151
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Barbee MH, Mondal K, Deng JZ, Bharambe V, Neumann TV, Adams JJ, Boechler N, Dickey MD, Craig SL. Mechanochromic Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29918-29924. [PMID: 30091895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Soft and stretchable electronics are promising for a variety of applications such as wearable electronics, human-machine interfaces, and soft robotics. These devices, which are often encased in elastomeric materials, maintain or adjust their functionality during deformation, but can fail catastrophically if extended too far. Here, we report new functional composites in which stretchable electronic properties are coupled to molecular mechanochromic function, enabling at-a-glance visual cues that inform user control. These properties are realized by covalently incorporating a spiropyran mechanophore within poly(dimethylsiloxane) to indicate with a visible color change that a strain threshold has been reached. The resulting colorimetric elastomers can be molded and patterned so that, for example, the word "STOP" appears when a critical strain is reached, indicating to the user that further strain risks device failure. We also show that the strain at color onset can be controlled by layering silicones with different moduli into a composite. As a demonstration, we show how color onset can be tailored to indicate a when a specified frequency of a stretchable liquid metal antenna has been reached. The multiscale combination of mechanochromism and soft electronics offers a new avenue to empower user control of strain-dependent properties for future stretchable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith H Barbee
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | | | - John Z Deng
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas Boechler
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of California , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093 , United States
| | | | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
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152
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Cao B, Boechler N, Boydston AJ. Additive manufacturing with a flex activated mechanophore for nondestructive assessment of mechanochemical reactivity in complex object geometries. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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153
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Raisch M, Genovese D, Zaccheroni N, Schmidt SB, Focarete ML, Sommer M, Gualandi C. Highly Sensitive, Anisotropic, and Reversible Stress/Strain-Sensors from Mechanochromic Nanofiber Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802813. [PMID: 30133005 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromic polymeric systems are intensively investigated for real-time stress detection applications. However, an effective stress-sensing material must respond to low deformation with a detectable color change that should be quickly reversible upon force unloading. In this work, mechanochromic nanofibers made by electrospinning are used to produce mechanochromic nanofiber/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) composites with isotropic and anisoptropic response. Due to chain alignment of spiropyran copolymer chains within the nanofibers, only very small strains are required to yield a mechanochromic response. Composites with aligned and isotropic nanofibers show anisotropic and isotropic mechanochromic behavior, respectively. Due to the special substitution pattern of spiropyran in the copolymer, the mechanochromic response of these nanofiber/PDMS composites shows fast reversibility upon force unloading. The outstanding benefit of using highly sensitive mechanochromic nanofibers as filler in composite materials allows the detection of directional stress and strain, and it is a step forward in the development of smart, mechanically responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Raisch
- Professur Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Damiano Genovese
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nelsi Zaccheroni
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simon B Schmidt
- Professur Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael Sommer
- Professur Polymerchemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Chiara Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" and INSTM UdR of Bologna, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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154
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Beedle AEM, Mora M, Davis CT, Snijders AP, Stirnemann G, Garcia-Manyes S. Forcing the reversibility of a mechanochemical reaction. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3155. [PMID: 30089863 PMCID: PMC6082871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical force modifies the free-energy surface of chemical reactions, often enabling thermodynamically unfavoured reaction pathways. Most of our molecular understanding of force-induced reactivity is restricted to the irreversible homolytic scission of covalent bonds and ring-opening in polymer mechanophores. Whether mechanical force can by-pass thermodynamically locked reactivity in heterolytic bimolecular reactions and how this impacts the reaction reversibility remains poorly understood. Using single-molecule force-clamp spectroscopy, here we show that mechanical force promotes the thermodynamically disfavored SN2 cleavage of an individual protein disulfide bond by poor nucleophilic organic thiols. Upon force removal, the transition from the resulting high-energy unstable mixed disulfide product back to the initial, low-energy disulfide bond reactant becomes suddenly spontaneous, rendering the reaction fully reversible. By rationally varying the nucleophilicity of a series of small thiols, we demonstrate how force-regulated chemical kinetics can be finely coupled with thermodynamics to predict and modulate the reversibility of bimolecular mechanochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E M Beedle
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Marc Mora
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Colin T Davis
- The Francis Crick Institute, Protein analysis and Proteomics Science Technology Platform, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- The Francis Crick Institute, Protein analysis and Proteomics Science Technology Platform, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Guillaume Stirnemann
- CNRS Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Univ. Paris Denis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, PSL Research University, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sergi Garcia-Manyes
- Department of Physics and Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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155
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156
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157
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Abstract
In this article we introduce the concept of ideal reversible polymer networks, which have well-controlled polymer network structures similar to ideal covalent polymer networks but exhibit viscoelastic behaviors due to the presence of reversible crosslinks. We first present a theory to describe the mechanical properties of ideal reversible polymer networks. Because short polymer chains of equal length are used to construct the network, there are no chain entanglements and the chains' Rouse relaxation time is much shorter than the reversible crosslinks' characteristic time. Therefore, the ideal reversible polymer network behaves as a single Maxwell element of a spring and a dashpot in series, with the instantaneous shear modulus and relaxation time determined by the concentration of elastically-active chains and the dynamics of reversible crosslinks, respectively. The theory provides general methods to (i) independently control the instantaneous shear modulus and relaxation time of the networks, and to (ii) quantitatively measure kinetic parameters of the reversible crosslinks, including reaction rates and activation energies, from macroscopic viscoelastic measurements. To validate the proposed theory and methods, we synthesized and characterized the mechanical properties of a hydrogel composed of 4-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers end-functionalized with reversible crosslinks. All the experiments conducted by varying pH, temperature and polymer concentration were consistent with the predictions of our proposed theory and methods for ideal reversible polymer networks.
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158
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Ishizuki K, Aoki D, Goseki R, Otsuka H. Multicolor Mechanochromic Polymer Blends That Can Discriminate between Stretching and Grinding. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:556-560. [PMID: 35632930 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochromic polymers, which react to mechanical force by changing color, are expected to find applications in smart materials such as damage sensors. Although numerous types of mechanochromic polymers have been reported so far, developing mechanochromic polymers that can recognize different mechanical stimuli remains a formidable challenge. Materials that not only change their color in response to a mechanical stimulus but also detect its nature should be of great importance for practical applications. In this paper, we report our preliminary findings on multicolor mechanochromic polymer blends that can discriminate between two different mechanical stimuli, i.e., stretching and grinding, by simply blending two mechanochromic polymers with different architectures. The rational design and blending of two mechanochromic polymers with radical-type mechanochromophores embedded separately in positions adjacent to soft or hard domains made it possible to achieve multicolor mechanochromism in response to different stimuli. Electron paramagnetic resonance and solid-state UV-vis measurements supported the mechanism proposed for this discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Ishizuki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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159
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Xing C, Wang L, Xian L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xi K, Zhang Q, Jia X. Enhanced Thermal Ageing Stability of Mechanophore in Polyurethane Network by Introducing Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Lei Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Yikai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Linna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Kai Xi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Xudong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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160
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Rifaie-Graham O, Apebende EA, Bast LK, Bruns N. Self-Reporting Fiber-Reinforced Composites That Mimic the Ability of Biological Materials to Sense and Report Damage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705483. [PMID: 29573286 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of damage, deformation, and mechanical forces is of vital importance in many applications of fiber-reinforced polymer composites, as it allows the structural health and integrity of composite components to be monitored and microdamage to be detected before it leads to catastrophic material failure. Bioinspired and biomimetic approaches to self-sensing and self-reporting materials are reviewed. Examples include bruising coatings and bleeding composites based on dye-filled microcapsules, hollow fibers, and vascular networks. Force-induced changes in color, fluorescence, or luminescence are achieved by mechanochromic epoxy resins, or by mechanophores and force-responsive proteins located at the interface of glass/carbon fibers and polymers. Composites can also feel strain, stress, and damage through embedded optical and electrical sensors, such as fiber Bragg grating sensors, or by resistance measurements of dispersed carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes. Bioinspired composites with the ability to show autonomously if and where they have been damaged lead to a multitude of opportunities for aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and wind-turbine applications. They range from safety features for the detection of barely visible impact damage, to the real-time monitoring of deformation of load-bearing components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Edward A Apebende
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Livia K Bast
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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161
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162
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Weng G, Thanneeru S, He J. Dynamic Coordination of Eu-Iminodiacetate to Control Fluorochromic Response of Polymer Hydrogels to Multistimuli. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30. [PMID: 29334152 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
New fluorochromic materials that reversibly change their emission properties in response to their environment are of interest for the development of sensors and light-emitting materials. A new design of Eu-containing polymer hydrogels showing fast self-healing and tunable fluorochromic properties in response to five different stimuli, including pH, temperature, metal ions, sonication, and force, is reported. The polymer hydrogels are fabricated using Eu-iminodiacetate (IDA) coordination in a hydrophilic poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) matrix. Dynamic metal-ligand coordination allows reversible formation and disruption of hydrogel networks under various stimuli which makes hydrogels self-healable and injectable. Such hydrogels show interesting switchable ON/OFF luminescence along with the sol-gel transition through the reversible formation and dissociation of Eu-IDA complexes upon various stimuli. It is demonstrated that Eu-containing hydrogels display fast and reversible mechanochromic response as well in hydrogels having interpenetrating polymer network. Those multistimuli responsive fluorochromic hydrogels illustrate a new pathway to make smart optical materials, particularly for biological sensors where multistimuli response is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengsheng Weng
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Srinivas Thanneeru
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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163
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Sagara Y, Karman M, Verde-Sesto E, Matsuo K, Kim Y, Tamaoki N, Weder C. Rotaxanes as Mechanochromic Fluorescent Force Transducers in Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1584-1587. [PMID: 29355316 PMCID: PMC5806082 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The integration of mechanophores, motifs that transduce mechanical forces into chemical reactions, allows creating materials with stress-dependent properties. Typical mechanophores are activated by cleaving weak covalent bonds, but these reactions can also be triggered by other stimuli, and this renders the behavior unspecific. Here we show that this problem can be overcome by extending the molecular-shuttle function of rotaxanes to mechanical activation. A mechanically interlocked mechanophore composed of a fluorophore-carrying macrocycle and a dumbbell-shaped molecule containing a matching quencher was integrated into a polyurethane elastomer. Deformation of this polymer causes a fluorescence turn-on, due to the spatial separation of fluorophore and quencher. This process is specific, efficient, instantly reversible, and elicits an easily detectable optical signal that correlates with the applied force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marc Karman
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Kazuya Matsuo
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yuna Kim
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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164
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Imato K, Kanehara T, Nojima S, Ohishi T, Higaki Y, Takahara A, Otsuka H. Repeatable mechanochemical activation of dynamic covalent bonds in thermoplastic elastomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:10482-5. [PMID: 27424868 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04767j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Repeated mechanical scission and recombination of dynamic covalent bonds incorporated in segmented polyurethane elastomers are demonstrated by utilizing a diarylbibenzofuranone-based mechanophore and by the design of the segmented polymer structures. The repeated mechanochemical reactions can accompany clear colouration and simultaneous fading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan. and Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanehara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shiki Nojima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohishi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Higaki
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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165
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Kempe F, Brügner O, Buchheit H, Momm SN, Riehle F, Hameury S, Walter M, Sommer M. A Simply Synthesized, Tough Polyarylene with Transient Mechanochromic Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kempe
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT); Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Present address: Professur Polymerchemie; TU Chemnitz; Str. der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Oliver Brügner
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT); Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Hannah Buchheit
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Strasse 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sarah N. Momm
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Strasse 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Felix Riehle
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Strasse 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sophie Hameury
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry; Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Strasse 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Present address: Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR CNRS 5069); Université de Tolouse; UPS; 118, route de Narbonne, Bât. 2R1 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Michael Walter
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT); Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT); Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Present address: Professur Polymerchemie; TU Chemnitz; Str. der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Germany
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166
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Polymer Mechanochemistry: A New Frontier for Physical Organic Chemistry. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apoc.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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167
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Bowser BH, Craig SL. Empowering mechanochemistry with multi-mechanophore polymer architectures. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00720a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multi-mechanophore polymers provide advantages in characterization and function relative to chain-centered, single mechanophore polymers.
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168
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Kempe F, Brügner O, Buchheit H, Momm SN, Riehle F, Hameury S, Walter M, Sommer M. A Simply Synthesized, Tough Polyarylene with Transient Mechanochromic Response. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:997-1000. [PMID: 29115719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple and high-yielding route to tough polyarylenes of the type poly(meta,meta,para-phenylene) (PmmpP) is developed. PmmpP is tough even in its as-synthesized state which has an intermediate molar mass of Mw ≈60 kg mol-1 and exhibits outstanding mechanical properties at further optimized molecular weight of Mw =96 kg mol-1 , E=0.9 GPa, ϵ=300 %. Statistical copolymers with para,para-spiropyran (SP) are mechanochromic, and the toughness allows mechanochromism to be investigated. Strained samples instantaneously lose color upon force release. DFT calculations show this phenomenon to be caused by the PmmpP matrix that allows build-up of sufficiently large forces to be transduced to SP, and the relatively unstable corresponding merocyanine (MC) form arising from the aromatic co-monomer. MC units covalently incorporated into PmmpP show a drastically reduced half life time of 3.1 s compared to 4.5 h obtained for SP derivatives with common 6-nitro substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kempe
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Present address: Professur Polymerchemie, TU Chemnitz, Str. der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver Brügner
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Buchheit
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah N Momm
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Riehle
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Hameury
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Present address: Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (UMR CNRS 5069), Université de Tolouse, UPS, 118, route de Narbonne, Bât. 2R1, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Michael Walter
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Present address: Professur Polymerchemie, TU Chemnitz, Str. der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
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169
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Zhang H, Li X, Lin Y, Gao F, Tang Z, Su P, Zhang W, Xu Y, Weng W, Boulatov R. Multi-modal mechanophores based on cinnamate dimers. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1147. [PMID: 29079772 PMCID: PMC5660084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemistry offers exciting opportunities for molecular-level engineering of stress-responsive properties of polymers. Reactive sites, sometimes called mechanophores, have been reported to increase the material toughness, to make the material mechanochromic or optically healable. Here we show that macrocyclic cinnamate dimers combine these productive stress-responsive modes. The highly thermally stable dimers dissociate on the sub-second timescale when subject to a stretching force of 1-2 nN (depending on isomer). Stretching a polymer of the dimers above this force more than doubles its contour length and increases the strain energy that the chain absorbs before fragmenting by at least 600 kcal per mole of monomer. The dissociation produces a chromophore and dimers are reformed upon irradiation, thus allowing optical healing of mechanically degraded parts of the material. The mechanochemical kinetics, single-chain extensibility, toughness and potentially optical properties of the dissociation products are tunable by synthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Peifeng Su
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Wenke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China.
| | - Yuanze Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Donnan Lab, G31, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 7ZD GB, UK.
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170
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Wei K, Gao Z, Liu H, Wu X, Wang F, Xu H. Mechanical Activation of Platinum-Acetylide Complex for Olefin Hydrosilylation. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1146-1150. [PMID: 35650933 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing mechanical forces to activate latent catalysts has emerged as a novel approach to control the catalytic reactions in organic syntheses and polymerization processes. However, using polymer mechanochemistry to activate platinum-based catalysts, a class of important organometallic catalysts in industry, has not been demonstrated so far. Here we show that the platinum-acetylide complex is mechanoresponsive and can be incorporated into a polymer backbone to form a new mechanophore. The mechanically induced chain scission was demonstrated to be able to release catalytically active platinum species which could catalyze the olefin hydrosilylation process. Various control experiments were conducted to confirm that the chain scission and catalytic reaction were originated from the ultrasound-induced dissociation of platinum-acetylide complex. This work further exemplifies the utilization of organometallic complexes in design and synthesis of latent catalysts for mechanocatalysis and development of self-healing materials based on silicone polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wei
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zongchun Gao
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huarong Liu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials
for Energy Conversion, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Sciences
at the Microscale, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter
Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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171
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Chen H, Yang F, Chen Q, Zheng J. A Novel Design of Multi-Mechanoresponsive and Mechanically Strong Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606900. [PMID: 28295677 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A newly developed polyacrylamide-co-methyl acrylate/spiropyran (SP) hydrogel crosslinked by SP mechanophore demonstrates multi-stimuli-responsive and mechanically strong properties. The hydrogels not only exhibit thermo-, photo-, and mechano-induced color changes, but also achieve super-strong mechanical properties (tensile stress of 1.45 MPa, tensile strain of ≈600%, and fracture energy of 7300 J m-2 ). Due to a reversible structural transformation between spiropyran (a ring-close) and merocyanine (a ring-open) states, simple exposure of the hydrogels to white light can reverse color changes and restore mechanical properties. The new design approach for a new mechanoresponsive hydrogel is easily transformative to the development of other mechanophore-based hydrogels for sensing, imaging, and display applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Fengyu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454003, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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172
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Li M, Liu W, Zhang Q, Zhu S. Mechanical Force Sensitive Acrylic Latex Coating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:15156-15163. [PMID: 28425282 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We prepared force sensitive acrylic latex coatings by covalently incorporating spiropyran mechanophore. The acrylic latexes were obtained through emulsion copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) with vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) as interparticle cross-linker, and (1'-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)-3',3'-dimethylspiro[chromene-2,2'-indolin]-6-yl)methyl methacrylate) (SP) as intraparticle cross-linker. The latexes of P(BA-co-MMA-co-SP-co-VTES) were subsequently cast onto Teflon-coated surface to form latex coatings. The condensation of hydrolyzed VTES provided interparticle cross-linking and improved mechanical properties of the formed thin films. Intraparticle cross-linker SP endowed the coatings with mechanoreponsiveness. The mechanoactivation of SP-containing latex films was demonstrated. Increasing the content of intra-cross-linker SP resulted in higher stress sensitivity and lower critical stress required for mechanoactivation. Increasing the content of interparticle cross-linker VTES resulted in higher critical stress for SP mechanoactivation but had little effect on the stress sensitivity. Tg and operation temperature also showed significant effect on mechanoactivation. Slower strain rate allowed for higher SP-to-MC conversion. This work represents the first example of mechanochromic acrylic latexes and provides insight into the design of force sensitive and self-reporting polymer coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
| | - Weifeng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 510640
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, China 310014
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
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173
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Cho S, Kang S, Pandya A, Shanker R, Khan Z, Lee Y, Park J, Craig SL, Ko H. Large-Area Cross-Aligned Silver Nanowire Electrodes for Flexible, Transparent, and Force-Sensitive Mechanochromic Touch Screens. ACS NANO 2017; 11:4346-4357. [PMID: 28397485 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks are considered to be promising structures for use as flexible transparent electrodes for various optoelectronic devices. One important application of AgNW transparent electrodes is the flexible touch screens. However, the performances of flexible touch screens are still limited by the large surface roughness and low electrical to optical conductivity ratio of random network AgNW electrodes. In addition, although the perception of writing force on the touch screen enables a variety of different functions, the current technology still relies on the complicated capacitive force touch sensors. This paper demonstrates a simple and high-throughput bar-coating assembly technique for the fabrication of large-area (>20 × 20 cm2), highly cross-aligned AgNW networks for transparent electrodes with the sheet resistance of 21.0 Ω sq-1 at 95.0% of optical transmittance, which compares favorably with that of random AgNW networks (sheet resistance of 21.0 Ω sq-1 at 90.4% of optical transmittance). As a proof of concept demonstration, we fabricate flexible, transparent, and force-sensitive touch screens using cross-aligned AgNW electrodes integrated with mechanochromic spiropyran-polydimethylsiloxane composite film. Our force-sensitive touch screens enable the precise monitoring of dynamic writings, tracing and drawing of underneath pictures, and perception of handwriting patterns with locally different writing forces. The suggested technique provides a robust and powerful platform for the controllable assembly of nanowires beyond the scale of conventional fabrication techniques, which can find diverse applications in multifunctional flexible electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungse Cho
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Saewon Kang
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashish Pandya
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ravi Shanker
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Ziyauddin Khan
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsu Lee
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Park
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan Metropolitan City 689-798, Republic of Korea
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174
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Abstract
The use of mechanical force to initiate a chemical reaction is an efficient alternative to the conventional sources of activation energy, i.e., heat, light, and electricity. Applications of mechanochemistry in academic and industrial laboratories are diverse, ranging from chemical syntheses in ball mills and ultrasound baths to direct activation of covalent bonds using an atomic force microscope. The vectorial nature of force is advantageous because specific covalent bonds can be preconditioned for rupture by selective stretching. However, the influence of mechanical force on single molecules is still not understood at a fundamental level, which limits the applicability of mechanochemistry. As a result, many chemists still resort to rules of thumb when it comes to conducting mechanochemical syntheses. In this Account, we show that comprehension of mechanochemistry at the molecular level can be tremendously advanced by quantum chemistry, in particular by using quantum chemical force analysis tools. One such tool is the JEDI (Judgement of Energy DIstribution) analysis, which provides a convenient approach to analyze the distribution of strain energy in a mechanically deformed molecule. Based on the harmonic approximation, the strain energy contribution is calculated for each bond length, bond angle and dihedral angle, thus providing a comprehensive picture of how force affects molecules. This Account examines the theoretical foundations of quantum chemical force analysis and provides a critical overview of the performance of the JEDI analysis in various mechanochemical applications. We explain in detail how this analysis tool is to be used to identify the "force-bearing scaffold" of a distorted molecule, which allows both the rationalization and the optimization of diverse mechanochemical processes. More precisely, we show that the inclusion of every bond, bending and torsion of a molecule allows a particularly insightful discussion of the distribution of mechanical strain in deformed molecules. We illustrate the usefulness of the JEDI analysis by rationalizing the finding that a knot tremendously weakens a polymer strand via a "choking" motion of the torsions in the curved part of the knot, thus leading to facilitated bond rupture in the immediate vicinity of the knot. Moreover, we demonstrate that the JEDI analysis can be exploited to devise methods for the stabilization of inherently strained molecules. In addition to applications in the electronic ground state, the JEDI analysis can also be used in the electronically excited state to determine the mechanical energy that a molecular photoswitch can release into its environment during photoisomerization. This approach allows the quantification of the mechanical efficiency of a photoswitch, i.e., the part of the energy that becomes available for the motion into a specific direction, which enables us to judge whether a photoswitch is capable of performing a desired switching function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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175
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Polymers with autonomous life-cycle control. Nature 2017; 540:363-370. [PMID: 27974778 DOI: 10.1038/nature21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lifetime of man-made materials is controlled largely by the wear and tear of everyday use, environmental stress and unexpected damage, which ultimately lead to failure and disposal. Smart materials that mimic the ability of living systems to autonomously protect, report, heal and even regenerate in response to damage could increase the lifetime, safety and sustainability of many manufactured items. There are several approaches to achieving these functions using polymer-based materials, but making them work in highly variable, real-world situations is proving challenging.
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176
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Wang T, Zhang N, Dai J, Li Z, Bai W, Bai R. Novel Reversible Mechanochromic Elastomer with High Sensitivity: Bond Scission and Bending-Induced Multicolor Switching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11874-11881. [PMID: 28290662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the rational designed mechanochromic polymer (MCP) materials have evoked major interest and experienced significant progress recently, it is still a great challenge to develop a facile and effective strategy for preparation of reversible broad-spectrum MCPs with a combination of wide-range color switch ability and high sensitivity, which thus make it possible to mimic gorgeous color change as in nature. Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel rhodamine-based mechanochromic elastomer. Our results demonstrated that the elastomer exhibited very promising and unique properties. Three primary fluorescence colors were presented during continuous uniaxial extension and relaxing process, and reversible broad-spectrum fluorescence color change could be achieved consequently. The fluorescence quantum yield of the opened zwitterion of this new mechanophore was as high as 0.67. In addition, the elastomer showed very high sensitivity to stress with a detectable activation strain of ∼0.24, which was much smaller than those reported in the previous literature reports. Meantime, the easy-to-obtain material, facile preparation, and good mechanical property also made it suitable for potential practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zili Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ruke Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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177
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Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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178
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Li M, Liu W, Zhu S. Smart polyolefins feeling the force: Color changeable poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) and poly(ethylene-octene) in response to mechanical force. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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179
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Moon HK, Kang S, Yoon HJ. Aziridine-functionalized polydimethylsiloxanes for tailorable polymeric scaffolds: aziridine as a clickable moiety for structural modification of materials. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00317j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The utility of aziridine as a clickable moiety for post-modification of polydimethylsiloxane is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seohyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul
- Korea
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180
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xing C, Cai Y, Xi K, Jia X. Light and force dual-responsive waterborne polyurethane in multiple states. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00156h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel SP-WPU presents UV light and force dual-responsive properties in both dispersed state and solid state. The environmental friendly material provides an alternative to extend the application for smart coatings and textiles in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
| | - Yikai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
| | - Chong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
| | - Yifeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
| | - Kai Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Xudong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
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181
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Kim TA, Beiermann BA, White SR, Sottos NR. Effect of Mechanical Stress on Spiropyran-Merocyanine Reaction Kinetics in a Thermoplastic Polymer. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:1312-1316. [PMID: 35651199 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force alters the potential energy surface of a mechanophore reaction by modifying the activation energy for conversion. The effects of force on the rate constants and activation energies are not well characterized for mechanophores in bulk polymers. In this work, spiropyran-linked polyurethanes are synthesized and the kinetics of the spiropyran-merocyanine transition in the bulk polymer measured under different values of a macroscopic tensile stress. Above a critical threshold stress, the forward rate constant (spiropyran to merocyanine transition) increases, while the reverse rate constant (merocyanine to spiropyran transition) decreases with applied stress. A tensile stress of 50 MPa enhances the forward rate constant by 110% and lowers the forward activation energy by 1.8 kJ/mol compared to the unstressed condition. Also, this same amount of stress reduces the reverse rate constant by 65% and increases the reverse activation energy by 2.5 kJ/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ann Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Beckman Institute
of Advanced Science
and Technology, and §Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brett A. Beiermann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Beckman Institute
of Advanced Science
and Technology, and §Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott R. White
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Beckman Institute
of Advanced Science
and Technology, and §Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Beckman Institute
of Advanced Science
and Technology, and §Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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182
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Nofen EM, Dasgupta A, Zimmer N, Gunckel R, Koo B, Chattopadhyay A, Dai LL. Universal stress‐sensing dimeric anthracene‐based mechanophore particle fillers incorporated into polyurethane thermoset matrices. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Nofen
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| | - Avi Dasgupta
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| | - Nicholas Zimmer
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| | - Ryan Gunckel
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| | - Bonsung Koo
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| | - Aditi Chattopadhyay
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
| | - Lenore L. Dai
- School for Engineering of MatterTransport and Energy, Arizona State UniversityTempe Arizona85287
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183
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Wang J, Kouznetsova TB, Boulatov R, Craig SL. Mechanical gating of a mechanochemical reaction cascade. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13433. [PMID: 27848956 PMCID: PMC5116086 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent polymer mechanochemistry offers promising opportunities for the control and engineering of reactivity. To date, covalent mechanochemistry has largely been limited to individual reactions, but it also presents potential for intricate reaction systems and feedback loops. Here we report a molecular architecture, in which a cyclobutane mechanophore functions as a gate to regulate the activation of a second mechanophore, dichlorocyclopropane, resulting in a mechanochemical cascade reaction. Single-molecule force spectroscopy, pulsed ultrasonication experiments and DFT-level calculations support gating and indicate that extra force of >0.5 nN needs to be applied to a polymer of gated gDCC than of free gDCC for the mechanochemical isomerization gDCC to proceed at equal rate. The gating concept provides a mechanism by which to regulate stress-responsive behaviours, such as load-strengthening and mechanochromism, in future materials designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | | | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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184
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Makarov DE. Perspective: Mechanochemistry of biological and synthetic molecules. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:030901. [PMID: 26801011 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coupling of mechanical forces and chemical transformations is central to the biophysics of molecular machines, polymer chemistry, fracture mechanics, tribology, and other disciplines. As a consequence, the same physical principles and theoretical models should be applicable in all of those fields; in fact, similar models have been invoked (and often repeatedly reinvented) to describe, for example, cell adhesion, dry and wet friction, propagation of cracks, and action of molecular motors. This perspective offers a unified view of these phenomena, described in terms of chemical kinetics with rates of elementary steps that are force dependent. The central question is then to describe how the rate of a chemical transformation (and its other measurable properties such as the transition path) depends on the applied force. I will describe physical models used to answer this question and compare them with experimental measurements, which employ single-molecule force spectroscopy and which become increasingly common. Multidimensionality of the underlying molecular energy landscapes and the ensuing frequent misalignment between chemical and mechanical coordinates result in a number of distinct scenarios, each showing a nontrivial force dependence of the reaction rate. I will discuss these scenarios, their commonness (or its lack), and the prospects for their experimental validation. Finally, I will discuss open issues in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii E Makarov
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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185
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Stauch T, Dreuw A. Advances in Quantum Mechanochemistry: Electronic Structure Methods and Force Analysis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14137-14180. [PMID: 27767298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In quantum mechanochemistry, quantum chemical methods are used to describe molecules under the influence of an external force. The calculation of geometries, energies, transition states, reaction rates, and spectroscopic properties of molecules on the force-modified potential energy surfaces is the key to gain an in-depth understanding of mechanochemical processes at the molecular level. In this review, we present recent advances in the field of quantum mechanochemistry and introduce the quantum chemical methods used to calculate the properties of molecules under an external force. We place special emphasis on quantum chemical force analysis tools, which can be used to identify the mechanochemically relevant degrees of freedom in a deformed molecule, and spotlight selected applications of quantum mechanochemical methods to point out their synergistic relationship with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stauch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing , Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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186
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Araujo JV, Rifaie-Graham O, Apebende EA, Bruns N. Self-reporting Polymeric Materials with Mechanochromic Properties. BIO-INSPIRED POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782626664-00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical transduction of force onto molecules is an essential feature of many biological processes that results in the senses of touch and hearing, gives important cues for cellular interactions and can lead to optically detectable signals, such as a change in colour, fluorescence or chemoluminescence. Polymeric materials that are able to visually indicate deformation, stress, strain or the occurrence of microdamage draw inspiration from these biological events. The field of self-reporting (or self-assessing) materials is reviewed. First, mechanochromic events in nature are discussed, such as the formation of bruises on skin, the bleeding of a wound, or marine glow caused by dinoflagellates. Then, materials based on force-responsive mechanophores, such as spiropyrans, cyclobutanes, cyclooctanes, Diels–Alder adducts, diarylbibenzofuranone and bis(adamantyl)-1,2-dioxetane are reviewed, followed by mechanochromic blends, chromophores stabilised by hydrogen bonds, and pressure sensors based on ionic interactions between fluorescent dyes and polyelectrolyte brushes. Mechanobiochemistry is introduced as an important tool to create self-reporting hybrid materials that combine polymers with the force-responsive properties of fluorescent proteins, protein FRET pairs, and other biomacromolecules. Finally, dye-filled microcapsules, microvascular networks, and hollow fibres are demonstrated to be important technologies to create damage-indicating coatings, self-reporting fibre-reinforced composites and self-healing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V. Araujo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Omar Rifaie-Graham
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Edward A. Apebende
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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187
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Robb MJ, Kim TA, Halmes AJ, White SR, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Regioisomer-Specific Mechanochromism of Naphthopyran in Polymeric Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:12328-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Robb
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tae Ann Kim
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Abigail J. Halmes
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott R. White
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, and ∥Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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188
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Li M, Zhang Q, Zhu S. Photo-inactive divinyl spiropyran mechanophore cross-linker for real-time stress sensing. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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189
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Sagara Y, Simon YC, Tamaoki N, Weder C. A mechano- and thermoresponsive luminescent cyclophane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5694-7. [PMID: 27040453 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01614f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The first fluorescent cyclophane with mechano- and thermoresponsive solid-state fluorescence characteristics is reported. The new cyclophane comprises two 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene moieties that are bridged by tetraethylene glycol spacers. The stimuli-responsiveness is based on molecular assembly changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan. and Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Yoan C Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. and School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, the University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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190
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Wang J, Kouznetsova TB, Craig SL. Single-Molecule Observation of a Mechanically Activated Cis-to-Trans Cyclopropane Isomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10410-2. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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191
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Kosuge T, Imato K, Goseki R, Otsuka H. Polymer–Inorganic Composites with Dynamic Covalent Mechanochromophore. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kosuge
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Keiichi Imato
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials and ‡Department of
Chemical Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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192
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Li Z, Toivola R, Ding F, Yang J, Lai PN, Howie T, Georgeson G, Jang SH, Li X, Flinn BD, Jen AKY. Highly Sensitive Built-In Strain Sensors for Polymer Composites: Fluorescence Turn-On Response through Mechanochemical Activation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6592-6597. [PMID: 27184010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new class of rationally designed mechanophores is developed for highly sensitive built-in strain sensors in polymer composites. These mechanophores are designed to regenerate the π-conjugation pathway between the electron donor and electron acceptor by force-induced cleavage of the covalent bond to form a fluorescent dipolar dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong'an Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ryan Toivola
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Feizhi Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Po-Ni Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tucker Howie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Sei-Hum Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Brian D Flinn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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193
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Doan H, Raut SL, Yale D, Balaz M, Dzyuba SV, Gryczynski Z. Mechanothermally induced conformational switch of a porphyrin dimer in a polymer film. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:9510-3. [PMID: 27294828 PMCID: PMC6167131 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04306b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stretching a polymer film induces a conformational change (from the twisted to planar state) in the embedded porphyrin dimer, as evidenced by steady-state and time-resolved emission spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Doan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Sangram L Raut
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - David Yale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Milan Balaz
- Underwood International College, Integrated Science & Engineering Division, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sergei V Dzyuba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
| | - Zygmunt Gryczynski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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194
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Li J, Hu B, Yang K, Zhao B, Moore JS. Effect of Polymer Grafting Density on Mechanophore Activation at Heterointerfaces. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:819-822. [PMID: 35614770 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles grafted with poly(methyl acrylate) chains whose anchor points are maleimide-anthracene cycloadducts were prepared at various grafting densities to demonstrate fundamental characteristics of mechanophore activation at heterointerfaces. The monotonically decreasing correlation between polymer grafting density and surface-bound maleimide-anthracene mechanophore activation was quantitatively elucidated and discussed. Presumably as a result of polymer-polymer interactions, polymer grafting density plays a significant role in heterogeneous mechanophore activation. The findings are a valuable guide in the design of efficient force-sensitive, damage-reporting polymer composites, where damage is often localized to the interface between the matrix and the reinforcing phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Beckman
Institute Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bin Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ke Yang
- Beckman
Institute Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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195
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CO2-Breathing Induced Reversible Activation of Mechanophore within Microgels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:957-62. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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196
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A highly stretchable autonomous self-healing elastomer. Nat Chem 2016; 8:618-24. [PMID: 27219708 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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197
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De Bruycker K, Billiet S, Houck HA, Chattopadhyay S, Winne JM, Du Prez FE. Triazolinediones as Highly Enabling Synthetic Tools. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3919-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin De Bruycker
- Department of Organic and
Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group and Laboratory
for Organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Billiet
- Department of Organic and
Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group and Laboratory
for Organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannes A. Houck
- Department of Organic and
Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group and Laboratory
for Organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Subrata Chattopadhyay
- Department of Organic and
Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group and Laboratory
for Organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan M. Winne
- Department of Organic and
Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group and Laboratory
for Organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Department of Organic and
Macromolecular Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group and Laboratory
for Organic Synthesis, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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198
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Schaefer M, Icli B, Weder C, Lattuada M, Kilbinger AFM, Simon YC. The Role of Mass and Length in the Sonochemistry of Polymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Burcak Icli
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
University of Fribourg, Chemin des
Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
University of Fribourg, Chemin des
Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
University of Fribourg, Chemin des
Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute
University of Fribourg, Chemin des
Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- School of Polymers
and High Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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199
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May PA, Munaretto NF, Hamoy MB, Robb MJ, Moore JS. Is Molecular Weight or Degree of Polymerization a Better Descriptor of Ultrasound-Induced Mechanochemical Transduction? ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:177-180. [PMID: 35614695 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the fundamental processes that govern mechanical transduction in covalent polymer mechanochemistry is essential to advance innovation in this field. In contrast to progress in the development of new mechanophores, the influence of polymer structure and composition on mechanochemical activity has received relatively little attention. In order to address this gap in knowledge, a continuous flow system with synchronous UV-vis absorption capabilities was designed to quantify the ultrasound-induced mechanical activation of a spiropyran mechanophore in real-time. Measurements of reaction kinetics with polymer tethers of varying repeating unit structure demonstrate that degree of polymerization is the key descriptor of mechanochemical activity, independent of molecular weight and pendant group constitution. These results have important implications for the rationalization of mechanochemical properties and the design of new mechanochemically active polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston A. May
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nicholas F. Munaretto
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael B. Hamoy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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200
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Sagara Y, Lavrenova A, Crochet A, Simon YC, Fromm KM, Weder C. A Thermo- and Mechanoresponsive Cyano-Substituted Oligo(p-
phenylene vinylene) Derivative with Five Emissive States. Chemistry 2016; 22:4374-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Anna Lavrenova
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Crochet
- Department of Chemistry & Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials FriMat; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 9 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Yoan C. Simon
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Katharina M. Fromm
- Department of Chemistry & Fribourg Center for Nanomaterials FriMat; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 9 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute; University of Fribourg; Chemin des Verdiers 4 Fribourg 1700 Switzerland
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