151
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Chapter 8 Molecular and Genetic Dissection of the Membrane Skeleton in Drosophila. MEMBRANE PROTEIN-CYTOSKELETON INTERACTIONS 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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152
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Michaely P, Bennett V. Mechanism for binding site diversity on ankyrin. Comparison of binding sites on ankyrin for neurofascin and the Cl-/HCO3- anion exchanger. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:31298-302. [PMID: 8537399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.52.31298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankyrins are a family of spectrin-binding proteins that associate with at least seven distinct membrane proteins, including ion transporters and cell adhesion molecules. The membrane-binding domain of ankyrin is comprised of a tandem array of 24 ANK repeats organized into four 6-repeat folding domains. Tandem arrays of ANK repeats have been proposed to mediate protein interactions in a variety of proteins including factors involved in the regulation of transcription and the cell cycle. This report provides several new insights into the versatility of ANK repeats of ankyrin in protein recognition, using neurofascin and the Cl-/HCO3- anion exchanger as model ligands and ankyrinR as the prototypic ankyrin. Different combinations of ANK repeat domains from this ankyrin form two distinct, high affinity binding sites for neurofascin. One site requires both repeat domains 3 and 4. The other site involves both repeat domains 2 and 3, although domain 2 has significant activity alone. The sites appear to be independent with Kd values of 3 and 14 nM, respectively. Both the Cl-/HCO3- anion exchanger and neurofascin can interact simultaneously with repeat domains 3 and 4, because neurofascin is unable to displace binding of the anion exchanger cytoplasmic domain to domains 3 and 4, despite having a 3-5-fold higher affinity. These results demonstrate two levels of diversity in the binding sites on ankyrin: one resulting from different combinations of ANK repeat domains and another from different determinants within the same combination of repeat domains. One consequence of this diversity is that ankyrin can accommodate two neurofascin molecules as well as the anion exchanger through interactions mediated by ANK repeats. The ability of ankyrin to simultaneously associate with multiple types of membrane proteins is an unanticipated finding with implications for the assembly of integral membrane proteins into specialized regions of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Michaely
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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153
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Jordan C, Püschel B, Koob R, Drenckhahn D. Identification of a binding motif for ankyrin on the alpha-subunit of Na+,K(+)-ATPase. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:29971-5. [PMID: 8530398 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.50.29971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeleton membrane associations are important for a variety of cellular functions. The anion exchanger of erythrocytes (AE1) and Na+,K(+)-ATPase of polarized epithelial cells provide well studied examples of how integral membrane proteins are anchored via the linker molecule ankyrin to the spectrin-based membrane cytoskeleton. In the present study we have generated several recombinant fragments of the large (third) cytoplasmic domain (CD3) of Na+,K(+)-ATPase to define binding sites of ankyrin on CD3 at a molecular level. We provide evidence that a cluster of four amino acids, ALLK, is essential for binding of ankyrin to both recombinant CD3 and to native Na+,K(+)-ATPase. Once bound, conformational changes might uncover further binding sites for ankyrin on Na+,K(+)-ATPase. A motif related to the ALLK cluster is also present in the cytoplasmic domain of AE1 where this sequence (ALLLK) turned out to be also important for ankyrin binding. These motifs are highly conserved during evolution of both Na+,K(+)-ATPase and AE1, further underlining their potential role in cytoskeleton to membrane linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jordan
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Würzburg, Germany
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154
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Basset M, Conejero G, Lepetit M, Fourcroy P, Sentenac H. Organization and expression of the gene coding for the potassium transport system AKT1 of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 29:947-958. [PMID: 8555458 DOI: 10.1007/bf00014968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated and sequenced the genomic clone coding for the potassium transport system AKT1 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Southern blot analysis indicated that the gene is present in one copy in the Arabidopsis genome. The coding sequence is interrupted by ten introns. Sequence comparisons of AKT1 polypeptide with the voltage-gated inward rectifying Arabidopsis K+ channel KAT1, and with voltage- or cyclic nucleotide-gated channels from insects and mammals, revealed a highly conserved domain found specifically in both plant polypeptides, and corresponding to about the last 50 amino acids of their C-terminal region. Northern blot analysis of AKT1 expression in Arabidopsis seedlings indicated that AKT1 is preferentially expressed in roots. No transcript was detected in extracts from heterotrophic suspension culture cells. Depleting K+ in the Arabidopsis seedling culture medium for 4 days led to a strong decrease in K+ tissue content (ca. 50%), but did not affect AKT1 transcript level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Basset
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Végétales, ENSA-M, INRA, CNRS URA 573, Montpellier, France
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155
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Vandenbol M, Durand P, Portetelle D, Hilger F. The sequence of an 11.1 kb DNA fragment between ADH4 and ADE5 on the left arm of chromosome VII reveals the presence of eight open reading frames. Yeast 1995; 11:1519-23. [PMID: 8750240 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320111507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete sequence of a 11, 132 bp segment located on the left arm of chromosome VII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been determined and analysed. Eight open reading frames (ORFs) of at least 100 amino acids were identified. Five show similarities to known amino acid sequences. Another ORF encoding the chromosome segregation protein CSE1 is not entirely located in our sequenced fragment and is incomplete at its C-terminus. The two remaining ORFs do not display similarities to known sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vandenbol
- Unité de Microbiologie, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Belgium
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156
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Wang CC, Moriyama R, Lombardo CR, Low PS. Partial characterization of the cytoplasmic domain of human kidney band 3. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:17892-7. [PMID: 7629093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.30.17892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The major anion exchanger in type A intercalated cells of the cortical and medullary collecting ducts of the human kidney is a truncated isoform of erythrocyte band 3 (AE1) that lacks the N-terminal 65 residues. Because this missing sequence has been implicated in the binding of ankyrin, protein 4.1, several glycolytic enzymes, hemoglobin, and hemichromes in erythrocytes, we have undertaken examination of the structure and peripheral protein interactions of this kidney isoform. The cytoplasmic domain of kidney band 3, kidney CDB3, was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The kidney isoform exhibited a circular dichroism spectrum and Stokes radius similar to its larger erythrocyte counterpart. Kidney CDB3 was also observed to engage in the same conformational equilibrium characteristic of erythrocyte CDB3. In contrast, the tryptophan and cysteine clusters of kidney CDB3 behaved very differently from erythrocyte CDB3 in response to pH changes and oxidizing conditions. Furthermore, kidney CDB3 did not bind ankyrin, protein 4.1, or aldolase, and expression of erythrocyte CDB3 was toxic to its bacterial host, whereas expression of kidney CDB3 was not. Taken together, these data suggest that the absence of the N-terminal 65 amino acids in kidney CDB3 eliminates the major function currently ascribed to CDB3 in erythrocytes, i.e. that of peripheral protein binding. The primary function of residues 66-379 found in kidney CDB3 thus remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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157
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Ray P, Zhang DH, Elias JA, Ray A. Cloning of a differentially expressed I kappa B-related protein. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:10680-5. [PMID: 7738005 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.18.10680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have cloned a cDNA corresponding to a novel gene from a human epithelial cell line by subtractive hybridization and polymerase chain reaction techniques. This gene is expressed at the message level and at the protein level in a lung alveolar type II-like epithelial cell line but not in lung fibroblasts. In adult human tissues, the mRNA for this gene was detected only in the heart and the skeletal muscle, but not in the brain, placenta, whole lung, liver, or kidney. We have named this gene I kappa BR (for I kappa B-related) since its 52-kDa protein product has significant homology to the I kappa B family of proteins which function as inhibitory cytoplasmic retention proteins for the vertebrate rel/NF-kappa B transcription factors. Although the important role of NF-kappa B in gene activation in cells of the immune system is now well established, a similar role in other cell types or in vertebrate development is less clear. The deduced amino acid sequence of I kappa BR has the most significant homology to the Drosophila protein Cactus which inhibits the function of the NF-kappa B-like protein Dorsal. In electrophoretic mobility shift experiments, I kappa BR inhibited the ability of the p50:p65 NF-kappa B heterodimer to bind DNA. The DNA binding ability of the p50 homodimer but not the p65 homodimer was drastically inhibited by I kappa BR. In transfection experiments, overexpression of I kappa BR significantly inhibited NF-kappa B-dependent transcription from the Ig kappa enhancer. This new member of the I kappa B family of proteins, I kappa BR, may play an important role in regulation of NF-kappa B function in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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158
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Bourguignon LY, Jin H. Identification of the ankyrin-binding domain of the mouse T-lymphoma cell inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor and its role in the regulation of IP3-mediated internal Ca2+ release. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:7257-60. [PMID: 7706265 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.13.7257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we have used several complementary techniques to explore the interaction between the membrane linker molecule, ankyrin, and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor in mouse T-lymphoma cells. Using double immunolabeling and laser confocal microscopy, we have found that both cytoplasmic IP3 receptor and ankyrin are preferentially accumulated within ligand-induced lymphocyte receptor-capped structures. The binding between ankyrin and IP3 receptor appears to be very specific. Further analyses indicate that the amino acid sequence GGVGDVLRKPS in the IP3 receptor shares a great deal of structural homology with the ankyrin-binding domain located in certain well characterized ankyrin-binding proteins such as the cell adhesion molecule, CD44. Biochemical studies using competition binding assays and a synthetic peptide identical to GGVGDVLRKPS (a sequence detected in rat brain IP3 receptor (amino acids 2548-2558) and mouse brain IP3 receptor (amino acids 2546-2556)) indicate that this 11-amino acid peptide binds specifically to ankyrin (but not fodrin or spectrin). Furthermore, this peptide competes effectively for ankyrin binding to IP3 receptor-containing vesicles and/or purified IP3 receptor, and it blocks ankyrin-induced inhibitory effects on IP3 binding and IP3-mediated internal Ca2+ release in mouse T-lymphoma cells. These findings suggest that this amino acid sequence, GGVGDVLRKPS, which is located close to the C terminus of the IP3 receptor, resides on the cytoplasmic side (not the luminal side) of IP3 receptor-containing vesicles. This unique region appears to be an important part of the IP3 receptor ankyrin-binding domain and may play an important role in the regulation of IP3 receptor-mediated internal Ca2+ release during lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Bourguignon
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Medical School, Florida 33101, USA
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159
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Kordeli E, Lambert S, Bennett V. AnkyrinG. A new ankyrin gene with neural-specific isoforms localized at the axonal initial segment and node of Ranvier. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:2352-9. [PMID: 7836469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.5.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have characterized a new ankyrin gene, expressed in brain and other tissues, that is subject to extensive tissue-specific alternative mRNA processing. The full-length polypeptide has a molecular mass of 480 kDa and includes a predicted globular head domain, with membrane- and spectrin-binding activities, as well as an extended "tail" domain. We term this gene ankyrinG based on its giant size and general expression. Two brain-specific isoforms of 480 kDa and 270 kDa were identified that contain a unique stretch of sequence highly enriched in serine and threonine residues immediately following the globular head domain. Antibodies against the serine-rich domain and spectrin-binding domain revealed labeling of nodes of Ranvier and axonal initial segments. Ankyrin-binding proteins also known to be localized in these specialized membrane domains include the voltage-dependent sodium channel, the sodium/potassium ATPase, sodium/calcium exchanger, and members of the neurofascin/L1 family of cell adhesion molecules. The neural-specific ankyrinG polypeptides are candidates to participate in maintenance/targeting of ion channels and cell adhesion molecules to nodes of Ranvier and axonal initial segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kordeli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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160
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Ink BS, Gilbert CS, Evan GI. Delay of vaccinia virus-induced apoptosis in nonpermissive Chinese hamster ovary cells by the cowpox virus CHOhr and adenovirus E1B 19K genes. J Virol 1995; 69:661-8. [PMID: 7815529 PMCID: PMC188626 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.2.661-668.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The infection of vaccinia virus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells produces a rapid shutdown in protein synthesis, and the infection is abortive (R.R. Drillien, D. Spehner, and A. Kirn, Virology 111:488-499, 1978; D.E. Hruby, D.L. Lynn, R. Condit, and J.R. Kates, J. Gen. Virol. 47:485-488, 1980). Cowpox virus, which can productively infect CHO cells, had previously been shown to contain a host range gene, CHOhr, which confers on vaccinia virus the ability to replicate in CHO cells (D. Spehner, S. Gillard, R. Drillien, and A. Kirn, J. Virol. 62:1297-1304, 1988). We found that CHO cells underwent apoptosis when infected with vaccinia virus. The expression of the CHOhr gene in vaccinia virus allowed for the expression of late virus genes. CHOhr also delayed or prevented vaccinia virus-induced apoptosis in CHO cells such that there was sufficient time for replication of the virus before the cell died. The E1B 19K gene from adenovirus also delayed vaccinia virus-induced apoptosis; however, there was no detectable expression of late virus genes. Furthermore, E1B 19K also delayed cell death in CHO cells which had been productively infected with vaccinia virus. This study identifies a new antiapoptotic gene from cowpox virus, CHOhr, for which the protein contains an ankyrin-like repeat and shows no significant homology to other proteins. This work also indicates that an antiapoptotic gene from one virus family can delay cell death in an infection of a virus from a different family.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Ink
- Biochemistry of the Cell Nucleus Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
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161
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162
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Abstract
This article reviews our current knowledge of the structure of alpha spectrins and beta spectrins in the brain, as well as their location and expression within neural tissue. We discuss the known protein interactions of brain spectrin isoforms, and then describe results that suggest an important role for spectrin (alpha SpII sigma 1/beta SpII sigma 1) in the Ca(2+)-regulated release of neurotransmitters. Evidence that supports a role for spectrin in the docking of synaptic vesicles to the presynaptic plasma membrane and as a Ca2+ sensor protein that unclamps the fusion machinery is described, along with the Casting the Line model, which summarizes the information. We finish with a discussion of the value of spectrin and ankyrin-deficient mouse models in deciphering spectrin function in neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Goodman
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile 36688, USA
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163
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164
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Calcutt MJ, Schmidt FJ. Gene organization in the bleomycin-resistance region of the producer organism Streptomyces verticillus. Gene 1994; 151:17-21. [PMID: 7530225 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A nucleotide sequence of 7 kb is reported, encompassing two bleomycin-resistance (BmR-encoding) genes and five other open reading frames (ORFs) from the Bm-producing organism Streptomyces verticillus ATCC 15003. The deduced ORFs, in sequence order, encode for (i) a protein homologous to an amino-acid dioxygenase; (ii) BlmA, the BmR-binding protein described by Sugiyama et al. [Gene 151 (1994) 11-16]; (iii) a product containing three copies of a sequence homologous to the ankyrin repeat; (iv) a product lacking homology to any of the sequences in the Protein Identification Resource database (PIR), release 37; (v) BlmB, the BmR acetyltransferase described by Sugiyama et al. (1994); (vi) an unidentified protein which augmented resistance determined by ORF2 (BlmA); (vii) a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transport protein. Predicted translational frameshifts in the -1 frame occur at the junctions between ORF3 and ORF4, ORF4 and ORF5, and ORF6 and ORF7. Sequences homologous to ORF2 and ORF3 were identified in the genome of the producer organism for the related antibiotic phleomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Calcutt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia 65212
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165
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The major kidney AE1 isoform does not bind ankyrin (Ank1) in vitro. An essential role for the 79 NH2-terminal amino acid residues of band 3. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)31621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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166
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Calcutt MJ, Schmidt FJ. Bleomycin biosynthesis: structure of the resistance genes of the producer organism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 721:133-7. [PMID: 7516634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb47385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Calcutt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212
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167
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Surkova I. Can exocytosis induced by alpha-latrotoxin be explained solely by its channel-forming activity? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 710:48-64. [PMID: 7512316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb26613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Surkova
- Department of Physiology, University College London, United Kingdom
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168
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Diederich RJ, Matsuno K, Hing H, Artavanis-Tsakonas S. Cytosolic interaction between deltex and Notch ankyrin repeats implicates deltex in the Notch signaling pathway. Development 1994; 120:473-81. [PMID: 8162848 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120.3.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic data from Drosophila have suggested a functional relationship between the novel cytoplasmic protein encoded by the deltex locus and the transmembrane receptor encoded by Notch. We have demonstrated a direct interaction between these proteins from expression studies conducted in cultured cells, in yeast, and in the imaginal wing disc. deltex binds specifically to the Notch ankyrin repeats, a region that is crucial for Notch signaling and that constitutes the most conserved domain among Notch family members. In addition, we present a new Notch allele, Nsu42c, that is associated with a missense mutation within the fifth ankyrin repeat. In addition to representing a new class of viable Notch allele, this mutation behaves similarly to mutations of deltex and further implicates the ankyrin repeats in Notch function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Diederich
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06536-0812
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169
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Davis L, Bennett V. Identification of two regions of beta G spectrin that bind to distinct sites in brain membranes. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)41795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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170
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VanWinkle WB, Snuggs M, Miller JC, Buja LM. Cytoskeletal alterations in cultured cardiomyocytes following exposure to the lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxynonenal. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 1994; 28:119-34. [PMID: 8087871 DOI: 10.1002/cm.970280204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Damage to the cardiac myocyte sarcolemma following any of several pathological insults such as ischemia (anoxia) alone or followed by reperfusion (reoxygenation), is most apparent as progressive sarcolemmal blebbing, an event attributed by many investigators to a disruption in the underlying cytoskeletal scaffolding. Scanning electron microscopic observation of tissue cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes indicates that exposure of these cells to the toxic aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a free radical-induced, lipid peroxidation product, results in the appearance of sarcolemmal blebs, whose ultimate rupture leads to cell death. Indirect immunofluorescent localization of a number of cytoskeletal components following exposure to 4-HNE reveals damage to several, but not all, key cytoskeletal elements, most notably microtubules, vinculin-containing costameres, and intermediate filaments. The exact mechanism underlying the selective disruption of these proteins cannot be ascertained at this time. Colocalization of actin indicated that whereas elements of the cytoskeleton were disrupted by increasing length of exposure to 4-HNE, neither the striated appearance of the myofibrils nor the lateral register of neighboring myofibrils was altered. Monitoring systolic and diastolic levels of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) indicated that increases in [Ca2+]i occurred after considerable cytoskeletal changes had already taken place, suggesting that damage to the cytoskeleton, at least in early phases of exposure to 4-HNE, does not involve Ca(2+)-dependent proteases. However, 4-HNE-induced cytoskeletal alterations coincide with the appearance of, and therefore suggest linkage to, sarcolemmal blebs in cardiac myocytes. Although free radicals produced by reperfusion or reoxygenation of ischemic tissue have been implicated in cellular damage, these studies represent the first evidence linking cardiomyocyte sarcolemmal damage to cytoskeletal disruption produced by a free radical product.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B VanWinkle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77030
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171
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Feng L, Kraus-Friedmann N. Association of the hepatic IP3 receptor with the plasma membrane: relevance to mode of action. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 265:C1588-96. [PMID: 8279519 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.265.6.c1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Studies were carried out to characterize the interaction between inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors and the plasma membrane fraction. Extraction of the membranes with the nonionic detergents Nonidet P-40 and Triton X-100, followed by centrifugation at 100,000 g, resulted in the doubling of the IP3 receptor in the pellets, whereas no detectable binding was found in the supernatants. These data indicate that the detergents did not solubilize the receptor, that it remained associated with membrane particles, and that it is likely to be associated with the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton proteins actin, ankyrin, and spectrin were identified in the plasma membrane fraction. However, comparison of the amount of these proteins in different fractions of the detergent, or otherwise treated plasma membrane fractions, showed no direct correlation between the presence of any of these proteins in the plasma membrane fraction and their ability to bind [3H]IP3. This is in contrast to the brain and T-lymphoma cells in which the IP3 receptor is attached to ankyrin (L. Y. W. Bourguigon, H. Jin, N. Iida, N. R. Brandt, and S. H. Zhang. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 6477-6486, 1993; and S. K. Joseph and S. Samanta. J. Biol. Chem 268: 6477-6486, 1993). Thus the hepatic IP3 receptor, which is different from the brain receptor, might attach to the cytoskeleton by anchoring to a different protein. Because cytochalasin D treatment of livers diminishes the ability of IP3 to raise cytosolic free Ca2+ levels, the attachment of the IP3 receptor to the cytoskeleton seems to involve an association with microfilaments.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/isolation & purification
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Ankyrins/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/metabolism
- Calcium Channels/drug effects
- Calcium Channels/isolation & purification
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cytochalasin D/pharmacology
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gelsolin/pharmacology
- Gluconeogenesis/drug effects
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
- Kinetics
- Liver/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Phosphorylase a/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Tetracaine/pharmacology
- Vasopressins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Feng
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston 77225
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172
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Morgans CW, Kopito RR. Generation of truncated brain AE3 isoforms by alternate mRNA processing. J Cell Sci 1993; 106 ( Pt 4):1275-82. [PMID: 8126106 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.106.4.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AE3 gene is a member of the AE anion exchanger gene family that is expressed primarily in brain and heart. The principal product of the AE3 gene in rodent brain, FL-AE3p, when expressed in heterologous cell lines, gives rise to chloride-dependent changes in intracellular pH consistent with its operation as an anion exchanger. We have identified two novel isoforms of mouse AE3 that are generated by tissue-specific alternate RNA processing. One of these isoforms encodes a polypeptide, 14-AE3p, that corresponds to a portion of the NH2-terminal cytoplasmic domain of AE3. 14-AE3p lacks the entire transmembrane domain that-in FL-AE3p forms the anion exchange channel. Immunoblots with antibodies to the NH2- and COOH-termini confirm that FL-AE3 and 14-AE3 are expressed in rat brain as 160 kDa and 74 kDa polypeptides, respectively. Unlike FL-AE3p, however, 14-AE3p is insoluble in non-ionic detergent, suggesting a possible association with the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Morgans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, CA 94305-5020
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173
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Bork P. Hundreds of ankyrin-like repeats in functionally diverse proteins: mobile modules that cross phyla horizontally? Proteins 1993; 17:363-74. [PMID: 8108379 DOI: 10.1002/prot.340170405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on pattern searches and systematic database screening, almost 650 different ankyrin-like (ANK) repeats from nearly all phyla have been identified; more than 150 of them are reported here for the first time. Their presence in functionally diverse proteins such as enzymes, toxins, and transcription factors strongly suggests domain shuffling, but their occurrence in prokaryotes and yeast excludes exon shuffling. The spreading mechanism remains unknown, but in at least three cases horizontal gene transfer appears to be involved. ANK repeats occur in at least four consecutive copies. The terminal repeats are more variable in sequence. One feature of the internal repeats is a predicted central hydrophobic alpha-helix, which is likely to interact with other repeats. The functions of the ankyrin-like repeats are compatible with a role in protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bork
- Max-Delbrück-Centre of Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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174
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Abstract
The sequence of RNase L has been re-examined by computer analysis. We propose a molecular architecture of RNase L, with an unusual combination, in one protein chain, of 9 ankyrin-like repeats, a functional active protein kinase and a C-terminal catalytic RNase similar to the yeast protein, IRE1. The protein kinase may be involved in a new signal transduction pathway which remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bork
- EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
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175
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Gumbiner
- Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
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176
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Abstract
Microfilaments are intimately involved in many plasma and internal membrane functions. Recent studies of microfilament-membrane linking proteins and non-filamentous myosins implicate microfilaments in diverse functions, including transmembrane signaling and vesicular transport. Evidence from animal and yeast cells suggests that microfilaments are regulated by protein phosphosphorylation, small GTP-binding proteins and associations involving SH3 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bretscher
- Section of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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177
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Complex patterns of sequence variation and multiple 5‘ and 3‘ ends are found among transcripts of the erythroid ankyrin gene. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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178
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Joseph S, Samanta S. Detergent solubility of the inositol trisphosphate receptor in rat brain membranes. Evidence for association of the receptor with ankyrin. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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179
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Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed several predictions concerning the structure and possible function of dystrophin, including a direct interaction with F-actin and an indirect interaction with laminin via linkage through a transmembrane protein complex. The results of the past year support a role for dystrophin in linking the actin cytoskeleton with the extracellular matrix in striated muscle, but they have not explained its function in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ervasti
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Physiology, Madison 53706
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180
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Lambert S, Bennett V. From anemia to cerebellar dysfunction. A review of the ankyrin gene family. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 211:1-6. [PMID: 8425519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb19863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this review is on the ankyrin gene family, key elements in the interaction of the spectrin-based membrane skeleton with the plasma membrane in a variety of tissues and multicellular organisms. The structure/function relationships of ankyrin molecules are reviewed, illustrating how these proteins are uniquely suited to serve as adaptors between the membrane skeleton and a number of integral membrane proteins. Advances in the understanding of ankyrin biology in the brain are discussed and used to show how ankyrins may be involved in the establishment and/or maintenance of specialized plasma membrane domains. Finally, recent research in hematological and neurological disorders are reviewed, suggesting that ankyrins have a role in the development of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lambert
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham 27710
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181
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Kidd S. Characterization of the Drosophila cactus locus and analysis of interactions between cactus and dorsal proteins. Cell 1992; 71:623-35. [PMID: 1423619 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An oligonucleotide based on the cdc 10/SWI6 repeats of the Drosophila Notch protein was used to isolate other Drosophila genes with these repeats. One of these genes is the cactus locus, 1 of 11 genes required maternally for the establishment in embryos of a gradient of nuclear localization of dorsal protein, a rel-like transcription factor. Previous work showed that in cactus mutants more dorsal protein enters the nucleus in dorsal regions, resulting in a ventralized phenotype. It is now shown that the cactus locus produces two proteins that differ at their carboxy termini; both contain six cdc 10/SWI6 repeats that are sufficient for binding to dorsal and for inhibiting the ability of dorsal to bind DNA. The site on dorsal to which cactus binds was localized to the rel homology domain, where it overlaps with, or is adjacent to, the nuclear localization signal. In vivo the bulk of the cactus protein associated with dorsal is phosphorylated. This, or the association with dorsal, appears to stabilize the maternal cactus protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kidd
- Laboratory of Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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182
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Abstract
Proteins at the boundary between the cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane control cell shape, delimit specialized membrane domains, and stabilize attachments to other cells and to the substrate. These proteins also regulate cell locomotion and cytoplasmic responses to growth factors and other external stimuli. This diversity of cellular functions is matched by the large number of biochemical mechanisms that mediate the connections between membrane proteins and the underlying cytoskeleton, the so-called membrane skeleton. General organizational themes are beginning to emerge from examination of this biochemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Luna
- Cell Biology Group, Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, MA 01545
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183
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Lokeshwar V, Bourguignon L. The lymphoma transmembrane glycoprotein GP85 (CD44) is a novel guanine nucleotide-binding protein which regulates GP85 (CD44)-ankyrin interaction. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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184
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Davis L, Davis J, Bennett V. Ankyrin regulation: an alternatively spliced segment of the regulatory domain functions as an intramolecular modulator. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)37055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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