151
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Sahu D, Kesharwani MK, Ganguly B. Origin of reversal of stereoselectivity for [4+2] cycloaddition reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl methacrylate in the presence of the chloroloaluminate ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride): in silico studies. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The origin of stereoselectivity for [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of methyl methacrylate with cyclopentadiene was investigated with the B3LYP-D3(BJ)/6-31+G(d)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level of theory in the presence of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (EMI+Cl–) and its acidic chloroaluminate melt, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium heptachlorodialuminate (EMI+Al2Cl7–). The reaction of methyl methacrylate with cyclopentadiene was examined in the gas phase to rationalize the effect of the ionic liquid ion pairs EMI+Cl– and EMI+Al2Cl7–. The DFT calculated results were found to be in good agreement with the experimentally observed results. The much-discussed hydrogen bonding effect of the imidazolium cation with the dienophile is less important to govern the stereoselectivity for the cycloaddition reaction. The atoms in molecules theory was used to examine the role of hydrogen bonding between the EMI+ cation and methyl methacrylate in the transition state geometries. The calculated activation barriers with the M062X/6-31+G(d)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) and MP2/6-311+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) levels of theory also predict the similar exo/endo-stereoselectivity trend for the cycloaddition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Sahu
- Computation and Simulation Unit, Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002
| | - Manoj K. Kesharwani
- Computation and Simulation Unit, Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002
| | - Bishwajit Ganguly
- Computation and Simulation Unit, Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002
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152
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Xu L, Zolotarskaya OY, Yeudall WA, Yang H. Click hybridization of immune cells and polyamidoamine dendrimers. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1430-8. [PMID: 24574321 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immobilizing highly branched polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers to the cell surface represents an innovative method of enhancing cell surface loading capacity to deliver therapeutic and imaging agents. In this work, hybridized immune cells, that is, macrophage RAW264.7 (RAW), with PAMAM dendrimer G4.0 (DEN) on the basis of bioorthogonal chemistry are clicked. Efficient and selective cell surface immobilization of dendrimers is confirmed by confocal microscopy. Viability and motility of RAW-DEN hybrids remain the same as untreated RAW cells according to WST-1 assay and wound closure assay. Furthermore, Western blot analysis reveals that there are no significant alterations in the expression levels of signaling molecules AKT, p38, and NFκB (p65) and their corresponding activated (phosphorylated) forms in RAW cells treated with azido sugar and dendrimer, indicating that the hybridization process neither induced cell stress response nor altered normal signaling pathways. Taken together, this work shows the feasibility of applying bioorthogonal chemistry to create cell-nanoparticle hybrids and demonstrates the noninvasiveness of this cell surface engineering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA 23284 USA
| | - Olga Yu. Zolotarskaya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA 23284 USA
| | - W. Andrew Yeudall
- Philips Institute of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA 23298 USA
- Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA 23298 USA
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA 23284 USA
- Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA 23298 USA
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153
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Gansäuer A, Okkel A, Schwach L, Wagner L, Selig A, Prokop A. Triazol-substituted titanocenes by strain-driven 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1630-7. [PMID: 25161720 PMCID: PMC4142980 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An operationally simple, convenient, and mild strategy for the synthesis of triazole-substituted titanocenes via strain-driven 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between azide-functionalized titanocenes and cyclooctyne has been developed. It features the first synthesis of titanocenes containing azide groups. These compounds constitute ‘second-generation’ functionalized titanocene building blocks for further synthetic elaboration. Our synthesis is modular and large numbers of the complexes can in principle be prepared in short periods of time. Some of the triazole-substituted titanocenes display high cyctotoxic activity against BJAB cells. Comparison of the most active complexes allows the identification of structural features essential for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gansäuer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Okkel
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schwach
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Wagner
- Medizinische Klinik für Hämatologie, Onkologie und Tumorimmunologie Campus Vichow Klinikum Charité Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Selig
- Medizinische Klinik für Hämatologie, Onkologie und Tumorimmunologie Campus Vichow Klinikum Charité Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aram Prokop
- Abteilung für Kinderonkologie /-hämatologie Kinderkrankenhaus der Stadt Köln Amsterdamerstrasse 59, D-50735 Köln, Germany
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154
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Cui CX, Liu YJ. A theoretical study of the mechanisms for 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of diphenyldiazomethane to C60and C70. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Institute of Science and Technology; Xinxiang 453003 China
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
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155
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MacKenzie DA, Sherratt AR, Chigrinova M, Cheung LLW, Pezacki JP. Strain-promoted cycloadditions involving nitrones and alkynes—rapid tunable reactions for bioorthogonal labeling. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 21:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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156
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Liu F, Liang Y, Houk KN. Theoretical elucidation of the origins of substituent and strain effects on the rates of Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11483-93. [PMID: 25041719 DOI: 10.1021/ja505569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reactions of seven 1,2,4,5-tetrazines with unstrained and strained alkenes and alkynes were studied with quantum mechanical calculations (M06-2X density functional theory) and analyzed with the distortion/interaction model. The higher reactivities of alkenes compared to alkynes in the Diels-Alder reactions with tetrazines arise from the differences in both interaction and distortion energies. Alkenes have HOMO energies higher than those of alkynes and therefore stronger interaction energies in inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions with tetrazines. We have also found that the energies to distort alkenes into the Diels-Alder transition-state geometries are smaller than for alkynes in these reactions. The strained dienophiles, trans-cyclooctene and cyclooctyne, are much more reactive than unstrained trans-2-butene and 2-butyne, because they are predistorted toward the Diels-Alder transition structures. The reactivities of substituted tetrazines correlate with the electron-withdrawing abilities of the substituents. Electron-withdrawing groups lower the LUMO+1 of tetrazines, resulting in stronger interactions with the HOMO of dienophiles. Moreover, electron-withdrawing substituents destabilize the tetrazines, and this leads to smaller distortion energies in the Diels-Alder transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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157
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Tian H, Naganathan S, Kazmi MA, Schwartz TW, Sakmar TP, Huber T. Bioorthogonal fluorescent labeling of functional G-protein-coupled receptors. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1820-9. [PMID: 25045132 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel methods are required for site-specific, quantitative fluorescent labeling of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and other difficult-to-express membrane proteins. Ideally, fluorescent probes should perturb the native structure and function as little as possible. We evaluated bioorthogonal reactions to label genetically encoded p-acetyl-L-phenylalanine (AcF) or p-azido-L-phenylalanine (azF) residues in receptors heterologously expressed in mammalian cells. We found that keto-selective reagents were not truly bioorthogonal, possibly owing to post-translational protein oxidation reactions. In contrast, the strain-promoted [3+2] azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SpAAC) with dibenzocyclooctyne (DIBO) reagents yielded stoichiometric conjugates with azF-rhodopsin while undergoing negligible background reactions. As one application of this technique, we used Alexa488-rhodopsin to measure the kinetics of ligand uptake and release in membrane-mimetic bicelles using a novel fluorescence-quenching assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Tian
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 (USA)
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158
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Cao Y, Liang Y, Zhang L, Osuna S, Hoyt ALM, Briseno AL, Houk KN. Why Bistetracenes Are Much Less Reactive Than Pentacenes in Diels–Alder Reactions with Fullerenes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10743-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505240e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yong Liang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Conte Polymer Research Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Andra-Lisa M. Hoyt
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Conte Polymer Research Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Alejandro L. Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Conte Polymer Research Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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159
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Stewart JA, Wilson CJ, Swarts BM. Effect of Azide Position on the Rate of Azido Glucose–Cyclooctyne Cycloaddition. J Carbohydr Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2014.931963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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160
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Ledin PA, Kolishetti N, Hudlikar MS, Boons GJ. Exploring strain-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of end functionalized polymers. Chemistry 2014; 20:8753-60. [PMID: 24906200 PMCID: PMC4113408 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Strain-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of cyclooctynes with 1,3-dipoles such as azides, nitrones, and nitrile oxides, are of interest for the functionalization of polymers. In this study, we have explored the use of a 4-dibenzocyclooctynol (DIBO)-containing chain transfer agent in reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerizations. The controlled radical polymerization resulted in well-defined DIBO-terminating polymers that could be modified by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions using nitrones, nitrile oxides, and azides having a hydrophilic moiety. The self-assembly properties of the resulting block copolymers have been examined. The versatility of the methodology was further demonstrated by the controlled preparation of gold nanoparticles coated with the DIBO-containing polymers to produce materials that can be further modified by strain-promoted cycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr A. Ledin
- Department of Chemistry University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road Athens, GA, 30602 (USA)
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road Athens, GA, 30602 (USA)
| | - Manish S. Hudlikar
- Department of Chemistry University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road Athens, GA, 30602 (USA)
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemistry University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road Athens, GA, 30602 (USA)
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161
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Gold B, Batsomboon P, Dudley GB, Alabugin IV. Alkynyl Crown Ethers as a Scaffold for Hyperconjugative Assistance in Noncatalyzed Azide–Alkyne Click Reactions: Ion Sensing through Enhanced Transition-State Stabilization. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6221-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500958n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gold
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Paratchata Batsomboon
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Gregory B. Dudley
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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162
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Sahu D, Dey S, Pathak T, Ganguly B. Regioselectivity of vinyl sulfone based 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with sugar azides by computational and experimental studies. Org Lett 2014; 16:2100-3. [PMID: 24697165 DOI: 10.1021/ol500461s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DFT (M06-L) calculations on the transition state for the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between substituted vinyl sulfones with sugar azide have been reported in conjunction with new experimental results, and the origin of reversal of regioselectivity has been revealed using a distortion/interaction model. This study provides the scientific justification for combining organic azides with two different types of vinyl sulfones for the preparation of 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles and 1,4-disubstituted triazolyl esters under metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Sahu
- Computation and Simulation Unit, Analytical Discipline & Centralized Instrument Facility, and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute , Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364002, India
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163
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Evans HL, Carroll L, Aboagye EO, Spivey AC. Bioorthogonal chemistry for (68) Ga radiolabelling of DOTA-containing compounds. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:291-7. [PMID: 24307493 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Copper-catalysed 'click' chemistry is a highly utilised technique for radiolabelling small molecules and peptides for imaging applications. The usefulness of these reactions falls short, however, when metal catalysis is not a practically viable route; such as when using metal chelates as radioligands. Here, we describe a method for carrying out 'click-type' radiochemistry in the presence of DOTA chelates, by combining (68) Ga radiolabelling techniques with well-established bioorthogonal reactions, which do not rely upon metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Evans
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
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164
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MacKenzie DA, Pezacki JP. Kinetics studies of rapid strain-promoted [3+2] cycloadditions of nitrones with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Strain-promoted alkyne−nitrone cycloaddition (SPANC) reactions represent a bioorthogonal labeling strategy that is both very rapid and at the same time efficient and selective. Nitrones provide increased reaction rates as well as greater susceptibility toward stereoelectronic modification when compared with organic azides. We find that strain-promoted cycloadditions of cyclic nitrones with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne react with second-order rate constants as large as 1.49 L mol−1 s−1 at 25 °C. These reactions display rate constants that are up to 37-fold greater than those of the analogous reactions of benzyl azide with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne. We observed that reactions of nitrones with bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne showed a stronger dependence on substituent effect for the reaction, as evidenced by a larger Hammett ρ value, than that for biaryl-aza-cyclooctanone. We demonstrate the ability to stereoelectronically tune the reactivity of nitrones towards different cyclooctynes in SPANC reactions. This ability to introduce selectivity into different SPANC reactions through substituent provides the opportunity to perform multiple SPANC reactions in one reaction vessel and opens up potential applications in multiplex labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A. MacKenzie
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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165
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Lang K, Chin JW. Cellular incorporation of unnatural amino acids and bioorthogonal labeling of proteins. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4764-806. [PMID: 24655057 DOI: 10.1021/cr400355w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 801] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Lang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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166
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Patterson DM, Nazarova LA, Prescher JA. Finding the right (bioorthogonal) chemistry. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:592-605. [PMID: 24437719 DOI: 10.1021/cb400828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistries can be used to tag diverse classes of biomolecules in cells and other complex environments. With over 20 unique transformations now available, though, selecting an appropriate reaction for a given experiment is challenging. In this article, we compare and contrast the most common classes of bioorthogonal chemistries and provide a framework for matching the reactions with downstream applications. We also discuss ongoing efforts to identify novel biocompatible reactions and methods to control their reactivity. The continued expansion of the bioorthogonal toolkit will provide new insights into biomolecule networks and functions and thus refine our understanding of living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Patterson
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lidia A. Nazarova
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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167
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Knight JC, Cornelissen B. Bioorthogonal chemistry: implications for pretargeted nuclear (PET/SPECT) imaging and therapy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 4:96-113. [PMID: 24753979 PMCID: PMC3992206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to their rapid and highly selective nature, bioorthogonal chemistry reactions are attracting a significant amount of recent interest in the radiopharmaceutical community. Over the last few years, reactions of this type have found tremendous utility in the construction of new radiopharmaceuticals and as a method of bioconjugation. Furthermore, reports are beginning to emerge in which these reactions are also being applied in vivo to facilitate a novel pretargeting strategy for the imaging and therapy of cancer. The successful implementation of such an approach could lead to dramatic improvements in image quality, therapeutic index, and reduced radiation dose to non-target organs and tissues. This review will focus on the potential of various bioorthogonal chemistry reactions to be used successfully in such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Knight
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of OxfordOxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
- Radiobiology Research Institute, Churchill HospitalOxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of OxfordOxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
- Radiobiology Research Institute, Churchill HospitalOxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
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168
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Gann AW, Amoroso JW, Einck VJ, Rice WP, Chambers JJ, Schnarr NA. A Photoinduced, Benzyne Click Reaction. Org Lett 2014; 16:2003-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500389t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. Gann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North
Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jon W. Amoroso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North
Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Vincent J. Einck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North
Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Walter P. Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North
Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - James J. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North
Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Nathan A. Schnarr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North
Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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169
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Yang J, Liang Y, Šečkutė J, Houk KN, Devaraj NK. Synthesis and reactivity comparisons of 1-methyl-3-substituted cyclopropene mini-tags for tetrazine bioorthogonal reactions. Chemistry 2014; 20:3365-75. [PMID: 24615990 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Substituted cyclopropenes have recently attracted attention as stable "mini-tags" that are highly reactive dienophiles with the bioorthogonal tetrazine functional group. Despite this interest, the synthesis of stable cyclopropenes is not trivial and their reactivity patterns are poorly understood. Here, the synthesis and comparison of the reactivity of a series of 1-methyl-3-substituted cyclopropenes with different functional handles is described. The rates at which the various substituted cyclopropenes undergo Diels-Alder cycloadditions with 1,2,4,5-tetrazines were measured. Depending on the substituents, the rates of cycloadditions vary by over two orders of magnitude. The substituents also have a dramatic effect on aqueous stability. An outcome of these studies is the discovery of a novel 3-amidomethyl substituted methylcyclopropene tag that reacts twice as fast as the fastest previously disclosed 1-methyl-3-substituted cyclopropene while retaining excellent aqueous stability. Furthermore, this new cyclopropene is better suited for bioconjugation applications and this is demonstrated through using DNA templated tetrazine ligations. The effect of tetrazine structure on cyclopropene reaction rate was also studied. Surprisingly, 3-amidomethyl substituted methylcyclopropene reacts faster than trans-cyclooctenol with a sterically hindered and extremely stable tert-butyl substituted tetrazine. Density functional theory calculations and the distortion/interaction analysis of activation energies provide insights into the origins of these reactivity differences and a guide to the development of future tetrazine coupling partners. The newly disclosed cyclopropenes have kinetic and stability advantages compared to previously reported dienophiles and will be highly useful for applications in organic synthesis, bioorthogonal reactions, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA); Current address: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 (P.R. China)
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170
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Koussa MA, Sotomayor M, Wong WP. Protocol for sortase-mediated construction of DNA-protein hybrids and functional nanostructures. Methods 2014; 67:134-41. [PMID: 24568941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent methods in DNA nanotechnology are enabling the creation of intricate nanostructures through the use of programmable, bottom-up self-assembly. However, structures consisting only of DNA are limited in their ability to act on other biomolecules. Proteins, on the other hand, perform a variety of functions on biological materials, but directed control of the self-assembly process remains a challenge. While DNA-protein hybrids have the potential to provide the best-of-both-worlds, they can be difficult to create as many of the conventional techniques for linking proteins to DNA render proteins dysfunctional. We present here a sortase-based protocol for covalently coupling proteins to DNA with minimal disturbance to protein function. To accomplish this we have developed a two-step process. First, a small synthetic peptide is bioorthogonally and covalently coupled to a DNA oligo using click chemistry. Next, the DNA-peptide chimera is covalently linked to a protein of interest under protein-compatible conditions using the enzyme sortase. Our protocol allows for the simple coupling and purification of a functional DNA-protein hybrid. We use this technique to form oligos bearing cadherin-23 and protocadherin-15 protein fragments. Upon incorporation into a linear M13 scaffold, these protein-DNA hybrids serve as the gate to a binary nanoswitch. The outlined protocol is reliable and modular, facilitating the construction of libraries of oligos and proteins that can be combined to form functional DNA-protein nanostructures. These structures will enable a new class of functional nanostructures, which could be used for therapeutic and industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir A Koussa
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Wesley P Wong
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States.
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171
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Wang XS, Lee YJ, Liu WR. The nitrilimine-alkene cycloaddition is an ultra rapid click reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3176-9. [PMID: 24519550 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48682f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transient formation of nitrilimine in aqueous conditions is greatly influenced by pH and chloride. In basic conditions (pH 10) with no chloride, a diarylnitrilimine precursor readily ionizes to form diarylnitrilimine that reacts almost instantly with an acrylamide-containing protein and fluorescently labels it.
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172
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Ding S, Jia G, Sun J. Iridium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition of Internal Thioalkynes under Mild Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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173
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Ding S, Jia G, Sun J. Iridium-catalyzed intermolecular azide-alkyne cycloaddition of internal thioalkynes under mild conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1877-80. [PMID: 24474668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An iridium-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (IrAAC) of electron-rich internal alkynes is described. It is the first efficient intermolecular AAC of internal thioalkynes. The reaction exhibits remarkable features, such as high efficiency and regioselectivity, mild reaction conditions, easy operation, and excellent compatibility with air and a broad spectrum of organic and aqueous solvents. It complements the well-known CuAAC and RuAAC click reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (China)
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174
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Hong X, Liang Y, Houk KN. Mechanisms and origins of switchable chemoselectivity of Ni-catalyzed C(aryl)-O and C(acyl)-O activation of aryl esters with phosphine ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2017-25. [PMID: 24428154 DOI: 10.1021/ja4118413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many experiments have shown that nickel with monodentate phosphine ligands favors the C(aryl)-O activation over the C(acyl)-O activation for aryl esters. However, Itami and co-workers recently discovered that nickel with bidentate phosphine ligands can selectively activate the C(acyl)-O bond of aryl esters of aromatic carboxylic acids. The chemoselectivity with bidentate phosphine ligands can be switched back to C(aryl)-O activation when aryl pivalates are employed. To understand the mechanisms and origins of this switchable chemoselectivity, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been conducted. For aryl esters, nickel with bidentate phosphine ligands cleaves C(acyl)-O and C(aryl)-O bonds via three-centered transition states. The C(acyl)-O activation is more favorable due to the lower bond dissociation energy (BDE) of C(acyl)-O bond, which translates into a lower transition-state distortion energy. However, when monodentate phosphine ligands are used, a vacant coordination site on nickel creates an extra Ni-O bond in the five-centered C(aryl)-O cleavage transition state. The additional interaction energy between the catalyst and substrate makes C(aryl)-O activation favorable. In the case of aryl pivalates, nickel with bidentate phosphine ligands still favors the C(acyl)-O activation over the C(aryl)-O activation at the cleavage step. However, the subsequent decarbonylation generates a very unstable tBu-Ni(II) intermediate, and this unfavorable step greatly increases the overall barrier for generating the C(acyl)-O activation products. Instead, the subsequent C-H activation of azoles and C-C coupling in the C(aryl)-O activation pathway are much easier, leading to the observed C(aryl)-O activation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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175
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Lang
- Medical Research Council - Laboratory
of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick
Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, U.K
| | - Jason W. Chin
- Medical Research Council - Laboratory
of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick
Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, U.K
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176
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Sherratt AR, Chigrinova M, McKay CS, Beaulieu LPB, Rouleau Y, Pezacki JP. Copper-catalysed cycloaddition reactions of nitrones and alkynes for bioorthogonal labelling of living cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07851a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An adapted biocompatible version of the Kinugasa reaction, the copper-catalysed alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition followed by rearrangement (CuANCR), was developed for live-cell labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariya Chigrinova
- Life Sciences Division
- National Research Council of Canada
- Ottawa, Canada
| | - Craig S. McKay
- Life Sciences Division
- National Research Council of Canada
- Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ottawa
| | - Louis-Philippe B. Beaulieu
- Life Sciences Division
- National Research Council of Canada
- Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ottawa
| | - Yanouchka Rouleau
- Life Sciences Division
- National Research Council of Canada
- Ottawa, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Life Sciences Division
- National Research Council of Canada
- Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ottawa
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177
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Hong X, Liang Y, Griffith AK, Lambert TH, Houk KN. Distortion-accelerated cycloadditions and strain-release-promoted cycloreversions in the organocatalytic carbonyl-olefin metathesis. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52882k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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178
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Hagendorn T, Bräse S. A new route to dithia- and thiaoxacyclooctynes via Nicholas reaction. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01345j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
By using the Nicholas reaction we managed to design a concise synthesis that only uses three steps to build the eight-membered ring. It was also possible to functionalize said alkyne with a fluorophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hagendorn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
- 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics
- KIT
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179
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Schulze B, Schubert US. Beyond click chemistry – supramolecular interactions of 1,2,3-triazoles. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2522-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60386e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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180
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Diesendruck CE, Zhu L, Moore JS. Alkyne mechanochemistry: putative activation by transoidal bending. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13235-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03514c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical transoidal bending of triple bonds lead to an unexpected reaction between alkynes and azide traps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lingyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana, USA
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181
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182
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Sen A, Ganguly B. Probing the role of solvation in predicting the π-facial selectivity of 5-Fluoro-2-methyleneadamantane with per-acid: A case study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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183
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Cruchter T, Harms K, Meggers E. Strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition with ruthenium(II)-azido complexes. Chemistry 2013; 19:16682-9. [PMID: 24173767 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of an exemplary ruthenium(II)-azido complex towards non-activated, electron-deficient, and towards strain-activated alkynes at room temperature and low millimolar azide and alkyne concentrations has been investigated. Non-activated terminal and internal alkynes failed to react under such conditions, even under copper(I) catalysis conditions. In contrast, as expected, rapid cycloaddition was observed with electron-deficient dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) as the dipolarophile. Since DMAD and related propargylic esters are excellent Michael acceptors and thus unsuitable for biological applications, we investigated the reactivity of the azido complex towards cycloaddition with derivatives of cyclooctyne (OCT), bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yne (BCN), and azadibenzocyclooctyne (ADIBO). While no reaction could be observed in the case of the less strained cyclooctyne OCT, the highly strained cyclooctynes BCN and ADIBO readily reacted with the azido complex, providing the corresponding stable triazolato complexes, which were amenable to purification by conventional silica gel column chromatography. An X-ray crystal structure of an ADIBO cycloadduct was obtained and verified that the formed 1,2,3-triazolato ligand coordinates the metal center through the central N2 atom. Importantly, the determined second-order rate constant for the ADIBO cycloaddition with the azido complex (k2=6.9 × 10(-2) M(-1) s(-1)) is comparable to the rate determined for the ADIBO cycloaddition with organic benzyl azide (k2=4.0 × 10(-1) M(-1) s(-1)). Our results demonstrate that it is possible to transfer the concept of strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) from purely organic azides to metal-coordinated azido ligands. The favorable reaction kinetics for the ADIBO-azido-ligand cycloaddition and the well-proven bioorthogonality of strain-activated alkynes should pave the way for applications in living biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cruchter
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6421-282-2189
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184
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Ledin PA, Kolishetti N, Boons GJ. Multi-Functionalization of Polymers by Strain-Promoted Cycloadditions. Macromolecules 2013; 46:7759-7768. [PMID: 24511157 PMCID: PMC3916133 DOI: 10.1021/ma400913a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report here a synthetic route to oxime, azide and nitrone-bearing copolymers via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer copolymerization of 4-vinylbenzaldehyde and 1-(chloromethyl)-4-vinylbenzene with styrene. The azide and nitrone moieties could be employed in strain-promoted 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with various functionalized dibenzocyclooctynols (DIBO) for metal-free post-functionalization of the polymers. In situ oxidation of the oximes with hypervalent iodine gave nitrile oxides, which could also be employed as 1,3-dipoles for facile cycloadditions with DIBO derivatives. Kinetic measurements demonstrated that the pendant nitrile oxides reacted approximately twenty times faster compared to similar cycloadditions with azides. A block copolymer, containing azide and oxime groups in segregated blocks, served as a scaffold for attachment of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties by sequential strain-promoted alkyne-azide and strain-promoted alkyne-nitrile oxide cycloadditions. This sequential bi-functionalization approach made it possible to prepare in a controlled manner multi-functional polymers that could self-assemble into well-defined nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr A. Ledin
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Nagesh Kolishetti
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602
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185
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Liu F, Paton RS, Kim S, Liang Y, Houk KN. Diels–Alder Reactivities of Strained and Unstrained Cycloalkenes with Normal and Inverse-Electron-Demand Dienes: Activation Barriers and Distortion/Interaction Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15642-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja408437u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Seonah Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yong Liang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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186
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Zhang H, Tanimoto H, Morimoto T, Nishiyama Y, Kakiuchi K. Regioselective Rapid Synthesis of Fully Substituted 1,2,3-Triazoles Mediated by Propargyl Cations. Org Lett 2013; 15:5222-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402387w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tsumoru Morimoto
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Kakiuchi
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayamacho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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187
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Kamber DN, Nazarova LA, Liang Y, Lopez SA, Patterson DM, Shih HW, Houk KN, Prescher JA. Isomeric Cyclopropenes Exhibit Unique Bioorthogonal Reactivities. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13680-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja407737d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Liang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven A. Lopez
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | | | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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188
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Sahu D, Ganguly B. In silico studies to probe the catalytic role of cucurbit[n]uril on [4+2] cycloaddition reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl acrylate. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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189
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Wong CH, Zimmerman SC. Orthogonality in organic, polymer, and supramolecular chemistry: from Merrifield to click chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:1679-95. [PMID: 23282586 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37316e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of orthogonality has been applied to many areas of chemistry, ranging from wave functions to chromatography. But it was Barany and Merrifield's orthogonal protecting group strategy that paved the way for solid phase peptide syntheses, other important classes of biomaterials such as oligosaccharides and oligonucleotides, and ultimately to a term in widespread usage that is focused on chemical reactivity and binding selectivity. The orthogonal protection strategy has been extended to the development of orthogonal activation, and recently the click reaction, for streamlining organic synthesis. The click reaction and its variants are considered orthogonal as the components react together in high yield and in the presence of many other functional groups. Likewise, supramolecular building blocks can also be orthogonal, thereby enabling programmed self-assembly, a superb strategy to create complex architectures. Overall, orthogonal reactions and supramolecular interactions have dramatically improved the syntheses, the preparation of functional materials, and the self-assembly of nanoscale structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ho Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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190
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Abstract
Dibenzoselenacycloheptynes were prepared in three steps from commercially available reagents and trapped in situ with benzyl azide to form the corresponding triazoles. Surprisingly, the dibenzoselenacycloheptynes also abstracted hydrogen atoms from solvents such as THF or toluene, forming dibenzoselenacycloheptene products. These alkenyl compounds arise from a hydrogen transfer reaction from solvent to the unisolable intermediate, and we postulate that the reaction proceeds via a radical mechanism originating from the strained alkynyl bond that has unusually high radical character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Almeida
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Lisa C. Townsend
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
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191
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Garcia-Hartjes J, Dommerholt J, Wennekes T, van Delft FL, Zuilhof H. Electronic Effects versus Distortion Energies During Strain-Promoted Alkyne-Azide Cycloadditions: A Theoretical Tool to Predict Reaction Kinetics. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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192
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Zou L, Paton RS, Eschenmoser A, Newhouse TR, Baran PS, Houk KN. Enhanced reactivity in dioxirane C-H oxidations via strain release: a computational and experimental study. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4037-48. [PMID: 23461537 PMCID: PMC3631471 DOI: 10.1021/jo400350v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The site selectivities and stereoselectivities of C-H oxidations of substituted cyclohexanes and trans-decalins by dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) were investigated computationally with quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT). The multiconfiguration CASPT2 method was employed on model systems to establish the preferred mechanism and transition state geometry. The reaction pathway involving a rebound step is established to account for the retention of stereochemistry. The oxidation of sclareolide with dioxirane reagents is reported, including the oxidation by the in situ generated tBu-TFDO, a new dioxirane that better discriminates between C-H bonds on the basis of steric effects. The release of 1,3-diaxial strain in the transition state contributes to the site selectivity and enhanced equatorial C-H bond reactivity for tertiary C-H bonds, a result of the lowering of distortion energy. In addition to this strain release factor, steric and inductive effects contribute to the rates of C-H oxidation by dioxiranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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193
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Hausner SH, Carpenter RD, Bauer N, Sutcliffe JL. Evaluation of an integrin αvβ6-specific peptide labeled with [18F]fluorine by copper-free, strain-promoted click chemistry. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:233-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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194
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Lopez SA, Munk ME, Houk KN. Mechanisms and transition states of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of phenyl azide with enamines: a computational analysis. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1576-82. [PMID: 23347077 DOI: 10.1021/jo302695n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The transition structures for the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of phenyl azide to enamines derived from acetophenone or phenylacetaldehyde and piperidine, morpholine, or pyrrolidine were located using quantum mechanical methods. These cycloadditions were studied experimentally in 1975 by Meilahn, Cox, and Munk (J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 819-823). Calculations were carried out with M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p), SCS-MP2/6-311+G(d,p)//M06-2X/6-311+G(d,p), and B97D/6-311+G(d,p) methods with the IEF-PCM solvation model for chloroform and ethanol. The distortion/interaction model was utilized to understand mechanisms, reactivities, and selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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195
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Debets MF, van Hest JCM, Rutjes FPJT. Bioorthogonal labelling of biomolecules: new functional handles and ligation methods. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6439-55. [PMID: 23969529 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41329b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjoke F Debets
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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196
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Rouhanifard SH, Nordstrøm LU, Zheng T, Wu P. Chemical probing of glycans in cells and organisms. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 42:4284-96. [PMID: 23257905 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35416k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Among the four major building blocks of life, glycans play essential roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Due to their non-templated biosynthesis, advances towards elucidating the molecular details of glycan functions are relatively slow compared with the pace of protein and nucleic acid research. Over the past 30 years, chemical tools have emerged as powerful allies to genetics and molecular biology in the study of glycans in their native environment. This tutorial review will provide an overview of the recent technological developments in the field, as well as the progress in the application of these techniques to probe glycans in cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H Rouhanifard
- Department of Biochemistry, Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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197
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Friscourt F, Fahrni CJ, Boons GJ. A fluorogenic probe for the catalyst-free detection of azide-tagged molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18809-15. [PMID: 23095037 DOI: 10.1021/ja309000s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorogenic reactions in which non- or weakly fluorescent reagents produce highly fluorescent products can be exploited to detect a broad range of compounds including biomolecules and materials. We describe a modified dibenzocyclooctyne that under catalyst-free conditions undergoes fast strain-promoted cycloadditions with azides to yield strongly fluorescent triazoles. The cycloaddition products are more than 1000-fold brighter compared to the starting cyclooctyne, exhibit large Stokes shift, and can be excited above 350 nm, which is required for many applications. Quantum mechanical calculations indicate that the fluorescence increase upon triazole formation is due to large differences in oscillator strengths of the S(0) ↔ S(1) transitions in the planar C(2v)-symmetric starting material compared to the symmetry-broken and nonplanar cycloaddition products. The new fluorogenic probe was successfully employed for labeling of proteins modified by an azide moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Friscourt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, United States
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198
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Liang Y, Mackey JL, Lopez SA, Liu F, Houk KN. Control and Design of Mutual Orthogonality in Bioorthogonal Cycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17904-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja309241e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Joel L. Mackey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Steven A. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095,
United States
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199
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Abstract
Imaging technologies developed in the early 20th century achieved contrast solely by relying on macroscopic and morphological differences between the tissues of interest and the surrounding tissues. Since then, there has been a movement toward imaging at the cellular and molecular level in order to visualize biological processes. This rapidly growing field is known as molecular imaging. In the last decade, many methodologies for imaging proteins have emerged. However, most of these approaches cannot be extended to imaging beyond the proteome. Here, we highlight some of the recently developed technologies that enable imaging of non-proteinaceous molecules in the cell: lipids, signalling molecules, inorganic ions, glycans, nucleic acids, small-molecule metabolites, and protein post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A
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200
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Chakrabarty R, Stang PJ. Post-assembly functionalization of organoplatinum(II) metallacycles via copper-free click chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14738-41. [PMID: 22917086 DOI: 10.1021/ja3070073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe the use of a strain-promoted copper-free click reaction in the post-self-assembly functionalization of organoplatinum(II) metallacycles. The coordination-driven self-assembly of a 120° cyclooctyne-tethered dipyridyl donor with 60° and 120° di-Pt(II) acceptors forms molecular rhomboids and hexagons bearing cyclooctynes. These species undergo post-self-assembly [3+2] Huisgen cycloaddition with a variety of azides to give functionalized ensembles under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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