151
|
Zweifel LS, Kuruvilla R, Ginty DD. Functions and mechanisms of retrograde neurotrophin signalling. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6:615-25. [PMID: 16062170 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal connections are established and refined through a series of developmental programs that involve axon and dendrite specification, process growth, target innervation, cell death and synaptogenesis. Many of these developmental events are regulated by target-derived neurotrophins and their receptors, which signal retrogradely over long distances from distal-most axons to neuronal cell bodies. Recent work has established many of the cellular and molecular events that underlie retrograde signalling and the importance of these events for both development and maintenance of proper neural connectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry S Zweifel
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2185, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Saxena S, Howe CL, Cosgaya JM, Steiner P, Hirling H, Chan JR, Weis J, Krüttgen A. Differential endocytic sorting of p75NTR and TrkA in response to NGF: a role for late endosomes in TrkA trafficking. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:571-87. [PMID: 15737746 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NGF binds to two receptors, p75NTR and TrkA. The endosomal trafficking of receptors is of emerging importance for the understanding of their signaling. We compared the endocytic trafficking of the two NGF receptors in PC12 cells. Both p75NTR and TrkA were internalized in response to NGF and colocalized with early endosomes. However, surprisingly, the subsequent endosomal trafficking paths of both NGF receptors diverged: whereas p75NTR recycled back to the surface, TrkA moved to late endosomes and underwent lysosomal degradation. By performing subcellular fractionations of NGF stimulated PC12 cells, tyrosine-phosphorylated TrkA was recovered in fractions corresponding to late endosomes. This implicates these organelles as novel endosomal NGF signaling platforms. Furthermore, the trafficking of NGF receptors could be manipulated by pharmacological means. Disrupting p75NTR recycling diminished TrkA activation in response to low concentrations of NGF, demonstrating a functional role for the recycling of p75NTR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Saxena
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
Yano H, Chao MV. Biochemical Characterization of Intracellular Membranes Bearing Trk Neurotrophin Receptors. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:767-77. [PMID: 16187212 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-6870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophin receptor trafficking plays an important role in directing cellular communication in developing as well as mature neurons. However, little is known about the requirements for intracellular localization of the neurotrophin receptors in neurons. To isolate the subcellular membrane compartments containing the Trk neurotrophin receptor, we performed biochemical subcellular fractionation experiments using primary cortical neurons and rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. By differential centrifugation and density gradient centrifugation, we have isolated Trk-bearing compartments, suggesting distinct membranous localization of Trk receptors. A number of Trk-interacting proteins, such as GIPC and dynein light chain Tctex-1 were found in these fractions. Additionally, membranes enriched in phosphorylated activated forms of Trk receptors were found upon ligand treatment in primary neurons and PC12 cells. Interestingly, density gradient centrifugation experiments showed that Trk receptors from PC12 cells are present in heavy membrane fractions, while Trk from primary neurons are fractionated in lighter membrane fractions. These results suggest that the intracellular membrane localization of Trk can differ according to cell type. Taken together, these biochemical approaches allowed separation of distinct Trk-bearing membrane pools, which may be involved in different functions of neurotrophin receptor signaling and trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yano
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Counts SE, Mufson EJ. The role of nerve growth factor receptors in cholinergic basal forebrain degeneration in prodromal Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005; 64:263-72. [PMID: 15835262 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/64.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its high (TrkA) and low (p75NTR) affinity receptors has been suggested to underlie the selective degeneration of the nucleus basalis (NB) cholinergic cortical projection neurons in end stage Alzheimer disease (AD). Whether the NGF system is dysfunctional during the prodromal stages of AD has only recently been evaluated. Surprisingly, the number of choline acetyltransferase-containing neurons remains stable despite a significant reduction in NGF receptor-positive cells in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), suggesting a phenotypic NGF receptor downregulation but not a frank loss of NB neurons during prodromal AD. Moreover, there is a loss of cortical TrkA in the face of stable p75NTR and increased proNGF levels, the precursor molecule of mature NGF, in early AD. Depending upon the cellular context these changes may result in increased pro-apoptotic signaling, cell survival, or a defect in retrograde transport mechanisms. Alterations in NGF and its receptors within the cholinotrophic NB system in early AD suggest that NGF-mediated cell signaling is required for the longterm survival of these neurons. Therapeutic neurotrophic intervention might delay or prevent NB neuron degeneration and preserve cholinergic cortical function during prodromal AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Counts
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Kalb R. The protean actions of neurotrophins and their receptors on the life and death of neurons. Trends Neurosci 2005; 28:5-11. [PMID: 15626491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
At vanishingly low concentrations, factors of the neurotrophin family (NGF, BDNF, NT3 and NT4/5) can promote neuronal survival or death. Many investigations indicate that the survival-promoting signals of neurotrophins are generated by activation of Trk tyrosine kinase receptors and that their death-promoting signals are generated by activation of p75 neurotrophin receptors (p75(NTR)). Despite this, a body of work indicates that p75(NTR) can promote cell survival and Trk receptors can adversely affect neuron health. The potential mechanisms by which these receptors could have such diverse and antipodal effects are considered here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kalb
- Joseph Stokes, Jr Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Hoeller D, Volarevic S, Dikic I. Compartmentalization of growth factor receptor signalling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2005; 17:107-11. [PMID: 15780584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal separation of signal transduction pathways often determines the specificity in cellular responses. Recent advances have improved our understanding of how growth factor signalling is influenced by the formation of molecular complexes (signalosomes) in distinct cellular compartments. There has also been new insight into the mechanisms that determine the signalling competence of these complexes and their role in receptor endocytosis, retrograde trafficking in neurons and restricted protein biosynthesis, and many examples have been found where signalosome deregulation leads to disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hoeller
- Institute for Biochemistry II, University Hospital of Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Rajagopal R, Chen ZY, Lee FS, Chao MV. Transactivation of Trk neurotrophin receptors by G-protein-coupled receptor ligands occurs on intracellular membranes. J Neurosci 2005; 24:6650-8. [PMID: 15282267 PMCID: PMC6729703 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0010-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins, such as NGF and BDNF, activate Trk receptor tyrosine kinases through receptor dimerization at the cell surface followed by autophosphorylation and intracellular signaling. It has been shown that activation of Trk receptor tyrosine kinases can also occur via a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) mechanism, without involvement of neurotrophins. Two GPCR ligands, adenosine and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), can activate Trk receptor activity to increase the survival of neural cells through stimulation of Akt activity. To investigate the mechanism of Trk receptor transactivation, we have examined the localization of Trk receptors in PC12 cells and primary neurons after treatment with adenosine agonists and PACAP. In contrast to neurotrophin treatment, Trk receptors were sensitive to transcriptional and translational inhibitors, and they were found predominantly in intracellular locations particularly associated with Golgi membranes. Biotinylation and immunostaining experiments confirm that most of the transactivated Trk receptors are found in intracellular membranes. These results indicate that there are alternative modes of activating Trk receptor tyrosine kinases in the absence of neurotrophin binding at the cell surface and that receptor signaling may occur and persist inside of neuronal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rithwick Rajagopal
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Guzik BW, Goldstein LSB. Microtubule-dependent transport in neurons: steps towards an understanding of regulation, function and dysfunction. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2005; 16:443-50. [PMID: 15261678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular transport by microtubule-dependent motors is crucial for neuronal survival and function. Recent advances reveal novel strategies for the regulation of transport and the attachment of motors to cargoes. Current findings also illustrate the importance of directed transport in neuronal biology, including microtubule-motor-dependent transduction of neurotrophic signals and axonal damage signal complexes. Furthermore, recent data implicating the dysfunction of microtubule-dependent transport in the cause and development of several neurodegenerative diseases provides evidence for the vital role of transport in neuronal and organismal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Guzik
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0683, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
159
|
Miaczynska M, Pelkmans L, Zerial M. Not just a sink: endosomes in control of signal transduction. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2005; 16:400-6. [PMID: 15261672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that endocytic organelles can play a more active role in signal propagation and amplification than was recognised before. By deciphering the interplay between endocytosis and signalling, we will be able to gain a more sophisticated level of understanding of signal transduction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Miaczynska
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Abstract
The subcellular localization of transmembrane receptors and other signaling proteins has emerged as a key component in the regulation of the intensity and specificity of their activity. Recent research indicates that immature TrkA neurotrophin receptors are transactivated in the Golgi apparatus after stimulation of neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide PAC1 receptors or adenosine A(2A) receptors. Transactivation occurs independently of the TrkA extracellular ligand, nerve growth factor (NGF), through a signaling pathway that is distinct from that used in the transactivation of other receptor tyrosine kinases and has consequences distinct from those elicited by NGF at the plasma membrane.
Collapse
|
161
|
Abstract
The importance of active axonal transport to the neuron has been highlighted by the recent discoveries that mutations in microtubule motor proteins result in neurodegenerative diseases. Mutations affecting microtubule motor function have been shown to cause hereditary forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (type 2A), hereditary spastic paraplegia and motor neuron disease. Although motor neurons appear to be uniquely susceptible to defects in axonal transport, recent work has identified links between perturbations in axonal transport and the pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease. More broadly, cytoskeletal abnormalities might also be at the root of related disorders such as spinal muscular atrophy, supporting a key role for axonal transport in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika L F Holzbaur
- University of Pennsylvania, D400 Richards Building, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Counts SE, Nadeem M, Wuu J, Ginsberg SD, Saragovi HU, Mufson EJ. Reduction of cortical TrkA but not p75(NTR) protein in early-stage Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 2004; 56:520-31. [PMID: 15455399 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of cholinergic nucleus basalis (NB) cortical projection neurons is associated with cognitive decline in late-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). NB neuron survival is dependent on coexpression of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors p75(NTR) and TrkA, which bind NGF in cortical projection sites. We have shown previously a significant reduction of NB perikarya expressing p75(NTR) and TrkA protein during the early stages of AD. Whether there is a concomitant reduction in cortical levels of these receptors during the progression of AD is unknown. p75(NTR) and TrkA protein was evaluated by quantitative immunoblotting in five cortical regions (anterior cingulate, superior frontal, superior temporal, inferior parietal, and visual cortex) of individuals clinically diagnosed with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild/moderate AD, or severe AD. Cortical p75(NTR) levels were stable across the diagnostic groups. In contrast, TrkA levels were reduced approximately 50% in mild/moderate and severe AD compared with NCI and MCI in all regions except visual cortex. Mini-Mental Status Examination scores correlated with TrkA levels in anterior cingulate, superior frontal, and superior temporal cortex. The selective reduction of cortical TrkA levels relative to p75(NTR) may have important consequences for cholinergic NB function during the transition from MCI to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Counts
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
163
|
Ghasemlou N, Krol KM, Macdonald DR, Kawaja MD. Comparison of target innervation by sympathetic axons in adult wild type and heterozygous mice for nerve growth factor or its receptor trkA. J Pineal Res 2004; 37:230-40. [PMID: 15485548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2004.00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin required for the survival and maintenance of postganglionic sympathetic neurons, mediates its trophic effects by activation of its high-affinity receptor trkA. Null mutant mice lacking either NGF or trkA have profound sympathetic deficits, thus revealing the vital importance of NGF synthesis in target tissues and trkA expression by sympathetic neurons. In this study, we sought to assess whether sympathetic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) display alterations in their neurochemical phenotype in adult mice carrying one mutated allele for either NGF or trkA, and whether such differences result in altered patterns of innervation to the submandibular salivary gland and pineal gland. In comparison with adult siblings, levels of trkA protein in the SCG were reduced in age-matched NGF(+/-) and trkA(+/-) mice. While NGF(+/-) mice also had significantly fewer sympathetic axons innervating both the submandibular salivary gland and pineal gland, densities of sympathetic axons in both tissues reached normal levels in trkA(+/-) mice. These findings reveal that while levels of trkA are reduced in SCG neurons of adult NGF(+/-) and trkA(+/-) mice (compared with their wild type counterparts), sympathetic axons are capable of achieving normal patterns of target innervation in trkA(+/-) mice but not in NGF(+/-) mice. As NGF protein levels are not depleted in the submandibular salivary gland and pineal gland of NGF(+/-) mice, a loss of sympathetic neurons [Nat Neurosci 1999; 2:699-705], in combination with reduced levels of trkA protein, may account for perturbed patterns of sympathetic innervation to peripheral tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ghasemlou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Wong K, Zhang J, Awasthi S, Sharma A, Rogers L, Matlock EF, Van Lint C, Karpova T, McNally J, Harrod R. Nerve growth factor receptor signaling induces histone acetyltransferase domain-dependent nuclear translocation of p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor and hGCN5 acetyltransferases. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:55667-74. [PMID: 15496412 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408174200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivators, p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor (PCAF) and hGCN5, are recruited to chromatin-remodeling complexes on enhancers of various gene promoters in response to growth factor stimulation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which surface receptor signals modulate the assembly of nuclear transcription complexes are not fully understood. Here we report that nerve growth factor receptor signaling induces nuclear translocation of PCAF and hGCN5 dependent upon the phosphorylation of Ser and Thr residues within their histone acetyltransferase domains, which requires activation of PI3K, Rsk2(pp90), and MSK-1. Neurotrophin stimulation induces p53(K320) acetylation by PCAF and transcriptionally activates p53-responsive enhancer elements within the p21(WAF/CIP1) promoter associated with G(1)/S arrest during neuronal differentiation. Most importantly, these findings represent the first evidence for signal-dependent nuclear translocation of PCAF and hGCN5 acetyltransferases and allude to a novel mechanism for ligand/receptor modulation of nuclear chromatin-remodeling complexes in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasuen Wong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, 6501 Airline Drive, Dallas, TX 75275-0376, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Hirokawa N, Takemura R. Molecular motors in neuronal development, intracellular transport and diseases. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004; 14:564-73. [PMID: 15464889 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2004.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors such as kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs), dynein superfamily proteins and myosin superfamily proteins have diverse and fundamental roles in many cellular processes, including neuronal development and the pathogenesis of neuronal diseases. During neuronal development, KIFs take significant roles in the regulation of axon-collateral branch extension, which is essential for brain wiring. Cytoplasmic dynein together with LIS1 takes pivotal roles in neocortical layer formation. In axons, anterograde transport is mediated by KIFs, whereas retrograde transport is mediated mainly by cytoplasmic dynein, and dysfunction of motors results in neurodegenerative diseases. In dendrites, the transport of NMDA and AMPA receptors is mediated by KIFs, and the motor has been shown to play a significant part in establishing learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Coulpier M, Ibáñez CF. Retrograde propagation of GDNF-mediated signals in sympathetic neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 27:132-9. [PMID: 15485769 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands are target-derived trophic factors for several neuronal subpopulations. They promote survival and neurite outgrowth through binding to specific members of the GDNF family receptor alpha (GFR alpha) and subsequent activation of the RET tyrosine kinase receptor. Using compartmentalized cultures of sympathetic neurons, we have studied the mechanism of GDNF retrograde signaling. Our results demonstrate the presence of GDNF receptors RET and GFR alpha 1 in the two cellular compartments, cell bodies and distal axons. Addition of GDNF to either compartment initiated local signaling, including activation of RET and its downstream effectors AKT and ERK1/2. Addition of GDNF to distal axons induced a retrograde signal leading to neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth. Retrograde signaling was associated with retrograde transport of radiolabeled GDNF and GFR alpha 1, as well as activation of RET and AKT, but not of ERK1/2, in cell bodies. No anterograde signal propagation or transport was observed. Our results suggest a general mechanism for retrograde signaling initiated at distal axons through tyrosine kinase receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Coulpier
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
167
|
Caleo M, Cenni MC. Anterograde transport of neurotrophic factors: possible therapeutic implications. Mol Neurobiol 2004; 29:179-96. [PMID: 15126685 DOI: 10.1385/mn:29:2:179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Accepted: 10/06/2003] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The actions of neurotrophic factors are classically thought to be mediated by their retrograde transport from target tissues to the cell bodies. There is now evidence that specific trophic factors are trafficked anterogradely along peripheral and central axons and released to postsynaptic cells. This review focuses on recent experiments that demonstrate the involvement of the anterograde transfer of neurotrophic factors in various physiological processes, including the regulation of developmental neuronal death, the modulation of synaptic transmission, and the control of axonal and dendritic architecture. The authors also discuss whether anterograde transport of exogenous trophic factors can be exploited to protect damaged postsynaptic neurons and spare their function. This issue has clear implications for possible therapeutic applications of neurotrophic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Caleo
- Istituto di Neuroscienze del CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, via G. Moruzzi, 1 - 56100 Pisa, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
Kuruvilla R, Zweifel LS, Glebova NO, Lonze BE, Valdez G, Ye H, Ginty DD. A Neurotrophin Signaling Cascade Coordinates Sympathetic Neuron Development through Differential Control of TrkA Trafficking and Retrograde Signaling. Cell 2004; 118:243-55. [PMID: 15260993 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2003] [Revised: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in developmental biology is how a limited number of growth factors and their cognate receptors coordinate the formation of tissues and organs endowed with enormous morphological complexity. We report that the related neurotrophins NGF and NT-3, acting through a common receptor, TrkA, are required for sequential stages of sympathetic axon growth and, thus, innervation of target fields. Yet, while NGF supports TrkA internalization and retrograde signaling from distal axons to cell bodies to promote neuronal survival, NT-3 cannot. Interestingly, final target-derived NGF promotes expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor, in turn causing a reduction in the sensitivity of axons to intermediate target-derived NT-3. We propose that a hierarchical neurotrophin signaling cascade coordinates sequential stages of sympathetic axon growth, innervation of targets, and survival in a manner dependent on the differential control of TrkA internalization, trafficking, and retrograde axonal signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Heerssen HM, Pazyra MF, Segal RA. Dynein motors transport activated Trks to promote survival of target-dependent neurons. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7:596-604. [PMID: 15122257 DOI: 10.1038/nn1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations that alter dynein function are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, but it is not known why defects in dynein-dependent transport impair neuronal survival. Here we show that dynein function in axons is selectively required for the survival of neurons that depend on target-derived neurotrophins. Stimulation of axon terminals with neurotrophins causes internalization of neurotrophin receptors (Trks). Using real-time imaging of fluorescently tagged Trks, we show that dynein is required for rapid transport of internalized, activated receptors from axon terminals to remote cell bodies. When dynein-based transport is inhibited, neurotrophin stimulation of axon terminals does not support survival. These studies indicate that defects in dynein-based transport reduce trafficking of activated Trks and thereby obstruct the prosurvival effect of target-derived trophic factors, leading to degeneration of target-dependent neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Heerssen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Murashov AK, Islamov RR, McMurray RJ, Pak ES, Weidner DA. Estrogen increases retrograde labeling of motoneurons: evidence of a nongenomic mechanism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287:C320-6. [PMID: 15044155 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00542.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen has a variety of neurotrophic effects mediated via different signaling cascades, including ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. In this study, we investigated effects of estrogen and inhibitors for ERK and PI3K applied directly onto the cut sciatic nerve on retrograde labeling of lumbar motoneurons. A mix of retrograde tracer (Fluorogold) and 17beta-estradiol, in combination with an antagonist for estrogen receptors ICI 182,780, an inhibitor of ERK1/2 pathway (U0126), an inhibitor of PI3K (LY-294002), or a protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide), was applied to the proximal stump of the transected sciatic nerve for 24 h. Coapplication of Fluorogold with 17beta-estradiol produced a significant increase in the number of retrograde-labeled lumbar motoneurons, compared with Fluorogold alone. Estrogen potentiation of retrograde labeling was inhibited by application of ICI 182,780, U0126, LY-294002, and cycloheximide. Immunohistochemical analysis of the sciatic nerve, 24 h following crush injury, revealed accumulation of phospho-ERK in regenerating nerve fibers. The data suggest a role for estrogen, ERK, PI3K, and protein synthesis in the uptake and retrograde transport of Fluorogold. We propose that estrogen action in peripheral nerve fibers is mediated via the ERK and PI3K signaling pathways and is reliant on local protein synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Murashov
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Brody Bldg. #6N-98, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
171
|
Howe CL, Mobley WC. Signaling endosome hypothesis: A cellular mechanism for long distance communication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 58:207-16. [PMID: 14704953 DOI: 10.1002/neu.10323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of signaling endosome retrograde transport along axons is analyzed and offered as evidence that such transport is more efficient than diffusion or calcium wave-based signaling systems over even relatively small distances. Evidence is provided to support the signaling endosome hypothesis and to expand the hypothesis to include signaling in many cell types and many cellular dimensions. Finally, a saltatory, regenerating inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate wave model is offered to reconcile current discrepancies in the literature regarding endosomal-based retrograde signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Howe
- Mechanisms of Neural Repair Lab, Department of Neurology, Mayo Medical and Graduate Schools, Guggenheim 442C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
172
|
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that neurotrophin receptor trafficking plays an important role in neurotrophin-mediated signaling in developing as well as mature neurons. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms and the components of neurotrophin receptor vesicular transport. This article will describe how neurotrophin receptors, Trk and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), are intimately involved in the axonal transport process. In particular, the molecules that may direct Trk receptor trafficking in the axon will be discussed. Finally, potential mechanisms by which receptor-containing vesicles link to molecular cytoskeletal motors will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yano
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
Schiavo G, Chao MV. Motors, adaptors, and receptors: key elements of neuronal transport. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2004; 58:161-3. [PMID: 14704948 DOI: 10.1002/neu.10325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giampietro Schiavo
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
Llovera M, de Pablo Y, Egea J, Encinas M, Peiró S, Martín-Zanca D, Rocamora N, Comella JX. Trk is a calmodulin-binding protein: implications for receptor processing. J Neurochem 2003; 88:422-33. [PMID: 14690530 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase receptors for the neurotrophins (Trk) are a family of transmembrane receptors that regulate the differentiation and survival of different neuronal populations. Neurotrophin binding to Trk leads to the activation of several signalling pathways including a rapid, but moderate, increase in intracellular calcium levels. We have previously described the role of calcium and its sensor protein, calmodulin, in Trk-activated intracellular pathways. Here we demonstrate that calmodulin is able to precipitate TrkA from PC12 cell lysates. Using recombinant GST-fusion proteins containing the complete intracellular domain of TrkA, or fragments of this region, we show that calmodulin binds directly to the C-terminal domain of TrkA in a Ca2+-dependent manner. We have also co-immunoprecipitated endogenous Trk and calmodulin in primary cultures of cortical neurones. Moreover, we provide evidence that calmodulin is involved in the regulation of TrkA processing in PC12 cells. Calmodulin inhibition results in the generation of a TrkA-derived p41 fragment from the cytosolic portion of the protein. This fragment is autophosphorylated in tyrosines and can recruit PLCgamma and Shc adaptor proteins. These results suggest that calmodulin binding to Trk may be important for the regulation of Trk intracellular localization and cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Llovera
- Grup de Neurobiologia Molecular, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
Abstract
Neurons require long-distance microtubule-based transport systems to ferry vital cellular cargoes and signals between cell bodies and axonal or dendritic terminals. Considerable progress has been made on developing a molecular understanding of these processes and how they are integrated into normal neuronal functions. Recent work also suggests that these transport systems may fail early in the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S B Goldstein
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Chang JH, Mellon E, Schanen NC, Twiss JL. Persistent TrkA activity is necessary to maintain transcription in neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42877-85. [PMID: 12909622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308155200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are required for the differentiation and survival of several different neuronal subpopulations in the developing nervous system. The PC12 cell line responds to nerve growth factor (NGF) by withdrawing from the cell cycle and acquiring a sympathetic neuron-like phenotype. Previous studies have shown that the activation kinetics of the NGF receptor, TrkA, and downstream protein kinases appear rapid and seemingly transient after NGF treatment of naive PC12 cells. However, maintenance of the neuronal phenotype and survival of differentiated PC12 cells under serum-free conditions require constant NGF exposure. In this study we have addressed the mechanisms that NGF uses to maintain neuronal PC12 cells. We show that TrkA remains phosphorylated at a basal level throughout differentiation of the PC12 cells. The phospho-TrkA levels in the differentiated PC12 cells were diminished by both complete NGF withdrawal and pharmacological inhibition of Trk kinase activity. Intracellular sequestration of the majority of TrkA molecules (both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated TrkA) and persistent dephosphorylation of the small pool of cell surface TrkA renders the persistent phospho-TrkA signal in the differentiated PC12 cells resistant to partial NGF withdrawal as well as exposure to additional NGF. NGF regulated both extracellular-regulated kinases 1/2 and Akt activity in the differentiated PC12 cells via sustained TrkA activity. Moreover, analysis of transcription using activating protein 1-, serum response element-, and cyclic AMP response element-Luc reporter constructs showed that NGF regulated these promoters through TrkA activity in differentiated PC12 cells. Interestingly, the initial response of the cyclic AMP response element promoter to NGF was delayed, becoming Trk-dependent well beyond the peaks in TrkA and downstream protein kinase signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Chang
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
177
|
Abstract
Trafficking of trophic factors in axons can occur in a retrograde and anterograde direction. Recent findings bring further support for a vesicle-based process for retrograde transport but raise new questions that need to be pursued. Unraveling the exact mechanisms that account for retrograde transport of neurotrophins and their receptors will reveal the cellular requirements for propagating trophic signals over long distances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moses V Chao
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|