151
|
Choi Y, Vay SA, Vadrevu KP, Soja AJ, Woo JH, Nolf SR, Sachse GW, Diskin GS, Blake DR, Blake NJ, Singh HB, Avery MA, Fried A, Pfister L, Fuelberg HE. Characteristics of the atmospheric CO2signal as observed over the conterminous United States during INTEX-NA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
152
|
Reddy R, Gopal KR, Narasimhulu K, Reddy LSS, Kumar KR, Ahammed YN, Rao T, Azeem PA. Diurnal and seasonal variabilities in surface ozone and its precursor gases at a semi‐arid site Anantapur (14.62°N, 77.65°E, 331 m asl) in India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00207230701844379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
153
|
Li S, Matthews J, Sinha A. Atmospheric Hydroxyl Radical Production from Electronically Excited NO2 and H2O. Science 2008; 319:1657-60. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1151443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
154
|
Thornton JA, Jaeglé L, McNeill VF. Assessing known pathways for HO2loss in aqueous atmospheric aerosols: Regional and global impacts on tropospheric oxidants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Lyatt Jaeglé
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Hellebrand HJ, Schade GW. Carbon monoxide from composting due to thermal oxidation of biomass. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2008; 37:592-598. [PMID: 18396545 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2006.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) were observed from decomposing organic wastes and litter under laboratory, pilot composting plant, and natural conditions. Field studies included air from inside a compost heap of about 200 m3, emissions from composting of livestock wastes at a biologically operating farm, and leaf litter pile air samples. The concentration of CO was up to 120 micromol mol(-1) in the compost piles of green waste, and up to 10 micromol mol(-1) in flux chambers above livestock waste windrow composts. The mean CO flux rates were approximately 20 mg CO m(-2) h(-1) for compost heaps of green waste, and varied from 30 to 100 mg CO m(-2) h(-1) for fresh dung windrows. Laboratory studies using a temperature and ventilation-controlled substrate container were performed to elucidate the origin of CO, and included hay samples of fixed moisture content at temperatures between 5 and 65 degrees C, including nonsterilized as well as sterilized samples. The concentration of CO was up to 160 micromol mol(-1) in these experiments, and Arrhenius-type plot analyses resulted in activation energies of 65 kJ mol(-1) for thermochemically produced CO from the nonsterilized compost substrate. Sterilized samples showed dramatically reduced CO2 but virtually unchanged CO emissions, albeit at a slightly lower activation energy, likely a result of the high-temperature sterilization. Though globally and regionally these CO emissions are only a minor source, thermochemically produced CO emissions might affect local air quality in and near composting facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Hellebrand
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, Potsdam, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Lin W, Zhu T, Song Y, Zou H, Tang M, Tang X, Hu J. Photolysis of surface O3and production potential of OH radicals in the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
157
|
The Study of Dynamically Averaged Vibrational Spectroscopy of Atmospherically Relevant Clusters Using Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics in Conjunction with Quantum Wavepackets. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3276(07)00216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
158
|
Ito A, Sudo K, Akimoto H, Sillman S, Penner JE. Global modeling analysis of tropospheric ozone and its radiative forcing from biomass burning emissions in the twentieth century. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
159
|
Luo M, Rinsland C, Fisher B, Sachse G, Diskin G, Logan J, Worden H, Kulawik S, Osterman G, Eldering A, Herman R, Shephard M. TES carbon monoxide validation with DACOM aircraft measurements during INTEX-B 2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
160
|
Bian H, Chin M, Kawa SR, Duncan B, Arellano A, Kasibhatla P. Sensitivity of global CO simulations to uncertainties in biomass burning sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
161
|
Li D, Wang X, Mo J, Sheng G, Fu J. Soil nitric oxide emissions from two subtropical humid forests in south China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
162
|
Duncan BN, Logan JA, Bey I, Megretskaia IA, Yantosca RM, Novelli PC, Jones NB, Rinsland CP. Global budget of CO, 1988–1997: Source estimates and validation with a global model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
163
|
Rastigejev Y, Brenner MP, Jacob DJ. Spatial reduction algorithm for atmospheric chemical transport models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13875-80. [PMID: 17715302 PMCID: PMC1955770 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705649104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerical modeling of global atmospheric chemical dynamics presents an enormous challenge, associated with simulating hundreds of chemical species with time scales varying from milliseconds to years. Here we present an algorithm that provides a significant reduction in computational cost. Because most of the fast reactants and their quickly decomposing reaction products are localized near emission sources, we use a series of reduced chemical models of decreasing complexity with increasing distance from the source. The algorithm diagnoses the chemical dynamics on-the-run, locally and separately for every species according to its characteristic reaction time. Unlike conventional time-scale separation methods, the spatial reduction algorithm speeds up not only the chemical solver but also advection-diffusion integration. Through several examples we demonstrate that the algorithm can reduce computational cost by at least an order of magnitude for typical atmospheric chemical kinetic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Rastigejev
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - M. P. Brenner
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - D. J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Fairlie TD, Avery MA, Pierce RB, Al-Saadi J, Dibb J, Sachse G. Impact of multiscale dynamical processes and mixing on the chemical composition of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment–North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
165
|
Hopkins WS, Loock HP, Cronin B, Nix MGD, Devine AL, Dixon RN, Ashfold MNR. State-selective photodissociation dynamics of formaldehyde: Near threshold studies of the H+HCO product channel. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:064301. [PMID: 17705590 DOI: 10.1063/1.2752160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The laser-induced photodissociation of formaldehyde in the wavelength range 309<lambda<330 nm has been investigated using H (Rydberg) atom photofragment translational spectroscopy. Photolysis wavelengths corresponding to specific rovibronic transitions in the A (1)A2<--X (1)A1 2(0)(1)4(0)(3), 2(0)(2)4(0)(1), 2(0)(2)4(0)(3), 2(0)(3)4(0)(1), and 2(0)(1)5(0)(1) bands of H(2)CO were studied. The total kinetic energy release spectra so derived can be used to determine partial rotational state population distributions of the HCO cofragment. HCO product state distributions have been derived following the population of various different N(Ka) levels in the A (1)A2 2(2)4(3) and 2(3)4(1) states. Two distinct spectral signatures are identified, suggesting competition between dissociation pathways involving the X (1)A1 and the a (3)A2 potential energy surfaces. Most rovibrational states of H(2)CO(A 1A(2)) investigated in this work produceH+HCO(X (2)A') photofragments with a broad kinetic energy distribution and significant population in high energy rotational states of HCO. Photodissociation via the A (1)A2 2(2)4(3) 1(1,1) (and 1(1,0)) rovibronic states yields predominantly HCO fragments with low internal energy, a signature that these rovibronic levels are perturbed by the a (3)A2 state. The results also suggest the need for further careful measurements of the H+HCO quantum yield from H(2)CO photolysis at energies approaching, and above, the barrier to C-H bond fission on the a (3)A2 potential energy surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Warner J, Comer MM, Barnet CD, McMillan WW, Wolf W, Maddy E, Sachse G. A comparison of satellite tropospheric carbon monoxide measurements from AIRS and MOPITT during INTEX-A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
167
|
Neu JL, Prather MJ, Penner JE. Global atmospheric chemistry: Integrating over fractional cloud cover. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
168
|
Snow JA, Heikes BG, Shen H, O'Sullivan DW, Fried A, Walega J. Hydrogen peroxide, methyl hydroperoxide, and formaldehyde over North America and the North Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
169
|
Zhou X, Huang G, Civerolo K, Roychowdhury U, Demerjian KL. Summertime observations of HONO, HCHO, and O3at the summit of Whiteface Mountain, New York. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
170
|
Turquety S, Logan JA, Jacob DJ, Hudman RC, Leung FY, Heald CL, Yantosca RM, Wu S, Emmons LK, Edwards DP, Sachse GW. Inventory of boreal fire emissions for North America in 2004: Importance of peat burning and pyroconvective injection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
171
|
Tyler SC, Rice AL, Ajie HO. Stable isotope ratios in atmospheric CH4: Implications for seasonal sources and sinks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
172
|
Niki H, Maker PD. Atmospheric Reactions Involving Hydrocarbons: Long Path-FTIR Studies. ADVANCES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470133453.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
173
|
Watts JD, Francisco JS. Ground and electronically excited states of methyl hydroperoxide: Comparison with hydrogen peroxide. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:104301. [PMID: 16999520 DOI: 10.1063/1.2338039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Equilibrium geometries of the ground states of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and methyl hydroperoxide (CH(3)OOH) have been obtained using quadratic configuration interaction methods with correlation-consistent basis sets. These results are compared with experiments and prior calculations. The dipole moments of the ground states of these two molecules have been calculated. The results illustrate the sensitivity of this quantity to molecular geometry. Several excited states of H(2)O(2) and CH(3)OOH were calculated using the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles-and-doubles method. Aside from vertical excitation energies, excited state energies along the O-O, O-H, and C-O dissociation pathways were calculated. The results are expected to be of assistance in resolving discrepancies in the experimental interpretation of the UV absorption spectrum and photodissociation of CH(3)OOH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Watts
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
|
175
|
Olson JR, Crawford JH, Chen G, Brune WH, Faloona IC, Tan D, Harder H, Martinez M. A reevaluation of airborne HOxobservations from NASA field campaigns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Olson
- Atmospheric Sciences Division, Langley Research Center; NASA; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - James H. Crawford
- Atmospheric Sciences Division, Langley Research Center; NASA; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - Gao Chen
- Atmospheric Sciences Division, Langley Research Center; NASA; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Ian C. Faloona
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources; University of California; Davis California USA
| | - David Tan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Zhang J, Donahue NM. Constraining the Mechanism and Kinetics of OH + NO2 and HO2 + NO Using the Multiple-Well Master Equation. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:6898-911. [PMID: 16722705 DOI: 10.1021/jp0556512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several recent experimental studies have provided substantial new constraints for the mechanisms on the HNO3 potential energy surface. These include observations of biexponential OH decay over short time scales from OH + NO2, which constrain key properties of the short-lived HOONO intermediate, observations of both conformers of the HOONO intermediate itself, isotopic scrambling data for 18OH + NO2, and observations of HONO2 production from the HO2 + NO reaction. We combine all of these recent data in a master-equation simulation of the system. This simulation is initialized with computational values for both stable species (wells) and transition states, but parameters are then adjusted to fit the observations. All parameters are kept within limits defined by experimental and theoretical uncertainty, and all converge away from their bounds. The primary fitting is carried out on the OH kinetic data-we first fit the biexponential kinetics, then address the isotopic scrambling. Isotopic scrambling is shown to be rapid but not complete at low pressure, while at least two parameter sets are shown to be consistent with the biexponential data. Of these two parameter sets, one is far more consistent with recent observations of trans-HOONO decay, isotopic scrambling, and HONO2 production from HO2 + NO. This we regard as the most probable potential energy surface for the reaction. On this PES, cis-trans isomerization for HOONO is slow but isomerization of trans-HOONO to HONO2 is rapid. This has significant implications for observed HOONO behavior and also HONO2 formation in the atmosphere from both HO2 + NO and OH + NO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Doherty Hall 1107, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
177
|
Edwards DP, Emmons LK, Gille JC, Chu A, Attié JL, Giglio L, Wood SW, Haywood J, Deeter MN, Massie ST, Ziskin DC, Drummond JR. Satellite-observed pollution from Southern Hemisphere biomass burning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
178
|
Hurst DF, Lin JC, Romashkin PA, Daube BC, Gerbig C, Matross DM, Wofsy SC, Hall BD, Elkins JW. Continuing global significance of emissions of Montreal Protocol–restricted halocarbons in the United States and Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
179
|
Koike M, Jones NB, Palmer PI, Matsui H, Zhao Y, Kondo Y, Matsumi Y, Tanimoto H. Seasonal variation of carbon monoxide in northern Japan: Fourier transform IR measurements and source-labeled model calculations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
180
|
Green TJ, Reeves CE, Fleming ZL, Brough N, Rickard AR, Bandy BJ, Monks PS, Penkett SA. An improved dual channel PERCA instrument for atmospheric measurements of peroxy radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:530-6. [PMID: 16688354 DOI: 10.1039/b514630e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a new dual-channel PEroxy RadiCal Amplification (PERCA) instrument, which has been designed to improve the time resolution and signal to noise and to reduce the interference caused by variations in ambient ozone concentrations. The instrument was run at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO), North Norfolk, during WAOWEX (Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory Winter Experiment) in January/February 2002 and INSPECTRO (Influence of clouds on the spectral actinic flux in the lower troposphere) in September 2002. The performance of the instrument is assessed and compared to that of a single channel instrument. In particular, it is shown how the precision is greatly improved in fluctuating background ozone conditions. In addition the improved time response of the instrument allows changes in peroxy radical concentrations to be related to rapid changes in nitric oxide concentrations and the ozone photolysis frequency, j(O(1)D).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- School of Environmental Science, University of East Anglia, University Plain, Norwich, UKNR4 7TJ
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
181
|
Co DT, Hanisco TF, Anderson JG, Keutsch FN. Rotationally Resolved Absorption Cross Sections of Formaldehyde in the 28100−28500 cm-1 (351−356 nm) Spectral Region: Implications for in Situ LIF Measurements. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:10675-82. [PMID: 16863116 DOI: 10.1021/jp053466i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rotationally resolved ultraviolet absorption cross sections for the 2(0)(0)4(1)(0) vibrational band of the A(1)A(2)-X(1)A(1) electronic transition of formaldehyde (HCHO) at an apodized resolution of 0.027 cm(-1) (approximately 0.0003 nm at 352 nm) over the spectral range 28100-28500 cm(-1) (351-356 nm) at 298 and 220 K, using Fourier transform spectroscopy, are first reported here. Accurate rotationally resolved cross sections are important for the development of in situ HCHO laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) instruments and for atmospheric monitoring. Pressure dependence of the cross sections between 75 and 400 Torr at 298 K was explored, and an average pressure broadening coefficient in dry air of 1.8 x 10(-4) cm(-1) Torr(-1) for several isolated lines is reported. Gaseous HCHO was quantitatively introduced into a flow cell by evaporating micron-sized droplets of HCHO solution, using a novel microinjector technique. The condensed-phase concentrations of HCHO were determined by iodometric titrations to an accuracy of <1%. Accuracy of the measured absorption cross sections is estimated to be better than +/-5%. Integrated and differential cross sections over the entire band at low resolution (approximately 1 cm(-1)) obtained with our calibration technique are in excellent agreement with previous measurements. A maximum differential cross section of 5.7 x 10(-19) cm(2) molecule(-1) was observed at high resolution-almost an order of magnitude greater than any previously reported data at low resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dick T Co
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Iyengar SS. Dynamical effects on vibrational and electronic spectra of hydroperoxyl radical water clusters. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:084310. [PMID: 16164294 DOI: 10.1063/1.2006674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have carried out ab initio molecular-dynamics studies on hydroperoxyl water clusters. Our studies are complemented by optimization, frequency, and excited-state calculations. The three main results we obtained are (a) the dynamically averaged energy gap between the highest-occupied molecular orbital and the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital monotonically decreases as the number of water molecules is increased in a hydroperoxyl water cluster system, (b) the dynamical averaging of the potential-energy surface at finite temperature broadens the electronic excitation spectrum and changes the infrared spectrum in nontrivial ways, and (c) the structural analysis of our dynamics simulation indicates that the oxygen-oxygen distance in a solvated hydroperoxyl-water cluster is very similar to that found in protonated water clusters (Zundel: H5O2+) inspite of the fact that the latter possesses a positive charge and the hydroperoxyl-water cluster does not. Dynamical charge analysis and the weak acidity of HO2 are used to justify this result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan S Iyengar
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Yi-Min L, Qiao S, Hai-Yang L, Mao-Fa G, Dian-Xun W. Characterization and Activity of CH3OOH and CH3CH2OOH Study on a Photoelectron Spectroscopy. CHINESE J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200590993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
184
|
Matthews J, Sinha A, Francisco JS. The importance of weak absorption features in promoting tropospheric radical production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:7449-52. [PMID: 15890778 PMCID: PMC1103708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502687102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric field measurement and modeling studies have long noted discrepancies between observation and predictions of OH and HO(2) concentrations in the atmosphere. Novel photochemical mechanisms have been proposed to explain these differences. Although inclusion of these additional sources improves agreement, they are unable to fully account for the observations. We report and demonstrate the importance of weak electronic absorption features, normally ignored or not measured, in contributing to significant OH radical production. Experiments on methyl hydroperoxide, a prototypical organic peroxide in large abundance in the troposphere, highlights how photochemistry in the neglected electronic absorption tail makes an important addition to the tropospheric OH budget. The present results underscore the need to measure absorption cross sections for atmospheric molecules over a wider dynamic range, especially over the wavelength regions where the solar flux is high, to fully quantitate their contributions to atmospheric photochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Matthews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 93093-0314, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Chen G. An investigation of the chemistry of ship emission plumes during ITCT 2002. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
186
|
Thornton J. Measurements of HO2uptake to aqueous aerosol: Mass accommodation coefficients and net reactive loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
187
|
Pope FD, Smith CA, Davis PR, Shallcross DE, Ashfold MNR, Orr-Ewing AJ. Photochemistry of formaldehyde under tropospheric conditions. Faraday Discuss 2005; 130:59-72; discussion 125-51, 519-24. [PMID: 16161778 DOI: 10.1039/b419227c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report new results on the absorption cross sections and photochemical quantum yields for radical (H + HCO) production from formaldehyde in the wavelength interval from 308-320 nm, obtained at resolutions of better than 0.1 nm. The absorption cross sections, measured at resolutions close to the limit for Doppler broadening of HCHO, show rotationally resolved fine structure, with maximum values higher than those obtained in previous, lower resolution, studies. In this wavelength region, absorption cross sections peak at 2.3 x 10(-19) cm2 molecule(-1), but band-integrated values are in excellent accord with previous measurements. HCO absorption coefficients, measured by cavity ring-down spectroscopy following UV photolysis of HCHO at wavelengths across the 2(0)(1)5(0)(1), 2(0)(2)4(0)(3) and 2(0)(3)4(0)(1) bands of the A1A2-X1A1 transition, generally mimic the parent absorption band profiles. Division of these absorption coefficients by the high resolution parent absorption cross sections gives relative quantum yields for the H + HCO radical product channel that can be put on an absolute scale using single-wavelength literature values. These quantum yields are observed to show some variation with parent excitation wavelength (and thus with excited vibronic level). Addition of 200 Torr of N2 increases the HCO quantum yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis D Pope
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, UK, BS8 1TS
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
Kondo Y, Nakamura K, Chen G, Takegawa N, Koike M, Miyazaki Y, Kita K, Crawford J, Ko M, Blake DR, Kawakami S, Shirai T, Liley B, Wang Y, Ogawa T. Photochemistry of ozone over the western Pacific from winter to spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kondo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Nakamura
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - G. Chen
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - N. Takegawa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - M. Koike
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Miyazaki
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Kita
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science; Ibaraki University; Mito Japan
| | - J. Crawford
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - M. Ko
- NASA Langley Research Center; Hampton Virginia USA
| | - D. R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - S. Kawakami
- Earth Observation Research and Application Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Shirai
- Earth Observation Research and Application Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo Japan
| | - B. Liley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research; Lauder New Zealand
| | - Y. Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - T. Ogawa
- Earth Observation Research and Application Center; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Niu J, Deeter MN, Gille JC, Edwards DP, Ziskin DC, Francis GL, Hills AJ, Smith MW. Carbon monoxide total column retrievals by use of the measurements of pollution in the troposphere airborne test radiometer. APPLIED OPTICS 2004; 43:4685-4696. [PMID: 15352393 DOI: 10.1364/ao.43.004685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) Airborne Test Radiometer (MATR) uses gas correlation filter radiometry from high-altitude aircraft to measure tropospheric carbon monoxide. This radiometer is used in support of the ongoing validation campaign for the MOPITT instrument aboard the Earth Observation System Terra satellite. A recent study of MATR CO retrievals that used data from the autumn of 2001 in the western United States is presented. Retrievals of the CO total column were performed and compared to in situ sampling with less than 10% retrieval error. Effects that influence retrieval, such as instrument sensitivity, retrieval sensitivity, and the bias between observations and the radiative transfer model, are discussed. Comparisons of MATR and MOPITT retrievals show promising consistency. A preliminary interpretation of MATR results is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Niu
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307-3000, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Hatakeyama S, Takami A, Sakamaki F, Mukai H, Sugimoto N, Shimizu A, Bandow H. Aerial measurement of air pollutants and aerosols during 20-22 March 2001 over the East China Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akinori Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Fumio Sakamaki
- National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mukai
- National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Nobuo Sugimoto
- National Institute for Environmental Studies; Tsukuba Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Bandow
- College of Engineering; Osaka Prefecture University; Osaka Japan
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Shon ZH, Kim KH, Bower KN, Lee G, Kim J. Assessment of the photochemistry of OH and NO3 on Jeju Island during the Asian-dust-storm period in the spring of 2001. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 55:1127-1142. [PMID: 15050810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2002] [Revised: 07/22/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the influence of the long-range transport of dust particles and air pollutants on the photochemistry of OH and NO3 on Jeju Island, Korea (33.17 degrees N, 126.10 degrees E) during the Asian-dust-storm (ADS) period of April 2001. Three ADS events were observed during the periods of April 10-12, 13-14, and 25-26. Average concentration levels of daytime OH and nighttime NO3 on Jeju Island during the ADS period were estimated to be about 1x10(6) and 2x10(8) moleculescm(-3) ( approximately 9 pptv), respectively. OH levels during the ADS period were lower than those during the non-Asian-dust-storm (NADS) period by a factor of 1.5. This was likely to result from higher CO levels and the significant loading of dust particles, reducing the photolysis frequencies of ozone. Decreases in NO3 levels during the ADS period was likely to be determined mainly by the enhancement of the N2O5 heterogeneous reaction on dust aerosol surfaces. Averaged over 24 h, the reaction between HO2 and NO was the most important source of OH during the study period, followed by ozone photolysis, which contributed more than 95% of the total source. The reactions with CO, NO2, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) during the study period were major sinks for OH. The reaction of N2O5 on aerosol surfaces was a more important sink for nighttime NO3 during the ADS due to the significant loading of dust particles. The reaction of NO3 with NMHCs and the gas-phase reaction of N2O5 with water vapor were both significant loss mechanisms during the study period, especially during the NADS. However, dry deposition of these oxidized nitrogen species and a heterogeneous reaction of NO3 were of no importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zang-Ho Shon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busanjingu Gayadong San 24, Busan 614-714, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
Flowers BA, Szalay PG, Stanton JF, Kállay M, Gauss J, Császár AG. Benchmark Thermochemistry of the Hydroperoxyl Radical. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Attila G. Császár
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Eötvös University, H-1518 Budapest 112, P.O. Box 32, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Feng Y, Penner JE, Sillman S, Liu X. Effects of cloud overlap in photochemical models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Joyce E. Penner
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Sanford Sillman
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Edwards DP. Observations of carbon monoxide and aerosols from the Terra satellite: Northern Hemisphere variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
195
|
Olson JR. Testing fast photochemical theory during TRACE-P based on measurements of OH, HO2, and CH2O. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
196
|
Yurganov LN. A quantitative assessment of the 1998 carbon monoxide emission anomaly in the Northern Hemisphere based on total column and surface concentration measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
197
|
|
198
|
|
199
|
Wild O. Chemical transport model ozone simulations for spring 2001 over the western Pacific: Regional ozone production and its global impacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
200
|
Abstract
A chemistry model of the global troposphere is presented which focuses on the hydroxyl radical, OH. Global distributions of OH are calculated based on known chemical reaction pathways, experimentally measured values of precursor species O3, H2O, NOx (defined as NO+NO2), CO, CH4, and actinic flux (which includes the effects of cloud cover and O3 column absorption). Model grid resolution is 1 km in altitude by 10 degrees latitude, and zonally divided into land or ocean. Species are calculated as seasonal averages. Global annual mean OH in the troposphere (up to 14 km altitude) is calculated to be 9.2 x 10(5) molcm(-3) with averages of 9.8 x 10(5) in the northern hemisphere, and 8.5 x 10(5) in the southern hemisphere. Global CO and CH(4) oxidation rates by OH are calculated to be 1840 Tgyear(-1) and 580 Tgyear(-1), respectively. OH is found to be most sensitive to O3 and H2O concentrations, as well as to the photolysis rate of O3 to O1D. Sensitivity of CO and CH4 oxidation rates to cloud presence shows an inverse relationship to cloud amount and optical depth. Model results are shown to be consistent with results from two other published models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiren Bahm
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, SB2 Room 246, P.O. Box 751, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|