and reduced follicle numbers during puberty/adulthood; as similar changes were found for F2 offspring of analgesic-exposed F1 fathers or mothers, we interpret this as potentially indicating an analgesic-induced change to GC in F1. Assuming our results are translatable to humans, they raise concerns that analgesic use in pregnancy could potentially affect fertility of resulting daughters and grand-daughters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Dean
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sander van den Driesche
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Yili Wang
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Chris McKinnell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sheila Macpherson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sharon L Eddie
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Hazel Kinnell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Pablo Hurtado-Gonzalez
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Tom J Chambers
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kerrie Stevenson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elke Wolfinger
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lenka Hrabalkova
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ana Calarrao
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rosey Al Bayne
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Casper P Hagen
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard M Sharpe
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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162
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Walter M, Teissandier A, Pérez-Palacios R, Bourc'his D. An epigenetic switch ensures transposon repression upon dynamic loss of DNA methylation in embryonic stem cells. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26814573 PMCID: PMC4769179 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is extensively remodeled during mammalian gametogenesis and embryogenesis. Most transposons become hypomethylated, raising the question of their regulation in the absence of DNA methylation. To reproduce a rapid and extensive demethylation, we subjected mouse ES cells to chemically defined hypomethylating culture conditions. Surprisingly, we observed two phases of transposon regulation. After an initial burst of de-repression, various transposon families were efficiently re-silenced. This was accompanied by a reconfiguration of the repressive chromatin landscape: while H3K9me3 was stable, H3K9me2 globally disappeared and H3K27me3 accumulated at transposons. Interestingly, we observed that H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 occupy different transposon families or different territories within the same family, defining three functional categories of adaptive chromatin responses to DNA methylation loss. Our work highlights that H3K9me3 and, most importantly, polycomb-mediated H3K27me3 chromatin pathways can secure the control of a large spectrum of transposons in periods of intense DNA methylation change, ensuring longstanding genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Walter
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Paris Science Lettres Research University, .,UMR3215, CNRS, Paris, France.,U934, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Teissandier
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,UMR3215, CNRS, Paris, France.,U934, Inserm, Paris, France.,Paris Science Lettres Research University, .,Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Mines Paris Tech, Paris, France.,U900, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Raquel Pérez-Palacios
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,UMR3215, CNRS, Paris, France.,U934, Inserm, Paris, France.,Paris Science Lettres Research University,
| | - Déborah Bourc'his
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,UMR3215, CNRS, Paris, France.,U934, Inserm, Paris, France.,Paris Science Lettres Research University,
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163
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Murakami K, Günesdogan U, Zylicz JJ, Tang WWC, Sengupta R, Kobayashi T, Kim S, Butler R, Dietmann S, Surani MA. NANOG alone induces germ cells in primed epiblast in vitro by activation of enhancers. Nature 2016; 529:403-407. [PMID: 26751055 DOI: 10.1038/nature16480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanog, a core pluripotency factor in the inner cell mass of blastocysts, is also expressed in unipotent primordial germ cells (PGCs) in mice, where its precise role is yet unclear. We investigated this in an in vitro model, in which naive pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells cultured in basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and activin A develop as epiblast-like cells (EpiLCs) and gain competence for a PGC-like fate. Consequently, bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), or ectopic expression of key germline transcription factors Prdm1, Prdm14 and Tfap2c, directly induce PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) in EpiLCs, but not in ES cells. Here we report an unexpected discovery that Nanog alone can induce PGCLCs in EpiLCs, independently of BMP4. We propose that after the dissolution of the naive ES-cell pluripotency network during establishment of EpiLCs, the epigenome is reset for cell fate determination. Indeed, we found genome-wide changes in NANOG-binding patterns between ES cells and EpiLCs, indicating epigenetic resetting of regulatory elements. Accordingly, we show that NANOG can bind and activate enhancers of Prdm1 and Prdm14 in EpiLCs in vitro; BLIMP1 (encoded by Prdm1) then directly induces Tfap2c. Furthermore, while SOX2 and NANOG promote the pluripotent state in ES cells, they show contrasting roles in EpiLCs, as Sox2 specifically represses PGCLC induction by Nanog. This study demonstrates a broadly applicable mechanistic principle for how cells acquire competence for cell fate determination, resulting in the context-dependent roles of key transcription factors during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Murakami
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.,Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.,Laboratory for Pluripotent Cell Studies, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita21 Nishi11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ufuk Günesdogan
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.,Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jan J Zylicz
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.,Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Walfred W C Tang
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.,Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Roopsha Sengupta
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.,Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.,Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Shinseog Kim
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.,Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Richard Butler
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.,Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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164
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Kurimoto K, Saitou M. Mechanism and Reconstitution In Vitro of Germ Cell Development in Mammals. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 80:147-154. [PMID: 26642855 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2015.80.027425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The germ cell lineage creates new individuals, perpetuating/diversifying the genetic and epigenetic information across generations. Based on the knowledge obtained through investigations into the mechanisms of germ cell specification and development in mice, we have succeeded in precisely reconstituting the specification and subsequent development of germ cells in culture in both males and females: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)/induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are induced into epiblast-like cells (EpiLCs) and then into primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs), which robustly contribute to spermatogenesis and oogenesis and to fertile offspring. This in vitro mouse PGC specification/development system has led to the elucidation of signaling, transcriptional, and epigenetic regulation during germ cell development in a detailed fashion. More recently, based on this system, we and others have demonstrated the induction of human PGCLCs from human ESCs/iPSCs, creating an opportunity for understanding the mechanism of human germ cell development in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kurimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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165
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Dimitrova E, Turberfield AH, Klose RJ. Histone demethylases in chromatin biology and beyond. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1620-39. [PMID: 26564907 PMCID: PMC4687429 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation plays fundamental roles in regulating chromatin‐based processes. With the discovery of histone demethylases over a decade ago, it is now clear that histone methylation is dynamically regulated to shape the epigenome and regulate important nuclear processes including transcription, cell cycle control and DNA repair. In addition, recent observations suggest that these enzymes could also have functions beyond their originally proposed role as histone demethylases. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underpin the role of histone demethylases in a wide variety of normal cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert J Klose
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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166
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Zylicz JJ, Dietmann S, Günesdogan U, Hackett JA, Cougot D, Lee C, Surani MA. Chromatin dynamics and the role of G9a in gene regulation and enhancer silencing during early mouse development. eLife 2015; 4:e09571. [PMID: 26551560 PMCID: PMC4729692 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early mouse development is accompanied by dynamic changes in chromatin modifications, including G9a-mediated histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), which is essential for embryonic development. Here we show that genome-wide accumulation of H3K9me2 is crucial for postimplantation development, and coincides with redistribution of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)-dependent histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Loss of G9a or EZH2 results in upregulation of distinct gene sets involved in cell cycle regulation, germline development and embryogenesis. Notably, the H3K9me2 modification extends to active enhancer elements where it promotes developmentally-linked gene silencing and directly marks promoters and gene bodies. This epigenetic mechanism is important for priming gene regulatory networks for critical cell fate decisions in rapidly proliferating postimplantation epiblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan J Zylicz
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research United Kingdom Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ufuk Günesdogan
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research United Kingdom Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A Hackett
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research United Kingdom Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Delphine Cougot
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research United Kingdom Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Lee
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research United Kingdom Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research United Kingdom Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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167
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Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in the germline and imprinting cycle. Germ cells show extensive epigenetic programming in preparation for the generation of the totipotent state, which in turn leads to the establishment of pluripotent cells in blastocysts. The latter are the cells from which pluripotent embryonic stem cells are derived and maintained in culture. Following blastocyst implantation, postimplantation epiblast cells develop, which give rise to all somatic cells as well as primordial germ cells, the precursors of sperm and eggs. Pluripotent stem cells in culture can be induced to undergo differentiation into somatic cells and germ cells in culture. Understanding the natural cycles of epigenetic reprogramming that occur in the germline will allow the generation of better and more versatile stem cells for both therapeutic and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Reik
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB2 3EG, United Kingdom Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute & Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute & Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
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168
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Hogg K, Western PS. Refurbishing the germline epigenome: Out with the old, in with the new. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 45:104-13. [PMID: 26597001 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian germline reprogramming involves the erasure and re-establishment of epigenetic information critical for germ cell function and inheritance in offspring. The bi-faceted nature of such reprogramming ensures germline repression of somatic programmes and the establishment of a carefully constructed epigenome essential for fertilisation and embryonic development in the next generation. While the majority of the germline epigenome is erased in preparation for embryonic development, certain genomic sequences remain resistant to this and may represent routes for transmission of epigenetic changes through the germline. Epigenetic reprogramming is regulated by highly conserved epigenetic modifiers, which function to establish, maintain and remove DNA methylation and chromatin modifications. In this review, we discuss recent findings from a considerable body of work illustrating the critical requirement of epigenetic modifiers that influence the epigenetic signature present in mature gametes, and have the potential to affect developmental outcomes in the offspring. We also briefly discuss the similarities of these mechanisms in the human germline and consider the potential for inheritance of epigenetically induced germline genetic errors that could impact on offspring phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hogg
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Patrick S Western
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia.
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169
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Clark AT. DNA methylation remodeling in vitro and in vivo. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 34:82-7. [PMID: 26451496 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, global DNA demethylation in vivo occurs in the pre-implantation embryo and in primordial germ cells (PGCs) where it is hypothesized to create a blank slate or 'tabula rasa' upon which new DNA methylation patterns are written. However, global DNA demethylation in vivo is far from complete with a small number of loci protected from demethylation. Failure to demethylate, or overt demethylation results in compromised differentiation. Recent work has shown that reversion of primed human pluripotent stem cells to the naïve state leads to unbridled DNA demethylation which has unknown consequences on the quality differentiated cells created in vitro. Taken together understanding DNA methylation remodeling is critical for understanding the epigenetic foundations of life, and the quality of stem cells for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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170
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Saito S, Lin YC, Murayama Y, Nakamura Y, Eckner R, Niemann H, Yokoyama KK. Retracted article: In vitro derivation of mammalian germ cells from stem cells and their potential therapeutic application. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4545-60. [PMID: 26439925 PMCID: PMC4628088 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a unique type of cells because they
exhibit the characteristics of self-renewal and pluripotency. PSCs may be induced to
differentiate into any cell type, even male and female germ cells, suggesting their
potential as novel cell-based therapeutic treatment for infertility problems.
Spermatogenesis is an intricate biological process that starts from self-renewal of
spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and leads to differentiated haploid spermatozoa.
Errors at any stage in spermatogenesis may result in male infertility. During the
past decade, much progress has been made in the derivation of male germ cells from
various types of progenitor stem cells. Currently, there are two main approaches for
the derivation of functional germ cells from PSCs, either the induction of in vitro
differentiation to produce haploid cell products, or combination of in vitro
differentiation and in vivo transplantation. The production of mature and fertile
spermatozoa from stem cells might provide an unlimited source of autologous gametes
for treatment of male infertility. Here, we discuss the current state of the art
regarding the differentiation potential of SSCs, embryonic stem cells, and induced
pluripotent stem cells to produce functional male germ cells. We also discuss the
possible use of livestock-derived PSCs as a novel option for animal reproduction and
infertility treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Saito
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan. .,SPK Co., Ltd., Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima, 965-0025, Japan. .,College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8642, Japan.
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaoshiung Medical University, 100 Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yoshinobu Murayama
- College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8642, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, 3050074, Japan
| | - Richard Eckner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Löffler-Institut, Mariensee, 31535, Neustadt, Germany.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Center of Stem Cell Research, Center of Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd, San Ming District, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan. .,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, 763-2193, Japan. .,Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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171
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Hogg K, Western PS. Differentiation of Fetal Male Germline and Gonadal Progenitor Cells Is Disrupted in Organ Cultures Containing Knockout Serum Replacement. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2899-911. [PMID: 26393524 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ cells occupy a unique place in development through their requirement to maintain underlying totipotency while producing highly differentiated gametes. This is reflected in the expression of key regulators of pluripotency in the fetal germline and the ability of these cells to form pluripotent stem cells and germ cell tumors. Culture of whole fetal testes, including germ cells, provides a key model for studying gonad and germline development, but it is critical that such models mimic physiological development as closely as possible. We aimed to determine the effects of differing culture conditions, including serum-free and serum-containing conditions, on fetal germ cell and testis development. We tested a commonly used model that employs knockout serum replacement (KSR) to provide more defined culture conditions than media containing fetal bovine serum (FBS). In FBS conditions, cell cycle parameters in germ and Sertoli cells closely resembled normal development. In contrast, KSR significantly inhibited male germ cell entry into mitotic arrest, a key milestone in male germline development. Moreover, KSR disrupted molecular control of cell cycle and inhibited the transcription of a range of male germ cell differentiation markers. In the somatic compartment, KSR stimulated proliferation and inhibited differentiation in Sertoli cells. These data demonstrate that KSR substantially alters germ and somatic cell differentiation in fetal testis culture and should not be used to replicate normal gonadal development. In contrast, basal media with or without serum support germ and supporting cell differentiation and cell cycle dynamics that are in line with in vivo characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hogg
- 1 Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton, Victoria, Australia .,2 Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick S Western
- 1 Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton, Victoria, Australia .,2 Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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172
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Yamaguchi YL, Tanaka SS, Kumagai M, Fujimoto Y, Terabayashi T, Matsui Y, Nishinakamura R. Sall4 is essential for mouse primordial germ cell specification by suppressing somatic cell program genes. Stem Cells 2015; 33:289-300. [PMID: 25263278 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Spalt-like 4 (Sall4) zinc finger protein is a critical transcription factor for pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It is also involved in the formation of a variety of organs, in mice, and humans. We report the essential roles of Sall4 in mouse primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. PGC specification is accompanied by the activation of the stem cell program and repression of the somatic cell program in progenitor cells. Conditional inactivation of Sall4 during PGC specification led to a reduction in the number of PGCs in embryonic gonads. Sall4(del/del) PGCs failed to translocate from the mesoderm to the endoderm and underwent apoptosis. In Sall4(del/del) PGC progenitors, somatic cell program genes (Hoxa1 and Hoxb1) were derepressed, while activation of the stem cell program was not impaired. We demonstrated that in differentiated ESCs, Sall4 bound to these somatic cell program gene loci, which are reportedly occupied by Prdm1 in embryonic carcinoma cells. Given that Sall4 and Prdm1 are known to associate with the histone deacetylase repressor complex, our findings suggest that Sall4 suppresses the somatic cell program possibly by recruiting the repressor complex in conjunction with Prdm1; therefore, it is essential for PGC specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuka L Yamaguchi
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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173
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Prokopuk L, Western PS, Stringer JM. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: adaptation through the germline epigenome? Epigenomics 2015; 7:829-46. [PMID: 26367077 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications direct the way DNA is packaged into the nucleus, making genes more or less accessible to transcriptional machinery and influencing genomic stability. Environmental factors have the potential to alter the epigenome, allowing genes that are silenced to be activated and vice versa. This ultimately influences disease susceptibility and health in an individual. Furthermore, altered chromatin states can be transmitted to subsequent generations, thus epigenetic modifications may provide evolutionary mechanisms that impact on adaptation to changed environments. However, the mechanisms involved in establishing and maintaining these epigenetic modifications during development remain unclear. This review discusses current evidence for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, confounding issues associated with its study, and the biological relevance of altered epigenetic states for subsequent generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexie Prokopuk
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Molecular & Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Patrick S Western
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Molecular & Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jessica M Stringer
- Centre for Genetic Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Molecular & Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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174
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Abstract
Germ cells are the special cells in the body that undergo meiosis to generate gametes and subsequently entire new organisms after fertilization, a process that continues generation after generation. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the factors and mechanisms that specify germ cell fate, including the partitioning of maternally supplied 'germ plasm', inheritance of epigenetic memory and expression of transcription factors crucial for primordial germ cell (PGC) development. Even after PGCs are specified, germline fate is labile and thus requires protective mechanisms, such as global transcriptional repression, chromatin state alteration and translation of only germline-appropriate transcripts. Findings from diverse species continue to provide insights into the shared and divergent needs of these special reproductive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Strome
- Molecular, Cell &Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Dustin Updike
- Kathryn W. Davis Center for Regenerative Biology &Medicine, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04672, USA
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175
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Bazley FA, Liu CF, Yuan X, Hao H, All AH, De Los Angeles A, Zambidis ET, Gearhart JD, Kerr CL. Direct Reprogramming of Human Primordial Germ Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Efficient Generation of Genetically Engineered Germ Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2634-48. [PMID: 26154167 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) share many properties with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and innately express several key pluripotency-controlling factors, including OCT4, NANOG, and LIN28. Therefore, PGCs may provide a simple and efficient model for studying somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), especially in determining the regulatory mechanisms that fundamentally define pluripotency. Here, we report a novel model of PGC reprogramming to generate iPSCs via transfection with SOX2 and OCT4 using integrative lentiviral. We also show the feasibility of using nonintegrative approaches for generating iPSC from PGCs using only these two factors. We show that human PGCs express endogenous levels of KLF4 and C-MYC protein at levels similar to embryonic germ cells (EGCs) but lower levels of SOX2 and OCT4. Transfection with both SOX2 and OCT4 together was required to induce PGCs to a pluripotent state at an efficiency of 1.71%, and the further addition of C-MYC increased the efficiency to 2.33%. Immunohistochemical analyses of the SO-derived PGC-iPSCs revealed that these cells were more similar to ESCs than EGCs regarding both colony morphology and molecular characterization. Although leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was not required for the generation of PGC-iPSCs like EGCs, the presence of LIF combined with ectopic exposure to C-MYC yielded higher efficiencies. Additionally, the SO-derived PGC-iPSCs exhibited differentiation into representative cell types from all three germ layers in vitro and successfully formed teratomas in vivo. Several lines were generated that were karyotypically stable for up to 24 subcultures. Their derivation efficiency and survival in culture significantly supersedes that of EGCs, demonstrating their utility as a powerful model for studying factors regulating pluripotency in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A Bazley
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cyndi F Liu
- 2 Department of Genecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xuan Yuan
- 4 Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Haiping Hao
- 5 JHMI Deep Sequencing and Microarray Core, High Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo H All
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alejandro De Los Angeles
- 6 Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston , Massachusetts.,7 Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,8 Harvard Stem Cell Institute , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- 3 Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,9 Division of Pediatric Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John D Gearhart
- 10 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,11 Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Candace L Kerr
- 2 Department of Genecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,12 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland , Baltimore, Maryland
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176
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Vassena R, Eguizabal C, Heindryckx B, Sermon K, Simon C, van Pelt AMM, Veiga A, Zambelli F. Stem cells in reproductive medicine: ready for the patient? Hum Reprod 2015. [PMID: 26202914 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are there effective and clinically validated stem cell-based therapies for reproductive diseases? SUMMARY ANSWER At the moment, clinically validated stem cell treatments for reproductive diseases and alterations are not available. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Research in stem cells and regenerative medicine is growing in scope, and its translation to the clinic is heralded by the recent initiation of controlled clinical trials with pluripotent derived cells. Unfortunately, stem cell 'treatments' are currently offered to patients outside of the controlled framework of scientifically sound research and regulated clinical trials. Both physicians and patients in reproductive medicine are often unsure about stem cells therapeutic options. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An international working group was assembled to review critically the available scientific literature in both the human species and animal models. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS This review includes work published in English until December 2014, and available through Pubmed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A few areas of research in stem cell and reproductive medicine were identified: in vitro gamete production, endometrial regeneration, erectile dysfunction amelioration, vaginal reconstruction. The stem cells studied range from pluripotent (embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells) to monopotent stem cells, such as spermatogonial stem cells or mesenchymal stem cells. The vast majority of studies have been carried out in animal models, with data that are preliminary at best. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This review was not conducted in a systematic fashion, and reports in publications not indexed in Pubmed were not analyzed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS A much broader clinical knowledge will have to be acquired before translation to the clinic of stem cell therapies in reproductive medicine; patients and physicians should be wary of unfounded claims of improvement of existing medical conditions; at the moment, effective stem cell treatment for reproductive diseases and alterations is not available. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS None. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Eguizabal
- Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Laboratory, Basque Center for Transfusion and Human Tissues, Galdakao, Spain
| | - B Heindryckx
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Sermon
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universtiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Simon
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), and Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Valencia University & INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A M M van Pelt
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Veiga
- Reproductive Medicine Service, Hospital Universitari Quiron Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain Stem Cell Bank, Centre for Regenerative Medicine of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Zambelli
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Universtiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium S.I.S.Me.R. Reproductive Medicine Unit, Bologna, Italy
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177
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Guo Y, Yang B, Li Y, Xu X, Maine EM. Enrichment of H3K9me2 on Unsynapsed Chromatin in Caenorhabditis elegans Does Not Target de Novo Sites. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2015; 5:1865-78. [PMID: 26156747 PMCID: PMC4555223 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.019828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many organisms alter the chromatin state of unsynapsed chromosomes during meiotic prophase, a phenomenon hypothesized to function in maintaining germline integrity. In Caenorhabditis elegans, histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) is detected by immunolabeling as enriched on unsynapsed meiotic chromosomes. Loss of the SET domain protein, MET-2, greatly reduces H3K9me2 abundance and results in germline mortality. Here, we used him-8 mutations to disable X chromosome synapsis and performed a combination of molecular assays to map the sites of H3K9me2 accumulation, evaluate H3K9me2 abundance in germline vs. whole animals, and evaluate the impact of H3K9me2 loss on the germline transcriptome. Our data indicate that H3K9me2 is elevated broadly across the X chromosome and at defined X chromosomal sites in him-8 adults compared with controls. H3K9me2 levels are also elevated to a lesser degree at sites on synapsed chromosomes in him-8 adults compared with controls. These results suggest that MET-2 activity is elevated in him-8 mutants generally as well as targeted preferentially to the unsynapsed X. Abundance of H3K9me2 and other histone H3 modifications is low in germline chromatin compared with whole animals, which may facilitate genome reprogramming during gametogenesis. Loss of H3K9me2 has a subtle impact on the him-8 germline transcriptome, suggesting H3K9me2 may not be a major regulator of developmental gene expression in C. elegans. We hypothesize H3K9me2 may have a structural function critical for germline immortality, and a greater abundance of these marks may be required when a chromosome does not synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Guo
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Yini Li
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Eleanor M Maine
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
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178
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179
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Jang CW, Shibata Y, Starmer J, Yee D, Magnuson T. Histone H3.3 maintains genome integrity during mammalian development. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1377-92. [PMID: 26159997 PMCID: PMC4511213 DOI: 10.1101/gad.264150.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Histone H3.3 is a highly conserved histone H3 replacement variant in metazoans and has been implicated in many important biological processes, including cell differentiation and reprogramming. Germline and somatic mutations in H3.3 genomic incorporation pathway components or in H3.3 encoding genes have been associated with human congenital diseases and cancers, respectively. However, the role of H3.3 in mammalian development remains unclear. To address this question, we generated H3.3-null mouse models through classical genetic approaches. We found that H3.3 plays an essential role in mouse development. Complete depletion of H3.3 leads to developmental retardation and early embryonic lethality. At the cellular level, H3.3 loss triggers cell cycle suppression and cell death. Surprisingly, H3.3 depletion does not dramatically disrupt gene regulation in the developing embryo. Instead, H3.3 depletion causes dysfunction of heterochromatin structures at telomeres, centromeres, and pericentromeric regions of chromosomes, leading to mitotic defects. The resulting karyotypical abnormalities and DNA damage lead to p53 pathway activation. In summary, our results reveal that an important function of H3.3 is to support chromosomal heterochromatic structures, thus maintaining genome integrity during mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Wei Jang
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264, USA
| | - Yoichiro Shibata
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264, USA
| | - Joshua Starmer
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264, USA
| | - Della Yee
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264, USA
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Department of Genetics, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264, USA
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180
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Developmental windows of susceptibility for epigenetic inheritance through the male germline. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 43:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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181
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Günesdogan U, Magnúsdóttir E, Surani MA. Primordial germ cell specification: a context-dependent cellular differentiation event [corrected]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0543. [PMID: 25349452 PMCID: PMC4216466 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, the foundation of the germline is laid by the specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) from the postimplantation epiblast via bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and WNT signalling. While the majority of epiblast cells undergo differentiation towards somatic cell lineages, PGCs initiate a unique cellular programme driven by the cooperation of the transcription factors BLIMP1, PRDM14 and AP2γ. These factors synergistically suppress the ongoing somatic differentiation and drive the re-expression of pluripotency and germ cell-specific genes accompanied by global epigenetic changes. However, an unresolved question is how postimplantation epiblast cells acquire the developmental competence for the PGC fate downstream of BMP/WNT signalling. One emerging concept is that transcriptional enhancers might play a central role in the establishment of developmental competence and the execution of cell fate determination. Here, we discuss recent advances on the specification and reprogramming of PGCs thereby highlighting the concept of enhancer function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ufuk Günesdogan
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Erna Magnúsdóttir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK Wellcome Trust Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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182
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Tang WWC, Dietmann S, Irie N, Leitch HG, Floros VI, Bradshaw CR, Hackett JA, Chinnery PF, Surani MA. A Unique Gene Regulatory Network Resets the Human Germline Epigenome for Development. Cell 2015; 161:1453-67. [PMID: 26046444 PMCID: PMC4459712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Resetting of the epigenome in human primordial germ cells (hPGCs) is critical for development. We show that the transcriptional program of hPGCs is distinct from that in mice, with co-expression of somatic specifiers and naive pluripotency genes TFCP2L1 and KLF4. This unique gene regulatory network, established by SOX17 and BLIMP1, drives comprehensive germline DNA demethylation by repressing DNA methylation pathways and activating TET-mediated hydroxymethylation. Base-resolution methylome analysis reveals progressive DNA demethylation to basal levels in week 5-7 in vivo hPGCs. Concurrently, hPGCs undergo chromatin reorganization, X reactivation, and imprint erasure. Despite global hypomethylation, evolutionarily young and potentially hazardous retroelements, like SVA, remain methylated. Remarkably, some loci associated with metabolic and neurological disorders are also resistant to DNA demethylation, revealing potential for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance that may have phenotypic consequences. We provide comprehensive insight on early human germline transcriptional network and epigenetic reprogramming that subsequently impacts human development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walfred W C Tang
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Naoko Irie
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Harry G Leitch
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Vasileios I Floros
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Charles R Bradshaw
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Jamie A Hackett
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
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183
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Integrative Analysis of the Acquisition of Pluripotency in PGCs Reveals the Mutually Exclusive Roles of Blimp-1 and AKT Signaling. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:111-24. [PMID: 26050930 PMCID: PMC4618250 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are lineage-restricted unipotent cells that can dedifferentiate into pluripotent embryonic germ cells (EGCs). Here we performed whole-transcriptome analysis during the conversion of PGCs into EGCs, a process by which cells acquire pluripotency. To examine the molecular mechanism underlying this conversion, we focused on Blimp-1 and Akt, which are involved in PGC specification and dedifferentiation, respectively. Blimp-1 overexpression in embryonic stem cells suppressed the expression of downstream targets of the pluripotency network. Conversely, Blimp-1 deletion in PGCs accelerated their dedifferentiation into pluripotent EGCs, illustrating that Blimp-1 is a pluripotency gatekeeper protein in PGCs. AKT signaling showed a synergistic effect with basic fibroblast growth factor plus 2i+A83 treatment on EGC formation. AKT played a major role in suppressing genes regulated by MBD3. From these results, we defined the distinct functions of Blimp-1 and Akt and provided mechanistic insights into the acquisition of pluripotency in PGCs.
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184
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185
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Abstract
The inheritance of epigenetic marks, in particular DNA methylation, provides a molecular memory that ensures faithful commitment to transcriptional programs during mammalian development. Epigenetic reprogramming results in global hypomethylation of the genome together with a profound loss of memory, which underlies naive pluripotency. Such global reprogramming occurs in primordial germ cells, early embryos, and embryonic stem cells where reciprocal molecular links connect the methylation machinery to pluripotency. Priming for differentiation is initiated upon exit from pluripotency, and we propose that epigenetic mechanisms create diversity of transcriptional states, which help with symmetry breaking during cell fate decisions and lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Lee
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Timothy A Hore
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK.
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186
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Fan L, Jiang J, Gao J, Song H, Liu J, Yang L, Li Z, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Wang X. Identification and Characterization of a PRDM14 Homolog in Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9097-118. [PMID: 25915026 PMCID: PMC4463580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDM14 is a PR (PRDI-BF1-RIZ1 homologous) domain protein with six zinc fingers and essential roles in genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming. This protein is required for the establishment of germ cells and the maintenance of the embryonic stem cell ground state. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA and genomic DNA of the Paralichthys olivaceus prdm14 (Po-prdm14) gene and isolated the 5' regulatory region of Po-prdm14 by whole-genome sequencing. Peptide sequence alignment, gene structure analysis, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that Po-PRDM14 was homologous to mammalian PRDM14. Results of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction amplification (RT-qPCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) in embryos demonstrated that Po-prdm14 was highly expressed between the morula and late gastrula stages, with its expression peaking in the early gastrula stage. Relatively low expression of Po-prdm14 was observed in the other developmental stages. ISH of gonadal tissues revealed that the transcripts were located in the nucleus of the oocytes in the ovaries but only in the spermatogonia and not the spermatocytes in the testes. We also presume that the Po-prdm14 transcription factor binding sites and their conserved binding region among vertebrates. The combined results suggest that Po-PRDM14 has a conserved function in teleosts and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jiajun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jinning Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Huayu Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jinxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Likun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Calvopina JH, Cook H, Vincent JJ, Nee K, Clark AT. The Aorta-Gonad-Mesonephros Organ Culture Recapitulates 5hmC Reorganization and Replication-Dependent and Independent Loss of DNA Methylation in the Germline. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1536-45. [PMID: 25749005 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of cytosine methylation from the genome is critical for reprogramming and transdifferentiation and plays a central role in our understanding of the fundamental principles of embryo lineage development. One of the major models for studying cytosine demethylation is the mammalian germ line during the primordial germ cell (PGC) stage of embryo development. It is now understood that oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is required to remove cytosine methylation in a locus-specific manner in PGCs; however, the mechanisms downstream of 5hmC are controversial and hypothesized to involve either active demethylation or replication-coupled loss. In the current study, we used the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) organ culture model to show that this model recapitulates germ line reprogramming, including 5hmC reorganization and loss of cytosine methylation from Snrpn and H19 imprinting control centers (ICCs). To directly address the hypothesis that cell proliferation is required for cytosine demethylation, we blocked PI3-kinase-dependent PGC proliferation and show that this leads to a G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest in PGCs, together with retained levels of cytosine methylation at the Snrpn ICC, but not at the H19 ICC. Taken together, the AGM organ culture model is an important tool to evaluate mechanisms of locus-specific demethylation and the role of PI3-kinase-dependent PGC proliferation in the locus-specific removal of cytosine methylation from the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hargan Calvopina
- 1 Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Helene Cook
- 1 Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - John J Vincent
- 1 Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Kevin Nee
- 1 Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
| | - Amander T Clark
- 1 Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,2 Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,3 Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California.,4 Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California
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188
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Kurimoto K, Yabuta Y, Hayashi K, Ohta H, Kiyonari H, Mitani T, Moritoki Y, Kohri K, Kimura H, Yamamoto T, Katou Y, Shirahige K, Saitou M. Quantitative Dynamics of Chromatin Remodeling during Germ Cell Specification from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16:517-32. [PMID: 25800778 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell specification is accompanied by epigenetic remodeling, the scale and specificity of which are unclear. Here, we quantitatively delineate chromatin dynamics during induction of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to epiblast-like cells (EpiLCs) and from there into primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs), revealing large-scale reorganization of chromatin signatures including H3K27me3 and H3K9me2 patterns. EpiLCs contain abundant bivalent gene promoters characterized by low H3K27me3, indicating a state primed for differentiation. PGCLCs initially lose H3K4me3 from many bivalent genes but subsequently regain this mark with concomitant upregulation of H3K27me3, particularly at developmental regulatory genes. PGCLCs progressively lose H3K9me2, including at lamina-associated perinuclear heterochromatin, resulting in changes in nuclear architecture. T recruits H3K27ac to activate BLIMP1 and early mesodermal programs during PGCLC specification, which is followed by BLIMP1-mediated repression of a broad range of targets, possibly through recruitment and spreading of H3K27me3. These findings provide a foundation for reconstructing regulatory networks of the germline epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kurimoto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Yabuta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Developmental Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; JST, PRESTO, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratories of Animal Resource Development and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Mitani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Moritoki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Nephro-Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kohri
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Katou
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; JST, ERATO, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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189
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Hong K, Kim YJ, Choi Y. Function of TET proteins in germ cell reprogramming. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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190
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Manku G, Culty M. Mammalian gonocyte and spermatogonia differentiation: recent advances and remaining challenges. Reproduction 2015; 149:R139-57. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The production of spermatozoa relies on a pool of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), formed in infancy from the differentiation of their precursor cells, the gonocytes. Throughout adult life, SSCs will either self-renew or differentiate, in order to maintain a stem cell reserve while providing cells to the spermatogenic cycle. By contrast, gonocytes represent a transient and finite phase of development leading to the formation of SSCs or spermatogonia of the first spermatogenic wave. Gonocyte development involves phases of quiescence, cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Spermatogonia, on the other hand, remain located at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules throughout their successive phases of proliferation and differentiation. Apoptosis is an integral part of both developmental phases, allowing for the removal of defective cells and the maintenance of proper germ–Sertoli cell ratios. While gonocytes and spermatogonia mitosis are regulated by distinct factors, they both undergo differentiation in response to retinoic acid. In contrast to postpubertal spermatogenesis, the early steps of germ cell development have only recently attracted attention, unveiling genes and pathways regulating SSC self-renewal and proliferation. Yet, less is known on the mechanisms regulating differentiation. The processes leading from gonocytes to spermatogonia have been seldom investigated. While the formation of abnormal gonocytes or SSCs could lead to infertility, defective gonocyte differentiation might be at the origin of testicular germ cell tumors. Thus, it is important to better understand the molecular mechanisms regulating these processes. This review summarizes and compares the present knowledge on the mechanisms regulating mammalian gonocyte and spermatogonial differentiation.
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191
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Shen L, Song CX, He C, Zhang Y. Mechanism and function of oxidative reversal of DNA and RNA methylation. Annu Rev Biochem 2015; 83:585-614. [PMID: 24905787 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060713-035513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of eukaryotic DNA methylation [5-methylcytosine (5mC)] in transcriptional regulation and development was first suggested almost 40 years ago. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the dynamic nature of this epigenetic mark was not understood until recently, following the discovery that the TET proteins, a family of AlkB-like Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, can oxidize 5mC to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Since then, several mechanisms that are responsible for processing oxidized 5mC derivatives to achieve DNA demethylation have emerged. Our biochemical understanding of the DNA demethylation process has prompted new investigations into the biological functions of DNA demethylation. Characterization of two additional AlkB family proteins, FTO and ALKBH5, showed that they possess demethylase activity toward N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) in RNA, indicating that members of this subfamily of dioxygenases have a general function in demethylating nucleic acids. In this review, we discuss recent advances in this emerging field, focusing on the mechanism and function of TET-mediated DNA demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
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192
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Vrooman LA, Oatley JM, Griswold JE, Hassold TJ, Hunt PA. Estrogenic exposure alters the spermatogonial stem cells in the developing testis, permanently reducing crossover levels in the adult. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004949. [PMID: 25615633 PMCID: PMC4304829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and other endocrine disrupting chemicals have been reported to induce negative effects on a wide range of physiological processes, including reproduction. In the female, BPA exposure increases meiotic errors, resulting in the production of chromosomally abnormal eggs. Although numerous studies have reported that estrogenic exposures negatively impact spermatogenesis, a direct link between exposures and meiotic errors in males has not been evaluated. To test the effect of estrogenic chemicals on meiotic chromosome dynamics, we exposed male mice to either BPA or to the strong synthetic estrogen, ethinyl estradiol during neonatal development when the first cells initiate meiosis. Although chromosome pairing and synapsis were unperturbed, exposed outbred CD-1 and inbred C3H/HeJ males had significantly reduced levels of crossovers, or meiotic recombination (as defined by the number of MLH1 foci in pachytene cells) by comparison with placebo. Unexpectedly, the effect was not limited to cells exposed at the time of meiotic entry but was evident in all subsequent waves of meiosis. To determine if the meiotic effects induced by estrogen result from changes to the soma or germline of the testis, we transplanted spermatogonial stem cells from exposed males into the testes of unexposed males. Reduced recombination was evident in meiocytes derived from colonies of transplanted cells. Taken together, our results suggest that brief exogenous estrogenic exposure causes subtle changes to the stem cell pool that result in permanent alterations in spermatogenesis (i.e., reduced recombination in descendent meiocytes) in the adult male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Vrooman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jon M. Oatley
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jodi E. Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Terry J. Hassold
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Hunt
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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193
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Li Z, Yu J, Hosohama L, Nee K, Gkountela S, Chaudhari S, Cass AA, Xiao X, Clark AT. The Sm protein methyltransferase PRMT5 is not required for primordial germ cell specification in mice. EMBO J 2014; 34:748-58. [PMID: 25519955 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PRMT5 is a type II protein arginine methyltransferase with roles in stem cell biology, reprograming, cancer and neurogenesis. During embryogenesis in the mouse, it was hypothesized that PRMT5 functions with the master germline determinant BLIMP1 to promote primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. Using a Blimp1-Cre germline conditional knockout, we discovered that Prmt5 has no major role in murine germline specification, or the first global epigenetic reprograming event involving depletion of cytosine methylation from DNA and histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation from chromatin. Instead, we discovered that PRMT5 functions at the conclusion of PGC reprograming I to promote proliferation, survival and expression of the gonadal germline program as marked by MVH. We show that PRMT5 regulates gene expression by promoting methylation of the Sm spliceosomal proteins and significantly altering the spliced repertoire of RNAs in mammalian embryonic cells and primordial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Li
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Juehua Yu
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linzi Hosohama
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Nee
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sofia Gkountela
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonal Chaudhari
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ashley A Cass
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xinshu Xiao
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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194
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Babenko O, Kovalchuk I, Metz GAS. Stress-induced perinatal and transgenerational epigenetic programming of brain development and mental health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 48:70-91. [PMID: 25464029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research efforts during the past decades have provided intriguing evidence suggesting that stressful experiences during pregnancy exert long-term consequences on the future mental wellbeing of both the mother and her baby. Recent human epidemiological and animal studies indicate that stressful experiences in utero or during early life may increase the risk of neurological and psychiatric disorders, arguably via altered epigenetic regulation. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as miRNA expression, DNA methylation, and histone modifications are prone to changes in response to stressful experiences and hostile environmental factors. Altered epigenetic regulation may potentially influence fetal endocrine programming and brain development across several generations. Only recently, however, more attention has been paid to possible transgenerational effects of stress. In this review we discuss the evidence of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of stress exposure in human studies and animal models. We highlight the complex interplay between prenatal stress exposure, associated changes in miRNA expression and DNA methylation in placenta and brain and possible links to greater risks of schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, anxiety- or depression-related disorders later in life. Based on existing evidence, we propose that prenatal stress, through the generation of epigenetic alterations, becomes one of the most powerful influences on mental health in later life. The consideration of ancestral and prenatal stress effects on lifetime health trajectories is critical for improving strategies that support healthy development and successful aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Babenko
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
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195
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Gaydos LJ, Wang W, Strome S. Gene repression. H3K27me and PRC2 transmit a memory of repression across generations and during development. Science 2014; 345:1515-8. [PMID: 25237104 DOI: 10.1126/science.1255023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For proper development, cells must retain patterns of gene expression and repression through cell division. Repression via methylation of histone H3 on Lys27 (H3K27me) by Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is conserved, but its transmission is not well understood. Our studies suggest that PRC2 represses the X chromosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans germ cells, and this repression is transmitted to embryos by both sperm and oocytes. By generating embryos containing some chromosomes with and some without H3K27me, we show that, without PRC2, H3K27me is transmitted to daughter chromatids through several rounds of cell division. In embryos with PRC2, a mosaic H3K27me pattern persists through embryogenesis. These results demonstrate that H3K27me and PRC2 each contribute to epigenetically transmitting the memory of repression across generations and during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Gaydos
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Susan Strome
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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196
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Hahn MA, Szabó PE, Pfeifer GP. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine: a stable or transient DNA modification? Genomics 2014; 104:314-23. [PMID: 25181633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is produced by enzymatic oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) by 5mC oxidases (the Tet proteins). Since 5hmC is recognized poorly by DNA methyltransferases, DNA methylation may be lost at 5hmC sites during DNA replication. In addition, 5hmC can be oxidized further by Tet proteins and converted to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine, two bases that can be removed from DNA by base excision repair. The completed pathway represents a replication-independent DNA demethylation cycle. However, the DNA base 5hmC is also known to be rather stable and occurs at substantial levels, for example in the brain, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic mark by itself that may regulate chromatin structure and transcription. Focusing on a few well-studied tissues and developmental stages, we discuss the opposing views of 5hmC as a transient intermediate in DNA demethylation and as a modified DNA base with an instructive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Hahn
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Piroska E Szabó
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Gerd P Pfeifer
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte CA 91010, USA.
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197
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Rissman EF, Adli M. Minireview: transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: focus on endocrine disrupting compounds. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2770-80. [PMID: 24885575 PMCID: PMC4098001 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The idea that what we eat, feel, and experience influences our physical and mental state and can be transmitted to our offspring and even to subsequent generations has been in the popular realm for a long time. In addition to classic gene mutations, we now recognize that some mechanisms for inheritance do not require changes in DNA. The field of epigenetics has provided a new appreciation for the variety of ways biological traits can be transmitted to subsequent generations. Thus, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance has emerged as a new area of research. We have four goals for this minireview. First, we describe the topic and some of the nomenclature used in the literature. Second, we explain the major epigenetic mechanisms implicated in transgenerational inheritance. Next, we examine some of the best examples of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, with an emphasis on those produced by exposing the parental generation to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Finally, we discuss how whole-genome profiling approaches can be used to identify aberrant epigenomic features and gain insight into the mechanism of EDC-mediated transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Our goal is to educate readers about the range of possible epigenetic mechanisms that exist and encourage researchers to think broadly and apply multiple genomic and epigenomic technologies to their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie F Rissman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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198
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Ueda J, Maehara K, Mashiko D, Ichinose T, Yao T, Hori M, Sato Y, Kimura H, Ohkawa Y, Yamagata K. Heterochromatin dynamics during the differentiation process revealed by the DNA methylation reporter mouse, MethylRO. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:910-24. [PMID: 24936475 PMCID: PMC4050349 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, DNA is methylated at CpG sites, which play pivotal roles in gene silencing and chromatin organization. Furthermore, DNA methylation undergoes dynamic changes during development, differentiation, and in pathological processes. The conventional methods represent snapshots; therefore, the dynamics of this marker within living organisms remains unclear. To track this dynamics, we made a knockin mouse that expresses a red fluorescent protein (RFP)-fused methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) protein from the ROSA26 locus ubiquitously; we named it MethylRO (methylation probe in ROSA26 locus). Using this mouse, we performed RFP-mediated methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq), whole-body section analysis, and live-cell imaging. We discovered that mobility and pattern of heterochromatin as well as DNA methylation signal intensity inside the nuclei can be markers for cellular differentiation status. Thus, the MethylRO mouse represents a powerful bioresource and technique for DNA methylation dynamics studies in developmental biology, stem cell biology, as well as in disease states. Changes in DNA methylation are tracked in living mice Heterochromatin structure changes dynamically during development and differentiation Heterochromatin of preimplantation embryonic cells is highly dynamic than ESCs Heterochromatin pattern in nucleus can be a marker for cell differentiation states
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ueda
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Maehara
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, JST-CREST, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mashiko
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takako Ichinose
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, JST-CREST, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Yao
- Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka 536-8523, Japan
| | - Mayuko Hori
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, JST-CREST, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Corresponding author
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199
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Messerschmidt DM, Knowles BB, Solter D. DNA methylation dynamics during epigenetic reprogramming in the germline and preimplantation embryos. Genes Dev 2014; 28:812-28. [PMID: 24736841 PMCID: PMC4003274 DOI: 10.1101/gad.234294.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Methylation of DNA is an essential epigenetic control mechanism in mammals. Messerschmidt et al. review the current understanding of epigenetic dynamics regulating the molecular processes that prepare the mammalian embryo for normal development. Methylation of DNA is an essential epigenetic control mechanism in mammals. During embryonic development, cells are directed toward their future lineages, and DNA methylation poses a fundamental epigenetic barrier that guides and restricts differentiation and prevents regression into an undifferentiated state. DNA methylation also plays an important role in sex chromosome dosage compensation, the repression of retrotransposons that threaten genome integrity, the maintenance of genome stability, and the coordinated expression of imprinted genes. However, DNA methylation marks must be globally removed to allow for sexual reproduction and the adoption of the specialized, hypomethylated epigenome of the primordial germ cell and the preimplantation embryo. Recent technological advances in genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and the functional description of novel enzymatic DNA demethylation pathways have provided significant insights into the molecular processes that prepare the mammalian embryo for normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Messerschmidt
- Developmental Epigenetics and Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 138673 Singapore,
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Hammoud SS, Low DHP, Yi C, Carrell DT, Guccione E, Cairns BR. Chromatin and transcription transitions of mammalian adult germline stem cells and spermatogenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:239-53. [PMID: 24835570 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Adult germline stem cells (AGSCs) self-renew (Thy1(+) enriched) or commit to gametogenesis (Kit(+) enriched). To better understand how chromatin regulates AGSC biology and gametogenesis, we derived stage-specific high-resolution profiles of DNA methylation, 5hmC, histone modifications/variants, and RNA-seq in AGSCs and during spermatogenesis. First, we define striking signaling and transcriptional differences between AGSC types, involving key self-renewal and proliferation pathways. Second, key pluripotency factors (e.g., Nanog) are silent in AGSCs and bear particular chromatin/DNAme attributes that may "poise" them for reactivation after fertilization. Third, AGSCs display chromatin "poising/bivalency" of enhancers and promoters for embryonic transcription factors. Remarkably, gametogenesis occurs without significant changes in DNAme and instead involves transcription of DNA-methylated promoters bearing high RNAPol2, H3K9ac, H3K4me3, low CG content, and (often) 5hmC. Furthermore, key findings were confirmed in human sperm. Here, we reveal AGSC signaling asymmetries and chromatin/DNAme strategies in AGSCs to poise key transcription factors and to activate DNA-methylated promoters during gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saher Sue Hammoud
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Diana H P Low
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 119074, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Chongil Yi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Douglas T Carrell
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 119074, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore.
| | - Bradley R Cairns
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Oncological Sciences, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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