151
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An L, Wang S, Zhu D. Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for Protein Assays and for the Manipulation of the Catalytic Activity of Enzymes. Chem Asian J 2008; 3:1601-6. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200800096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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152
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Wehofsky N, Wespe C, Cerovsky V, Pech A, Hoess E, Rudolph R, Bordusa F. Ionic liquids and proteases: a clean alliance for semisynthesis. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1493-9. [PMID: 18509837 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present the first report on protease-catalysed ligation of cleavage-sensitive peptide and protein fragments in ionic-liquid-containing solvent systems. By applying the newly established [MMIM][Me2PO4]/buffer mixture as a reaction medium, significant advantages over purely aqueous or conventional organic solvent-containing media could be identified, including in particular the use of active wild-type proteases as biocatalysts, the suppression of any competitive proteolytic side reactions, the high turnover rates compared to classical organic solvents and the high stability of chemically labile reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wehofsky
- Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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153
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Wehofsky N, Pech A, Liebscher S, Schmidt S, Komeda H, Asano Y, Bordusa F. D-amino acid specific proteases and native all-L-proteins: a convenient combination for semisynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:5456-60. [PMID: 18551688 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wehofsky
- Max-Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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154
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Wehofsky N, Pech A, Liebscher S, Schmidt S, Komeda H, Asano Y, Bordusa F. D‐Aminosäure‐spezifische Proteasen und native All‐L‐Proteine: eine zweckmäßige Kombination für die Semisynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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155
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Nishigaki T, Yasufuku Y, Murakami S, Ebara Y, Ueji SI. A Great Improvement of the Enantioselectivity of Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis and Esterification Using Co-Solvents as an Additive. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2008. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.81.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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156
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Protease-catalysed coupling of N-protected amino acids and peptides with 4-aminoantipyrine. Amino Acids 2008; 36:333-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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157
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Peptide synthesis in aqueous–organic media catalyzed by proteases from latex of Araujia hortorum (Asclepiadaceae) fruits. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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158
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Birchall LS, Ulijn RV, Webb SJ. A combined SPS–LCD sensor for screening protease specificity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:2861-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b805321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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159
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Nechab M, El Blidi L, Vanthuyne N, Gastaldi S, Bertrand MP, Gil G. N-Acyl glycinates as acyl donors in serine protease-catalyzed kinetic resolution of amines. Improvement of selectivity and reaction rate. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3917-20. [DOI: 10.1039/b812089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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160
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Sekizaki H, Itoh K, Shibuya A, Toyota E, Kojoma M, Tanizawa K. Trypsin-Catalyzed Synthesis of Dipeptide Containing .ALPHA.-Aminoisobutylic Acid Using p- and m-(Amidinomethyl)phenyl Esters as Acyl Donor. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:688-91. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Sekizaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Kunihiko Itoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Akiyoshi Shibuya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Eiko Toyota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Mareshige Kojoma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Kazutaka Tanizawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
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161
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Tan XH, Wirjo A, Liu CF. An enzymatic approach to the synthesis of peptide thioesters: mechanism and scope. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1512-5. [PMID: 17647206 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Tan
- Division of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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162
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Heck T, Kohler HPE, Limbach M, Flögel O, Seebach D, Geueke B. Enzyme-Catalyzed Formation ofβ-Peptides:β-Peptidyl Aminopeptidases BapA and DmpA Acting asβ-Peptide-Synthesizing Enzymes. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:2016-30. [PMID: 17886858 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent studies, we discovered that the three beta-peptidyl aminopeptidases, BapA from Sphingosinicella xenopeptidilytica 3-2W4, BapA from S. microcystinivorans Y2, and DmpA from Ochrobactrum anthropi LMG7991, possess the unique feature of cleaving N-terminal beta-amino acid residues from beta- and alpha/beta-peptides. Herein, we investigated the use of the same three enzymes for the reverse reaction catalyzing the oligomerization of beta-amino acids and the synthesis of mixed peptides with N-terminal beta-amino acid residues. As substrates, we employed the beta-homoamino acid derivatives H-beta hGly-pNA, H-beta3 hAla-pNA, H-(R)-beta3 hAla-pNA, H-beta3 hPhe-pNA, H-(R)-beta3 hPhe-pNA, and H-beta3 hLeu-pNA. All three enzymes were capable of coupling the six beta-amino acids to oligomers with chain lengths of up to eight amino acid residues. With the enzyme DmpA as the catalyst, we observed very high conversion rates, which correspond to dimer yields of up to 76%. The beta-dipeptide H-beta3 hAla-beta3 hLeu-OH and the beta/alpha-dipeptide H-beta hGly-His-OH (carnosine) were formed with almost 50% conversion, when a five-fold excess of beta3-homoleucine or histidine was incubated with H-beta3 hAla-pNA and H-beta hGly-pNA, respectively, in the presence of the enzyme BapA from S. microcystinivorans Y2. BapA from S. xenopeptidilytica 3-2W4 turned out to be a versatile catalyst capable of coupling various beta-amino acid residues to the free N-termini of beta- and alpha-amino acids and even to an alpha-tripeptide. Thus, these aminopeptidases might be useful to introduce a beta-amino acid residue as an N-terminal protecting group into a 'natural' alpha-peptide, thereby stabilizing the peptide against degradation by other proteolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heck
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf
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163
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Sekizaki H, Toyota E, Fuchise T, Zhou S, Noguchi Y, Horita K. Application of several types of substrates to ficin-catalyzed peptide synthesis. Amino Acids 2007; 34:149-53. [PMID: 17619121 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The capability of ficin, a cystine protease, to form peptide bonds was investigated using several types of N-Boc-amino acid phenyl and naphthyl esters as acyl donor components. Enzyme-catalyzed peptide synthesis was carried out under optimized reaction conditions of pH, acyl acceptor concentration and selection of the best yield organic solvent. It used a condensation of N-Boc-Ala-OpGu and Ala-pNA as a model reaction. The products were obtained in 72-96% yield using 10 different substrates, within a few minutes of reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sekizaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan.
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164
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Lang A, Hatscher C, Kuhl P. Papain-catalysed synthesis of Z-l-aminoacyl-antipyrine amides from Z-protected amino acid esters and 4-aminoantipyrine. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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165
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Li W, Zhang J, Zhang C, Feng X, Han B, Yang G. Synthesis of alpha-chymotrypsin/polymer composites by a reverse micelle/gas antisolvent method. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2007; 59:11-5. [PMID: 17532613 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-chymotrypsin (CT)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) composites was synthesized by combination of reverse micelles and CO(2). In this method, the two reverse micellar solutions containing CT and PVP, respectively, were first mixed, then compressed CO(2) was used as an antisolvent to precipitate the CT and PVP simultaneously and CT/PVP composites were successfully prepared. The morphology of the obtained CT/PVP composites was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR spectra of the composites showed that there was interaction between CT and PVP. The storage activity of the enzyme immobilized on the polymer by this method was higher than that of the pure enzyme. This method has some advantages and can be easily applied to the synthesis of some other enzyme/polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China
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166
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The organocatalytic direct self-trimerization of acrolein: application to the total synthesis of montiporyne F. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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167
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Hennig A, Florea M, Roth D, Enderle T, Nau WM. Design of peptide substrates for nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence assays of proteases: 2,3-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene as a noninvasive fluorophore. Anal Biochem 2007; 360:255-65. [PMID: 17134673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence protease assays were investigated with peptide substrates containing a 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-labeled asparagine (Dbo) as a fluorescent amino acid. The special characteristic of the fluorophore Dbo is its exceedingly long fluorescence lifetime (ca. 300 ns in water under air), which allows the use of nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence (Nano-TRF) detection to efficiently suppress shorter-lived background emission. In addition, the natural amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine can be employed as intramolecular fluorescence quenchers, which facilitates substrate design. Fourteen synthetic peptide substrates (composed of 2-19 amino acids) and five enzymes (trypsin, pepsin, carboxypeptidase A, leucine aminopeptidase, and chymotrypsin) were investigated and, in all 28 examined combinations, enzymatic activity was detected by monitoring the increase in steady state fluorescence with time and determining the reaction rates as kcat/Km values, which ranged from 0.2 to 80x10(6) M-1 min-1. The results suggest an excellent compatibility of the very small and hydrophilic fluorescent probe Dbo with solid-phase peptide synthesis and the investigated proteases. For all 14 peptides the fluorescence lifetimes before and after enzymatic cleavage were measured and Nano-TRF measurements were performed in 384-well microplates. The fluorescence lifetimes of the different peptides provide the basis for the rational design of Dbo-based fluorescent substrates for protease assays. Measurements in Nano-TRF mode revealed, in addition to efficient suppression of background fluorescence, an increased differentiation between cleaved and uncleaved substrate. The Dbo-based assays can be adapted for high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hennig
- School of Engineering and Science, International University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
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168
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Abstract
The macrocyclic host cucurbit[7]uril exhibits highly specific inhibitory effects on the activity of proteases, which can be analyzed by a host-substrate complexation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hennig
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759, Bremen, Germany
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169
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Abstract
The construction of homogeneous glycoproteins presents a formidable challenge to the synthetic chemist. Over the past few years there has been an explosion in the number of methods developed to address this problem. These methods include the development of novel ligation technologies for the synthesis of the protein backbone, as well chemical and enzymatic approaches for introducing complex glycans into the peptide backbone. This tutorial review discusses the application of these techniques to the synthesis of peptides and proteins possessing well defined glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay S Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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170
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Tsuchiyama S, Doukyu N, Yasuda M, Ishimi K, Ogino H. Peptide Synthesis of Aspartame Precursor Using Organic-Solvent-Stable PST-01 Protease in Monophasic Aqueous-Organic Solvent Systems. Biotechnol Prog 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/bp060382y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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171
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172
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Abstract
A number of beta-dipeptides were prepared by two-step lipase-catalyzed reactions where N-acetylated beta-amino esters were first activated as 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl esters with Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B). The activated esters were then used to acylate beta-amino ester in the presence of Candida antarctica lipase A (CAL-A) in dry Et2O or i-Pr2O. [reaction: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Guo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics/Laboratory of Synthetic Drug Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Lemminkaisenkatu 5C, FIN- 20520 Turku, Finland
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173
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Li G, Vaidya A, Viswanathan K, Cui J, Xie W, Gao W, Gross RA. Rapid Regioselective Oligomerization of l-Glutamic Acid Diethyl Ester Catalyzed by Papain. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma061419y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Alankar Vaidya
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Kodandaraman Viswanathan
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Junru Cui
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Wenchun Xie
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Wei Gao
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Richard A. Gross
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic University, Six Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
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174
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Solá RJ, Al-Azzam W, Griebenow K. Engineering of protein thermodynamic, kinetic, and colloidal stability: Chemical Glycosylation with monofunctionally activated glycans. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:1072-9. [PMID: 16586505 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this work we establish the relationship between chemical glycosylation and protein thermodynamic, kinetic, and colloidal stability. While there have been reports in the literature that chemical glycosylation modulates protein stability, mechanistic details still remain uncertain. To address this issue, we designed and coupled monofunctional activated glycans (lactose and dextran) to the model protein alpha-chymotrypsin (alpha-CT). This resulted in a series of glycoconjugates with variations in the glycan size and degree of glycosylation. Thermodynamic unfolding, thermal inactivation, and temperature-induced aggregation experiments revealed that chemical glycosylation increased protein thermodynamic (Delta G(25 degrees C)), kinetic (t(1/2)(45 degrees C)), and colloidal stability. These results highlight the potential of chemical glycosylation with monofunctional activated glycans as a technology for increasing the long-term stability of liquid protein formulations for industrial and biotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Solá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 23346, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
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175
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Roy R, Sandanaraj BS, Klaikherd A, Thayumanavan S. Tuning substrate selectivity of a cationic enzyme using cationic polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:7695-700. [PMID: 16922552 DOI: 10.1021/la060496j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions between an artificial molecular scaffold and a protein are interesting due to the possibility of reversible modulation of the activity of the protein. alpha-Chymotrypsin is a positively charged protein that has been shown to interact with negatively charged polymers. Here we show that positively charged polymers are also capable of electrostatically binding to this protein. The resulting experiments show that the ability of a polymer to bind a protein does not depend only on the pI of the protein. We also realized that the variations in charge density in the polymer backbone afford different selectivities of the enzyme toward charged substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunath Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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176
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Comparative behaviour of proteinases from the latex of Carica papaya and Funastrum clausum as catalysts for the synthesis of Z-Ala-Phe-OMe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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177
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Jordan BJ, Hong R, Gider B, Hill J, Emrick T, Rotello VM. Stabilization of α-chymotrypsin at air-water interface through surface binding to gold nanoparticle scaffolds. SOFT MATTER 2006; 2:558-560. [PMID: 32680234 DOI: 10.1039/b603980d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles stabilize chymotrypsin (ChT) against denaturation at the air-water interface through catenation and preferential localization of the nanoparticles at the air-water interface with concomitant decrease in interfacial energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Rui Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Basar Gider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Jason Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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178
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Sareen R, Bornscheuer UT, Mishra P. Cloning, functional expression and characterization of an alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 27:1901-7. [PMID: 16328988 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-3901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A gene (apr 46) encoding a protease was cloned from Bacillus licheniformis RSP-09-37. It had an ORF of 1725 bp, encoding a pre-protein of 575 amino acids (63.2 kDa), which was functionally expressed and processed in E. coli JM 109. The mature protein, Apr 46, consists of 500 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 55 kDa. This protease shows 29-50% homology to known serine proteases and conserved domains. N-terminal sequencing suggests that Apr 46 protease is identical to a B. licheniformis RSP-09-37 protease, which is further supported by a similar stability in acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Sareen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
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179
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Pérez-Victoria I, Morales JC. Regioselectivity in acylation of oligosaccharides catalyzed by the metalloprotease thermolysin. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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180
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Cheetham AG, Hutchings MG, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Enzymatic Synthesis and Photoswitchable Enzymatic Cleavage of a Peptide-Linked Rotaxane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1596-9. [PMID: 16456900 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Cheetham
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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181
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Cheetham AG, Hutchings MG, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Enzymatic Synthesis and Photoswitchable Enzymatic Cleavage of a Peptide-Linked Rotaxane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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182
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Liu L, Hong ZY, Wong CH. Convergent Glycopeptide Synthesis by Traceless Staudinger Ligation and Enzymatic Coupling. Chembiochem 2006; 7:429-32. [PMID: 16444769 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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183
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Salam SMA, Kagawa KI, Kawashiro K. α-Chymotrypsin-catalyzed peptide synthesis in frozen aqueous solution using N-protected amino acid carbamoylmethyl esters as acyl donors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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184
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Okamoto T, Yasuhito E, Ueji SI. Metal ions dramatically enhance the enantioselectivity for lipase-catalysed reactions in organic solvents. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:1147-53. [PMID: 16525560 DOI: 10.1039/b514885e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose a simple and a powerful method to enhance the enantioselectivity for lipase-catalysed transformations in organic solvents by an addition of metal ion-containing water to the reaction mixture. In this paper, various metal ions such as LiCl or MgCl2 are tested to improve the enantioselectivity for the model reactions. The enantioselectivities obtained are dramatically enhanced, the E values of which are about 100-fold as compared with the ordinary conditions without a metal ion, for example, E = 200 by addition of LiCl. Furthermore, lowering the reaction temperature led to an almost perfect enantioselectivity of lipase in the presence of a metal ion, for example, E = 1,300 by addition of LiCl. Also, a mechanism for the drastic enhancement by metal ions is discussed briefly on the basis of the EPR spectroscopic study and the initial rate for each enantiomer of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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185
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Pérez-Victoria I, Morales JC. Complementary regioselective esterification of non-reducing oligosaccharides catalyzed by different hydrolases. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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186
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Abstract
The development of chemical and enzymatic methods for the synthesis of homogeneous glycoproteins is a fascinating challenge at the interface between chemistry and biology. Discussed here are the currently available methods for preparation of homogeneous glycoproteins. These methods include (1) glycopeptide ligation; (2) glycoprotein remodeling; and (3) in vivo suppressor tRNA technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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187
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Borén L, Martín-Matute B, Xu Y, Córdova A, Bäckvall JE. (S)-Selective Kinetic Resolution and Chemoenzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols. Chemistry 2006; 12:225-32. [PMID: 16267860 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
(S)-Selective kinetic resolution was achieved through the use of a commercially available protease, which was activated with a combination of two different surfactants. The kinetic resolution (KR) process was optimized with respect to activation of the protease and to the acyl donor. The KR proved to be compatible with a range of functionalized sec-alcohols, giving good to high enantiomeric ratio values (up to >200). The enzymatic resolution was combined with a ruthenium-catalyzed racemization to give an (S)-selective dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of sec-alcohols. The DKR process works under very mild reaction conditions to give the corresponding esters in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnéa Borén
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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188
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Durek T, Becker CFW. Protein semi-synthesis: New proteins for functional and structural studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:153-72. [PMID: 16188500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to alter and control the structure and function of biomolecules, and of proteins in particular, will be of utmost importance in order to understand their respective biological roles in complex systems such as living organisms. This challenge has prompted the development of powerful modern techniques in the fields of molecular biology, physical biochemistry and chemical biology. These fields complement each other and their successful combination has provided unique insights into protein structure and function at the level of isolated molecules, cells and organisms. Chemistry is without doubt most suited for introducing subtle changes into biomolecules down to the atomic level, but often struggles when it comes to large targets, such as proteins. In this review, we attempt to give an overview of modern and broadly applicable techniques that permit chemical synthesis to be applied to complex protein targets in order to gain control over their structure and function. As will be demonstrated, these approaches offer unique possibilities in our efforts to understand the molecular basis of protein functioning in vitro and in vivo. We will discuss modern synthetic reactions that can be applied to proteins and give examples of recent highlights. Another focus of this review will be the application of inteins as versatile protein engineering tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Durek
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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189
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Shen HY, Tian GL, Ye YH, Wang J. Non-coded amino acids as acyl donor substrates for peptide bond formation catalyzed by thermoase in toluene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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190
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Mori S, Yumoto H, Matsumi R, Nishigaki T, Ebara Y, Ueji SI. A method to greatly improve the enantioselectivity of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an additive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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191
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Salam SMA, Kagawa KI, Kawashiro K. α-Chymotrypsin-Catalyzed Peptide Synthesis Using N-Protected D-Amino Acid Carbamoylmethyl Esters as Acyl Donors. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:1199-203. [PMID: 16158264 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-0018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-chymotrypsin-catalyzed peptide synthesis was carried out between an N-protected D-amino acid ester and an L-amino acid amide (acyl donor, 10 mM; acyl acceptor, 50 mM; enzyme, 2 mg ml(-1); pH 8). By using a highly reactive carbamoylmethyl (Cam) ester as acyl donor, the D-amino acid was incorporated into the N-terminus of the resulting dipeptide amide. N-Protected dipeptide amides bearing D-amino acids such as D-Phe, D-Leu and D-Ala at their N-terminus were synthesized in high yields (up to 80%) in 1-3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mohiuddin Abdus Salam
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima, 770-8506, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
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192
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Abstract
Proteins have become accessible targets for chemical synthesis. The basic strategy is to use native chemical ligation, Staudinger ligation, or other orthogonal chemical reactions to couple synthetic peptides. The ligation reactions are compatible with a variety of solvents and proceed in solution or on a solid support. Chemical synthesis enables a level of control on protein composition that greatly exceeds that attainable with ribosome-mediated biosynthesis. Accordingly, the chemical synthesis of proteins is providing previously unattainable insight into the structure and function of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L. Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Matthew B. Soellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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193
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Yan AX, Chan RY, Lau WS, Lee KS, Wong MS, Xing GW, Tian GL, Ye YH. Enzymatic synthesis and bioactivity of estradiol derivative conjugates with different amino acids. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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194
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Kawanami Y, Itoh K. Highly Enantioselective Lipase-catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of 2-Silyloxy-1-propanol. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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195
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Ueji SI, Mori SI, Yumoto H, Hiroshima N, Ebara Y. Lyophilization of Lipase Together with Ionic Compounds Generates Highly Enantioselective and Solvent-sensitive Lipase in Organic Solvents. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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196
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Maltman BA, Bejugam M, Flitsch SL. Enzyme-cleavable linkers for peptide and glycopeptide synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:2505-7. [PMID: 15999180 DOI: 10.1039/b506154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxymethylphenoxy linkers that are commonly used in solid phase peptide synthesis are surprisingly susceptible to efficient cleavage by the protease chymotrypsin with a broad range of amino acid residues being tolerated at the scissile bond; this enzyme-cleavable linker system has been applied to peptide and glycopeptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice A Maltman
- School of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK EH9 3JJ
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197
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Watanabe K, Yoshida T, Ueji SI. The role of conformational flexibility of enzymes in the discrimination between amino acid and ester substrates for the subtilisin-catalyzed reaction in organic solvents. Bioorg Chem 2004; 32:504-15. [PMID: 15530991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate how the conformational flexibility of subtilisin affects its ability to discriminate between enantiomeric amino acid and ester substrates for the subtilisin-catalyzed reaction in an organic solvent, the flexibility around the active site and the surface of subtilisin was estimated from the mobility of a spin label bound to subtilisin by ESR spectroscopy. Many studies on enzyme flexibility focus on the active site. Both the surface and active site flexibility play an important role in the enantioselectivity enhancement of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. It was found, however, that the different behavior observed for the enantioselectivity between the amino acid and ester substrates could be correlated with the flexibility around the surface rather than the flexibility at the active site of subtilisin. In other words, for the ester substrates, the greater flexibility around the surface of subtilisin induced by a conformational change resulting from the presence of an additive such as DMSO is essential for the enantioselectivity enhancement. This model is also supported by the Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters for each enantiomeric substrate. Our findings provide insight into the enantioselectivity enhancement for the resolution of enantiomers for enzyme-catalyzed reactions in organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Nada 657-8501, Japan
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198
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Sareen R, Bornscheuer UT, Mishra P. Synthesis of kyotorphin precursor by an organic solvent-stable protease from Bacillus licheniformis RSP-09-37. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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199
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Hong R, Emrick T, Rotello VM. Monolayer-Controlled Substrate Selectivity Using Noncovalent Enzyme−Nanoparticle Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:13572-3. [PMID: 15493887 DOI: 10.1021/ja0461163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions were used to noncovalently conjugate chymotrypsin to gold nanoparticles featuring hybrid tetraethylene(glycol)alkanethiol monolayers terminated with carboxylate groups. This conjugation process greatly alters the substrate selectivity of the adsorbed chymotrypsin, inhibiting the hydrolysis of anionic subtrates without affecting the hydrolysis rate of cationic analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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200
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Affiliation(s)
- Nediljko Budisa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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