151
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Liversage J, Coetzee MP, Bluhm BH, Berger DK, Crampton BG. LOVe across kingdoms: Blue light perception vital for growth and development in plant–fungal interactions. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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152
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Pereira-Junior RA, Huarte-Bonnet C, Paixão FRS, Roberts DW, Luz C, Pedrini N, Fernandes ÉKK. Riboflavin induces Metarhizium spp. to produce conidia with elevated tolerance to UV-B, and upregulates photolyases, laccases and polyketide synthases genes. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:159-171. [PMID: 29473986 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The effect of nutritional supplementation of two Metarhizium species with riboflavin (Rb) during production of conidia was evaluated on (i) conidial tolerance (based on germination) to UV-B radiation and on (ii) conidial expression following UV-B irradiation, of enzymes known to be active in photoreactivation, viz., photolyase (Phr), laccase (Lac) and polyketide synthase (Pks). METHODS AND RESULTS Metarhizium acridum (ARSEF 324) and Metarhizium robertsii (ARSEF 2575) were grown either on (i) potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), (ii) PDA supplemented with 1% yeast extract (PDAY), (iii) PDA supplemented with Rb (PDA+Rb), or (iv) PDAY supplemented with Rb (PDAY+Rb). Resulting conidia were exposed to 866·7 mW m-2 of UV-B Quaite-weighted irradiance to total doses of 3·9 or 6·24 kJ m-2 . Some conidia also were exposed to 16 klux of white light (WL) after being irradiated, or not, with UV-B to investigate the role of possible photoreactivation. Relative germination of conidia produced on PDA+Rb (regardless Rb concentration) or on PDAY and exposed to UV-B was higher compared to conidia cultivated on PDA without Rb supplement, or to conidia suspended in Rb solution immediately prior to UV-B exposure. The expression of MaLac3 and MaPks2 for M. acridum, as well as MrPhr2, MrLac1, MrLac2 and MrLac3 for M. robertsii was higher when the isolates were cultivated on PDA+Rb and exposed to UV-B followed by exposure to WL, or exposed to WL only. CONCLUSIONS Rb in culture medium increases the UV-B tolerance of M. robertsii and M. acridum conidia, and which may be related to increased expression of Phr, Lac and Pks genes in these conidia. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The enhanced UV-B tolerance of Metarhizium spp. conidia produced on Rb-enriched media may improve the effectiveness of these fungi in biological control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Pereira-Junior
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Huarte-Bonnet
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F R S Paixão
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D W Roberts
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - C Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - N Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - É K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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153
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A Note on the Dyeing of Wool Fabrics Using Natural Dyes Extracted from Rotten Wood-Inhabiting Fungi. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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154
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Microbial Diversity and Putative Opportunistic Pathogens in Dishwasher Biofilm Communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02755-17. [PMID: 29330184 PMCID: PMC5812945 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02755-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme habitats are not only limited to natural environments, but also exist in manmade systems, for instance, household appliances such as dishwashers. Limiting factors, such as high temperatures, high and low pHs, high NaCl concentrations, presence of detergents, and shear force from water during washing cycles, define microbial survival in this extreme system. Fungal and bacterial diversity in biofilms isolated from rubber seals of 24 different household dishwashers was investigated using next-generation sequencing. Bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas, Escherichia, and Acinetobacter, known to include opportunistic pathogens, were represented in most samples. The most frequently encountered fungal genera in these samples belonged to Candida, Cryptococcus, and Rhodotorula, also known to include opportunistic pathogenic representatives. This study showed how specific conditions of the dishwashers impact the abundance of microbial groups and investigated the interkingdom and intrakingdom interactions that shape these biofilms. The age, usage frequency, and hardness of incoming tap water of dishwashers had significant impact on bacterial and fungal community compositions. Representatives of Candida spp. were found at the highest prevalence (100%) in all dishwashers and are assumed to be one of the first colonizers in recently purchased dishwashers. Pairwise correlations in tested microbiomes showed that certain bacterial groups cooccur, as did the fungal groups. In mixed bacterial-fungal biofilms, early adhesion, contact, and interactions were vital in the process of biofilm formation, where mixed complexes of bacteria and fungi could provide a preliminary biogenic structure for the establishment of these biofilms. IMPORTANCE Worldwide demand for household appliances, such as dishwashers and washing machines, is increasing, as is the number of immunocompromised individuals. The harsh conditions in household dishwashers should prevent the growth of most microorganisms. However, our research shows that persisting polyextremotolerant groups of microorganisms in household appliances are well established under these unfavorable conditions and supported by the biofilm mode of growth. The significance of our research is in identifying the microbial composition of biofilms formed on dishwasher rubber seals, how diverse abiotic conditions affect microbiota, and which key microbial members were represented in early colonization and contamination of dishwashers, as these appliances can present a source of domestic cross-contamination that leads to broader medical impacts.
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155
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Segers F, Wösten H, Dijksterhuis J. Aspergillus niger
mutants affected in conidial pigmentation do not have an increased susceptibility to water stress during growth at low water activity. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:238-243. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F.J.J. Segers
- Applied and Industrial Mycology; Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - H.A.B. Wösten
- Microbiology, Department of Biology; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. Dijksterhuis
- Applied and Industrial Mycology; Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute; Utrecht The Netherlands
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156
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Importance of a Laccase Gene (Lcc1) in the Development of Ganoderma tsugae. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020471. [PMID: 29415422 PMCID: PMC5855693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel laccase gene (Lcc1) from Ganoderma tsugae was isolated and its functions were characterized in detail. The results showed that Lcc1 has the highest expression activity during mycelium development and fruit body maturation based on the analysis of Lcc1 RNA transcripts at different developmental stages of G. tsugae. To investigate the exact contribution of Lcc1 to mycelium and fruit body development in G. tsugae, Lcc1 transgenic strains were constructed by targeted gene replacement and over-expression approaches. The results showed that the lignin degradation rate in Lcc1 deletion mutant was much lower than the degradation efficiency of the wild-type (WT), over-expression and rescue strains. The lignin degradation activity of G. tsugae is dependent on Lcc1 and the deletion of Lcc1 exerted detrimental influences on the development of mycelium branch. Furthermore, the study uncovered that Lcc1 deletion mutants generated much shorter pale grey fruit bodies, suggesting that Lcc1 contributes directly to pigmentation and stipe elongation during fruit body development in G. tsugae. The information obtained in this study provides a novel and mechanistic insight into the specific role of Lcc1 during growth and development of G. tsugae.
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157
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Liu Y, Kurtán T, Mándi A, Weber H, Wang C, Hartmann R, Lin W, Daletos G, Proksch P. A novel 10-membered macrocyclic lactone from the mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Annulohypoxylon sp. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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158
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Wang R, Dong L, He R, Wang Q, Chen Y, Qu L, Zhang YA. Comparative genomic analyses reveal the features for adaptation to nematodes in fungi. DNA Res 2018; 25:4791394. [PMID: 29315395 PMCID: PMC6014366 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematophagous (NP) fungi are ecologically important components of the soil microbiome in natural ecosystems. Esteya vermicola (Ev) has been reported as a NP fungus with a poorly understood evolutionary history and mechanism of adaptation to parasitism. Furthermore, NP fungal genomic basis of lifestyle was still unclear. We sequenced and annotated the Ev genome (34.2 Mbp) and integrated genetic makeup and evolution of pathogenic genes to investigate NP fungi. The results revealed that NP fungi had some abundant pathogenic genes corresponding to their niche. A number of gene families involved in pathogenicity were expanded, and some pathogenic orthologous genes underwent positive selection. NP fungi with diverse morphological features exhibit similarities of evolutionary convergence in attacking nematodes, but their genetic makeup and microscopic mechanism are different. Endoparasitic NP fungi showed similarity in large number of transporters and secondary metabolite coding genes. Noteworthy, expanded families of transporters and endo-beta-glucanase implied great genetic potential of Ev in quickly perturbing nematode metabolism and parasitic behavior. These results facilitate our understanding of NP fungal genomic features for adaptation to nematodes and lay a solid theoretical foundation for further research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Botany, Beijing Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Leiming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ran He
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Botany, Beijing Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yuequ Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Forestry Resources Protection Institute, Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Liangjian Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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159
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Palmer JM, Drees KP, Foster JT, Lindner DL. Extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet light in the fungal pathogen causing white-nose syndrome of bats. Nat Commun 2018; 9:35. [PMID: 29295979 PMCID: PMC5750222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bat white-nose syndrome (WNS), caused by the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has decimated North American hibernating bats since its emergence in 2006. Here, we utilize comparative genomics to examine the evolutionary history of this pathogen in comparison to six closely related nonpathogenic species. P. destructans displays a large reduction in carbohydrate-utilizing enzymes (CAZymes) and in the predicted secretome (~50%), and an increase in lineage-specific genes. The pathogen has lost a key enzyme, UVE1, in the alternate excision repair (AER) pathway, which is known to contribute to repair of DNA lesions induced by ultraviolet (UV) light. Consistent with a nonfunctional AER pathway, P. destructans is extremely sensitive to UV light, as well as the DNA alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). The differential susceptibility of P. destructans to UV light in comparison to other hibernacula-inhabiting fungi represents a potential “Achilles’ heel” of P. destructans that might be exploited for treatment of bats with WNS. White-nose syndrome, caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, is decimating North American bats. Here, Palmer et al. use comparative genomics to examine the evolutionary history of this pathogen, and show that it has lost a crucial DNA repair enzyme and is extremely sensitive to UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Palmer
- Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Kevin P Drees
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Foster
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.,Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel L Lindner
- Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
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160
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Knabe N, Gorbushina AA. Territories of Rock-Inhabiting Fungi: Survival on and Alteration of Solid Air-Exposed Surfaces. J Microbiol Methods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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161
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Guo J, Huang S, Chen Y, Guo X, Xiao D. Discovering the role of the apolipoprotein gene and the genes in the putative pullulan biosynthesis pathway on the synthesis of pullulan, heavy oil and melanin in Aureobasidium pullulans. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 34:11. [PMID: 29255943 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pullulan produced by Aureobasidium pullulans presents various applications in food manufacturing and pharmaceutical industry. However, the pullulan biosynthesis mechanism remains unclear. This work proposed a pathway suggesting that heavy oil and melanin may correlate with pullulan production. The effects of overexpression or deletion of genes encoding apolipoprotein, UDPG-pyrophosphorylase, glucosyltransferase, and α-phosphoglucose mutase on the production of pullulan, heavy oil, and melanin were examined. Pullulan production increased by 16.93 and 8.52% with the overexpression of UDPG-pyrophosphorylase and apolipoprotein genes, respectively. Nevertheless, the overexpression or deletion of other genes exerted little effect on pullulan biosynthesis. Heavy oil production increased by 146.30, 64.81, and 33.33% with the overexpression of UDPG-pyrophosphorylase, α-phosphoglucose mutase, and apolipoprotein genes, respectively. Furthermore, the syntheses of pullulan, heavy oil, and melanin can compete with one another. This work may provide new guidance to improve the production of pullulan, heavy oil, and melanin through genetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yefu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuewu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongguang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Laboratory, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
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162
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Ma S, Liu N, Jia H, Dai D, Zang J, Cao Z, Dong J. Expression, purification, and characterization of a novel laccase from Setosphaeria turcica in Eschericha coli. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 58:68-75. [PMID: 29112275 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are multicopper oxidases (E.C. 1.10.3.2) that catalyze the oxidation of many phenolic compounds. In this study, a novel laccase, Stlac4, from Setosphaeria turcica was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli by insertion into the pET-30a expression plasmid. The recombinant laccase was purified and visualized on SDS-PAGE as a single band with an apparent molecular weight of 71.5 KDa, and confirmed by Western blot. The maximum activity of the purified laccase was 127.78 U · mg-1 , the optimum temperature and pH value were 60 °C and 4.0 respectively, measured by oxidation of 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS). Purified laccase activity under different metal ions and an inhibitor were tested, revealing that laccase activity increased by approximately 434.8% with Fe3+ , and 217.4% with Cu2+ at 10 mmol · L-1 concentrations, Mn2+ increased the laccase activity only at 5 mmol · L-1 , while Na+ increased activity at 1 mmol · L-1 but inhibited activity at 5 and 10 mmol · L-1 . SDS increased laccase activity at 1 mmol · L-1 , and inhibited activity at 5 and 10 mmol · L-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxin Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ning Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hui Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dongqing Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jinping Zang
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, China
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163
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Yu Y, Hube B, Kämper J, Meyer V, Krappmann S. When green and red mycology meet: Impressions from an interdisciplinary forum on virulence mechanisms of phyto- and human-pathogenic fungi. Virulence 2017; 8:1435-1444. [PMID: 28723316 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1356502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections pose a constant threat to plants and humans, but detailed knowledge about pathogenesis, immunity, or virulence is rather scarce. Due to the fact that a certain overlap in the armoury of infection exists between plant- and human-pathogenic fungi, an interdisciplinary forum was held in October 2016 at the Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene in Erlangen under the organisational umbrella from two special interest groups of German microbial societies. Scientific exchange and intense discussion of this timely topic was fostered by bringing together renowned experts in their respective fields to present their thoughts and recent findings in the course of a plenary lecture and six themed sessions, accompanied by oral and poster contributions of young researchers. By targeting the topic of fungal virulence mechanisms from various angles and in the context of plant and human hosts, some common grounds and exciting perspectives could be deduced during this vibrant scientific event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Yu
- a Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Bavaria , Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- b Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms , Hans Knöll Institute , Jena , Thuringia , Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- c Department of Genetics , Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Baden-Wuerttemberg , Germany
| | - Vera Meyer
- d Institute of Biotechnology , Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Sven Krappmann
- a Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Bavaria , Germany
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164
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Abstract
The molecular composition of the cell wall is critical for the biology and ecology of each fungal species. Fungal walls are composed of matrix components that are embedded and linked to scaffolds of fibrous load-bearing polysaccharides. Most of the major cell wall components of fungal pathogens are not represented in humans, other mammals, or plants, and therefore the immune systems of animals and plants have evolved to recognize many of the conserved elements of fungal walls. For similar reasons the enzymes that assemble fungal cell wall components are excellent targets for antifungal chemotherapies and fungicides. However, for fungal pathogens, the cell wall is often disguised since key signature molecules for immune recognition are sometimes masked by immunologically inert molecules. Cell wall damage leads to the activation of sophisticated fail-safe mechanisms that shore up and repair walls to avoid catastrophic breaching of the integrity of the surface. The frontiers of research on fungal cell walls are moving from a descriptive phase defining the underlying genes and component parts of fungal walls to more dynamic analyses of how the various components are assembled, cross-linked, and modified in response to environmental signals. This review therefore discusses recent advances in research investigating the composition, synthesis, and regulation of cell walls and how the cell wall is targeted by immune recognition systems and the design of antifungal diagnostics and therapeutics.
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165
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Hernández-Chávez MJ, Pérez-García LA, Niño-Vega GA, Mora-Montes HM. Fungal Strategies to Evade the Host Immune Recognition. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3040051. [PMID: 29371567 PMCID: PMC5753153 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of fungal cells by the host immune system is key during the establishment of a protective anti-fungal response. Even though the immune system has evolved a vast number of processes to control these organisms, they have developed strategies to fight back, avoiding the proper recognition by immune components and thus interfering with the host protective mechanisms. Therefore, the strategies to evade the immune system are as important as the virulence factors and attributes that damage the host tissues and cells. Here, we performed a thorough revision of the main fungal tactics to escape from the host immunosurveillance processes. These include the composition and organization of the cell wall, the fungal capsule, the formation of titan cells, biofilms, and asteroid bodies; the ability to undergo dimorphism; and the escape from nutritional immunity, extracellular traps, phagocytosis, and the action of humoral immune effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Hernández-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Romualdo del Campo 501, Fracc. Rafael Curiel, C.P., Cd. Valle SLP. 79060, México.
| | - Gustavo A Niño-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
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166
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Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM), also known as chromomycosis, is one of the most prevalent implantation fungal infections, being the most common of the gamut of mycoses caused by melanized or brown-pigmented fungi. CBM is mainly a tropical or subtropical disease that may affect individuals with certain risk factors around the world. The following characteristics are associated with this disease: (i) traumatic inoculation by implantation from an environmental source, leading to an initial cutaneous lesion at the inoculation site; (ii) chronic and progressive cutaneous and subcutaneous tissular involvement associated with fibrotic and granulomatous reactions associated with microabscesses and often with tissue proliferation; (iii) a nonprotective T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response with ineffective humoral involvement; and (iv) the presence of muriform (sclerotic) cells embedded in the affected tissue. CBM lesions are clinically polymorphic and are commonly misdiagnosed as various other infectious and noninfectious diseases. In its more severe clinical forms, CBM may cause an incapacity for labor due to fibrotic sequelae and also due to a series of clinical complications, and if not recognized at an early stage, this disease can be refractory to antifungal therapy.
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167
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Ozturk IK, Chettri P, Dupont PY, Barnes I, McDougal RL, Moore GG, Sim A, Bradshaw RE. Evolution of polyketide synthesis in a Dothideomycete forest pathogen. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 106:42-50. [PMID: 28690095 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites have many important biological roles and some, like the toxic polyketide aflatoxin, have been intensively studied at the genetic level. Complete sets of polyketide synthase (PKS) genes can now be identified in fungal pathogens by whole genome sequencing and studied in order to predict the biosynthetic potential of those fungi. The pine needle pathogen Dothistroma septosporum is predicted to have only three functional PKS genes, a small number for a hemibiotrophic fungus. One of these genes is required for production of dothistromin, a polyketide virulence factor related to aflatoxin, whose biosynthetic genes are dispersed across one chromosome rather than being clustered. Here we evaluated the evolution of the other two genes, and their predicted gene clusters, using phylogenetic and population analyses. DsPks1 and its gene cluster are quite conserved amongst related fungi, whilst DsPks2 appears to be novel. The DsPks1 protein was predicted to be required for dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin biosynthesis but functional analysis of DsPks1 mutants showed that D. septosporum produced mainly dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) melanin, which is produced by a PKS-independent pathway. Although the secondary metabolites made by these two PKS genes are not known, comparisons between strains of D. septosporum from different regions of the world revealed that both PKS core genes are under negative selection and we suggest they may have important cryptic roles in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kutay Ozturk
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Pranav Chettri
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Pierre-Yves Dupont
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | - Geromy G Moore
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
| | - Andre Sim
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Rosie E Bradshaw
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
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168
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Narsing Rao MP, Xiao M, Li WJ. Fungal and Bacterial Pigments: Secondary Metabolites with Wide Applications. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1113. [PMID: 28690593 PMCID: PMC5479939 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for natural colors is increasing day by day due to harmful effects of some synthetic dyes. Bacterial and fungal pigments provide a readily available alternative source of naturally derived pigments. In contrast to other natural pigments, they have enormous advantages including rapid growth, easy processing, and independence of weather conditions. Apart from colorant, bacterial and fungal pigments possess many biological properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity. This review outlines different types of pigments. It lists some bacterial and fungal pigments and current bacterial and fungal pigment status and challenges. It also focuses on possible fungal and bacterial pigment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Prabhu Narsing Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of SciencesÛrúmqi, China
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169
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Gomes-Junior RA, da Silva RS, de Lima RG, Vannier-Santos MA. Antifungal mechanism of [RuIII(NH3)4catechol]+ complex on fluconazole-resistant Candida tropicalis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3586774. [PMID: 28402525 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis, a major opportunistic mycosis caused by Candida sp., may comprise life-threatening systemic infections. The incidence of non-albicans species is rising, particularly in South America and they are frequently drug resistant, causing unresponsive cases. Thus, novel antimycotic agents are required. Here we tested the antifungal activity of [RuIII(NH3)4catechol]+ complex (RuCat), approaching possible action mechanisms on fluconazole-resistant Candida tropicalis. RuCat significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the growth and viability of C. tropicalis dose-dependently (IC50 20.3 μM). Cytotoxicity of RuCat upon murine splenocytes was lower (Selectivity Index = 16). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed pseudohyphae formation, yeast aggregation and surface damage. RuCat-treated samples investigated by transmission electron microscopy showed melanin granule trafficking to cell surfaces and extracellular milieu. Surface-adherent membrane fragments and extracellular debris were also observed. RuCat treatment produced intense H2DCFDA labeling, indicating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production which caused increased lipoperoxidation. ROS are involved in the fungicidal effect as N-acetyl-L-cysteine completely restored cell viability. Calcofluor White chitin staining suggests that 70 or 140 μM RuCat treatment for 2 h affected cell-wall structure. PI labeling indicated necrotic cell death. The present data indicate that RuCat triggers ROS production, lipoperoxidation and cell surface damage, culminating in selective necrotic death of drug-resistant C. tropicalis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Santana da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Galvão de Lima
- Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Rua Vinte, 1600, Tupã, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Vannier-Santos
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, CEP 40295-00, BA, Brazil
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170
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Abstract
The molecular composition of the cell wall is critical for the biology and ecology of each fungal species. Fungal walls are composed of matrix components that are embedded and linked to scaffolds of fibrous load-bearing polysaccharides. Most of the major cell wall components of fungal pathogens are not represented in humans, other mammals, or plants, and therefore the immune systems of animals and plants have evolved to recognize many of the conserved elements of fungal walls. For similar reasons the enzymes that assemble fungal cell wall components are excellent targets for antifungal chemotherapies and fungicides. However, for fungal pathogens, the cell wall is often disguised since key signature molecules for immune recognition are sometimes masked by immunologically inert molecules. Cell wall damage leads to the activation of sophisticated fail-safe mechanisms that shore up and repair walls to avoid catastrophic breaching of the integrity of the surface. The frontiers of research on fungal cell walls are moving from a descriptive phase defining the underlying genes and component parts of fungal walls to more dynamic analyses of how the various components are assembled, cross-linked, and modified in response to environmental signals. This review therefore discusses recent advances in research investigating the composition, synthesis, and regulation of cell walls and how the cell wall is targeted by immune recognition systems and the design of antifungal diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A R Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carol A Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, United Kingdom
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171
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Development of a one-step gene knock-out and knock-in method for metabolic engineering of Aureobasidium pullulans. J Biotechnol 2017; 251:145-150. [PMID: 28465214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aureobasidium pullulans is an increasingly attractive host for bio-production of pullulan, heavy oil, polymalic acid, and a large spectrum of extracellular enzymes. To date, genetic manipulation of A. pullulans mainly relies on time-consuming conventional restriction enzyme digestion and ligation methods. In this study, we present a one-step homologous recombination-based method for rapid genetic manipulation in A. pullulans. Overlaps measuring >40bp length and 10μg DNA segments for homologous recombination provided maximum benefits to transformation of A. pullulans. This optimized method was successfully applied to PKSIII gene (encodes polyketide synthase) knock-out and gltP gene (encodes glycolipid transfer protein) knock-in. After disruption of PKSIII gene, secretion of melanin decreased slightly. The melanin purified from disruptant showed lower reducing capacity compared with that of the parent strain, leading to a decrease in exopolysaccharide production. Knock-in of gltP gene resulted in at least 4.68-fold increase in heavy oil production depending on the carbon source used, indicating that gltP can regulate heavy oil synthesis in A. pullulans.
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172
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West KL, Proia AD, Puri PK. Fontana-Masson stain in fungal infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 77:1119-1125. [PMID: 28392288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fontana-Masson (FM) staining is a histopathology technique used to identify dematiaceous fungi. The result often guides initial species identification and antifungal treatment; however, there is evidence that nondematiaceous fungi might react with this stain. Few studies in the current literature address this issue. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to classify the FM staining patterns of common fungal pathogens for use by pathologists attempting to accurately identify fungi on histopathologic examination. METHODS In total, 132 cases of culture proven mycoses were identified. We stained tissue with 2 different FM protocols and recorded the intensity and distribution of results. RESULTS There was variability in staining, and many nondematiaceous fungi showed positivity, including Zygomycetes, Aspergillus, and Fusarium spp. LIMITATIONS The study was limited by the number of cases. Of 132 cases identified, 112 cases had adequate tissue left after sectioning deeper into the block. CONCLUSION Nondematiaceous fungi frequently stained positive with FM. The course of treatment should not be based on the result of this stain alone. Histopathology should be examined in multiple tissue sections, and therapy should be determined on the basis of clinical context and culture results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan D Proia
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Puja Kumari Puri
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Laboratory Corporation of America, Center for Molecular Biology and Pathology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
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173
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Jacob S, Grötsch T, Foster AJ, Schüffler A, Rieger PH, Sandjo LP, Liermann JC, Opatz T, Thines E. Unravelling the biosynthesis of pyriculol in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:541-553. [PMID: 27902426 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pyriculol was isolated from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and found to induce lesion formation on rice leaves. These findings suggest that it could be involved in virulence. The gene MoPKS19 was identified to encode a polyketide synthase essential for the production of the polyketide pyriculol in the rice blast fungus M. oryzae. The transcript abundance of MoPKS19 correlates with the biosynthesis rate of pyriculol in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, gene inactivation of MoPKS19 resulted in a mutant unable to produce pyriculol, pyriculariol and their dihydro derivatives. Inactivation of a putative oxidase-encoding gene MoC19OXR1, which was found to be located in the genome close to MoPKS19, resulted in a mutant exclusively producing dihydropyriculol and dihydropyriculariol. By contrast, overexpression of MoC19OXR1 resulted in a mutant strain only producing pyriculol. The MoPKS19 cluster, furthermore, comprises two transcription factors MoC19TRF1 and MoC19TRF2, which were both found individually to act as negative regulators repressing gene expression of MoPKS19. Additionally, extracts of ΔMopks19 and ΔMoC19oxr1 made from axenic cultures failed to induce lesions on rice leaves compared to extracts of the wild-type strain. Consequently, pyriculol and its isomer pyriculariol appear to be the only lesion-inducing secondary metabolites produced by M. oryzae wild-type (MoWT) under these culture conditions. Interestingly, the mutants unable to produce pyriculol and pyriculariol were as pathogenic as MoWT, demonstrating that pyriculol is not required for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jacob
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 56, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Grötsch
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 56, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrew J Foster
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 56, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Anja Schüffler
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 56, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Patrick H Rieger
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 56, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Louis P Sandjo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes C Liermann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Weinforschung, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 15, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH (IBWF), Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 56, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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174
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Melanin pigments are found in many diverse fungal species, where they serve a variety of functions that promote fitness and cell survival. Melanotic fungi inhabit some of the most extreme habitats on earth such as the damaged nuclear reactor at Chernobyl and the highlands of Antarctica, both of which are high-radiation environments. Melanotic fungi migrate toward radioactive sources, which appear to enhance their growth. This phenomenon, combined with the known capacities of melanin to absorb a broad spectrum of electromagnetic radiation and transduce this radiation into other forms of energy, raises the possibility that melanin also functions in harvesting such energy for biological usage. The ability of melanotic fungi to harness electromagnetic radiation for physiological processes has enormous implications for biological energy flows in the biosphere and for exobiology, since it provides new mechanisms for survival in extraterrestrial conditions. Whereas some features of the way melanin-related energy transduction works can be discerned by linking various observations and circumstantial data, the mechanistic details remain to be discovered.
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175
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ElObeid AS, Kamal-Eldin A, Abdelhalim MAK, Haseeb AM. Pharmacological Properties of Melanin and its Function in Health. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 120:515-522. [PMID: 28027430 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biological pigment melanin is present in most of the biological systems. It manifests a host of biological and pharmacological properties. Its role as a molecule with special properties and functions affecting general health, including photoprotective and immunological action, are well recognized. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, radioprotective, hepatic, gastrointestinal and hypoglycaemic benefits have only recently been recognized and studied. It is also associated with certain disorders of the nervous system. In this MiniReview, we consider the steadily increasing literature on the bioavailability and functional activity of melanin. Published literature shows that melanin may play a number of possible pharmacological effects such as protective, stimulatory, diagnostic and curative roles in human health. In this MiniReview, possible health roles and pharmacological effects are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adila Salih ElObeid
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, National Guard & Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food Science, United Arab Emirates University, AlAin, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Adil M Haseeb
- Physics and Astronomy Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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176
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Abstract
Melanins are ancient biological pigments found in all kingdoms of life. In fungi, their role in microbial pathogenesis is well established; however, these complex biomolecules also confer upon fungal microorganisms the faculty to tolerate extreme environments such as the Earth's poles, the International Space Station and places contaminated by toxic metals and ionizing radiation. A remarkable property of melanin is its capacity to interact with a wide range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies, functioning as a protecting and energy harvesting pigment. Other roles of fungal melanin include scavenging of free radical, thermo-tolerance, metal ion sequestration, cell development, and mechanical-chemical cellular strength. In this review, we explore the various functions ascribed to this biological pigment in fungi and its remarkable physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radames JB Cordero
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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177
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Lǚ Z, Kang X, Xiang Z, He N. Laccase Gene Sh-lac Is Involved in the Growth and Melanin Biosynthesis of Scleromitrula shiraiana. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:353-361. [PMID: 27870600 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-16-0180-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Scleromitrula shiraiana causes the popcorn disease in mulberry trees resulting in severe economic losses. Previous studies have shown that melanin may play a vital role in establishing the pathogenicity of fungi. In the present study, we identified the melanin produced in S. shiraiana belongs to DHN melanin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and cloned the laccase Sh-lac, a potential DHN melanin biosynthesis gene from S. shiraiana. We obtained two stable Sh-lac silenced transformants using RNAi, ilac-4 and 8 to elucidate the DHN melanin biosynthetic pathway in S. shiraiana. The melanin production of ilac-4 and ilac-8 was significantly reduced, and their vegetative growth was also suppressed. Results such as these led to a proposal that Sh-lac played a key role in DHN melanin formation in S. shiraiana and may function differentially with other melanin biosynthetic genes. The inhibition of melanin was accompanied by the decrease of oxalic acid and the adhesion of hyphae was impaired. Our results indicated that laccase was an important enzyme in the synthesis of melanin and might play a critical role in the pathogenicity of S. shiraiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Lǚ
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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178
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Teixeira M, Moreno L, Stielow B, Muszewska A, Hainaut M, Gonzaga L, Abouelleil A, Patané J, Priest M, Souza R, Young S, Ferreira K, Zeng Q, da Cunha M, Gladki A, Barker B, Vicente V, de Souza E, Almeida S, Henrissat B, Vasconcelos A, Deng S, Voglmayr H, Moussa T, Gorbushina A, Felipe M, Cuomo C, de Hoog GS. Exploring the genomic diversity of black yeasts and relatives ( Chaetothyriales, Ascomycota). Stud Mycol 2017; 86:1-28. [PMID: 28348446 PMCID: PMC5358931 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Chaetothyriales (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycetes) harbours obligatorily melanised fungi and includes numerous etiologic agents of chromoblastomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis and other diseases of vertebrate hosts. Diseases range from mild cutaneous to fatal cerebral or disseminated infections and affect humans and cold-blooded animals globally. In addition, Chaetothyriales comprise species with aquatic, rock-inhabiting, ant-associated, and mycoparasitic life-styles, as well as species that tolerate toxic compounds, suggesting a high degree of versatile extremotolerance. To understand their biology and divergent niche occupation, we sequenced and annotated a set of 23 genomes of main the human opportunists within the Chaetothyriales as well as related environmental species. Our analyses included fungi with diverse life-styles, namely opportunistic pathogens and closely related saprobes, to identify genomic adaptations related to pathogenesis. Furthermore, ecological preferences of Chaetothyriales were analysed, in conjuncture with the order-level phylogeny based on conserved ribosomal genes. General characteristics, phylogenomic relationships, transposable elements, sex-related genes, protein family evolution, genes related to protein degradation (MEROPS), carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), melanin synthesis and secondary metabolism were investigated and compared between species. Genome assemblies varied from 25.81 Mb (Capronia coronata) to 43.03 Mb (Cladophialophora immunda). The bantiana-clade contained the highest number of predicted genes (12 817 on average) as well as larger genomes. We found a low content of mobile elements, with DNA transposons from Tc1/Mariner superfamily being the most abundant across analysed species. Additionally, we identified a reduction of carbohydrate degrading enzymes, specifically many of the Glycosyl Hydrolase (GH) class, while most of the Pectin Lyase (PL) genes were lost in etiological agents of chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. An expansion was found in protein degrading peptidase enzyme families S12 (serine-type D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidases) and M38 (isoaspartyl dipeptidases). Based on genomic information, a wide range of abilities of melanin biosynthesis was revealed; genes related to metabolically distinct DHN, DOPA and pyomelanin pathways were identified. The MAT (MAting Type) locus and other sex-related genes were recognized in all 23 black fungi. Members of the asexual genera Fonsecaea and Cladophialophora appear to be heterothallic with a single copy of either MAT-1-1 or MAT-1-2 in each individual. All Capronia species are homothallic as both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 genes were found in each single genome. The genomic synteny of the MAT-locus flanking genes (SLA2-APN2-COX13) is not conserved in black fungi as is commonly observed in Eurotiomycetes, indicating a unique genomic context for MAT in those species. The heterokaryon (het) genes expansion associated with the low selective pressure at the MAT-locus suggests that a parasexual cycle may play an important role in generating diversity among those fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. Teixeira
- Division of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - L.F. Moreno
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, PR, Brazi1
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B.J. Stielow
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A. Muszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Hainaut
- Université Aix-Marseille (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - L. Gonzaga
- The National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Petropolis, Brazil
| | | | - J.S.L. Patané
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Priest
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - R. Souza
- The National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Petropolis, Brazil
| | - S. Young
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - K.S. Ferreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Q. Zeng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - M.M.L. da Cunha
- Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia UFRJ-Xerém-NUMPEX-BIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A. Gladki
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - B. Barker
- Division of Pathogen Genomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - V.A. Vicente
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, PR, Brazi1
| | - E.M. de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - S. Almeida
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - B. Henrissat
- Université Aix-Marseille (CNRS), Marseille, France
| | - A.T.R. Vasconcelos
- The National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Petropolis, Brazil
| | - S. Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - H. Voglmayr
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - T.A.A. Moussa
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - A. Gorbushina
- Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - M.S.S. Felipe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - C.A. Cuomo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - G. Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, PR, Brazi1
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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179
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Kusuya Y, Hagiwara D, Sakai K, Yaguchi T, Gonoi T, Takahashi H. Transcription factor Afmac1 controls copper import machinery in Aspergillus fumigatus. Curr Genet 2017; 63:777-789. [PMID: 28215034 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential metal for all living organisms, although it is toxic in excess. Filamentous fungus must acquire copper from its environment for growth. Despite its essentiality for growth, the mechanisms that maintain copper homeostasis are not fully understood in filamentous fungus. To gain insights into copper homeostasis, we investigated the roles of a copper transcription factor Afmac1 in the life-threatening fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, a homolog of the yeast MAC1. We observed that the Afmac1 deletion mutant exhibited not only significantly slower growth, but also incomplete conidiation including a short chain of conidia and defective melanin. Moreover, the expressions of the copper transporters, ctrA1, ctrA2, and ctrC, and metalloreductases, Afu8g01310 and fre7, were repressed in ∆Afmac1 cells, while those expressions were induced under copper depletion conditions in wild-type. The expressions of pksP and wetA, which are, respectively, involved in biosynthesis of conidia-specific melanin and the late stage of conidiogenesis, were decreased in the ∆Afmac1 strain under minimal media condition. Taken together, these results indicate that copper acquisition through AfMac1 functions in growth as well as conidiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kusuya
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kanae Sakai
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Yaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tohru Gonoi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Chiba, Japan. .,Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Chiba, Japan.
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180
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El-Naggar NEA, El-Ewasy SM. Bioproduction, characterization, anticancer and antioxidant activities of extracellular melanin pigment produced by newly isolated microbial cell factories Streptomyces glaucescens NEAE-H. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42129. [PMID: 28195138 PMCID: PMC5307326 DOI: 10.1038/srep42129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this present study, a newly isolated strain, Streptomyces sp. NEAE-H, capable of producing high amount of black extracellular melanin pigment on peptone-yeast extract iron agar and identified as Streptomyces glaucescens NEAE-H. Plackett-Burman statistical design was conducted for initial screening of 17 independent (assigned) variables for their significances on melanin pigment production by Streptomyces glaucescens NEAE-H. The most significant factors affecting melanin production are incubation period, protease-peptone and ferric ammonium citrate. The levels of these significant variables and their interaction effects were optimized by using face-centered central composite design. The maximum melanin production (31.650 μg/0.1 ml) and tyrosinase activity (6089.10 U/ml) were achieved in the central point runs under the conditions of incubation period (6 days), protease-peptone (5 g/L) and ferric ammonium citrate (0.5 g/L). Melanin pigment was recovered by acid-treatment. Higher absorption of the purified melanin pigment was observed in the UV region at 250 nm. It appeared to have defined small spheres by scanning electron microscopy imaging. The maximum melanin yield was 350 mg dry wt/L of production medium. In vitro anticancer activity of melanin pigment was assayed against skin cancer cell line using MTT assay. The IC50 value was 16.34 ± 1.31 μg/ml for melanin and 8.8 ± 0.5 μg/ml for standard 5-fluorouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura El-Ahmady El-Naggar
- Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sara M El-Ewasy
- Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
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181
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Both a PKS and a PPTase are involved in melanin biosynthesis and regulation of Aureobasidium melanogenum XJ5-1 isolated from the Taklimakan desert. Gene 2017; 602:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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182
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A.W. Day
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 Canada
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183
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Sung CT, Chang SL, Entwistle R, Ahn G, Lin TS, Petrova V, Yeh HH, Praseuth MB, Chiang YM, Oakley BR, Wang CCC. Overexpression of a three-gene conidial pigment biosynthetic pathway in Aspergillus nidulans reveals the first NRPS known to acetylate tryptophan. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 101:1-6. [PMID: 28108400 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungal nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are megasynthetases that produce cyclic and acyclic peptides. In Aspergillus nidulans, the NRPS ivoA (AN10576) has been associated with the biosynthesis of grey-brown conidiophore pigments. Another gene, ivoB (AN0231), has been demonstrated to be an N-acetyl-6-hydroxytryptophan oxidase that putatively acts downstream of IvoA. A third gene, ivoC, has also been predicted to be involved in pigment biosynthesis based on publicly available genomic and transcriptomic information. In this paper, we report the replacement of the promoters of the ivoA, ivoB, and ivoC genes with the inducible promoter alcA in a single cotransformation. Co-overexpression of the three genes resulted in the production of a dark-brown pigment in hyphae. In addition, overexpression of each of the Ivo genes, ivoA-C, individually or in combination, allowed us to isolate intermediates and confirm the function of each gene. IvoA was found to be the first known NRPS to carry out the acetylation of the amino acid, tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin T Sung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Shu-Lin Chang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Drug Discovery and Development Center, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ruth Entwistle
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Green Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Tzu-Shyang Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Vessela Petrova
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Hsu-Hua Yeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Drug Discovery and Development Center, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Mike B Praseuth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Yi-Ming Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Berl R Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Clay C C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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184
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Pigné S, Zykwinska A, Janod E, Cuenot S, Kerkoud M, Raulo R, Bataillé-Simoneau N, Marchi M, Kwasiborski A, N'Guyen G, Mabilleau G, Simoneau P, Guillemette T. A flavoprotein supports cell wall properties in the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2017; 4:1. [PMID: 28955470 PMCID: PMC5611651 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-016-0029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavin-dependent monooxygenases are involved in key biological processes as they catalyze a wide variety of chemo-, regio- and enantioselective oxygenation reactions. Flavoprotein monooxygenases are frequently encountered in micro-organisms, most of which require further functional and biocatalytic assessment. Here we investigated the function of the AbMak1 gene, which encodes a group A flavin monooxygenase in the plant pathogenic fungus Alternaria brassicicola, by generating a deficient mutant and examining its phenotype. RESULTS Functional analysis indicates that the AbMak1 protein is involved in cell wall biogenesis and influences the melanization process. We documented a significant decrease in melanin content in the Δabmak1 strain compared to the wild-type and complemented strains. We investigated the cell wall morphology and physical properties in the wild-type and transformants using electron and atomic force microscopy. These approaches confirmed the aberrant morphology of the conidial wall structure in the Δabmak1 strain which had an impact on hydrophilic adhesion and conidial surface stiffness. However, there was no significant impairment in growth, conidia formation, pathogenicity or susceptibility to various environmental stresses in the Δabmak1 strain. CONCLUSION This study sheds new light on the function of a fungal flavin-dependent monooxygenase, which plays an important role in melanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Pigné
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Agata Zykwinska
- UMR 6502, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, 2, Rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France.,Present Address: Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies, IFREMER, Rue de l'île d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Etienne Janod
- UMR 6502, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, 2, Rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Stéphane Cuenot
- UMR 6502, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, 2, Rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mohammed Kerkoud
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Roxane Raulo
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Muriel Marchi
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Anthony Kwasiborski
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Guillaume N'Guyen
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- Plateforme SCIAM, Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU, Université d'Angers, 4, Rue Larrey, 49933 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Simoneau
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Thomas Guillemette
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
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185
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Almeida-Paes R, Borba-Santos LP, Rozental S, Marco S, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, da Cunha MML. Melanin biosynthesis in pathogenic species of Sporothrix. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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186
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Urista CM, Rodríguez JG, Corona AA, Cuenca AA, Jurado AT. Pigments from fungi, an opportunity of production for diverse applications. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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187
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Interactions between Melanin Enzymes and Their Atypical Recruitment to the Secretory Pathway by Palmitoylation. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01925-16. [PMID: 27879337 PMCID: PMC5120144 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01925-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanins are biopolymers that confer coloration and protection to the host organism against biotic or abiotic insults. The level of protection offered by melanin depends on its biosynthesis and its subcellular localization. Previously, we discovered that Aspergillus fumigatus compartmentalizes melanization in endosomes by recruiting all melanin enzymes to the secretory pathway. Surprisingly, although two laccases involved in the late steps of melanization are conventional secretory proteins, the four enzymes involved in the early steps of melanization lack a signal peptide or a transmembrane domain and are thus considered “atypical” secretory proteins. In this work, we found interactions among melanin enzymes and all melanin enzymes formed protein complexes. Surprisingly, the formation of protein complexes by melanin enzymes was not critical for their trafficking to the endosomal system. By palmitoylation profiling and biochemical analyses, we discovered that all four early melanin enzymes were strongly palmitoylated during conidiation. However, only the polyketide synthase (PKS) Alb1 was strongly palmitoylated during both vegetative hyphal growth and conidiation when constitutively expressed alone. This posttranslational lipid modification correlates the endosomal localization of all early melanin enzymes. Intriguingly, bioinformatic analyses predict that palmitoylation is a common mechanism for potential membrane association of polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) in A. fumigatus. Our findings indicate that protein-protein interactions facilitate melanization by metabolic channeling, while posttranslational lipid modifications help recruit the atypical enzymes to the secretory pathway, which is critical for compartmentalization of secondary metabolism. Subcellular compartmentalization is increasingly recognized as an important aspect of fungal secondary metabolism. It facilitates sequential enzymatic reactions, provides mobility for enzymes and metabolites, and offers protection against self-toxification. However, how compartmentalization is achieved remains unclear given that the majority of enzymes encoded by secondary metabolism gene clusters are predicted to be cytosolic proteins. Through studying melanization in Aspergillus, we previously found that all enzymes involved in the early steps of melanization are atypical secretory proteins. Here, we discovered physical interactions among melanin enzymes. However, it was the posttranslational palmitoylation rather than the physical interaction that was responsible for their recruitment to the secretory pathway. Intriguingly, palmitoylation is likely a common mechanism for potential membrane association of polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) in A. fumigatus. Collectively, our findings suggest that posttranslational lipid modification helps direct secondary metabolism to defined organelles for biosynthesis and trafficking.
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188
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Marcos CM, de Oliveira HC, de Melo WDCMA, da Silva JDF, Assato PA, Scorzoni L, Rossi SA, de Paula E Silva ACA, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Anti-Immune Strategies of Pathogenic Fungi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:142. [PMID: 27896220 PMCID: PMC5108756 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi have developed many strategies to evade the host immune system. Multiple escape mechanisms appear to function together to inhibit attack by the various stages of both the adaptive and the innate immune response. Thus, after entering the host, such pathogens fight to overcome the immune system to allow their survival, colonization and spread to different sites of infection. Consequently, the establishment of a successful infectious process is closely related to the ability of the pathogen to modulate attack by the immune system. Most strategies employed to subvert or exploit the immune system are shared among different species of fungi. In this review, we summarize the main strategies employed for immune evasion by some of the major pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Marcos
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Wanessa de Cássia M Antunes de Melo
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patrícia A Assato
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Suélen A Rossi
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana C A de Paula E Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ Estadual Paulista São Paulo, Brasil
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189
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Fuller KK, Cramer RA, Zegans ME, Dunlap JC, Loros JJ. Aspergillus fumigatus Photobiology Illuminates the Marked Heterogeneity between Isolates. mBio 2016; 7:e01517-16. [PMID: 27651362 PMCID: PMC5030361 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01517-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The given strain of Aspergillus fumigatus under study varies across laboratories, ranging from a few widely used "standards," e.g., Af293 or CEA10, to locally acquired isolates that may be unique to one investigator. Since experiments concerning physiology or gene function are seldom replicated by others, i.e., in a different A. fumigatus background, the extent to which behavioral heterogeneity exists within the species is poorly understood. As a proxy for assessing such intraspecies variability, we analyzed the light response of 15 A. fumigatus isolates and observed striking quantitative and qualitative heterogeneity among them. The majority of the isolates fell into one of two seemingly mutually exclusive groups: (i) "photopigmenters" that robustly accumulate hyphal melanin in the light and (ii) "photoconidiators" that induce sporulation in the light. These two distinct responses were both governed by the same upstream blue light receptor, LreA, indicating that a specific protein's contribution can vary in a strain-dependent manner. Indeed, while LreA played no apparent role in regulating cell wall homeostasis in strain Af293, it was essential in that regard in strain CEA10. The manifest heterogeneity in the photoresponses led us to compare the virulence levels of selected isolates in a murine model; remarkably, the virulence did vary greatly, although not in a manner that correlated with their overt light response. Taken together, these data highlight the extent to which isolates of A. fumigatus can vary, with respect to both broad physiological characteristics (e.g., virulence and photoresponse) and specific protein functionality (e.g., LreA-dependent phenotypes). IMPORTANCE The current picture of Aspergillus fumigatus biology is akin to a collage, patched together from data obtained from disparate "wild-type" strains. In a systematic assessment of 15 A. fumigatus isolates, we show that the species is highly heterogeneous with respect to its light response and virulence. Whereas some isolates accumulate pigments in light as previously reported with strain Af293, most induce sporulation which had not been previously observed. Other photoresponsive behaviors are also nonuniform, and phenotypes of identical gene deletants vary in a background-dependent manner. Moreover, the virulence of several selected isolates is highly variable in a mouse model and apparently does not track with any observed light response. Cumulatively, this work illuminates the fact that data obtained with a single A. fumigatus isolate are not necessarily predictive of the species as whole. Accordingly, researchers should be vigilant when making conclusions about their own work or when interpreting data from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Michael E Zegans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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190
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Roles of Peroxisomes in the Rice Blast Fungus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9343417. [PMID: 27610388 PMCID: PMC5004026 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9343417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, is a model plant pathogenic fungus and is a severe threat to global rice production. Over the past two decades, it has been found that the peroxisomes play indispensable roles during M. oryzae infection. Given the importance of the peroxisomes for virulence, we review recent advances of the peroxisomes roles during M. oryzae infection processes. We firstly introduce the molecular mechanisms and life cycles of the peroxisomes. And then, metabolic functions related to the peroxisomes are also discussed. Finally, we provide an overview of the relationship between peroxisomes and pathogenicity.
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191
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Valiante V, Baldin C, Hortschansky P, Jain R, Thywißen A, Straßburger M, Shelest E, Heinekamp T, Brakhage AA. TheAspergillus fumigatusconidial melanin production is regulated by the bifunctional bHLH DevR and MADS-box RlmA transcription factors. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:321-335. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Valiante
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Leibniz Research Group - Biobricks of Microbial Natural Product Syntheses, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Clara Baldin
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Radhika Jain
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Andreas Thywißen
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Maria Straßburger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Transfer Group Anti-Infectives, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Ekaterina Shelest
- Research Group Bioinformatics/Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23 Jena 07745 Germany
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192
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Moiseenko KV, Maloshenok LG, Vasina DV, Bruskin SA, Tyazhelova TV, Koroleva OV. Laccase multigene families in Agaricomycetes. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:1392-1397. [PMID: 27400399 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Here we present the results of the exploration of laccase multigene families (MGFs) in basidiomycetous fungi from different taxonomic groups using a next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. In our study, multiple laccase genes were identified in all of the investigated fungi (13 species) from Polyporaceae, Phanerochaetaceae, Meruliaceae, Pleurotaceae, Physalacriaceae, and Peniophoraceae families. It was shown that phylogenetic positioning of the newly identified sequences exhibit patterns of clusterization with respect to enzyme properties. This can be a potentially useful tool for selecting naturally existing laccases with different physicochemical characteristics relevant to different biotechnological applications. Moreover, the method developed in this study can be used in the screening of environmental samples and fast characterization of laccase MGFs in newly identified fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V Moiseenko
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Liliya G Maloshenok
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Daria V Vasina
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A Bruskin
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana V Tyazhelova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Koroleva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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193
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Armas-Tizapantzi A, Montiel-González AM. RNAi silencing: A tool for functional genomics research on fungi. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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194
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d'Ischia M, Wakamatsu K, Cicoira F, Di Mauro E, Garcia-Borron JC, Commo S, Galván I, Ghanem G, Kenzo K, Meredith P, Pezzella A, Santato C, Sarna T, Simon JD, Zecca L, Zucca FA, Napolitano A, Ito S. Melanins and melanogenesis: from pigment cells to human health and technological applications. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 28:520-44. [PMID: 26176788 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, melanins and melanogenesis have attracted growing interest for a broad range of biomedical and technological applications. The burst of polydopamine-based multifunctional coatings in materials science is just one example, and the list may be expanded to include melanin thin films for organic electronics and bioelectronics, drug delivery systems, functional nanoparticles and biointerfaces, sunscreens, environmental remediation devices. Despite considerable advances, applied research on melanins and melanogenesis is still far from being mature. A closer intersectoral interaction between research centers is essential to raise the interests and increase the awareness of the biomedical, biomaterials science and hi-tech sectors of the manifold opportunities offered by pigment cells and related metabolic pathways. Starting from a survey of biological roles and functions, the present review aims at providing an interdisciplinary perspective of melanin pigments and related pathway with a view to showing how it is possible to translate current knowledge about physical and chemical properties and control mechanisms into new bioinspired solutions for biomedical, dermocosmetic, and technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eduardo Di Mauro
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Stephane Commo
- L'Oréal Recherche & Innovation, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Ismael Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ghanem Ghanem
- LOCE, Institut J. Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koike Kenzo
- Development Research - Hair Care Products, KAO Corporation, Sumida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Clara Santato
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - John D Simon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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195
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Aguileta G, Badouin H, Hood ME, Møller AP, Le Prieur S, Snirc A, Siguenza S, Mousseau TA, Shykoff JA, Cuomo CA, Giraud T. Lower prevalence but similar fitness in a parasitic fungus at higher radiation levels near Chernobyl. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3370-83. [PMID: 27136128 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear disasters at Chernobyl and Fukushima provide examples of effects of acute ionizing radiation on mutations that can affect the fitness and distribution of species. Here, we investigated the prevalence of Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae, a pollinator-transmitted fungal pathogen of plants causing anther-smut disease in Chernobyl, its viability, fertility and karyotype variation, and the accumulation of nonsynonymous mutations in its genome. We collected diseased flowers of Silene latifolia from locations ranging by more than two orders of magnitude in background radiation, from 0.05 to 21.03 μGy/h. Disease prevalence decreased significantly with increasing radiation level, possibly due to lower pollinator abundance and altered pollinator behaviour. Viability and fertility, measured as the budding rate of haploid sporidia following meiosis from the diploid teliospores, did not vary with increasing radiation levels and neither did karyotype overall structure and level of chromosomal size heterozygosity. We sequenced the genomes of twelve samples from Chernobyl and of four samples collected from uncontaminated areas and analysed alignments of 6068 predicted genes, corresponding to 1.04 × 10(7) base pairs. We found no dose-dependent differences in substitution rates (neither dN, dS, nor dN/dS). Thus, we found no significant evidence of increased deleterious mutation rates at higher levels of background radiation in this plant pathogen. We even found lower levels of nonsynonymous substitution rates in contaminated areas compared to control regions, suggesting that purifying selection was stronger in contaminated than uncontaminated areas. We briefly discuss the possibilities for a mechanistic basis of radio resistance in this nonmelanized fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguileta
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Helene Badouin
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Michael E Hood
- Biology Department, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Anders P Møller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Stephanie Le Prieur
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Alodie Snirc
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Siguenza
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France.,CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Timothy A Mousseau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jacqui A Shykoff
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | | | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
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196
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Insight into different environmental niches adaptation and allergenicity from the Cladosporium sphaerospermum genome, a common human allergy-eliciting Dothideomycetes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27008. [PMID: 27243961 PMCID: PMC4886633 DOI: 10.1038/srep27008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladosporium sphaerospermum, a dematiaceous saprophytic fungus commonly found in diverse environments, has been reported to cause allergy and other occasional diseases in humans. However, its basic biology and genetic information are largely unexplored. A clinical isolate C. sphaerospermum genome, UM 843, was re-sequenced and combined with previously generated sequences to form a model 26.89 Mb genome containing 9,652 predicted genes. Functional annotation on predicted genes suggests the ability of this fungus to degrade carbohydrate and protein complexes. Several putative peptidases responsible for lung tissue hydrolysis were identified. These genes shared high similarity with the Aspergillus peptidases. The UM 843 genome encodes a wide array of proteins involved in the biosynthesis of melanin, siderophores, cladosins and survival in high salinity environment. In addition, a total of 28 genes were predicted to be associated with allergy. Orthologous gene analysis together with 22 other Dothideomycetes showed genes uniquely present in UM 843 that encode four class 1 hydrophobins which may be allergens specific to Cladosporium. The mRNA of these hydrophobins were detected by RT-PCR. The genomic analysis of UM 843 contributes to the understanding of the biology and allergenicity of this widely-prevalent species.
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197
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Ushigami T, Anzawa K, Mochizuki T. Molecular typing using polymorphisms of the polyketide synthase gene (PKS1) of strains in Japan morphologically identified as Fonsecaea pedrosoi. J Dermatol 2016; 44:36-42. [PMID: 27162115 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi sensu lato is a major causative agent of dematiaceous fungal infection in Japan. Recent sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal RNA gene has shown that this species can be separated into three species: F. pedrosoi sensu stricto, F. monophora and F. nubica. The cell walls of dematiaceous fungi including the genus Fonsecaea contain melanin, which is important for their virulence. Polyketide synthase (PKS1) is an enzyme required for melanin synthesis. This study analyzed the phylogeny of strains of F. pedrosoi sensu lato isolated in Japan by sequencing the PKS1 gene and ITS regions and identifying molecular polymorphism. Sixty strains morphologically identified as F. pedrosoi isolated worldwide, including 37 strains isolated in Japan, were analyzed. ITS regions of the ribosomal RNA gene and part of the PKS1 gene region were amplified, yielding sequences of approximately 600 and 450 bp, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced, and cluster analysis was performed. The proposed phylogenetic tree based on PKS1 sequences closely matched that based on the ITS regions. Sequencing of both regions showed that the isolates from Japan belonged to the clade of F. monophora. Molecular variations of these Japanese strains were evaluated by assessing both ITS and PKS1 sequences. The 37 isolates could be divided into at least seven molecular subtypes. The combination of these two molecular markers provides a most robust method for intraspecies subtyping and further epidemiological study of F. monophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ushigami
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Kazushi Anzawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Takashi Mochizuki
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
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198
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Al-Laaeiby A, Kershaw MJ, Penn TJ, Thornton CR. Targeted Disruption of Melanin Biosynthesis Genes in the Human Pathogenic Fungus Lomentospora prolificans and Its Consequences for Pathogen Survival. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:444. [PMID: 27023523 PMCID: PMC4848900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dematiaceous (melanised) fungus Lomentospora (Scedosporium) prolificans is a life-threatening opportunistic pathogen of immunocompromised humans, resistant to anti-fungal drugs. Melanin has been shown to protect human pathogenic fungi against antifungal drugs, oxidative killing and environmental stresses. To determine the protective role of melanin in L. prolificans to oxidative killing (H2O2), UV radiation and the polyene anti-fungal drug amphotericin B, targeted gene disruption was used to generate mutants of the pathogen lacking the dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthetic enzymes polyketide synthase (PKS1), tetrahydroxynapthalene reductase (4HNR) and scytalone dehydratase (SCD1). Infectious propagules (spores) of the wild-type strain 3.1 were black/brown, whereas spores of the PKS-deficient mutant ΔLppks1::hph were white. Complementation of the albino mutant ΔLppks1::hph restored the black-brown spore pigmentation, while the 4HNR-deficient mutant ΔLp4hnr::hph and SCD-deficient mutant ΔLpscd1::hph both produced orange-yellow spores. The mutants ΔLppks1::hph and ΔLp4hnr::hph showed significant reductions in spore survival following H2O2 treatment, while spores of ΔLpscd1::hph and the ΔLppks1::hph complemented strain ΔLppks1::hph:PKS showed spore survivals similar to strain 3.1. Spores of the mutants ΔLp4hnr::hph and ΔLpscd1::hph and complemented strain ΔLppks1::hph:PKS showed spore survivals similar to 3.1 following exposure to UV radiation, but survival of ΔLppks1::hph spores was significantly reduced compared to the wild-type strain. Strain 3.1 and mutants ΔLp4hnr::hph and ΔLppks1::hph:PKS were resistant to amphotericin B while, paradoxically, the PKS1- and SCD1-deficient mutants showed significant increases in growth in the presence of the antifungal drug. Taken together, these results show that while melanin plays a protective role in the survival of the pathogen to oxidative killing and UV radiation, melanin does not contribute to its resistance to amphotericin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Al-Laaeiby
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
- Cell and Biotechnology Research Unit, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq.
| | - Michael J Kershaw
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Tina J Penn
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Christopher R Thornton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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199
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Li XQ, Guo BL, Cai WY, Zhang JM, Huang HQ, Zhan P, Xi LY, Vicente VA, Stielow B, Sun JF, de Hoog GS. The role of melanin pathways in extremotolerance and virulence of Fonsecaea revealed by de novo assembly transcriptomics using illumina paired-end sequencing. Stud Mycol 2016; 83:1-18. [PMID: 27504027 PMCID: PMC4969264 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanisation has been considered to be an important virulence factor of Fonsecaea monophora. However, the biosynthetic mechanisms of melanisation remain unknown. We therefore used next generation sequencing technology to investigate the transcriptome and digital gene expression data, which are valuable resources to better understand the molecular and biological mechanisms regulating melanisation in F. monophora. We performed de novo transcriptome assembly and digital gene expression (DGE) profiling analyses of parent (CBS 122845) and albino (CBS 125194) strains using the Illumina RNA-seq system. A total of 17 352 annotated unigenes were found by BLAST search of NR, Swiss-Prot, Gene Ontology, Clusters of Orthologous Groups and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) (E-value <1e‒5). A total of 2 283 unigenes were judged to be the differentially expressed between the two genotypes. We identified most of the genes coding for key enzymes involved in melanin biosynthesis pathways, including polyketide synthase (pks), multicopper oxidase (mco), laccase, tyrosinase and homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (hmgA). DEG analysis showed extensive down-regulation of key genes in the DHN pathway, while up-regulation was noted in the DOPA pathway of the albino mutant. The transcript levels of partial genes were confirmed by real time RT-PCR, while the crucial role of key enzymes was confirmed by either inhibitor or substrate tests in vitro. Meanwhile, numbers of genes involved in light sensing, cell wall synthesis, morphology and environmental stress were identified in the transcriptome of F. monophora. In addition, 3 353 SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats) markers were identified from 21 600 consensus sequences. Blocking of the DNH pathway is the most likely reason of melanin deficiency in the albino strain, while the production of pheomelanin and pyomelanin were probably regulated by unknown transcription factors on upstream of both pathways. Most of genes involved in environmental tolerance to oxidants, irradiation and extreme temperatures were also assembled and annotated in transcriptomes of F. monophora. In addition, thousands of identified cSSR (combined SSR) markers will favour further genetic linkage studies. In conclusion, these data will contribute to understanding the regulation of melanin biosynthesis and help to improve the studies of pathogenicity of F. monophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Li
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - B L Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - W Y Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - J M Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H Q Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - P Zhan
- Dermatology Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Y Xi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - V A Vicente
- Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - B Stielow
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J F Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - G S de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Dermatology, First Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
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200
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van Nieuwenhuijzen EJ, Houbraken JAMP, Meijer M, Adan OCG, Samson RA. Aureobasidium melanogenum: a native of dark biofinishes on oil treated wood. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 109:661-83. [PMID: 26920754 PMCID: PMC4819947 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genus Aureobasidium, which is known as a wood staining mould, has been detected on oil treated woods in the specific stain formation called biofinish. This biofinish is used to develop a new protective, self-healing and decorative biotreatment for wood. In order to understand and control biofinish formation on oil treated wood, the occurrence of different Aureobasidium species on various wood surfaces was studied. Phenotypic variability within Aureobasidium strains presented limitations of morphological identification of Aureobasidium species. PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing of ITS and RPB2 were used to identify the culturable Aureobasidium species composition in mould stained wood surfaces with and without a biofinish. The analysed isolates showed that several Aureobasidium species were present and that Aureobasidium melanogenum was predominantly detected, regardless of the presence of a biofinish and the type of substrate. A.melanogenum was detected on wood samples exposed in the Netherlands, Cameroon, South Africa, Australia and Norway. ITS-specific PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing of DNA extracted from biofinish samples confirmed results of the culturing based method: A. melanogenum is predominant within the Aureobasidium population of biofinishes on pine sapwood treated with raw linseed oil and the outdoor placement in the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jos A M P Houbraken
- CBS KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Meijer
- CBS KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf C G Adan
- Section Transport in Permeable Media, Department of Applied Physics, University of Technology Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Samson
- CBS KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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