151
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Ku CS, Fiedel BA. Modulation of fibrin clot formation by human serum amyloid P component (SAP) and heparin. J Exp Med 1983; 158:767-80. [PMID: 6886628 PMCID: PMC2187092 DOI: 10.1084/jem.158.3.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid P-component (SAP) is a normal plasma constituent in man with a circulating concentration of approximately 40 micrograms/ml. Supraphysiological amounts of SAP (150-300 micrograms/ml) have been reported to affect coagulation. We have investigated this further by studying the effect of SAP upon clot times in both the absence and presence of heparin, a suggested ligand for SAP and itself a modulator of coagulation processes. In the absence of heparin, SAP (5-125 micrograms/ml) had no effect on clot times generated by Activated Thrombofax Reagent, brain thromboplastin, Russell's Viper Venom or thrombin when assessed in normal citrated plasma. However, in the presence of amounts of heparin that had only a minor effect upon clot times, SAP (5-40 micrograms/ml) greatly prolonged clot formation, with the thrombin time the most sensitive to SAP. This suggested that the primary effect of SAP was at this distal level of the coagulation pathway. Evaluation by radioimmunoassay revealed that supraphysiological concentrations of SAP (150-300 micrograms/ml) alone reduced by approximately 25% the release of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen. In the presence of heparin, substantial synergism was observed with maximal reductions of approximately 70% in FPA production requiring only 25-50 micrograms/ml SAP. This inhibition correlated with increased thrombin clot time but was unrelated to any direct modulation in either the activities of anti-thrombin III or activated Factor XIII, and was independent of an alteration in the rate of fibrinolysis. Further, while SAP itself did not interfere with the process of spontaneous fibrin polymerization, in the presence of heparin a prolonged polymerization time (greater than 145%) was observed. We believe that these data reflect the primary mechanisms by which serum amyloid P component influences blood coagulation.
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152
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McMullen BA, Fujikawa K, Kisiel W. The occurrence of beta-hydroxyaspartic acid in the vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation zymogens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 115:8-14. [PMID: 6688526 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)90961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that two vitamin K-dependent plasma zymogens, factor X and protein C, each contain one residue of erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid. In the present study, prothrombin, factor VII and factor IX were subjected to amino acid analyses for beta-hydroxyaspartic acid. Factor IX and factor VII each contain one residue of erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid. Edman sequence analyses revealed that this residue occurs at position 64 in human and bovine factor IX. Inasmuch as the nucleotide sequence codes for aspartic acid at this position, it appears highly likely that beta-hydroxyaspartic acid is formed in these proteins by a post-translational hydroxylation of aspartic acid. In contrast, neither human nor bovine prothrombin contain beta-hydroxyaspartic acid.
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153
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154
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155
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Nesheim ME, Mann KG. The kinetics and cofactor dependence of the two cleavages involved in prothrombin activation. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)81901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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156
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Tracy PB, Mann KG. Prothrombinase complex assembly on the platelet surface is mediated through the 74,000-dalton component of factor Va. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:2380-4. [PMID: 6572981 PMCID: PMC393824 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.8.2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood coagulation protein factor Va forms the receptor for the serine protease factor Xa on the platelet surface. This membrane-bound complex of factor Va and factor Xa plus Ca2+ comprises the prothrombinase complex, the enzyme that catalyzes the proteolytic conversion of prothrombin to the clotting enzyme thrombin. Factor Va is a two-subunit protein composed of component D (Mr = 94,000) and component E (Mr = 74,000); subunit interaction is Ca2+ dependent. Factor Va bound to platelets consists of three peptides: component D, component E, and component D'(Mr = 90,000) which appears as the result of a platelet-associated protease cleavage of component D. The present studies were undertaken to determine which peptide(s) mediates the binding of factor Va to the platelet membrane surface and which peptide(s) serves as the binding site for factor Xa. These interactions were assessed by direct measurements of radiolabeled factor Va and factor Xa binding to platelets as well as autoradiographic visualization of the factor Va peptides associated with the platelet. Experiments were performed to determine the interaction of components D and E with platelets under reaction conditions in which components D and E were present as either the intact, functional two-subunit protein or as nonfunctional discrete peptides dissociated by the addition of Na2EDTA. The results suggest that component E mediates the binding of factor Va to the platelet and also serves as the binding site for the interaction of factor Xa with platelet-bound factor Va.
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157
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Sarasua MM, Washington K, Gabriel DA, Bourne C, Kabis CW, Hiskey RG, Koehler KA. Dye binding probes of lipid-binding structures. An investigation of 2-p-toluidinylnaphthylene-6-sulfonate binding to human and bovine prothrombin and fragment 1 in the presence and absence of calcium and magnesium ions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 742:257-64. [PMID: 6687436 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
TNS (2-p-toluidinylnaphthylene-6-sulfonate) binds to human and bovine prothrombin and Fragment 1 in the absence and presence of added Ca2+. The stoichiometry of TNS binding is 1:1 for human and bovine prothrombin and Fragment 1. The Ca2+-dependence of the fluorescence of TNS bound to bovine prothrombin Fragment 1 yields a modified Hill plot slope of 2.7, which is consistent with the slope obtained by monitoring the Ca2+ dependence of protein fluorescence quenching, CD changes and phospholipid binding. Mg2+ has have no effect on the fluorescence of TNS-prothrombin fluorescence. TNS binding to the amino-terminal region of prothrombin is the first relatively simple probe of the subtle and complex relationship which exists between protein structure and phospholipid binding.
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158
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Pletcher CH, Nelsestuen GL. Two-substrate reaction model for the heparin-catalyzed bovine antithrombin/protease reaction. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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159
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160
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Tucker MM, Foster WB, Katzmann JA, Mann KG. A monoclonal antibody which inhibits the factor Va:factor Xa interaction. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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161
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Briet E, Noyes CM, Roberts HR, Griffith MJ. Cleavage and activation of human prothrombin by Echis carinatus venom. Thromb Res 1982; 27:591-600. [PMID: 6758184 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(82)90306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cleavage of human prothrombin by partially purified Echis carinatus venom (ECV) was investigated in the present report. Incubation of prothrombin with ECV resulted in the rapid cleavage of prothrombin to alpha-thrombin, with the release of fragment-1 and fragment-2. When dansyl arginine-N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl) amide (DAPA), a very effective inhibitor of thrombin, was included in the ECV-prothrombin solution, meizothrombin was rapidly formed. Only small amounts of meizothrombin-1 could be detected. Prolonged incubation (23 h) in the presence of DAPA, however, resulted in nearly quantitative conversion of meizothrombin to meizothrombin-1 and fragment-1. Kinetic studies strongly suggested that the conversion of meizothrombin to meizothrombin-1 was due to ECV and not meizothrombin autolysis. In addition, EDTA, which inhibits ECV, blocked the cleavage of meizothrombin. Amino terminal sequence analysis indicated that ECV cleaves human prothrombin at two sites; Gly158-Ser159 and Arg322-Ile323. The former site differs from the site of autolytic cleavage of meizothrombin which occurs at Arg155-Ser156. In contrast to reports in the literature, the results of the present study indicate that the release of fragment-1 does not precede activation of human prothrombin by ECV.
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162
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Influence of metal ions on prothrombin self-association. Demonstration of dimer formation by intermolecular cross-linking with dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate). J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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163
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Krawisz BR, Scott RE. Coupling of proadipocyte growth arrest and differentiation. I. Induction by heparinized medium containing human plasma. J Cell Biol 1982; 94:394-9. [PMID: 7107705 PMCID: PMC2112890 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.94.2.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of proadipocytes in vitro typically required prolonged culture of cells as a high density in high concentrations of serum and added hormones. With such culture conditions it is difficult to design experiments to determine the mechanisms that control the differentiation process. We now describe the rapid and parasynchronous growth arrest and differentiation of low density murine proadipocytes in heparinized medium containing only human plasma. When low density cells are cultured under these conditions, growth arrest at a distinct state in the G1 phase of the cell cycle occurs within 2 d and the differentiation of 80-100% of the cell population occurs within 4 d thereafter. The factors in human plasma which promote growth arrest and differentiation are heat labile and can be separated by barium adsorption. In the following paper we have used these methods to show that there are five separate phases which regulate the coupling of proadipocyte growth arrest and differentiation. The data reported in this paper establish that: (a) high cell density and extensive cell-to-cell contact are not required for adipocyte differentiation, (b) prolonged culture is not required for adipocyte differentiation, and (c) high concentrations of serum and/or added hormones are not required for adipocyte differentiation.
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164
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Dianoux AC, Freyssinet JM. Specific fragmentation of natural inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase by thrombin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 107:435-41. [PMID: 6215037 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)91510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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165
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Goldsmith GH, Pence RE, Ratnoff OD, Adelstein DJ, Furie B. Studies on a family with combined functional deficiencies of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. J Clin Invest 1982; 69:1253-60. [PMID: 7085873 PMCID: PMC370197 DOI: 10.1172/jci110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Two siblings with m ild hemorrhagic symptoms had combined functional deficiencies of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Prothrombin (0.18-0.20 U/ml) and Stuart factor (Factor X, 0.18-0.20 U/ml) and Stuart factor (Factor X, 0.18-0.20 U/ml) were most severely affected. Antigenic amounts of affected coagulation factors were normal and normal generation of thrombin activity occurred in the patients' plasmas after treatment with nonophysiologic activators that do not require calcium for prothrombin activation. Hepatobilary disease, malabsorptive disorders, and plasma warfarin were not present. Both parents had normal levels of all coagulation factors. The patients' plasmas contained prothrombin that reacted both with antibody directed against des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin and native prothrombin. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of patients' plasmas and studies of partially purified patient prothrombin suggested the presence of a relatively homogeneous species of dysfunctional prothrombin, distinct from the heterologous species found in the plasma of warfarin-treated persons. These studies are most consistent with a posttranslational defect in hepatic carboxylation of vitamin K-dependent factors. This kindred uniquely possesses an autosomal recessive disorder of vitamin K-dependent factor formation that causes production of an apparently homogeneous species of dysfunctional prothrombin; the functional deficiencies in clotting factors are totally corrected by oral or parenteral administration of vitamin K1.
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166
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The rate-determining step of the heparin-catalyzed antithrombin/thrombin reaction is independent of thrombin. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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167
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Studies of the capacity of factor Xa to protect factor Va from inactivation by activated protein C. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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168
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Scott RE, Florine DL, Wille JJ, Yun K. Coupling of growth arrest and differentiation at a distinct state in the G1 phase of the cell cycle: GD. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:845-9. [PMID: 6174983 PMCID: PMC345849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.3.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of most mammalian cells is preceded by growth arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, but the characteristics of this state have not been established. We now report that the growth arrest that precedes the differentiation of BALB/c 3T3 T mouse proadipocytes must occur at a distinct state in G1 designated GD. GD-arrested cells are characterized by their ability to differentiate in the absence of DNA synthesis and by their unique sensitivity to the mitogenic effect of isobutylmethylxanthine. Proadipocytes induced to become G1 growth arrested at other states by culture in medium deficient in growth factor or nutrients, by contrast, are unable to differentiate in the absence of DNA synthesis and are not stimulated to proliferate by isobutylmethylxanthine even when they are exposed to differentiation-promoting medium prior to arrest. These data support the conclusion that, prior to the expression of a differentiated phenotype, proadipocytes must arrest their growth at a distinct state in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, GD. These data also provide the basis for the hypothesis that carcinogenesis is associated with defects in the coupling of growth arrest and differentiation at the GD state.
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169
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Besmond C, Benarous R, Kahn A. Cell free synthesis of human prothrombin: immunological characterization of the translation product. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 103:587-94. [PMID: 6800367 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)90492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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170
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Dode C, Thiesce A, Labie D, Elion J. Isolation and characterization of the vitamin K dependent domain of human prothrombin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 103:461-8. [PMID: 7332551 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)90475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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171
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Nesheim M, Eid S, Mann K. Assembly of the prothrombinase complex in the absence of prothrombin. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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172
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Atkinson PM, Rebello M, Gaillard MC, Bradlow BA. The role of heparin therapy in Dispholidus typus envenomation: an experimental study. Thromb Res 1981; 23:355-63. [PMID: 6798704 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(81)90196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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173
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Marsh H, Sarasua M, Madar D, Hiskey R, Koehler K. Europium(III) binding to bovine prothrombin residues 1-39 and to bovine prothrombin fragment 1. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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174
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Nesheim M, Kettner C, Shaw E, Mann K. Cofactor dependence of factor Xa incorporation into the prothrombinase complex. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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175
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Mann KG, Nesheim ME, Hibbard LS, Tracy PB. The role of factor V in the assembly of the prothrombinase complex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1981; 370:378-88. [PMID: 7023322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb29750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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176
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Marsh HC, George EM, Koehler KA, Hiskey RG. Tryptophan exposure in various conformational isomers of bovine prothrombin fragment 1. An acrylamide quenching study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 667:35-43. [PMID: 6894253 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(81)90064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the importance of a variety of environmental factors on the structure of bovine prothrombin fragment 1, we have examined acrylamide quenching of fragment 1 intrinsic fluorescence. Tryptophan exposure, determined from Stern-Volmer plots, is heterogeneous with one or more of the three fragment 1 tryptophans being exposed to solvent. In the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ even the most accessible tryptophan(s) are relatively buried. Only small differences in tryptophan exposure may exist between fragment 1-Ca2+ and fragment 1-Mg2+ complexes. Lowering pH, on the other hand, results in increased tryptophan exposure. Finally, structural isomers of fragment 1 which exist in the absence of metal ions have identical tryptophan exposure as determined by acrylamide quenching and fluorescence intensity.
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177
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178
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Madar D, Hall T, Reisner H, Hiskey R, Koehler K. The interaction of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 with metal ions. An immunological approach to kinetic and equilibrium studies. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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179
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Ohno H, Kosaki G, Kambayashi J, Imaoka S, Hirata F. FOY: [ethyl P-(6-guanidinohexanoyloxy) benzoate] methanesulfonate as a serine proteinase inhibitor. I. Inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa in vitro. Thromb Res 1980; 19:579-88. [PMID: 6449757 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(80)90030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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180
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Dode C, Rabiet MJ, Bertrand O, Labie D, Elion J. Characterization of a proteolytically modified form of human prothorombin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 94:660-6. [PMID: 6994725 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)91283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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181
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Benarous R, Gacon G. Ca2+-induced spectral changes in human prothrombin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 622:179-88. [PMID: 7378447 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(80)90029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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182
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Tai M, Furie B, Furie B. Conformation-specific antibodies directed against the bovine prothrombin . calcium complex. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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183
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Dahlbäck B, Stenflo J. The activation of prothrombin by platelet-bound factor Xa. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 104:549-57. [PMID: 7363904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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184
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Nemerson Y, Furie B. Zymogens and cofactors of blood coagulation. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 9:45-85. [PMID: 6777115 DOI: 10.3109/10409238009105472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Blood coagulation is a system in which a series of zymogens of serine proteases are sequentially activated. In this regard, there is little fundamental difference between coagulation and the activation of the homologous pancreatic zymogens. There are, however, several aspects unique to coagulation which are discussed in detail. These are (1) the requirement for a high-molecular-weight protein or lipoprotein cofactor for optimal reaction rates, (2) the requirement for membranes or a membrane-like surface which further distinguishes this system; (3) a metal ion requirement for most reactions (in contrast to the pancreatic serine proteases) relating to the content of the newly described amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the four vitamin K-dependent proteins, regarding which recent data relating to the metal binding sites on prothrombin are discussed in detail; and (4) the uniqueness of the initiating reactions in comparison to those which activate the pancreatic zymogens, insofar as no enzyme corresponding to enterokinase has been identified. The implications of this phenomenon are analyzed with particular attention to the potential role of the endogenous activity of certain zymogens in initiating coagulation. The article deals finally with the specific problems attendant on analyzing a system in which many serine proteases lacking absolute specificity are generated and regulated.
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185
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Tuhy PM, Bloom JW, Mann KG. Decarboxylation of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 and prothrombin. Biochemistry 1979; 18:5842-8. [PMID: 518871 DOI: 10.1021/bi00593a014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine prothrombin fragment 1 and prothrombin undergo decarboxylation of their gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues when the lyophilized proteins are heated in vacuo at 110 degrees C for several hours. The fully decarboxylated fragment 1 product has lost its barium-binding ability as well as the calcium-binding function which causes fluorescence quenching in the presence of 2 mM Ca2+. There is no sign of secondary structure alteration in solution upon analysis by fluorescence emission and circular dichroic spectroscopy. A family of partially decarboxylated fragment 1 species generated by heating for shorter periods shows that the initial decrease in calcium-binding ability occurs almost twice as rapidly as the loss of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. This is consistent with the idea that differential functions can be ascribed to the 10 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in fragment 1, including both high- and low-affinity metal ion binding sites. Prothrombin itself also undergoes total decarboxylation without any apparent alteration in secondary structure. However, in this case the latent thrombin activity is progressively diminished during the heating process in terms of both clotting activity and hydrolysis of the amide substrate H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA. The present results indicate that in vitro decarboxylation of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in dried proteins is useful for analyzing the detailed calcium-binding proteins of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors.
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186
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187
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Furie B, Blumenstein M, Furie B. Metal binding sites of a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich fragment of bovine prothrombin. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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188
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Marsh HC, Scott ME, Hiskey RG, Koehler KA. The nature of the slow metal ion-dependent conformational transition in bovine prothrombin. Biochem J 1979; 183:513-7. [PMID: 540028 PMCID: PMC1161631 DOI: 10.1042/bj1830513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic parameters characterizing the slow structural isomerization observed via metal ion-dependent intrinsic fluorescence quenching of bovine prothrombin Fragment 1 have been determined. From forward and reverse rate constants, an equilibrium constant of approx. 0.25 is calculated. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that there exists, in the absence of metal ions, an equilibrium between two forms of bovine Fragment 1, one of which can interact rapidly with Ca2+ and subsequently with phospholipid. The other form of Fragment 1 cannot interact with Ca2+ in a manner that yields a phospholipid-binding form of the protein. Interconversion of these two forms of Fragment 1 occurs and may involve the isomerization of a proline residue.
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189
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Lundblad R, Noyes C, Mann K, Kingdon H. The covalent differences between bovine alpha- and beta-thrombin. A structural explanation for the changes in catalytic activity. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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190
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Tracy P, Peterson J, Nesheim M, McDuffie F, Mann K. Interaction of coagulation factor V and factor Va with platelets. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86716-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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191
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Furie B, Furie B. Conformation-specific antibodies as probes of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich region of bovine prothrombin. Studies of metal-induced structural changes. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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192
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Marsh H, Robertson P, Scott M, Koehler K, Hiskey R. Magnesium and calcium ion binding to bovine prothrombin fragment 1. A circular dichroism, fluorescence, and 43Ca2+ and 25Mg2+ nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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193
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194
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McDuffie FC, Giffin C, Niedringhaus R, Mann KG, Owen CA, Bowie EJ, Peterson J, Clark G, Hunder GG. Prothrombin, thrombin and prothrombin fragments in plasma of normal individuals and of patients with laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Res 1979; 16:759-73. [PMID: 118542 DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(79)90219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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195
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Furie B, Provost K, Blanchard R, Furie B. Antibodies directed against a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich region of bovine prothrombin. Preparation, isolation, and characterization. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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196
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Bloom JW, Mann KG. Metal ion induced conformational transitions of prothrombin and prothrombin fragment 1. Biochemistry 1978; 17:4430-8. [PMID: 718849 DOI: 10.1021/bi00614a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Circular dichroism experiments indicate that prothrombin fragment 1 undergoes essentially the same secondary structural change whether in the presence of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), or Mn(2+). Titration with any of these metal ions results in a sigmoidal titration curve indicative of cooperative binding. Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) have nearly identical transition midpoints, while that for Mn(2+) is an order of magnitude less. These results correlate well with the results of previous metal ion intrinsic fluorescence quenching experiments. Fragment 1 has previously been shown to undergo a second transition corresponding to dimerization at high calcium concentrations. The present circular dichroism experiments show that this transition does not result in a gross alteration of secondary structure in the fragment 1 molecule. Studies with prothrombin, similar to those with fragment 1, indicate a similar metal ion dependent conformational change but of smaller magnitude. As apparently only the fragment 1 portion of the molecule undergoes the transition, it would appear that the covalently linked fragment 1 is constrained from attaining the same conformation as the purified entity. This suggests that caution must be used in interpreting the results of metal ion binding studies using fragment 1 as an analogue for prothrombin.
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197
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Butkowski RJ, Elion J, Downing MR, Mann KG. Primary structure of human prethrombin 2 and alpha-thrombin. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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