151
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Cai C, Li L, Harvey C, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Towards the chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides: Oxidative cleavage of p-nitrophenyl group with ceric ammonium salts. Tetrahedron Lett 2013; 54:4471-4474. [PMID: 23929984 PMCID: PMC3733400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides employing the para-nitrophenyl (p-NP) β-glucuronide as an acceptor compatible with enzymatic elongation and one that significantly simplifies oligosaccharide purification on C-18 resin. Employing ceric ammonium nitrate as oxidative reagent to remove the p-NP group unexpectedly also removed the glucuronic acid residue at the reducing-end, affording a smaller oligosaccharide. The application of ceric ammonium sulfate allowed the removal of the p-NP without concomitant loss of the adjacent glucuronic acid offering a route to longer heparin sulfate oligosaccharide products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Cate Harvey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Edelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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152
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Sheng GJ, Oh YI, Chang SK, Hsieh-Wilson LC. Tunable heparan sulfate mimetics for modulating chemokine activity. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:10898-901. [PMID: 23879859 PMCID: PMC3732023 DOI: 10.1021/ja4027727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
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Heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans
participate in critical
biological processes by modulating the activity of a diverse set of
protein binding partners. Such proteins include all known members
of the chemokine superfamily, which are thought to guide the migration
of immune cells through their interactions with HS. Here, we describe
an expedient, divergent synthesis to prepare defined HS glycomimetics
that recapitulate the overall structure and activity of HS glycosaminoglycans.
Our approach uses a core disaccharide precursor to produce a variety
of differentially sulfated glycopolymers. We demonstrate that a specific
trisulfated mimetic antagonizes the chemotactic activity of the proinflammatory
chemokine RANTES with potency similar to that of heparin, without
inhibiting serine proteases in the blood coagulation cascade. Our
work provides a general strategy for modulating chemokine activity
and dissecting the pleiotropic functions of HS/heparin through the
presentation of defined sulfation motifs within polymeric scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria J Sheng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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153
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Guedes N, Czechura P, Echeverria B, Ruiz A, Michelena O, Martin-Lomas M, Reichardt NC. Toward the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides: Evaluation of Iduronic Acid and Idose Building Blocks. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6911-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400467g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Guedes
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials
Unit, CICbiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182,
20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Pawel Czechura
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials
Unit, CICbiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182,
20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Begoña Echeverria
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials
Unit, CICbiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182,
20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ada Ruiz
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials
Unit, CICbiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182,
20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Olatz Michelena
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials
Unit, CICbiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182,
20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Manuel Martin-Lomas
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials
Unit, CICbiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182,
20009 San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 San
Sebastian, Spain
| | - Niels-Christian Reichardt
- Biofunctional
Nanomaterials
Unit, CICbiomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182,
20009 San Sebastian, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 San
Sebastian, Spain
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154
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Cai C, Edgar K, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Preparation and application of a 'clickable' acceptor for enzymatic synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2013; 372:30-4. [PMID: 23524108 PMCID: PMC3638765 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A 'clickable' disaccharide was prepared by treating the aldehyde precursor with hydroxylamine, followed by the catalytic hydrogenation and diazotransfer reaction. This disaccharide was successfully applied to the elongation of the backbone construction of ultralow molecular weight (ULMW) heparins using two bacterial glycosyl transferases, N-acetyl glucosaminyl transferase from Escherichia coli K5 (KfiA) and heparosan synthase-2 (pmHS2) from Pasteurella multocida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kristi Edgar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Edelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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155
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Tu Z, Hsieh HW, Tsai CM, Hsu CW, Wang SG, Wu KJ, Lin KI, Lin CH. Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfated Gal-β-1,3/4-GlcNAc Disaccharides through Consecutive Protection/Glycosylation Steps. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1536-50. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201201204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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156
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Wang S, Lafont D, Rahkila J, Picod B, Leino R, Vidal S. Glycosylation of ‘basic’ alcohols: methyl 6-(hydroxymethyl)picolinate as a case study. Carbohydr Res 2013; 372:35-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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157
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Castelli R, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. 2,2-Dimethyl-4-(4-methoxy-phenoxy) butanoate and 2,2-Dimethyl-4-azido Butanoate: Two New Pivaloate-ester-like Protecting Groups. Org Lett 2013; 15:2270-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4008475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Castelli
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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158
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Maza S, Mar Kayser M, Macchione G, López-Prados J, Angulo J, de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Synthesis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate-like oligosaccharides and evaluation of their protein affinity by fluorescence polarization. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3510-25. [PMID: 23595496 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a novel approach for the chemical synthesis of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides. A key point of this strategy is the preparation and use of an N-trifluoroacetyl galactosamine building block containing a 4,6-O-di-tert-butylsilylene group. Glycosylation reactions proceeded in good yields (74-91%) with our protecting group distribution. Using this approach, we have synthesized, for the first time, a chondroitin/dermatan sulfate-like tetrasaccharide that contains both types of uronic acids, D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acid. Moreover, we have employed a fluorescence polarization competition assay to evaluate the interactions between the synthesized oligosaccharides and FGF-2 (basic fibroblast growth factor). Our results show that this method, using standard instrumentation and minimal sample consumption, is a powerful tool for the rapid analysis of the glycosaminoglycan affinity for proteins in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Maza
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Americo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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159
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Eller S, Collot M, Yin J, Hahm HS, Seeberger PH. Automated Solid-Phase Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:5858-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201210132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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160
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Eller S, Collot M, Yin J, Hahm HS, Seeberger PH. Automatisierte Festphasensynthese von Chondroitinsulfatglycosaminoglycanen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201210132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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161
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Schwörer R, Zubkova OV, Turnbull JE, Tyler PC. Synthesis of a targeted library of heparan sulfate hexa- to dodecasaccharides as inhibitors of β-secretase: potential therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. Chemistry 2013; 19:6817-23. [PMID: 23553710 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) are a class of sulfated polysaccharides that function as dynamic biological regulators of the functions of diverse proteins. The structural basis of these interactions, however, remains elusive, and chemical synthesis of defined structures represents a challenging but powerful approach for unravelling the structure-activity relationships of their complex sulfation patterns. HS has been shown to function as an inhibitor of the β-site cleaving enzyme β-secretase (BACE1), a protease responsible for generating the toxic Aβ peptides that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease (AD), with 6-O-sulfation identified as a key requirement. Here, we demonstrate a novel generic synthetic approach to HS oligosaccharides applied to production of a library of 16 hexa- to dodecasaccharides targeted at BACE1 inhibition. Screening of this library provided new insights into structure-activity relationships for optimal BACE1 inhibition, and yielded a number of potent non-anticoagulant BACE1 inhibitors with potential for development as leads for treatment of AD through lowering of Aβ peptide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schwörer
- Carbohydrate Chemistry, Industrial Research, Ltd. P. O. Box 31310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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162
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Zong C, Venot A, Dhamale O, Boons GJ. Fluorous supported modular synthesis of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides. Org Lett 2013; 15:342-5. [PMID: 23293947 PMCID: PMC3563243 DOI: 10.1021/ol303270v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The modular synthesis of heparan sulfate fragments is greatly facilitated by employing an anomeric aminopentyl linker protected by a benzyloxycarbonyl group modified by a perfluorodecyl tag, which made it possible to purify highly polar intermediates by fluorous solid phase extraction. This tagging methodology made it also possible to perform repeated glycosylations to drive reactions to completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, GA 30602
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Omkar Dhamale
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, GA 30602
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, GA 30602
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163
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Miller GJ, Hansen SU, Avizienyte E, Rushton G, Cole C, Jayson GC, Gardiner JM. Efficient chemical synthesis of heparin-like octa-, deca- and dodecasaccharides and inhibition of FGF2- and VEGF165-mediated endothelial cell functions. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51217g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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164
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Leach FE, Arungundram S, Al-Mafraji K, Venot A, Boons GJ, Amster IJ. ELECTRON DETACHMENT DISSOCIATION OF SYNTHETIC HEPARAN SULFATE GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN TETRASACCHARIDES VARYING IN DEGREE OF SULFATION AND HEXURONIC ACID STEREOCHEMISTRY. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 330-332:152-159. [PMID: 23230388 PMCID: PMC3517180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) carbohydrates provide a challenging analytical target for structural determination due to their polydisperse nature, non-template biosynthesis, and labile sulfate modifications. The resultant structures, although heterogeneous, contain domains which indicate a sulfation pattern or code that correlates to specific function. Mass spectrometry, in particular electron detachment dissociation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (EDD FT-ICR MS), provides a highly sensitive platform for GAG structural analysis by providing cross-ring cleavages for sulfation location and product ions specific to hexuronic acid stereochemistry. To investigate the effect of sulfation pattern and variations in stereochemistry on EDD spectra, a series of synthetic heparan sulfate (HS) tetrasaccharides are examined. Whereas previous studies have focused on lowly sulfated compounds (0.5-1 sulfate groups per disaccharide), the current work extends the application of EDD to more highly sulfated tetrasaccharides (1-2 sulfate groups per disaccharide) and presents the first EDD of a tetrasaccharide containing a sulfated hexuronic acid. For these more highly sulfated HS oligomers, alternative strategies are shown to be effective for extracting full structural details. These strategies inlcude sodium cation replacement of protons, for determining the sites of sulfation, and desulfation of the oligosaccharides for the generation of product ions for assigning uronic acid stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sailaja Arungundram
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA
| | - Kanar Al-Mafraji
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA
| | - Andre Venot
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA
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165
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Hansen SU, Miller GJ, Jayson GC, Gardiner JM. First gram-scale synthesis of a heparin-related dodecasaccharide. Org Lett 2012; 15:88-91. [PMID: 23240767 DOI: 10.1021/ol303112y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a gram-scale synthesis of a structurally defined, heparin-related dodecasaccharide is reported. An iterative 14-step process using an iduronate donor disaccharide delivers >1g quantities of the dodecasaccharide sequence [GlcNS-IdoA2S](6)-OMe in 15% overall yield from the reducing terminal disaccharide, a 2 orders of magnitude increase in scale for access to synthetic heparanoid dodecasaccharide mimetics. The synthesis also delivers multigram amounts of the protected oligosaccharides from tetra- through to dodecasaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen U Hansen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Faculty of EPS, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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166
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Hu YP, Zhong YQ, Chen ZG, Chen CY, Shi Z, Zulueta MML, Ku CC, Lee PY, Wang CC, Hung SC. Divergent synthesis of 48 heparan sulfate-based disaccharides and probing the specific sugar-fibroblast growth factor-1 interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:20722-7. [PMID: 23240683 DOI: 10.1021/ja3090065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Several biological processes involve glycans, yet understanding their ligand specificities is impeded by their inherent diversity and difficult acquisition. Generating broad synthetic sugar libraries for bioevaluations is a powerful tool in unraveling glycan structural information. In the case of the widely distributed heparan sulfate (HS), however, the 48 theoretical possibilities for its repeating disaccharide call for synthetic approaches that should minimize the effort in an undoubtedly huge undertaking. Here we employed a divergent strategy to afford all 48 HS-based disaccharides from just two orthogonally protected disaccharide precursors. Different combinations and sequence of transformation steps were applied with many downstream intermediates leading up to multiple target products. With the full disaccharide library in hand, affinity screening with fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) revealed that four of the synthetic sugars bind to FGF-1. The molecular details of the interaction were further clarified through X-ray analysis of the sugar-protein cocrystals. The capability of comprehensive sugar libraries in providing key insights in glycan-ligand interaction is, thus, highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Hu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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167
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Puvirajesinghe TM, Turnbull JE. Glycomics approaches for the bioassay and structural analysis of heparin/heparan sulphates. Metabolites 2012; 2:1060-89. [PMID: 24957775 PMCID: PMC3901230 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2041060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan heparan sulphate (HS) has a heterogeneous structure; evidence shows that specific structures may be responsible for specific functions in biological processes such as blood coagulation and regulation of growth factor signalling. This review summarises the different experimental tools and methods developed to provide more rapid methods for studying the structure and functions of HS. Rapid and sensitive methods for the facile purification of HS, from tissue and cell sources are reviewed. Data sets for the structural analysis are often complex and include multiple sample sets, therefore different software and tools have been developed for the analysis of different HS data sets. These can be readily applied to chromatographic data sets for the simplification of data (e.g., charge separation using strong anion exchange chromatography and from size separation using gel filtration techniques. Finally, following the sequencing of the human genome, research has rapidly advanced with the introduction of high throughput technologies to carry out simultaneous analyses of many samples. Microarrays to study macromolecular interactions (including glycan arrays) have paved the way for bioassay technologies which utilize cell arrays to study the effects of multiple macromolecules on cells. Glycan bioassay technologies are described in which immobilisation techniques for saccharides are exploited to develop a platform to probe cell responses such as signalling pathway activation. This review aims at reviewing available techniques and tools for the purification, analysis and bioassay of HS saccharides in biological systems using "glycomics" approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Puvirajesinghe
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 10039 Marseille, France.
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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168
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Tanaka H, Tateno Y, Takahashi T. Convergent stereoselective synthesis of multiple sulfated GlcNα(1,4)GlcAβ(1,4) dodecasaccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:9570-82. [PMID: 23132499 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26928g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe an effective method for the elongation of a GlcNα(1,4)GlcAβ(1,4) sequence using a GlcNTrocα(1,4)GlcA disaccharide unit and the synthesis of the N- and/or O-sulfated GlcNα(1,4)GlcAβ(1,4) oligosaccharides. N-Troc protection of GlcNα(1,4)GlcA units was effective for the synthesis of the GlcNα(1,4)GlcAβ(1,4) oligosaccharides in comparison with the azido substituent. The GlcNα(1,4)GlcAβ(1,4) dodecasaccharide was successfully prepared by the direct β-selective glycosidation of glucuronate in the GlcNα(1,4)GlcAβ(1,4)GlcNα(1,4)GlcAβ(1,4) tetrasaccharide. In addition, the synthesis of the N- and/or O-sulfated GlcNα(1,4)GlcAβ(1,4) oligosaccharides was accomplished by fluorous-assisted deprotection and sulfation. The fluorous-assisted synthetic technology applied to the highly polar sulfated oligosaccharide permits it to be more easily separated from the highly polar reagents, such as SO(3)·NEt(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-H-101 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
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169
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Chang SM, Tu Z, Jan HM, Pan JF, Lin CH. Rapid synthesis of oligomannosides with orthogonally protected monosaccharides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 49:4265-7. [PMID: 23124079 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37099a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We developed a facile synthesis to yield orthogonally protected mannose building blocks with high overall yields. The protection/glycosylation steps can be carried out in a successive manner without purification of intermediate products. This developed synthesis led to formation of linear/branched tri-, penta- and heptasaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Ming Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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170
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Manikowski A, Kozioł A, Czajkowska-Wojciechowska E. An alternative route for fondaparinux sodium synthesis via selective hydrogenations and sulfation of appropriate pentasaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2012; 361:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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171
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Yang B, Yoshida K, Yin Z, Dai H, Kavunja H, El-Dakdouki MH, Sungsuwan S, Dulaney SB, Huang X. Chemical synthesis of a heparan sulfate glycopeptide: syndecan-1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10185-9. [PMID: 22961711 PMCID: PMC3517022 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The highly complex structure of syndecan-1 heparan sulfate glycopeptide was successfully assembled. The protective groups utilized and sequences for glycosyl linkage formation and protective group removal are critical for the success of synthesis. This is the first time this type of sulfated glycopeptides has been prepared, which lays the foundation to access other members of this important class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA), Fax: (+1) 517-353-1793
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA), Fax: (+1) 517-353-1793
| | - Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA), Fax: (+1) 517-353-1793
| | - Hang Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA), Fax: (+1) 517-353-1793
| | - Herbert Kavunja
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA), Fax: (+1) 517-353-1793
| | - Mohammad H. El-Dakdouki
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA), Fax: (+1) 517-353-1793
| | - Suttipun Sungsuwan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA), Fax: (+1) 517-353-1793
| | - Steven B. Dulaney
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA), Fax: (+1) 517-353-1793
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (USA), Fax: (+1) 517-353-1793
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172
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Puvirajesinghe TM, Ahmed YA, Powell AK, Fernig DG, Guimond SE, Turnbull JE. Array-based functional screening of heparin glycans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:553-8. [PMID: 22633407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Array methodologies have become powerful tools for interrogation of glycan-protein interactions but have critically lacked the ability to generate cell response data. Here, we report the development of a slide-based array method exemplified by measurement of activation of fibroblast growth factor signaling by heparin saccharides. Heparan sulfate-deficient Swiss 3T3 cells were overlaid onto an aminosilane-coated slide surface onto which heparin saccharides had been spotted and immobilized. The cells were transiently stimulated with FGF2 and immunofluorescence measured to assess downstream ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Activation of this signaling pathway response was restricted to cells exposed to heparin saccharides competent to activate FGF2 signaling. Differential activation of the overlaid cells by different-sized heparin saccharides was demonstrated by quantitative measurement of fluorescence intensity. This "glycobioarray" platform has significant potential as a generic tool for functional glycomics screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Puvirajesinghe
- Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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173
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Mo KF, Li X, Li H, Low LY, Quinn CP, Boons GJ. Endolysins of Bacillus anthracis bacteriophages recognize unique carbohydrate epitopes of vegetative cell wall polysaccharides with high affinity and selectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15556-62. [PMID: 22935003 PMCID: PMC3489029 DOI: 10.1021/ja3069962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages express endolysins which are the enzymes that hydrolyze peptidoglycan resulting in cell lysis and release of bacteriophages. Endolysins have acquired stringent substrate specificities, which have been attributed to cell wall binding domains (CBD). Although it has been realized that CBDs of bacteriophages that infect Gram-positive bacteria target cell wall carbohydrate structures, molecular mechanisms that confer selectivity are not understood. A range of oligosaccharides, derived from the secondary cell wall polysaccharides of Bacillus anthracis, has been chemically synthesized. The compounds contain an α-d-GlcNAc-(1→4)-β-d-ManNAc-(1→4)-β-d-GlcNAc backbone that is modified by various patterns of α-d-Gal and β-d-Gal branching points. The library of compounds could readily be prepared by employing a core trisaccharide modified by the orthogonal protecting groups N(α)-9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonate (Fmoc), 2-methylnaphthyl ether (Nap), levulinoyl ester (Lev) and dimethylthexylsilyl ether (TDS) at key branching points. Dissociation constants for the binding the cell wall binding domains of the endolysins PlyL and PlyG were determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). It was found that the pattern of galactosylation greatly influenced binding affinities, and in particular a compound having a galactosyl moiety at C-4 of the nonreducing GlcNAc moiety bound in the low micromolar range. It is known that secondary cell wall polysaccharides of various bacilli may have both common and variable structural features and in particular differences in the pattern of galactosylation have been noted. Therefore, it is proposed that specificity of endolysins for specific bacilli is achieved by selective binding to a uniquely galactosylated core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-For Mo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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174
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Yang B, Yoshida K, Yin Z, Dai H, Kavunja H, El-Dakdouki MH, Sungsuwan S, Dulaney SB, Huang X. Chemical Synthesis of a Heparan Sulfate Glycopeptide: Syndecan-1. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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175
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Singabraya D, Bultel L, Siñeriz F, Mothéré M, Lesur D, Kovensky J, Papy-Garcia D. Molecular imprinting technology for specific recognition of heparan sulfate like disaccharides. Talanta 2012; 99:833-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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176
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Boltje TJ, Zhong W, Park J, Wolfert MA, Chen W, Boons GJ. Chemical synthesis and immunological evaluation of the inner core oligosaccharide of Francisella tularensis. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14255-62. [PMID: 22867268 DOI: 10.1021/ja306274v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis, which is a Gram negative bacterium that causes tularemia, has been classified by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a category A bioweapon. The development of vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and diagnostics for F. tularensis requires a detailed knowledge of the saccharide structures that can be recognized by protective antibodies. We have synthesized the inner core region of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of F. tularensis to probe antigenic responses elicited by a live and subunit vaccine. The successful preparation of the target compound relied on the use of a disaccharide which was modified by the orthogonal protecting groups diethylisopropylsilyl (DEIPS), 2-naphthylmethyl (Nap), allyl ether (All), and levulinoyl (Lev) ester. The ability to remove the protecting groups in different orders made it possible to establish the optimal glycosylations sequence to prepare a highly crowded 1,2,3-cis configured branching point. A variety of different methods were exploited to control anomeric selectivities of the glycosylations. A comparison of the (1)H NMR spectra of isolated material and the synthetic derivative confirmed the reported structural assignment of the inner core oligosaccharide of F. tularensis . The observation that immunizations with LPS lead to antibody responses to the inner core saccharides provides an impetus to further explore this compound as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Boltje
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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177
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Abstract
Having access to mild and operationally simple techniques for attaining carbohydrate targets will be necessary to facilitate advancement in biological, medicinal, and pharmacological research. Even with the abundance of elegant reports for generating glycosidic linkages, stereoselective construction of α- and β-oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates is by no means trivial. In an era where expanded awareness of the impact we are having on the environment drives the state-of-the-art, synthetic chemists are tasked with developing cleaner and more efficient reactions for achieving their transformations. This movement imparts the value that prevention of waste is always superior to its treatment or cleanup. This review will highlight recent advancement in this regard by examining strategies that employ transition metal catalysis in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. These methods are mild and effective for constructing glycosidic bonds with reduced levels of waste through utilization of sub-stoichiometric amounts of transition metals to promote the glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. McKay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hien M. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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178
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Li Y, Yin Z, Wang B, Meng XB, Li ZJ. Synthesis of orthogonally protected l-glucose, l-mannose, and l-galactose from d-glucose. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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179
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Xu Y, Pempe EH, Liu J. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides with both anti-factor Xa and anti-factor IIa activities. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29054-61. [PMID: 22773834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.358523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin are highly sulfated polysaccharides. Heparin is a commonly used anticoagulant drug that inhibits the activities of factors Xa and IIa (also known as thrombin) to prevent blood clot formation. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of size-defined oligosaccharides to probe the minimum size requirement for an oligosaccharide with anti-IIa activity. The synthesis was completed by a chemoenzymatic approach involving glycosyltransferases, HS sulfotransferases, and C(5)-epimerase. We demonstrate the ability to synthesize highly purified N-sulfo-oligosaccharides having up to 21 saccharide residues. The results from anti-Xa and anti-IIa activity measurements revealed that an oligosaccharide longer than 19 saccharide residues is necessary to display anti-IIa activity. The oligosaccharides also exhibit low binding toward platelet factor 4, raising the possibility of preparing a synthetic heparin with a reduced effect of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The results from this study demonstrate the ability to synthesize large HS oligosaccharides and provide a unique tool to probe the structure and function relationships of HS that require the use of large HS fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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180
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Zulueta MML, Lin SY, Lin YT, Huang CJ, Wang CC, Ku CC, Shi Z, Chyan CL, Irene D, Lim LH, Tsai TI, Hu YP, Arco SD, Wong CH, Hung SC. α-Glycosylation by d-Glucosamine-Derived Donors: Synthesis of Heparosan and Heparin Analogues That Interact with Mycobacterial Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8988-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302640p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Medel Manuel L. Zulueta
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City
1101, Philippines
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jui Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chih Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Chu Ku
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Zhonghao Shi
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chyan
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Ta-Hsueh
Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Deli Irene
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Ta-Hsueh
Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Hin Lim
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Ta-Hsueh
Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Peng Hu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Susan D. Arco
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City
1101, Philippines
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, No. 1001, Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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181
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Zhou X, O'Leary TR, Xu Y, Sheng J, Liu J. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate and heparin. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2012. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2012.681852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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182
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Fang T, Mo KF, Boons GJ. Stereoselective assembly of complex oligosaccharides using anomeric sulfonium ions as glycosyl donors. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7545-52. [PMID: 22475263 DOI: 10.1021/ja3018187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of selectively protected monosaccharide building blocks that can reliably be glycosylated with a wide variety of acceptors is expected to make oligosaccharide synthesis a more routine operation. In particular, there is an urgent need for the development of modular building blocks that can readily be converted into glycosyl donors for glycosylations that give reliably high 1,2-cis-anomeric selectivity. We report here that 1,2-oxathiane ethers are stable under acidic, basic, and reductive conditions making it possible to conduct a wide range of protecting group manipulations and install selectively removable protecting groups such as levulinoyl (Lev) ester, fluorenylmethyloxy (Fmoc)- and allyloxy (Alloc)-carbonates, and 2-methyl naphthyl ethers (Nap). The 1,2-oxathiane ethers could easily be converted into bicyclic anomeric sulfonium ions by oxidization to sulfoxides and arylated with 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene. The resulting sulfonium ions gave high 1,2-cis-anomeric selectivity when glycosylated with a wide variety of glycosyl acceptors including properly protected amino acids, primary and secondary sugar alcohols and partially protected thioglycosides. The selective protected 1,2-oxathianes were successfully employed in the preparation of a branched glucoside derived from a glycogen-like polysaccharide isolated form the fungus Pseudallescheria boydii , which is involved in fungal phagocytosis and activation of innate immune responses. The compound was assembled by a latent-active glycosylation strategy in which an oxathiane was employed as an acceptor in a glycosylation with a sulfoxide donor. The product of such a glycosylation was oxidized to a sulfoxide for a subsequent glycosylation. The use of Nap and Fmoc as temporary protecting groups made it possible to install branching points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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183
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Dissecting the substrate recognition of 3-O-sulfotransferase for the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5265-70. [PMID: 22431632 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117923109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is a polysaccharide-based natural product that is used clinically as an anticoagulant drug. Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase (3-OST) is an enzyme that transfers a sulfo group to the 3-OH position of a glucosamine unit. 3-OST is present in multiple isoforms, and the polysaccharides modified by these different isoforms perform distinct biological functions. 3-OST isoform 1 (3-OST-1) is the key enzyme for the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparin. Here, we report the crystal structure of the ternary complex of 3-OST-1, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate, and a heptasaccharide substrate. Comparisons to previously determined structures of 3-OST-3 reveal unique binding modes used by the different isoforms of 3-OST for distinguishing the fine structures of saccharide substrates. Our data demonstrate that the saccharide substrates display distinct conformations when interacting with the different 3-OST isoforms. Site-directed mutagenesis data suggest that several key amino residues, including Lys259, Thr256, and Trp283 in 3-OST-3 and Arg268 in 3-OST-1, play important roles in substrate binding and specificity between isoforms. These results deepen our understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of heparan sulfate and provide structural information for engineering enzymes for an enhanced biosynthetic approach to heparin production.
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184
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Maza S, Macchione G, Ojeda R, López-Prados J, Angulo J, de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Synthesis of amine-functionalized heparin oligosaccharides for the investigation of carbohydrate-protein interactions in microtiter plates. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2146-63. [PMID: 22294265 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06607f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of well-defined oligosaccharides is crucial for the establishment of structure-activity relationships for specific sequences of heparin, contributing to the understanding of the biological role of this polysaccharide. It is highly convenient that the synthetic oligosaccharides contain an orthogonal functional group that allows selective conjugation of the probes and expands their use as chemical tools in glycobiology. We present here the synthesis of a series of amine-functionalized heparin oligosaccharides using an n+2 modular approach. The conditions of the glycosylation reactions were carefully optimized to produce efficiently the desired synthetic intermediates with an N-benzyloxycarbonyl-protected aminoethyl spacer at the reducing end. The use of microwave heating greatly facilitates O- and N-sulfation steps, avoiding experimental problems associated with these reactions. The synthesized oligosaccharides were immobilized in 384-well microtiter plates and successfully probed with a heparin-binding protein, the basic fibroblast growth factor FGF-2. The use of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide minimized the amount of sugar required for attachment to the solid support. Using this approach we quantified heparin-protein interactions, and surface dissociation constants for the synthetic heparin derivatives were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Maza
- Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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185
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Dulaney SB, Huang X. Strategies in synthesis of heparin/heparan sulfate oligosaccharides: 2000-present. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2012; 67:95-136. [PMID: 22794183 PMCID: PMC3646295 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396527-1.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Dulaney
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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186
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Hung SC, Lu XA, Lee JC, Chang MDT, Fang SL, Fan TC, Zulueta MML, Zhong YQ. Synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides and their interaction with eosinophil-derived neurotoxin. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:760-72. [PMID: 22143347 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A convenient route for the synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides involving regioselective protection of D-glucosamine and a concise preparation of rare L-ido sugars from diacetone α-D-glucose is described. Stereoselective coupling of a D-glucosamine-derived trichloroacetimidate with a 1,6-anhydro-β-L-idopyranosyl 4-alcohol gave the desired α-linked disaccharide, which was used as repeating unit for dual chain elongation and termination. Stepwise assembly from the reducing to the non-reducing end with a D-glucosamine-derived monosaccharide as starting unit furnished the oligosaccharide skeletons having different chain lengths. A series of functional group transformations afforded the expected heparin oligosaccharides with 3, 5 and 7 sugar units. Interaction of these oligosaccharides with eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), a cationic ribonuclease and a mediator produced by human eosinophils, was further investigated. The results revealed that at 5 μg mL(-1), the heptasaccharide has sufficiently strong interference to block EDN binding to Beas-2B cells. The tri- and pentasaccharides have moderate inhibitory properties at 50 μg mL(-1) concentration, but no inhibition has been observed at 10 μg mL(-1). The IC(50) values of the tri-, penta- and heptasaccharides are 69.4, 47.2 and 0.225 μg mL(-1), respectively.
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187
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Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Toward automated oligosaccharide synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11872-923. [PMID: 22127846 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates have been shown to play important roles in biological processes. The pace of development in carbohydrate research is, however, relatively slow due to the problems associated with the complexity of carbohydrate structures and the lack of general synthetic methods and tools available for the study of this class of biomolecules. Recent advances in synthesis have demonstrated that many of these problems can be circumvented. In this Review, we describe the methods developed to tackle the problems of carbohydrate-mediated biological processes, with particular focus on the issue related to the development of the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. Further applications of carbohydrate microarrays and vaccines to human diseases are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsiung Hsu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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188
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Hsu CH, Hung SC, Wu CY, Wong CH. Auf dem Weg zur automatisierten Oligosaccharid- Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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189
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Nguyen TKN, Arungundram S, Tran VM, Raman K, Al-Mafraji K, Venot A, Boons GJ, Kuberan B. A synthetic heparan sulfate oligosaccharide library reveals the novel enzymatic action of D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase-3a. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 8:609-14. [PMID: 22116385 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05221g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotranferases sulfate the C3-hydroxyl group of certain glucosamine residues on heparan sulfate. Six different 3-OST isoforms exist, each of which can sulfate very distinct glucosamine residues within the HS chain. Among these isoforms, 3-OST1 has been shown to play a role in generating ATIII-binding HS anticoagulants whereas 3-OST2, 3-OST3, 3-OST4 and 3OST-6 have been shown to play a vital role in generating gD-binding HS chains that permit the entry of herpes simplex virus type 1 into cells. 3-OST5 has been found to generate both ATIII- and gD-binding HS motifs. Previous studies have examined the substrate specificities of all the 3-OST isoforms using HS polysaccharides. However, very few studies have examined the contribution of the epimer configuration of neighboring uronic acid residues next to the target site to 3-OST action. In this study, we utilized a well-defined synthetic oligosaccharide library to examine the substrate specificity of 3-OST3a and compared it to 3-OST1. We found that both 3-OST1 and 3-OST3a preferentially sulfate the 6-O-sulfated, N-sulfoglucosamine when an adjacent iduronyl residue is located to its reducing side. On the other hand, 2-O-sulfation of this uronyl residue can inhibit the action of 3-OST3a on the target residue. The results reveal novel substrate sites for the enzyme actions of 3-OST3a. It is also evident that both these enzymes have promiscuous and overlapping actions that are differentially regulated by iduronyl 2-O-sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Kim Nu Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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190
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Bhaskar U, Sterner E, Hickey AM, Onishi A, Zhang F, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Engineering of routes to heparin and related polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1-16. [PMID: 22048616 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Anticoagulant heparin has been shown to possess important biological functions that vary according to its fine structure. Variability within heparin's structure occurs owing to its biosynthesis and animal tissue-based recovery and adds another dimension to its complex polymeric structure. The structural variations in chain length and sulfation patterns mediate its interaction with many heparin-binding proteins, thereby eliciting complex biological responses. The advent of novel chemical and enzymatic approaches for polysaccharide synthesis coupled with high throughput combinatorial approaches for drug discovery have facilitated an increased effort to understand heparin's structure-activity relationships. An improved understanding would offer potential for new therapeutic development through the engineering of polysaccharides. Such a bioengineering approach requires the amalgamation of several different disciplines, including carbohydrate synthesis, applied enzymology, metabolic engineering, and process biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Bhaskar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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191
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Huang Y, Shi X, Yu X, Leymarie N, Staples GO, Yin H, Killeen K, Zaia J. Improved liquid chromatography-MS/MS of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides via chip-based pulsed makeup flow. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8222-9. [PMID: 21923145 PMCID: PMC3205275 DOI: 10.1021/ac201964n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic chip-based hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is a useful separation system for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in compositional profiling of heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides; however, ions observed using HILIC LC-MS are low in charge. Tandem MS of HS oligosaccharide ions with low charge results in undesirable losses of SO(3) from precursor ions during collision induced dissociation. One solution is to add metal cations to stabilize sulfate groups. Another is to add a nonvolatile, polar compound such as sulfolane, a molecule known to supercharge proteins, to produce a similar effect for oligosaccharides. We demonstrate use of a novel pulsed makeup flow (MUF) HPLC-chip. The chip enables controlled application of additives during specified chromatographic time windows and thus minimizes the extent to which nonvolatile additives build up in the ion source. The pulsed MUF system was applied to LC-MS/MS of HS oligosaccharides. Metal cations and sulfolane were tested as additives. The most promising results were obtained for sulfolane, for which supercharging of the oligosaccharide ions increased their signal strengths relative to controls. Tandem MS of these supercharged precursor ions showed decreased abundances of product ions from sulfate losses yet more abundant product ions from backbone cleavages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Xiang Yu
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Nancy Leymarie
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Gregory O. Staples
- Agilent Laboratories, 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd., MS 3 L-WA, Santa Clara, CA 95051
| | - Hongfeng Yin
- Agilent Laboratories, 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd., MS 3 L-WA, Santa Clara, CA 95051
| | - Kevin Killeen
- Agilent Laboratories, 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd., MS 3 L-WA, Santa Clara, CA 95051
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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193
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Tiruchinapally G, Yin Z, El-Dakdouki M, Wang Z, Huang X. Divergent heparin oligosaccharide synthesis with preinstalled sulfate esters. Chemistry 2011; 17:10106-12. [PMID: 21786352 PMCID: PMC3324038 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traditional chemical synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides first involves assembly of the full length oligosaccharide backbone followed by sulfation. Herein, we report an alternative strategy in which the O-sulfate was introduced onto glycosyl building blocks as a trichloroethyl ester prior to assembly of the full length oligosaccharide. This allowed divergent preparation of both sulfated and non-sulfated building blocks from common advanced intermediates. The O-sulfate esters were found to be stable during glycosylation as well as typical synthetic manipulations encountered during heparin oligosaccharide synthesis. Furthermore, the presence of sulfate esters in both glycosyl donors and acceptors did not adversely affect the glycosylation yields, which enabled us to assemble multiple heparin oligosaccharides with preinstalled 6-O-sulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
| | - Mohammad El-Dakdouki
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA)
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194
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Synthesis of 3-O-sulfonated heparan sulfate octasaccharides that inhibit the herpes simplex virus type 1 host-cell interaction. Nat Chem 2011; 3:557-63. [PMID: 21697878 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates play significant roles in a number of biologically important processes. Heparan sulfate, for instance, is a ubiquitously distributed polysulfated polysaccharide that is involved, among other things, in the initial step of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. The virus interacts with cell-surface heparan sulfate to facilitate host-cell attachment and entry. 3-O-Sulfonated heparan sulfate has been found to function as an HSV-1 entry receptor. Achieving a complete understanding of these interactions requires the chemical synthesis of such oligosaccharides, but this remains challenging. Here, we present a convenient approach for the synthesis of two irregular 3-O-sulfonated heparan sulfate octasaccharides, making use of a key disaccharide intermediate to acquire different building blocks for the oligosaccharide chain assembly. Despite substantial structural differences, the prepared 3-O-sulfonated sugars blocked viral infection in a dosage-dependent manner with remarkable similarity to one another.
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195
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Bera S, Linhardt RJ. Design and synthesis of unnatural heparosan and chondroitin building blocks. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3181-93. [PMID: 21438620 PMCID: PMC3092388 DOI: 10.1021/jo200076z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Triazole linked heparosan and chondroitin disaccharide and tetrasaccharide building blocks were synthesized in a stereoselective manner by applying a very efficient copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction of appropriately substituted azido-glucuronic acid and propargyluted N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl galactosamine derivative, respectively. The resulting suitably substituted tetrasaccharide analogues can be easily converted into azide and alkyne unit for further synthesis of higher oligosaccharide analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smritilekha Bera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
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196
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Oh HB, Leach FE, Arungundram S, Al-Mafraji K, Venot A, Boons GJ, Amster IJ. Multivariate analysis of electron detachment dissociation and infrared multiphoton dissociation mass spectra of heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides differing only in hexuronic acid stereochemistry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:582-90. [PMID: 21472576 PMCID: PMC3192014 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-010-0047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The structural characterization of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) carbohydrates by mass spectrometry has been a long-standing analytical challenge due to the inherent heterogeneity of these biomolecules, specifically polydispersity, variability in sulfation, and hexuronic acid stereochemistry. Recent advances in tandem mass spectrometry methods employing threshold and electron-based ion activation have resulted in the ability to determine the location of the labile sulfate modification as well as assign the stereochemistry of hexuronic acid residues. To facilitate the analysis of complex electron detachment dissociation (EDD) spectra, principal component analysis (PCA) is employed to differentiate the hexuronic acid stereochemistry of four synthetic GAG epimers whose EDD spectra are nearly identical upon visual inspection. For comparison, PCA is also applied to infrared multiphoton dissociation spectra (IRMPD) of the examined epimers. To assess the applicability of multivariate methods in GAG mixture analysis, PCA is utilized to identify the relative content of two epimers in a binary mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea (200811036)
| | - Franklin E. Leach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sailaja Arungundram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kanar Al-Mafraji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - I. Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Address reprint requests to Dr. I. Jonathan Amster, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA () and Dr. Han Bin Oh, Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea, (), Phone: 706-542-2001, Fax: 706-542-9454
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197
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Liu Y, Chan YM, Wu J, Chen C, Benesi A, Hu J, Wang Y, Chen G. Chemical synthesis of a bisphosphorylated mannose-6-phosphate N-glycan and its facile monoconjugation with human carbonic anhydrase II for in vivo fluorescence imaging. Chembiochem 2011; 12:685-90. [PMID: 21404409 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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198
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Abstract
HSs (heparan sulfates) are a complex family of cell-surface and matrix polysaccharides that have diverse biological functions, underpinned by structurally diverse patterns of backbone chain modification, especially by sulfate groups. These variant structures represent a molecular code, the 'heparanome', that confers the ability to interact selectively with a wide interactome of proteins, the 'heparactome', and thereby influence a network of cellular events. It is becoming increasingly apparent that understanding the structure-activity relationships of these enigmatic molecules requires the development of a holistic systems biology view of their structure and interactions. In the present paper, I describe some of the new tools available to realize this strategy, and discuss the future potential for the combined application of glycomics and other '-omics' approaches to define the molecular code of the heparanome.
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199
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Leach FE, Wolff JJ, Xiao Z, Ly M, Laremore TN, Arungundram S, Al-Mafraji K, Venot A, Boons GJ, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Negative electron transfer dissociation Fourier transform mass spectrometry of glycosaminoglycan carbohydrates. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:167-76. [PMID: 21719917 PMCID: PMC3347043 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer through gas phase ion-ion reactions has led to the widespread application of electron- based techniques once only capable in ion trapping mass spectrometers. Although any mass analyzer can in theory be coupled to an ion-ion reaction device (typically a 3-D ion trap), some systems of interest exceed the capabilities of most mass spectrometers. This case is particularly true in the structural characterization of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides. To adequately characterize highly sulfated GAGs or oligosaccharides above the tetrasaccharide level, a high resolution mass analyzer is required. To extend previous efforts on an ion trap mass spectrometer, negative electron transfer dissociation coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer has been applied to increasingly sulfated heparan sulfate and heparin tetrasaccharides as well as a dermatan sulfate octasaccharide. Results similar to those obtained by electron detachment dissociation are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin E. Leach
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Zhongping Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine and Drug and Food, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sailaja Arungundram
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kanar Al-Mafraji
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- University of Georgia, Department of Chemistry, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple hereditary exostoses, also termed as multiple osteochondromas, is a heritable disorder of connective tissue with primarily orthopaedic clinical manifestations. Understanding of its biological underpinnings has been advanced on a variety of fronts in recent years. METHODS The multifaceted literature regarding osteochondromagenesis and the major clinical challenges in patients with multiple osteochondromas were reviewed. RESULTS Consideration of recent advances in molecular biology, biochemistry, and animal modeling of osteochondroma pathogenesis yields a unified model. CONCLUSIONS Mechanistic details and therapeutic targets have yet to be elucidated, but the general biology of osteochondroma formation is increasingly clear, as well as its implications in the orthopaedic clinical setting.
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