151
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Nagashima Y, Takita R, Yoshida K, Hirano K, Uchiyama M. Design, Generation, and Synthetic Application of Borylzincate: Borylation of Aryl Halides and Borylzincation of Benzynes/Terminal Alkyne. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18730-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja409748m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nagashima
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryo Takita
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kengo Yoshida
- Advanced
Elements Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource
Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hirano
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Advanced
Elements Chemistry Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource
Science, and Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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152
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Audi H, Rémond E, Eymin MJ, Tessier A, Malacea-Kabbara R, Jugé S. Modular Hemisyntheses of Boronato- and Trifluoroborato-SubstitutedL-NHBoc Amino Acid and Peptide Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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153
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Molander GA, Wisniewski SR, Hosseini-Sarvari M. Synthesis and Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Enantioenriched Secondary Potassium β-Trifluoroboratoamides: Catalytic, Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Bisboronic Acid and Tetrakis(dimethylamino)diboron to α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2013; 355:3037-3057. [PMID: 24741373 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enantioenriched potassium β-trifluoroboratoamides have been synthesized via an asymmetric, copper-catalyzed 1,4-addition of tetrahydroxydiboron (BBA) and tetrakis(dimethylamino)diboron to α,β-unsaturated amides. These dibora reagents provide access to the desired organotrifluoroborates using effective and atom economical sources of boron. The copper-catalyzed β-boration is extended to α,β-unsaturated ketones and esters. Desired potassium organotrifluoroborates are synthesized with yields up to 92% and enantiomeric ratios up to 98:2. The enantioenriched potassium β-trifluoroboratoamides are successfully cross-coupled with an array of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides in high yield with complete stereochemical fidelity as the transmetalation proceeds through an SE2 mechanism via an open transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Steven R Wisniewski
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Mona Hosseini-Sarvari
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
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154
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Gao Z, Gouverneur V, Davis BG. Enhanced aqueous Suzuki-Miyaura coupling allows site-specific polypeptide 18F-labeling. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13612-5. [PMID: 23991754 PMCID: PMC3810860 DOI: 10.1021/ja4049114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The excesses of reagents used in
protein chemistry are often incompatible
with the reduced or even inverse stoichiometries used for efficient
radiolabeling. Analysis and screening of aqueous Pd(0) ligand systems
has revealed the importance of a guanidine core and the discovery
of 1,1-dimethylguanidine as an enhanced ligand for aqueous Suzuki–Miyaura
cross-coupling. This novel Pd catalyst system has now allowed the
labeling of small molecules, peptides, and proteins with the fluorine-18
prosthetic [18F]4-fluorophenylboronic acid. These findings
now enable site-specific protein 18F-labeling under biologically
compatible conditions using a metal-triggered reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghua Gao
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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155
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Pandarus V, Desplantier-Giscard D, Gingras G, Béland F, Ciriminna R, Pagliaro M. Greening the Valsartan Synthesis: Scale-up of Key Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling over SiliaCat DPP-Pd. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op400118f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerica Pandarus
- SiliCycle Inc., 2500 Parc-Technologique
Blvd, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1P 4S6
| | | | | | - François Béland
- SiliCycle Inc., 2500 Parc-Technologique
Blvd, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1P 4S6
| | - Rosaria Ciriminna
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali
Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Pagliaro
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali
Nanostrutturati, CNR, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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156
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Molander GA, Cavalcanti LN, García-García C. Nickel-catalyzed borylation of halides and pseudohalides with tetrahydroxydiboron [B2(OH)4]. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6427-39. [PMID: 23777538 PMCID: PMC3740274 DOI: 10.1021/jo401104y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Arylboronic acids are gaining increased importance as reagents and target structures in a variety of useful applications. Recently, the palladium-catalyzed synthesis of arylboronic acids employing the atom-economical tetrahydroxydiboron (BBA) reagent has been reported. The high cost associated with palladium, combined with several limitations of both palladium- and copper-catalyzed processes, prompted us to develop an alternative method. Thus, the nickel-catalyzed borylation of aryl and heteroaryl halides and pseudohalides using tetrahydroxydiboron (BBA) has been formulated. The reaction proved to be widely functional group tolerant and applicable to a number of heterocyclic systems. To the best of our knowledge, the examples presented here represent the only effective Ni-catalyzed Miyaura borylations conducted at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories and Penn/Merck Laboratory for High Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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157
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Pinchman JR, Boger DL. Probing the role of the vancomycin e-ring aryl chloride: selective divergent synthesis and evaluation of alternatively substituted E-ring analogues. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4116-24. [PMID: 23617725 DOI: 10.1021/jm4004494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The selective functionalization of vancomycin aglycon derivatives through conversion of the E-ring aryl chloride to a reactive boronic acid and its use in the synthesis of a systematic series of vancomycin E-ring analogues are described. The series was used to examine the E-ring chloride impact in binding d-Ala-d-Ala and on antimicrobial activity. In contrast to the reduced activity of the unsubstituted E-ring derivatives, hydrophobic and relatively nonpolar substituents approach or match the chloro-substituted vancomycin and were insensitive to the electronic character of the substituent (e.g., Cl vs CN/OMe), whereas highly polar substituents fail to provide the enhancements. Moreover, the active permethylated vancomycin aglycon derivatives exhibit VanB VRE antimicrobial activity at levels that approach (typically within 2-fold) their activity against sensitive bacteria. The robust borylation reaction also enabled the functionalization of a minimally protected vancomycin aglycon (N-Boc-vancomycin aglycon) and provides a direct method for the preparation of previously inaccessible analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Pinchman
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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158
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Alam R, Raducan M, Eriksson L, Szabó KJ. Selective formation of adjacent stereocenters by allylboration of ketones under mild neutral conditions. Org Lett 2013; 15:2546-9. [PMID: 23621130 DOI: 10.1021/ol401055m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Allylboronic acids readily react with a broad variety of ketones, affording homoallylic alcohols with adjacent quaternary and tertiary stereocenters. The reaction proceeds with very high anti stereoselectivity even if the substituents of the keto group have a similar size. α-Keto acids react with syn stereoselectivity probably due to the formation of acyl boronate intermediates. The allylation reactions proceed without added acids/bases under mild conditions. Because of this, many functionalities are tolerated even with in situ generated allylboronic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauful Alam
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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159
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Tasch BOA, Antovic D, Merkul E, Müller TJJ. One-Pot Synthesis of Camalexins and 3,3′-Biindoles by the Masuda Borylation-Suzuki Arylation (MBSA) Sequence. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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160
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Paul P, Sengupta P, Bhattacharya S. Palladium mediated C–H bond activation of thiosemicarbazones: Catalytic application of organopalladium complexes in C–C and C–N coupling reactions. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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161
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Bellomo A, Zhang J, Trongsiriwat N, Walsh PJ. Additive effects on palladium-catalyzed deprotonative-cross-coupling processes (DCCP) of sp3C–H bonds in diarylmethanes. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21673f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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162
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Chow WK, Yuen OY, Choy PY, So CM, Lau CP, Wong WT, Kwong FY. A decade advancement of transition metal-catalyzed borylation of aryl halides and sulfonates. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra22905j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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163
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Takagi J, Yamakawa T. Syntheses of (4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)arenes through Pd-catalyzed borylation of arylbromides with the successive use of 2,2′-bis(1,3,2-benzodioxaborole) and pinacol. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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164
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Raducan M, Alam R, Szabó KJ. Palladium-catalyzed synthesis and isolation of functionalized allylboronic acids: selective, direct allylboration of ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:13050-3. [PMID: 23161757 PMCID: PMC3556694 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Textbook revision: allylboronic acids, which are easily prepared from allylic alcohols, react readily and selectively with ketones without Lewis acid catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Raducan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm UniversityStockholm (Sweden) E-mail: Homepage: http://www.organ.su.se/ks
| | - Rauful Alam
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm UniversityStockholm (Sweden) E-mail: Homepage: http://www.organ.su.se/ks
| | - Kálmán J Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm UniversityStockholm (Sweden) E-mail: Homepage: http://www.organ.su.se/ks
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165
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Raducan M, Alam R, Szabó KJ. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis and Isolation of Functionalized Allylboronic Acids: Selective, Direct Allylboration of Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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166
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167
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Molander GA, Trice SLJ, Kennedy SM. Scope of the two-step, one-pot palladium-catalyzed borylation/Suzuki cross-coupling reaction utilizing bis-boronic acid. J Org Chem 2012; 77:8678-88. [PMID: 22994557 DOI: 10.1021/jo301642v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of bis-boronic acid for the direct synthesis of boronic acids has greatly facilitated the two-step, one-pot borylation/Suzuki cross-coupling reaction between aryl and heteroaryl halides. With use of Buchwald's second-generation XPhos preformed catalyst, high yields of cross-coupled products were obtained for most substrates. The method also allows an efficient two-step, one-pot synthesis, providing access to three distinct cross-coupled products after column chromatography. The method also provides a rapid and convenient route to teraryl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States.
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168
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Yang J, Liu S, Zheng JF, Zhou JS. Room-Temperature Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling of Heteroaryl Chlorides and Tosylates. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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169
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Molander GA, Trice SLJ, Kennedy SM. Palladium-catalyzed borylation of aryl and heteroaryl halides utilizing tetrakis(dimethylamino)diboron: one step greener. Org Lett 2012; 14:4814-7. [PMID: 22946672 DOI: 10.1021/ol302124j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed borylation of aryl and heteroaryl halides with a novel borylating agent, tetrakis(dimethylamino)diboron [(Me(2)N)(2)B-B(NMe(2))(2)], is reported. The method is complementary to the previously reported method utilizing bis-boronic acid (BBA) in that certain substrates perform better under one set of optimized reaction conditions than the other. Because tetrakis(dimethylamino)diboron is the synthetic precursor to both BBA and bis(pinacolato)diboron (B(2)Pin(2)), the new method represents a more atom-economical and efficient approach to current borylation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories and Penn/Merck Laboratory for High Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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170
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Lennox AJJ, Lloyd-Jones GC. Preparation of Organotrifluoroborate Salts: Precipitation-Driven Equilibrium under Non-Etching Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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171
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Lennox AJJ, Lloyd-Jones GC. Preparation of Organotrifluoroborate Salts: Precipitation-Driven Equilibrium under Non-Etching Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9385-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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172
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Chen X, Ke H, Chen Y, Guan C, Zou G. Cross-Coupling of Diarylborinic Acids and Anhydrides with Arylhalides Catalyzed by a Phosphite/N-Heterocyclic Carbene Co-supported Palladium Catalyst System. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7572-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301335x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, China
| | - Haihua Ke
- Department of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, China
| | - Changwei Guan
- Department of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Zou
- Department of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai, China
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173
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Zhang J, Bellomo A, Creamer AD, Dreher SD, Walsh PJ. Palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)-H arylation of diarylmethanes at room temperature: synthesis of triarylmethanes via deprotonative-cross-coupling processes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13765-72. [PMID: 22816972 DOI: 10.1021/ja3047816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although metal-catalyzed direct arylation reactions of non- or weakly acidic C-H bonds have recently received much attention, chemists have relied heavily on substrates with appropriately placed directing groups to steer reactivity. To date, examples of intermolecular arylation of unactivated C(sp(3))-H bonds in the absence of a directing group remain scarce. We report herein the first general, high-yielding, and scalable method for palladium-catalyzed C(sp(3))-H arylation of simple diarylmethane derivatives with aryl bromides at room temperature. This method facilitates access to a variety of sterically and electronically diverse hetero- and nonheteroaryl-containing triarylmethanes, a class of compounds with various applications and interesting biological activity. Key to the success of this approach is an in situ metalation of the substrate via C-H deprotonation under catalytic cross-coupling conditions, which is referred to as a deprotonative-cross-coupling process (DCCP). Base and catalyst identification were performed by high-throughput experimentation (HTE) and led to a unique base/catalyst combination [KN(SiMe(3))(2)/Pd-NiXantphos] that proved to efficiently promote the room-temperature DCCP of diarylmethanes. Additionally, the DCCP exhibits remarkable chemoselectivity in the presence of substrates that are known to undergo O-, N-, enolate-, and C(sp(2))-H arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Zhang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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174
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175
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Desai AA. Überwindung der Limitierungen für die Lithiierung von Organoborverbindungen durch kontinuierliche Prozessführung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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176
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Desai AA. Overcoming the Limitations of Lithiation Chemistry for Organoboron Compounds with Continuous Processing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9223-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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177
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Ren Y, Yan M, Zhao S, Wang J, Ma J, Tian X, Yin W. Selective para-Cyanation of Alkoxy- and Benzyloxy-Substituted Benzenes with Potassium Ferricyanide Promoted by Copper(II) Nitrate and Iodine. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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178
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Molander GA, Trice SLJ, Kennedy SM, Dreher SD, Tudge MT. Scope of the palladium-catalyzed aryl borylation utilizing bis-boronic acid. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11667-73. [PMID: 22769742 PMCID: PMC3407959 DOI: 10.1021/ja303181m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Suzuki-Miyaura reaction has become one of the more useful tools for synthetic organic chemists. Until recently, there did not exist a direct way to make the most important component in the coupling reaction, namely the boronic acid. Current methods to make boronic acids often employ harsh or wasteful reagents to prepare boronic acid derivatives and require additional steps to afford the desired boronic acid. The scope of the previously reported palladium-catalyzed, direct boronic acid synthesis is unveiled, which includes a wide array of synthetically useful aryl electrophiles. It makes use of the newly available second generation Buchwald XPhos preformed palladium catalyst and bis-boronic acid. For ease of isolation and to preserve the often sensitive C-B bond, all boronic acids were readily converted to their more stable trifluoroborate counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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179
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Bellomo A, Celebi-Olcum N, Bu X, Rivera N, Ruck RT, Welch CJ, Houk KN, Dreher SD. Rapid Catalyst Identification for the Synthesis of the Pyrimidinone Core of HIV Integrase Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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180
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Bellomo A, Celebi-Olcum N, Bu X, Rivera N, Ruck RT, Welch CJ, Houk KN, Dreher SD. Rapid Catalyst Identification for the Synthesis of the Pyrimidinone Core of HIV Integrase Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6912-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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181
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Yi J, Liu JH, Liang J, Dai JJ, Yang CT, Fu Y, Liu L. Alkylboronic Esters from Palladium- and Nickel-Catalyzed Borylation of Primary and Secondary Alkyl Bromides. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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182
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Zhang C, Vicic DA. Oxidative Trifluoromethylthiolations of Aryl Boronic Acids Using a Copper/O
2
‐Based Protocol. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:1756-8. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Pan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 (USA), Fax: (+1) 808‐956‐5908
| | - David A. Vicic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822 (USA), Fax: (+1) 808‐956‐5908
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183
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Niu L, Yang H, Wang R, Fu H. Metal-Free Ortho C–H Borylation of 2-Phenoxypyridines under Mild Conditions. Org Lett 2012; 14:2618-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300950r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liting Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Guangdong Province), Graduate School of Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Guangdong Province), Graduate School of Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Ruji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Guangdong Province), Graduate School of Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
| | - Hua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Guangdong Province), Graduate School of Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
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184
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Amatore C, Jutand A, Le Duc G. Mechanistic origin of antagonist effects of usual anionic bases (OH-, CO3(2-)) as modulated by their countercations (Na+, Cs+, K+) in palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. Chemistry 2012; 18:6616-25. [PMID: 22511514 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the reaction of trans-ArPdBrL(2) (Ar=p-Z-C(6)H(4), Z=CN, H; L=PPh(3)) with Ar'B(OH)(2) (Ar'=p-Z'-C(6)H(4), Z'=H, CN, MeO), which is a key step in the Suzuki-Miyaura process, has been established in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with two bases, acetate (nBu(4)NOAc) or carbonate (Cs(2)CO(3)) and compared with that of hydroxide (nBu(4)NOH), reported in our previous work. As anionic bases are inevitably introduced with a countercation M(+) (e.g., M(+)OH(-)), the role of cations in the transmetalation/reductive elimination has been first investigated. Cations M(+) (Na(+), Cs(+), K(+)) are not innocent since they induce an unexpected decelerating effect in the transmetalation via their complexation to the OH ligand in the reactive ArPd(OH)L(2), partly inhibiting its transmetalation with Ar'B(OH)(2). A decreasing reactivity order is observed when M(+) is associated with OH(-): nBu(4)N(+) > K(+) > Cs(+) > Na(+). Acetates lead to the formation of trans-ArPd(OAc)L(2), which does not undergo transmetalation with Ar'B(OH)(2). This explains why acetates are not used as bases in Suzuki-Miyaura reactions that involve Ar'B(OH)(2). Carbonates (Cs(2)CO(3)) give rise to slower reactions than those performed from nBu(4)NOH at the same concentration, even if the reactions are accelerated in the presence of water due to the generation of OH(-). The mechanism of the reaction with carbonates is then similar to that established for nBu(4)NOH, involving ArPd(OH)L(2) in the transmetalation with Ar'B(OH)(2). Due to the low concentration of OH(-) generated from CO(3)(2-) in water, both transmetalation and reductive elimination result slower than those performed from nBu(4)NOH at equal concentrations as Cs(2)CO(3). Therefore, the overall reactivity is finely tuned by the concentration of the common base OH(-) and the ratio [OH(-)]/[Ar'B(OH)(2)]. Hence, the anionic base (pure OH(-) or OH(-) generated from CO(3)(2-)) associated with its countercation (Na(+), Cs(+), K(+)) plays four antagonist kinetic roles: acceleration of the transmetalation by formation of the reactive ArPd(OH)L(2), acceleration of the reductive elimination, deceleration of the transmetalation by formation of unreactive Ar'B(OH)(3)(-) and by complexation of ArPd(OH)L(2) by M(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Amatore
- Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France.
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185
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Everson DA, Jones BA, Weix DJ. Replacing conventional carbon nucleophiles with electrophiles: nickel-catalyzed reductive alkylation of aryl bromides and chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6146-59. [PMID: 22463689 PMCID: PMC3324882 DOI: 10.1021/ja301769r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
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A general method is presented for the synthesis of alkylated
arenes by the chemoselective combination of two electrophilic carbons.
Under the optimized conditions, a variety of aryl and vinyl bromides
are reductively coupled with alkyl bromides in high yields. Under
similar conditions, activated aryl chlorides can also be coupled with
bromoalkanes. The protocols are highly functional-group tolerant (−OH,
−NHTs, −OAc, −OTs, −OTf, −COMe,
−NHBoc, −NHCbz, −CN, −SO2Me),
and the reactions are assembled on the benchtop with no special precautions
to exclude air or moisture. The reaction displays different chemoselectivity
than conventional cross-coupling reactions, such as the Suzuki–Miyaura,
Stille, and Hiyama–Denmark reactions. Substrates bearing both
an electrophilic and nucleophilic carbon result in selective coupling
at the electrophilic carbon (R–X) and no reaction at the nucleophilic
carbon (R–[M]) for organoboron (−Bpin), organotin (−SnMe3), and organosilicon (−SiMe2OH) containing
organic halides (X–R–[M]). A Hammett study showed a
linear correlation of σ and σ(−) parameters with
the relative rate of reaction of substituted aryl bromides with bromoalkanes.
The small ρ values for these correlations (1.2–1.7) indicate
that oxidative addition of the bromoarene is not the turnover-frequency
determining step. The rate of reaction has a positive dependence on
the concentration of alkyl bromide and catalyst, no dependence upon
the amount of zinc (reducing agent), and an inverse dependence upon
aryl halide concentration. These results and studies with an organic
reductant (TDAE) argue against the intermediacy of organozinc reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Everson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, USA
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186
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Chow WK, Yuen OY, So CM, Wong WT, Kwong FY. Carbon-boron bond cross-coupling reaction catalyzed by -PPh(2) containing palladium-indolylphosphine complexes. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3543-8. [PMID: 22414161 DOI: 10.1021/jo202472k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the application of indolylphosphine ligands with a diphenylphosphino moiety to the palladium-catalyzed borylation of aryl chlorides. The combination of palladium metal precursor with PPh(2)-Andole-phos, which comprises an inexpensive -PPh(2) group, provides highly effective catalysts for the borylation of aryl chlorides. A range of functional groups such as -CN, -NO(2), -CHO, -COMe, -COOMe, and -CF(3) was compatible, and the catalyst loading down to 0.025 mol % of Pd can be achieved. The Pd/PPh(2)-Andole-phos system is able to catalyze both borylation reaction and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction in a one-pot sequential manner for the direct synthesis of biaryl compounds in excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Kin Chow
- State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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187
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Abstract
A modular and highly efficient protocol for the synthesis of 2-aryl- and heteroaryl-2H-chromenes is described. Under base-free conditions, readily accessible 2-ethoxy-2H-chromenes undergo C(sp(3))-O activation and C(sp(3))-C bond formation in the presence of an inexpensive nickel catalyst and boronic acids. This new strategy enables broad access to 2-substituted-2H-chromenes and has been applied to the late-stage incorporation of complex molecules, including the pharmaceuticals loratidine and indomethacin methyl ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. A. Graham
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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188
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Roscales S, Csákÿ AG. Trifluoroacetic Anhydride Promoted Tandem Conjugate Addition of Boronic Acids/Acetal Ring Opening. Org Lett 2012; 14:1187-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300272j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Roscales
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio G. Csákÿ
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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189
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Marciasini L, Richy N, Vaultier M, Pucheault M. Aminoborylation/Suzuki-Miyaura tandem cross coupling of aryl iodides as efficient and selective synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1553-5. [PMID: 21959555 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14605j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sequential borylation of a first aryl iodide using a dialkylaminoborane followed by a Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling of second aryl iodide ended up with an efficient, selective and practical synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls. This tandem coupling shows a wide range of applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Marciasini
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 5255, Université Bordeaux 1, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
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190
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Xiao B, Li YM, Liu ZJ, Yang HY, Fu Y. Palladium-catalyzed monoselective C–H borylation of acetanilides under acidic conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:4854-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31737k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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191
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xiong Dai
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla,
California 92037, United States
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192
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Grob JE, Nunez J, Dechantsreiter MA, Hamann LG. Regioselective Synthesis and Slow-Release Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling of MIDA Boronate-Functionalized Isoxazoles and Triazoles. J Org Chem 2011; 76:10241-8. [PMID: 22047083 DOI: 10.1021/jo201973t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Grob
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Jill Nunez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Michael A. Dechantsreiter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Lawrence G. Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
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193
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Zhang J, Stanciu C, Wang B, Hussain MM, Da CS, Carroll PJ, Dreher SD, Walsh PJ. Palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution with (η6-arene-CH2Z)Cr(CO)(3)-based nucleophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20552-60. [PMID: 22047504 DOI: 10.1021/ja208935u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the palladium-catalyzed Tsuji-Trost allylic substitution reaction has been intensively studied, there is a lack of general methods to employ simple benzylic nucleophiles. Such a method would facilitate access to "α-2-propenyl benzyl" motifs, which are common structural motifs in bioactive compounds and natural products. We report herein the palladium-catalyzed allylation reaction of toluene-derived pronucleophiles activated by tricarbonylchromium. A variety of cyclic and acyclic allylic electrophiles can be employed with in situ generated (η(6)-C(6)H(5)CHLiR)Cr(CO)(3) nucleophiles. Catalyst identification was performed by high throughput experimentation (HTE) and led to the Xantphos/palladium hit, which proved to be a general catalyst for this class of reactions. In addition to η(6)-toluene complexes, benzyl amine and ether derivatives (η(6)-C(6)H(5)CH(2)Z)Cr(CO)(3) (Z = NR(2), OR) are also viable pronucleophiles, allowing C-C bond-formation α to heteroatoms with excellent yields. Finally, a tandem allylic substitution/demetalation procedure is described that affords the corresponding metal-free allylic substitution products. This method will be a valuable complement to the existing arsenal of nucleophiles with applications in allylic substitution reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Zhang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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194
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Vogels CM, Westcott SA. Sterically Demanding Aryl Chlorides: No Longer a Problem for Borylations. ChemCatChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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195
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Thakur A, Zhang K, Louie J. Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of heteroaryl boronic acids and vinyl chlorides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 48:203-5. [PMID: 22083103 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15990a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of heteroaryl boronic acids and vinyl chlorides that minimizes protodeboronation is described. A combination of catalytic amounts of Pd(OAc)(2) and SPhos in conjunction with CsF in isopropanol effectively affords a variety of coupled products. Surprisingly, a dramatic temperature dependence in product selectivity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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196
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Lockner JW, Dixon DD, Risgaard R, Baran PS. Practical radical cyclizations with arylboronic acids and trifluoroborates. Org Lett 2011; 13:5628-31. [PMID: 21923108 PMCID: PMC3193542 DOI: 10.1021/ol2023505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Practical radical cyclizations using organoboronic acids and trifluoroborates take place in water, open to air, and in a scalable fashion employing catalytic silver nitrate and stoichiometric potassium persulfate. Both Pschorr-type cyclizations and tandem radical cyclization/trap cascades are described, illustrating the utility of these mild conditions for the generation of polycyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Lockner
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Darryl D. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Rune Risgaard
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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197
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Yamamoto T, Morita T, Takagi J, Yamakawa T. NiCl2(PMe3)2-Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Chlorides. Org Lett 2011; 13:5766-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202267t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Catalysis Group, Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1193, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Morita
- Catalysis Group, Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1193, Japan
| | - Jun Takagi
- Catalysis Group, Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1193, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yamakawa
- Catalysis Group, Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1193, Japan
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198
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Stereocomplementary asymmetric bioreduction of boron-containing ketones mediated by alcohol dehydrogenases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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199
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Shu W, Pellegatti L, Oberli MA, Buchwald SL. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Biaryls Enabled by Multistep Solid-Handling in a Lithiation/Borylation/Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201105223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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200
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Shu W, Pellegatti L, Oberli MA, Buchwald SL. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Biaryls Enabled by Multistep Solid-Handling in a Lithiation/Borylation/Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10665-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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