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Edwards DP, Davies RW, Massam MR. Ecology: A few species dominate forest tree abundance pan-tropically. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R251-R254. [PMID: 38531320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
An analysis of over 1 million old-growth tropical forest trees reveals that ∼2.2% of species comprise 50% of the individuals in Africa, Amazonia, and Southeast Asia, suggesting that the ecological mechanisms underpinning tree community assembly are ubiquitous across the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Edwards
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Robert W Davies
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mike R Massam
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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2
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Morton O, Nijman V, Edwards DP. Assessing and improving the veracity of international trade in captive-bred animals. J Environ Manage 2024; 354:120240. [PMID: 38340671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Captive breeding is often seen as a solution to sustainably increasing the supply of individuals in the wildlife trade. To be an effective conservation measure this requires robust systems to verify the authenticity of captive-bred species. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) monitors the international trade in Listed species-which for many taxa is dominated by captive-bred individuals-using the Review of Captive Trade (RCT) process. A key question is how best to identify laundered or inauthentic captive-bred trade and how has this changed over time and space. We develop targeted assessments based on multiple RCT criteria to identify probable instances of laundering and misuse of source and purpose codes in international trade records, and apply this to 39,167 records of captive trade from 2000 to 2020 spanning 53,674,762 individuals. We find a very low proportion of trade volume (1.8%, 37,835 individuals) misreported as originating from non-existent, registered Appendix I-breeding facilities, and low instances of exporter-reported captive trade being recorded by importers as wild-sourced (<4%) or ranched (1%). We also find that <2% of species-year-exporter records have abrupt shifts from wild to captive sources, potentially indicating laundering. Conversely, we find high incidences of exporter- and importer-reported trade differing in whether the trade was commercial or not - a phenomenon we attribute to differing definitions, not illegal activity. Our results indicate a low incidence of concerning international trade being reported, but we suggest this likely stems from reporting requirements that limit our assessments. We highlight additional trade data that, if embedded into Party's annual reports, would vastly improve inferential potential, greatly increasing the number of records (Appendix II and III species) that could be verified with minimal effort for management authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Morton
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK; Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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3
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Lim FKS, Carrasco LR, Edwards DP, McHardy J. Land-use change from market responses to oil palm intensification in Indonesia. Conserv Biol 2024; 38:e14149. [PMID: 37424370 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm is a major driver of tropical deforestation. A key intervention proposed to reduce the footprint of oil palm is intensifying production to free up spare land for nature, yet the indirect land-use implications of intensification through market forces are poorly understood. We used a spatially explicit land-rent modeling framework to characterize the supply and demand of oil palm in Indonesia under multiple yield improvement and demand elasticity scenarios and explored how shifts in market equilibria alter projections of crop expansion. Oil palm supply was sensitive to crop prices and yield improvements. Across all our scenarios, intensification raised agricultural rents and lowered the effectiveness of reductions in crop expansion. Increased yields lowered oil palm prices, but these price-drops were not sufficient to prevent further cropland expansion from increased agricultural rents under a range of price elasticities of demand. Crucially, we found that agricultural intensification might only result in land being spared when the demand relationship was highly inelastic and crop prices were very low (i.e., a 70% price reduction). Under this scenario, the extent of land spared (∼0.32 million ha) was countered by the continued establishment of new plantations (∼1.04 million ha). Oil palm intensification in Indonesia could exacerbate current pressures on its imperiled biodiversity and should be deployed with stronger spatial planning and enforcement to prevent further cropland expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix K S Lim
- Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Luis Roman Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David P Edwards
- Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jolian McHardy
- Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Economics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Sze JS, Childs DZ, Carrasco LR, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Garnett ST, Edwards DP. Indigenous Peoples' Lands are critical for safeguarding vertebrate diversity across the tropics. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e16981. [PMID: 37888836 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Indigenous Peoples are long-term custodians of their lands, but only recently are their contributions to conservation starting to be recognized in biodiversity policy and practice. Tropical forest loss and degradation are lower in Indigenous lands than unprotected areas, yet the role of Indigenous Peoples' Lands (IPL) in biodiversity conservation has not been properly assessed from regional to global scales. Using species distribution ranges of 11,872 tropical forest-dependent vertebrates to create area of habitat maps, we identified the overlap of these species ranges with IPL and then compared values inside and outside of IPL for species richness, extinction vulnerability, and range-size rarity. Of assessed vertebrates, at least 76.8% had range overlaps with IPL, on average overlapping ~25% of their ranges; at least 120 species were found only within IPL. Species richness within IPL was highest in South America, while IPL in Southeast Asia had highest extinction vulnerability, and IPL in Dominica and New Caledonia were important for range-size rarity. Most countries in the Americas had higher species richness within IPL than outside, whereas most countries in Asia had lower extinction vulnerability scores inside IPL and more countries in Africa and Asia had slightly higher range-size rarity in IPL. Our findings suggest that IPL provide critical support for tropical forest-dependent vertebrates, highlighting the need for greater inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in conservation target-setting and program implementation, and stronger upholding of Indigenous Peoples' rights in conservation policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne S Sze
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - L Roman Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology (BABVE-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen T Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Edwards DP. Convictions show scale of wildlife hunting in China. Nature 2023; 623:33-34. [PMID: 37880523 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
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Hughes LJ, Massam MR, Morton O, Edwards FA, Scheffers BR, Edwards DP. Global hotspots of traded phylogenetic and functional diversity. Nature 2023; 620:351-357. [PMID: 37495700 PMCID: PMC10412452 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife trade is a multibillion-dollar industry1 targeting a hyperdiversity of species2 and can contribute to major declines in abundance3. A key question is understanding the global hotspots of wildlife trade for phylogenetic (PD) and functional (FD) diversity, which underpin the conservation of evolutionary history4, ecological functions5 and ecosystem services benefiting humankind6. Using a global dataset of traded bird and mammal species, we identify that the highest levels of traded PD and FD are from tropical regions, where high numbers of evolutionary distinct and globally endangered species in trade occur. The standardized effect size (ses) of traded PD and FD also shows strong tropical epicentres, with additional hotspots of mammalian ses.PD in the eastern United States and ses.FD in Europe. Large-bodied, frugivorous and canopy-dwelling birds and large-bodied mammals are more likely to be traded whereas insectivorous birds and diurnally foraging mammals are less likely. Where trade drives localized extinctions3, our results suggest substantial losses of unique evolutionary lineages and functional traits, with possible cascading effects for communities and ecosystems5,7. Avoiding unsustainable exploitation and lost community integrity requires targeted conservation efforts, especially in hotspots of traded phylogenetic and functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Hughes
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mike R Massam
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Oscar Morton
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Felicity A Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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7
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Hughes A, Auliya M, Altherr S, Scheffers B, Janssen J, Nijman V, Shepherd CR, D'Cruze N, Sy E, Edwards DP. Determining the sustainability of legal wildlife trade. J Environ Manage 2023; 341:117987. [PMID: 37178541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploitation of wildlife represents one of the greatest threats to species survival according to the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Whilst detrimental impacts of illegal trade are well recognised, legal trade is often equated to being sustainable despite the lack of evidence or data in the majority of cases. We review the sustainability of wildlife trade, the adequacy of tools, safeguards, and frameworks to understand and regulate trade, and identify gaps in data that undermine our ability to truly understand the sustainability of trade. We provide 183 examples showing unsustainable trade in a broad range of taxonomic groups. In most cases, neither illegal nor legal trade are supported by rigorous evidence of sustainability, with the lack of data on export levels and population monitoring data precluding true assessments of species or population-level impacts. We propose a more precautionary approach to wildlife trade and monitoring that requires those who profit from trade to provide proof of sustainability. We then identify four core areas that must be strengthened to achieve this goal: (1) rigorous data collection and analyses of populations; (2) linking trade quotas to IUCN and international accords; (3) improved databases and compliance of trade; and (4) enhanced understanding of trade bans, market forces, and species substitutions. Enacting these core areas in regulatory frameworks, including CITES, is essential to the continued survival of many threatened species. There are no winners from unsustainable collection and trade: without sustainable management not only will species or populations become extinct, but communities dependent upon these species will lose livelihoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Mark Auliya
- Department of Herpetology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Brett Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jordi Janssen
- Monitor Conservation Research Society, PO BOX 200, Big Lake Ranch, BC, V0L 1G0, Canada
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Chris R Shepherd
- Monitor Conservation Research Society, PO BOX 200, Big Lake Ranch, BC, V0L 1G0, Canada
| | - Neil D'Cruze
- The Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney, UK; World Animal Protection, 222 Greys Inn Road, London, WC1X 8HB, UK
| | - Emerson Sy
- Philippine Center for Terrestrial & Aquatic Research, Manila, Philippines
| | - David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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8
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Morton O, Scheffers BR, Haugaasen T, Edwards DP. Association of reproductive traits with captive- versus wild-sourced birds in trade. Conserv Biol 2023:e14076. [PMID: 37144474 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The wildlife trade is a billion-dollar global business, involving millions of people, thousands of species, and hundreds of millions of individual organisms. Unravelling whether trade targets reproductively distinct species and whether this preference varies between captive and wild-sourced species is a crucial question. We use a comprehensive list of all bird species traded, and trade Listings and records under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), in combination with a suite of avian reproductive parameters, to ask whether wildlife trade associates with particular facets of life-history. Across all trade, CITES Listing, and CITES trade, we highlight that large birds are more likely to be traded and listed, but that longevity and age at maturity show no association with CITES Listing or trade. We then used the CITES trade database to examine the association between life-history traits and captive and wild-sourced traded volumes over time. We find species across almost the full range of trait values in both captive and wild trade between 2000 and 2020. Captive trade volumes clearly associated with relatively longer-lived and early-maturing species, with these associations remaining stable and largely unchanged over time. Trait-volume associations in wild-sourced trade were more uncertain; only body mass had a clear association which varied from negative to positive through time. While reproductive traits are important in captive-sourced trade, species-level variation dominates wildlife trade with even congeneric species varying greatly in volume despite similar traits. The collection and incorporation of trait data into sustainability assessments of captive breeding facilities is crucial to ensure accurate quotas and guard against laundering. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Morton
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Mora-Aguilar EF, Arriaga-Jiménez A, Correa CMA, da Silva PG, Korasaki V, López-Bedoya PA, Hernández MIM, Pablo-Cea JD, Salomão RP, Valencia G, Vulinec K, Edwards FA, Edwards DP, Halffter G, Noriega JA. Toward a standardized methodology for sampling dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) in the Neotropics: A critical review. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1096208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe standardization of sampling protocols is imperative for robustly studying any taxonomic group. Replicable methods allow the comparison of data between different spatial and temporal studies. In the case of dung beetles, one of the best-studied indicator groups in analyses of environmental disturbance, a wide range of collection methodologies are used, from basic pitfall traps to more complex or complementary methods such as mini-Winkler extractor. Also, different types of attractive baits, sampling effort, durations, and designs are used in dung beetle studies. Variations in methodological approaches are particularly noted in the Neotropics, which may be related to the vast number of biological strategies and behavior of dung beetles that inhabit this region. A lack of methodological unification for the Neotropical region makes a cross-sectional analysis of the information impossible.MethodsWe performed a compilation and analytical review of the existing literature for dung beetle sampling in the Neotropics, discussing the most used methodologies, their advantages and disadvantages, and specific cases in which particular models are more efficient.ResultsPitfall traps baited with human excrement are the most common sampling method, but there is a wide range of models and variations in the structure of this trap. The complementary effect generated by flight interception traps, light traps, and direct collections, particularly within microhabitats, is exciting for the potential of finding new species. Some methodologies, such as mini-Winkler extractor, fogging, or very specific baits, are infrequently used.DiscussionThere was a lack of inclusion of spatial and temporal variation among studies. Therefore, it is necessary to consider broader sampling windows, which include different spatial scales, seasons, and years. Finally, we propose a standard protocol for sampling dung beetles in the Neotropics, depending on each objective, and including a basic methodology for obtaining complete local inventories.
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Matos FAR, Edwards DP, S. Magnago LF, Heringer G, Viana Neri A, Buttschardt T, Dudeque Zenni R, Tavares de Menezes LF, Zamborlini Saiter F, Reynaud Schaefer CEG, Vieira Hissa Safar N, Pacheco Da Silva M, Simonelli M, Martins SV, Brancalion PHS, A. Meira-Neto JA. Invasive alien acacias rapidly stock carbon, but threaten biodiversity recovery in young second-growth forests. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210072. [PMID: 36373928 PMCID: PMC9661951 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the UN-Decade of Ecosystem Restoration and Bonn Challenge, second-growth forest is promoted as a global solution to climate change, degradation and associated losses of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Second growth is often invaded by alien tree species and understanding how this impacts carbon stock and biodiversity recovery is key for restoration planning. We assessed carbon stock and tree diversity recovery in second growth invaded by two Acacia species and non-invaded second growth, with associated edge effects, in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Carbon stock recovery in non-invaded forests was threefold lower than in invaded forests. Increasingly isolated, fragmented and deforested areas had low carbon stocks when non-invaded, whereas the opposite was true when invaded. Non-invaded forests recovered threefold to sixfold higher taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity than invaded forest. Higher species turnover and lower nestedness in non-invaded than invaded forests underpinned higher abundance of threatened and endemic species in non-invaded forest. Non-invaded forests presented positive relationships between carbon and biodiversity, whereas in the invaded forests we did not detect any relationship, indicating that more carbon does not equal more biodiversity in landscapes with high vulnerability to invasive acacias. To deliver on combined climate change and biodiversity goals, restoration planning and management must consider biological invasion risk. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A. R. Matos
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants (LEEP), Botany graduate program (PPGBot), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36.570-000, Brazil
- Federal University of Espírito Santo (CEUNES/DCAB), BR 101 Norte, Km 60 - Bairro Litorâneo, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, CEP: 29.932-900, Brazil
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Luiz Fernando S. Magnago
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CEP: 37.200-900, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Heringer
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants (LEEP), Botany graduate program (PPGBot), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36.570-000, Brazil
- Institute of Landscape Ecology—ILÖK, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreza Viana Neri
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants (LEEP), Botany graduate program (PPGBot), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36.570-000, Brazil
| | - Tillmann Buttschardt
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, campus Cariacica, Cariacica-ES, CEP: 29.150-410, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dudeque Zenni
- Institute of Landscape Ecology—ILÖK, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Luis Fernando Tavares de Menezes
- Federal University of Espírito Santo (CEUNES/DCAB), BR 101 Norte, Km 60 - Bairro Litorâneo, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, CEP: 29.932-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe Zamborlini Saiter
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA). Av. José Ruschi, Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, CEP: 29.650-000, Brazil
- Department of Soil Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36.570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Nathália Vieira Hissa Safar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Department of Plant Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36.570-900, Brazil
| | - Mônica Pacheco Da Silva
- Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Januária, MG, CEP: 39.480-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Simonelli
- Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, campus Vitória, Vitória - ES, CEP: 29.056-264, Brazil
| | - Sebastião V. Martins
- Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, CEP: 36.570-900 Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Santin Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, CEP: 13.418-900, Brazil
| | - João Augusto A. Meira-Neto
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants (LEEP), Botany graduate program (PPGBot), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, CEP: 36.570-000, Brazil
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11
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Mills SC, Socolar JB, Edwards FA, Parra E, Martínez-Revelo DE, Ochoa Quintero JM, Haugaasen T, Freckleton RP, Barlow J, Edwards DP. High sensitivity of tropical forest birds to deforestation at lower altitudes. Ecology 2023; 104:e3867. [PMID: 36082832 PMCID: PMC10078351 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Habitat conversion is a major driver of tropical biodiversity loss, but its effects are poorly understood in montane environments. While community-level responses to habitat loss display strong elevational dependencies, it is unclear whether these arise via elevational turnover in community composition and interspecific differences in sensitivity or elevational variation in environmental conditions and proximity to thermal thresholds. Here we assess the relative importance of inter- and intraspecific variation across the elevational gradient by quantifying how 243 forest-dependent bird species vary in sensitivity to landscape-scale forest loss across a 3000-m elevational gradient in the Colombian Andes. We find that species that live at lower elevations are strongly affected by loss of forest in the nearby landscape, while those at higher elevations appear relatively unperturbed, an effect that is independent of phylogeny. Conversely, we find limited evidence of intraspecific elevational gradients in sensitivity, with populations displaying similar sensitivities to forest loss, regardless of where they exist in a species' elevational range. Gradients in biodiversity response to habitat loss thus appear to arise via interspecific gradients in sensitivity rather than proximity to climatically limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Mills
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jacob B Socolar
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Felicity A Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edicson Parra
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jos Barlow
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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12
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Hughes LJ, Morton O, Scheffers BR, Edwards DP. The ecological drivers and consequences of wildlife trade. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 98:775-791. [PMID: 36572536 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife trade is a key driver of extinction risk, affecting at least 24% of terrestrial vertebrates. The persistent removal of species can have profound impacts on species extinction risk and selection within populations. We draw together the first review of characteristics known to drive species use - identifying species with larger body sizes, greater abundance, increased rarity or certain morphological traits valued by consumers as being particularly prevalent in trade. We then review the ecological implications of this trade-driven selection, revealing direct effects of trade on natural selection and populations for traded species, which includes selection against desirable traits. Additionally, there exists a positive feedback loop between rarity and trade and depleted populations tend to have easy human access points, which can result in species being harvested to extinction and has the potential to alter source-sink dynamics. Wider cascading ecosystem repercussions from trade-induced declines include altered seed dispersal networks, trophic cascades, long-term compositional changes in plant communities, altered forest carbon stocks, and the introduction of harmful invasive species. Because it occurs across multiple scales with diverse drivers, wildlife trade requires multi-faceted conservation actions to maintain biodiversity and ecological function, including regulatory and enforcement approaches, bottom-up and community-based interventions, captive breeding or wildlife farming, and conservation translocations and trophic rewilding. We highlight three emergent research themes at the intersection of trade and community ecology: (1) functional impacts of trade; (2) altered provisioning of ecosystem services; and (3) prevalence of trade-dispersed diseases. Outside of the primary objective that exploitation is sustainable for traded species, we must urgently incorporate consideration of the broader consequences for other species and ecosystem processes when quantifying sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. Hughes
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield South Yorks S10 2TN Sheffield UK
| | - Oscar Morton
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield South Yorks S10 2TN Sheffield UK
| | - Brett R. Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - David P. Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield South Yorks S10 2TN Sheffield UK
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13
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Sze JS, Childs DZ, Carrasco LR, Edwards DP. Indigenous lands in protected areas have high forest integrity across the tropics. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4949-4956.e3. [PMID: 36302386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intact tropical forests have a high conservation value.1 Although perceived as wild,2 they have been under long-term human influence.3 As global area-based conservation targets increase, the ecological contributions of Indigenous peoples through their governance institutions and practices4 are gaining mainstream interest. Indigenous lands-covering a quarter of Earth's surface5 and overlapping with a third of intact forests6-often have reduced deforestation, degradation, and carbon emissions, compared with non-protected areas and protected areas.7,8 A key question with implications for the design of more equitable and effective conservation policies is to understand the impacts of Indigenous lands on forest integrity and long-term use, as critical measures of ecosystem health included within the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.9 Using the forest landscape integrity index10 and Anthromes11 datasets, we find that high-integrity forests tend to be located within the overlap of protected areas and Indigenous lands (protected-Indigenous areas). After accounting for location biases through statistical matching and regression, protected-Indigenous areas had the highest protective effect on forest integrity and the lowest land-use intensity relative to Indigenous lands, protected areas, and non-protected controls pan-tropically. The protective effect of Indigenous lands on forest integrity was lower in Indigenous lands than in protected areas and non-protected areas in the Americas and Asia. The combined positive effects of state legislation and Indigenous presence in protected-Indigenous areas may contribute to maintaining tropical forest integrity. Understanding management and governance in protected-Indigenous areas can help states to appropriately support community-governed lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne S Sze
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - L Roman Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - David P Edwards
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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14
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Struebig MJ, Aninta SG, Beger M, Bani A, Barus H, Brace S, Davies ZG, Brauwer M, Diele K, Djakiman C, Djamaluddin R, Drinkwater R, Dumbrell A, Evans D, Fusi M, Herrera-Alsina L, Iskandar DT, Jompa J, Juliandi B, Lancaster LT, Limmon G, Lo MGY, Lupiyaningdyah P, McCannon M, Meijaard E, Mitchell SL, Mumbunan S, O'Connell D, Osborne OG, Papadopulos AST, Rahajoe JS, Rossiter SJ, Rustiami H, Salzmann U, Sudiana IM, Sukara E, Tasirin JS, Tjoa A, Travis JMJ, Trethowan L, Trianto A, Utteridge T, Voigt M, Winarni N, Zakaria Z, Edwards DP, Frantz L, Supriatna J. Safeguarding Imperiled Biodiversity and Evolutionary Processes in the Wallacea Center of Endemism. Bioscience 2022; 72:1118-1130. [PMID: 36325105 PMCID: PMC9618277 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wallacea-the meeting point between the Asian and Australian fauna-is one of the world's largest centers of endemism. Twenty-three million years of complex geological history have given rise to a living laboratory for the study of evolution and biodiversity, highly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures. In the present article, we review the historic and contemporary processes shaping Wallacea's biodiversity and explore ways to conserve its unique ecosystems. Although remoteness has spared many Wallacean islands from the severe overexploitation that characterizes many tropical regions, industrial-scale expansion of agriculture, mining, aquaculture and fisheries is damaging terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, denuding endemics from communities, and threatening a long-term legacy of impoverished human populations. An impending biodiversity catastrophe demands collaborative actions to improve community-based management, minimize environmental impacts, monitor threatened species, and reduce wildlife trade. Securing a positive future for Wallacea's imperiled ecosystems requires a fundamental shift away from managing marine and terrestrial realms independently.
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15
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Socolar JB, Mills SC, Haugaasen T, Gilroy JJ, Edwards DP. Biogeographic multi‐species occupancy models for large‐scale survey data. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9328. [PMID: 36203629 PMCID: PMC9526027 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecologists often seek to infer patterns of species occurrence or community structure from survey data. Hierarchical models, including multi‐species occupancy models (MSOMs), can improve inference by pooling information across multiple species via random effects. Originally developed for local‐scale survey data, MSOMs are increasingly applied to larger spatial scales that transcend major abiotic gradients and dispersal barriers. At biogeographic scales, the benefits of partial pooling in MSOMs trade off against the difficulty of incorporating sufficiently complex spatial effects to account for biogeographic variation in occupancy across multiple species simultaneously. We show how this challenge can be overcome by incorporating preexisting range information into MSOMs, yielding a “biogeographic multi‐species occupancy model” (bMSOM). We illustrate the bMSOM using two published datasets: Parulid warblers in the United States Breeding Bird Survey and entire avian communities in forests and pastures of Colombia's West Andes. Compared with traditional MSOMs, the bMSOM provides dramatically better predictive performance at lower computational cost. The bMSOM avoids severe spatial biases in predictions of the traditional MSOM and provides principled species‐specific inference even for never‐observed species. Incorporating preexisting range data enables principled partial pooling of information across species in large‐scale MSOMs. Our biogeographic framework for multi‐species modeling should be broadly applicable in hierarchical models that predict species occurrences, whether or not false absences are modeled in an occupancy framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B. Socolar
- Faculty of the Environment and Natural Resources Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Simon C. Mills
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Faculty of the Environment and Natural Resources Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - James J. Gilroy
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - David P. Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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16
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López‐Bedoya PA, Cardona‐Galvis EA, Urbina‐Cardona JN, Edwards FA, Edwards DP. Impacts of pastures and forestry plantations on herpetofauna: a global meta‐analysis. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A. López‐Bedoya
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecosistemas Tropicales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas Manizales Colombia
- Grupo de Ecología y Diversidad de Anfibios y Reptiles, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas Manizales Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación GEBIOME, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales Caldas Colombia
| | - Erika Alejandra Cardona‐Galvis
- Grupo de Ecología y Diversidad de Anfibios y Reptiles, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas Manizales Colombia
| | - J. Nicolás Urbina‐Cardona
- Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá Colombia
| | - Felicity A. Edwards
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street CB2 3QZ Cambridge UK
| | - David P. Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences University of Sheffield S10 2TN Sheffield UK
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17
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Borah JR, Gilroy JJ, Evans KL, Edwards DP. The value of shifting cultivation for biodiversity in Northeast India. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joli R. Borah
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - James J. Gilroy
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - Karl L. Evans
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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18
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Hughes EC, Edwards DP, Thomas GH. The homogenization of avian morphological and phylogenetic diversity under the global extinction crisis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3830-3837.e3. [PMID: 35868322 PMCID: PMC9616725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity is facing a global extinction crisis that will reduce ecological trait diversity, evolutionary history, and ultimately ecosystem functioning and services.1, 2, 3, 4 A key challenge is understanding how species losses will impact morphological and phylogenetic diversity at global scales.5,6 Here, we test whether the loss of species threatened with extinction according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) leads to morphological and phylogenetic homogenization7,8 across both the whole avian class and within each biome and ecoregion globally. We use a comprehensive set of continuous morphological traits extracted from museum collections of 8,455 bird species, including geometric morphometric beak shape data,9 and sequentially remove species from those at most to least threat of extinction. We find evidence of morphological, but not phylogenetic, homogenization across the avian class, with species becoming more alike in terms of their morphology. We find that most biome and ecoregions are expected to lose morphological diversity at a greater rate than predicted by species loss alone, with the most imperiled regions found in East Asia and the Himalayan uplands and foothills. Only a small proportion of assemblages are threatened with phylogenetic homogenization, in particular parts of Indochina. Species extinctions will lead to a major loss of avian ecological strategies, but not a comparable loss of phylogenetic diversity. As the decline of species with unique traits and their replacement with more widespread generalist species continues, the protection of assemblages at most risk of morphological and phylogenetic homogenization should be a key conservation priority. Predicted loss of birds will drive exceptional declines in morphological diversity Species extinctions lead to a major loss of ecological strategies and functions Most biomes and ecoregions will experience morphological homogenization Phylogenetic diversity tends to decline as expected as species go extinct
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Hughes
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring HP23 6AP, UK.
| | - David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring HP23 6AP, UK.
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19
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Bousfield CG, Massam MR, Peres CA, Edwards DP. Carbon payments can cost-effectively improve logging sustainability in the Amazon. J Environ Manage 2022; 314:115094. [PMID: 35468435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Selective logging is pervasive across the tropics and unsustainable logging depletes forest biodiversity and carbon stocks. Improving the sustainability of logging will be crucial for meeting climate targets. Carbon-based payment for ecosystem service schemes, including REDD+, give economic value to standing forests and can protect them from degradation, but only if the revenue from carbon payments is greater than the opportunity cost of forgone or reduced logging. We currently lack understanding of whether carbon payments are feasible for protecting Amazonian forests from logging, despite the Amazon holding the largest unexploited timber reserves and an expanding logging sector. Using financial data and inventories of >660,000 trees covering 52,000 ha of Brazilian forest concessions, we estimate the carbon price required to protect forests from logging. We estimate that a carbon price of $7.90 per tCO2 is sufficient to match the opportunity costs of all logging and fund protection of primary forest. Alternatively, improving the sustainability of logging operations by ensuring a greater proportion of trees are left uncut requires only slightly higher investments of $7.97-10.45 per tCO2. These prices fall well below the current compliance market rate and demonstrate a cost-effective opportunity to safeguard large tracts of the Amazon rainforest from further degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Bousfield
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Mike R Massam
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos A Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
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20
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Cannon PG, Edwards DP, Freckleton RP. Asking the right questions in explaining tropical diversity: response to Cannon and Lerdau. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:394. [PMID: 35307208 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick George Cannon
- School of Biosciences, Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - David P Edwards
- School of Biosciences, Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- School of Biosciences, Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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21
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Montejo‐Kovacevich G, Marsh CJ, Smith SH, Peres CA, Edwards DP. Riparian reserves protect butterfly communities in selectively logged tropical forest. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles J. Marsh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven CT USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change Yale University New Haven CT USA
| | - Sophie H. Smith
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Carlos A. Peres
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - David P. Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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22
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Finlayson C, Roopsind A, Griscom BW, Edwards DP, Freckleton RP. Removing climbers more than doubles tree growth and biomass in degraded tropical forests. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8758. [PMID: 35356565 PMCID: PMC8948070 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Huge areas of tropical forests are degraded, reducing their biodiversity, carbon, and timber value. The recovery of these degraded forests can be significantly inhibited by climbing plants such as lianas. Removal of super‐abundant climbers thus represents a restoration action with huge potential for application across the tropics. While experimental studies largely report positive impacts of climber removal on tree growth and biomass accumulation, the efficacy of climber removal varies widely, with high uncertainty as to where and how to apply the technique. Using meta‐analytic techniques, we synthesize results from 26 studies to quantify the efficacy of climber removal for promoting tree growth and biomass accumulation. We find that climber removal increases tree growth by 156% and biomass accumulation by 209% compared to untreated forest, and that efficacy remains for at least 19 years. Extrapolating from these results, climber removal could sequester an additional 32 Gigatons of CO2 over 10 years, at low cost, across regrowth, and production forests. Our analysis also revealed that climber removal studies are concentrated in the Neotropics (N = 22), relative to Africa (N = 2) and Asia (N = 2), preventing our study from assessing the influence of region on removal efficacy. While we found some evidence that enhancement of tree growth and AGB accumulation varies across disturbance context and removal method, but not across climate, the number and geographical distribution of studies limits the strength of these conclusions. Climber removal could contribute significantly to reducing global carbon emissions and enhancing the timber and biomass stocks of degraded forests, ultimately protecting them from conversion. However, we urgently need to assess the efficacy of removal outside the Neotropics, and consider the potential negative consequences of climber removal under drought conditions and for biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Finlayson
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Anand Roopsind
- Center for Natural Climate Solutions Conservation International Arlington Virginia USA
| | - Bronson W. Griscom
- Center for Natural Climate Solutions Conservation International Arlington Virginia USA
| | - David P. Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Robert P. Freckleton
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biosciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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23
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Hua F, Bruijnzeel LA, Meli P, Martin PA, Zhang J, Nakagawa S, Miao X, Wang W, McEvoy C, Peña-Arancibia JL, Brancalion PHS, Smith P, Edwards DP, Balmford A. The biodiversity and ecosystem service contributions and trade-offs of forest restoration approaches. Science 2022; 376:839-844. [PMID: 35298279 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Forest restoration is being scaled-up globally to deliver critical ecosystem services and biodiversity benefits, yet we lack rigorous comparison of co-benefit delivery across different restoration approaches. In a global synthesis, we use 25,950 matched data pairs from 264 studies in 53 countries to assess how delivery of climate, soil, water, and wood production services as well as biodiversity compares across a range of tree plantations and native forests. Carbon storage, water provisioning, and especially soil erosion control and biodiversity benefits are all delivered better by native forests, with compositionally simpler, younger plantations in drier regions performing particularly poorly. However, plantations exhibit an advantage in wood production. These results underscore important trade-offs among environmental and production goals that policymakers must navigate in meeting forest restoration commitments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Hua
- Institute of Ecology, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.,Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
| | - L Adrian Bruijnzeel
- Department of Geography, King's College London, Bush House, London WC2B 4BG, U.K.,Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Paula Meli
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil.,Departmento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Phillip A Martin
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, P. R. China.,Environmental Modelling, Sensing & Analysis, TNO, 1755 LE Petten, Netherlands
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xinran Miao
- Institute of Ecology, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Institute of Ecology, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Christopher McEvoy
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
| | | | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13.418-900, Brazil
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, U.K
| | - David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
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24
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Hughes EC, Edwards DP, Bright JA, Capp EJR, Cooney CR, Varley ZK, Thomas GH. Global biogeographic patterns of avian morphological diversity. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:598-610. [PMID: 35199925 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the biogeographical patterns, and evolutionary and environmental drivers, underpinning morphological diversity are key for determining its origins and conservation. Using a comprehensive set of continuous morphological traits extracted from museum collections of 8353 bird species, including geometric morphometric beak shape data, we find that avian morphological diversity is unevenly distributed globally, even after controlling for species richness, with exceptionally dense packing of species in hyper-diverse tropical hotspots. At the regional level, these areas also have high morphological variance, with species exhibiting high phenotypic diversity. Evolutionary history likely plays a key role in shaping these patterns, with evolutionarily old species contributing to niche expansion, and young species contributing to niche packing. Taken together, these results imply that the tropics are both 'cradles' and 'museums' of phenotypic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Hughes
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David P Edwards
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jen A Bright
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Elliot J R Capp
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Zoë K Varley
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
| | - Gavin H Thomas
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Tring, UK
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25
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Garg KM, Chattopadhyay B, Cros E, Tomassi S, Benedick S, Edwards DP, Rheindt FE. Island Biogeography Revisited: Museomics Reveals Affinities of Shelf Island Birds Determined by Bathymetry and Paleo-Rivers, Not by Distance to Mainland. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msab340. [PMID: 34893875 PMCID: PMC8789277 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Island biogeography is one of the most powerful subdisciplines of ecology: its mathematical predictions that island size and distance to mainland determine diversity have withstood the test of time. A key question is whether these predictions follow at a population-genomic level. Using rigorous ancient-DNA protocols, we retrieved approximately 1,000 genomic markers from approximately 100 historic specimens of two Southeast Asian songbird complexes from across the Sunda Shelf archipelago collected 1893-1957. We show that the genetic affinities of populations on small shelf islands defy the predictions of geographic distance and appear governed by Earth-historic factors including the position of terrestrial barriers (paleo-rivers) and persistence of corridors (Quaternary land bridges). Our analyses suggest that classic island-biogeographic predictors may not hold well for population-genomic dynamics on the thousands of shelf islands across the globe, which are exposed to dynamic changes in land distribution during Quaternary climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika M Garg
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Archaeological Research, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
| | - Balaji Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
| | - Emilie Cros
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suzanne Tomassi
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Suzan Benedick
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Malaysia, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frank E Rheindt
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Edwards DP, Cerullo GR, Chomba S, Worthington TA, Balmford AP, Chazdon RL, Harrison RD. Upscaling tropical restoration to deliver environmental benefits and socially equitable outcomes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1326-R1341. [PMID: 34637743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration offers immense potential to return hundreds of millions of hectares of degraded tropical landscapes to functioning ecosystems. Well-designed restoration can tackle multiple Sustainable Development Goals, driving synergistic benefits for biodiversity, ecosystem services, agricultural and timber production, and local livelihoods at large spatial scales. To deliver on this potential, restoration efforts must recognise and reduce trade-offs among objectives, and minimize competition with food production and conservation of native ecosystems. Restoration initiatives also need to confront core environmental challenges of climate change and inappropriate planting in savanna biomes, be robustly funded over the long term, and address issues of poor governance, inadequate land tenure, and socio-cultural disparities in benefits and costs. Tackling these issues using the landscape approach is vital to realising the potential for restoration to break the cycle of land degradation and poverty, and deliver on its core environmental and social promises.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Andrew P Balmford
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Robin L Chazdon
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
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27
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Edwards DP, D'Cruze N, Altherr S, Hughes A, Janssen J, Nijman V, Pasachnik SA, Scheffers BR, Shepherd CR, Sy E, Auliya M. The dangers of misrepresenting wildlife trade: response to Natusch et al. 2021. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:1692-1694. [PMID: 34477258 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Neil D'Cruze
- The Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney, UK
- World Animal Protection, London, UK
| | | | - Alice Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China
| | - Jordi Janssen
- Monitor Conservation Research Society, Big Lake Ranch, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Chris R Shepherd
- Monitor Conservation Research Society, Big Lake Ranch, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emerson Sy
- Philippine Center for Terrestrial & Aquatic Research, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mark Auliya
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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28
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Zhang Y, Runting RK, Webb EL, Edwards DP, Carrasco LR. Coordinated intensification to reconcile the 'zero hunger' and 'life on land' Sustainable Development Goals. J Environ Manage 2021; 284:112032. [PMID: 33545453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encourage nations to substantially increase food production to achieve zero hunger (SDG 2) while preserving life on land (SDG 15). A key question is how to reconcile these potentially competing goals spatially. We use integer linear programming to develop an 'integrated land use planning framework' that identifies the optimal allocation of 17 crops under different hypothetical conservation targets while meeting agricultural demands by 2030. Intensifying existing cropland to maximum yield before allocating new cropland would reduce land requirement by 43% versus cropland expansion without intensification. Even with yield gap closure, tropical and sub-tropical crops still require expansion, primarily allocated to Venezuela, eastern Brazil, Congo Basin, Myanmar and Indonesia. Enforcement of protected areas, via avoiding conversion in 75% of Key Biodiversity Areas and 65% of intact areas, is vital to attain biodiversity targets but bears large opportunity costs, with agricultural rents dropping from $4.1 to $2.8 trillion. Although nationally constrained forest conservation efforts would earn 9% less agricultural rents compared to globally coordinated conservation solutions, they were also able to reduce intact habitat and forest loss (43% and 35% reduction). Our results demonstrate that careful choice of the allocation of future cropland expansion, could dramatically reduce-but not eliminate-the tradeoffs between the SDGs for food production and land biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Rebecca K Runting
- School of Geography, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Edward L Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - L Roman Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
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29
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Davies RW, Edwards DP, Medina-Uribe CA, Cárdenas-Bautista JS, Haugaasen T, Gilroy JJ, Edwards FA. Replacing low-intensity cattle pasture with oil palm conserves dung beetle functional diversity when paired with forest protection. J Environ Manage 2021; 283:112009. [PMID: 33508552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Meeting rising demand for oil palm whilst minimizing the loss of tropical biodiversity and associated ecosystem functions is a core conservation challenge. One potential solution is focusing the expansion of high-yielding crops on presently low-yielding farmlands alongside protecting nearby tropical forests that can enhance provision of ecosystem functions. A key question is how this solution would impact invertebrate functional diversity. We focus on oil palm in the Colombian Llanos, where plantations are replacing improved cattle pastures and forest fragments, and on dung beetles, which play key functional roles in nutrient cycling and secondary seed dispersal. We show that functional richness and functional diversity of dung beetles is greater in oil palm than in cattle pasture, and that functional metrics did not differ between oil palm and remnant forest. The abundance-size class profile of dung beetles in oil palm was more similar to forest than to pasture, which had lower abundances of the smallest and largest dung beetles. The abundance of tunneling and rolling dung beetles did not differ between oil palm and forest, while higher forest cover increased the abundance of diurnal and generalist-feeding beetles in oil palm landscapes. This suggests that prioritizing agricultural development on low-yielding cattle pasture will have positive effects on functional diversity and highlights the need for forest protection to maintain ecosystem functioning within agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Davies
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claudia A Medina-Uribe
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Carrera 8 # 15-08, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Johann S Cárdenas-Bautista
- Grupo de Investigación Biodiversidad y Conservación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia. Av. Central Del Norte # 115-39, Tunja, Boyacá, 150001, Colombia
| | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - James J Gilroy
- School of Environmental Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Felicity A Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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30
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Cannon PG, Edwards DP, Freckleton RP. Asking the Wrong Question in Explaining Tropical Diversity. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:482-484. [PMID: 33715920 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of plant diversity via the Janzen-Connell mechanism is often measured relative to neutral models that ignore species' competitive differences. Recent modelling indicates this mechanism is ineffective when included in models incorporating species' demographic variations. This suggests we have been asking the wrong questions when measuring the effectiveness of diversity-enhancing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Cannon
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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31
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Betts MG, Phalan BT, Wolf C, Baker SC, Messier C, Puettmann KJ, Green R, Harris SH, Edwards DP, Lindenmayer DB, Balmford A. Producing wood at least cost to biodiversity: integrating Triad and sharing-sparing approaches to inform forest landscape management. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1301-1317. [PMID: 33663020 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Forest loss and degradation are the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide. Rising global wood demand threatens further damage to remaining native forests. Contrasting solutions across a continuum of options have been proposed, yet which of these offers most promise remains unresolved. Expansion of high-yielding tree plantations could free up forest land for conservation provided this is implemented in tandem with stronger policies for conserving native forests. Because plantations and other intensively managed forests often support far less biodiversity than native forests, a second approach argues for widespread adoption of extensive management, or 'ecological forestry', which better simulates natural forest structure and disturbance regimes - albeit with compromised wood yields and hence a need to harvest over a larger area. A third, hybrid suggestion involves 'Triad' zoning where the landscape is divided into three sorts of management (reserve, ecological/extensive management, and intensive plantation). Progress towards resolving which of these approaches holds the most promise has been hampered by the absence of a conceptual framework and of sufficient empirical data formally to identify the most appropriate landscape-scale proportions of reserves, extensive, and intensive management to minimize biodiversity impacts while meeting a given level of demand for wood. In this review, we argue that this central challenge for sustainable forestry is analogous to that facing food-production systems, and that the land sharing-sparing framework devised to establish which approach to farming could meet food demand at least cost to wild species can be readily adapted to assess contrasting forest management regimes. We develop this argument in four ways: (i) we set out the relevance of the sharing-sparing framework for forestry and explore the degree to which concepts from agriculture can translate to a forest management context; (ii) we make design recommendations for empirical research on sustainable forestry to enable application of the sharing-sparing framework; (iii) we present overarching hypotheses which such studies could test; and (iv) we discuss potential pitfalls and opportunities in conceptualizing landscape management through a sharing-sparing lens. The framework we propose will enable forest managers worldwide to assess trade-offs directly between conservation and wood production and to determine the mix of management approaches that best balances these (and other) competing objectives. The results will inform ecologically sustainable forest policy and management, reduce risks of local and global extinctions from forestry, and potentially improve a valuable sector's social license to operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Betts
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Benjamin T Phalan
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 40170-115, BA, Brazil.,Parque das Aves, Av. das Cataratas, 12450 - Vila Yolanda, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, 85855-750, Brazil
| | - Christopher Wolf
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Susan C Baker
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Christian Messier
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Klaus J Puettmann
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Rhys Green
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
| | - Scott H Harris
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, U.K
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Edwards FA, Edwards DP, Hamer KC, Fayle TM. Tropical land-use change alters trait-based community assembly rules for dung beetles and birds. Oecologia 2021; 195:705-717. [PMID: 33559003 PMCID: PMC7940334 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Tropical rainforest disturbance and conversion are critical drivers of biodiversity loss. A key knowledge gap is understanding the impacts of habitat modification on mechanisms of community assembly, which are predicted to respond differently between taxa and across spatial scales. We use a null model approach to detect trait assembly of species at local- and landscape-scales, and then subdivide communities with different habitat associations and foraging guilds to investigate whether the detection of assembly mechanisms varies between groups. We focus on two indicator taxa, dung beetles and birds, across a disturbance gradient of primary rainforest, selectively logged rainforest, and oil palm plantations in Borneo, Southeast Asia. Random community assembly was predominant for dung beetles across habitats, whereas trait convergence, indicative of environmental filtering, occurred across the disturbance gradient for birds. Assembly patterns at the two spatial scales were similar. Subdividing for habitat association and foraging guild revealed patterns hidden when focusing on the overall community. Dung beetle forest specialists and habitat generalists showed opposing assembly mechanisms in primary forest, community assembly of habitat generalists for both taxa differed with disturbance intensity, and insectivorous birds strongly influenced overall community assembly relative to other guilds. Our study reveals the sensitivity of community assembly mechanisms to anthropogenic disturbance via a shift in the relative contribution of stochastic and deterministic processes. This highlights the need for greater understanding of how habitat modification alters species interactions and the importance of incorporating species' traits within assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity A Edwards
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Keith C Hamer
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Tom M Fayle
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, 370 05, Czech Republic
- Institute of Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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33
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Edwards FA, Massam MR, Cosset CCP, Cannon PG, Haugaasen T, Gilroy JJ, Edwards DP. Sparing land for secondary forest regeneration protects more tropical biodiversity than land sharing in cattle farming landscapes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1284-1293.e4. [PMID: 33482111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Effectively managing farming to meet food demand is vital for the future of biodiversity.1,2 Increasing yields on existing farmland can allow the abandonment (sparing) of low-yielding areas that subsequently recover as secondary forest.2-5 A key question is whether such "secondary sparing" conserves biodiversity more effectively than retaining wildlife-friendly habitat within farmland ("land sharing"). Focusing on the Colombian Choco-Andes, a global hotspot of threatened biodiversity,6 and on cattle farming, we examined the outcomes of secondary sparing and land sharing via simulated scenarios that maintained constant landscape-wide production and equal within-pasture yield: (1) for species and functional diversity of dung beetles and birds; (2) for avian phylogenetic diversity; and (3) across different stages of secondary forest regeneration, relative to spared primary forests. Sparing older secondary forests (15-30 years recovery) promotes substantial species, functional, and phylogenetic (birds only) diversity benefits for birds and dung beetles compared to land sharing. Species of conservation concern had higher occupancy estimates under land-sparing compared to land-sharing scenarios. Spared secondary forests accumulated equivalent diversity to primary forests for dung beetles within 15 years and within 15-30 years for birds, highlighting the need for longer term protection to maximize the biodiversity gains of secondary sparing. Promoting the recovery and protection of large expanses of secondary forests under the land-sparing model provides a critical mechanism for protecting tropical biodiversity, with important implications for concurrently assisting in the delivery of global targets to restore 350 million hectares of forested landscapes.7,8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity A Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Mike R Massam
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Cindy C P Cosset
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Patrick G Cannon
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - James J Gilroy
- School of Environmental Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Cannon PG, O’Brien MJ, Yusah KM, Edwards DP, Freckleton RP. Limited contributions of plant pathogens to density-dependent seedling mortality of mast fruiting Bornean trees. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13154-13164. [PMID: 33304525 PMCID: PMC7713929 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are implicated in driving tropical plant diversity by facilitating strong, negative density-dependent mortality of conspecific seedlings (C-NDD). Assessment of the role of fungal pathogens in mediating coexistence derives from relatively few tree species and predominantly the Neotropics, limiting our understanding of their role in maintaining hyper-diversity in many tropical forests. A key question is whether fungal pathogen-mediated C-NDD seedling mortality is ubiquitous across diverse plant communities. Using a manipulative shadehouse experiment, we tested the role of fungal pathogens in mediating C-NDD seedling mortality of eight mast fruiting Bornean trees, typical of the species-rich forests of South East Asia. We demonstrate species-specific responses of seedlings to fungicide and density treatments, generating weak negative density-dependent mortality. Overall seedling mortality was low and likely insufficient to promote overall community diversity. Although conducted in the same way as previous studies, we find little evidence that fungal pathogens play a substantial role in determining patterns of seedling mortality in a SE Asian mast fruiting forest, questioning our understanding of how Janzen-Connell mechanisms structure the plant communities of this globally important forest type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Cannon
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Michael J. O’Brien
- Área de Biodiversidad y ConservaciónUniversidad Rey Juan CarlosMóstolesSpain
- Danum Valley Field CentreSouth East Asian Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP)Lahad DatuSabahMalaysia
| | - Kalsum M. Yusah
- Institute for Tropical Biology and ConservationUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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35
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Gaubert B, Emmons LK, Raeder K, Tilmes S, Miyazaki K, Arellano AF, Elguindi N, Granier C, Tang W, Barré J, Worden HM, Buchholz RR, Edwards DP, Franke P, Anderson JL, Saunois M, Schroeder J, Woo JH, Simpson IJ, Blake DR, Meinardi S, Wennberg PO, Crounse J, Teng A, Kim M, Dickerson RR, He H, Ren X, Pusede SE, Diskin GS. Correcting model biases of CO in East Asia: impact on oxidant distributions during KORUS-AQ. Atmos Chem Phys 2020; 20:14617-14647. [PMID: 33414818 PMCID: PMC7786812 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-14617-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Global coupled chemistry-climate models underestimate carbon monoxide (CO) in the Northern Hemisphere, exhibiting a pervasive negative bias against measurements peaking in late winter and early spring. While this bias has been commonly attributed to underestimation of direct anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, chemical production and loss via OH reaction from emissions of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role. Here we investigate the reasons for this underestimation using aircraft measurements taken in May and June 2016 from the Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) experiment in South Korea and the Air Chemistry Research in Asia (ARIAs) in the North China Plain (NCP). For reference, multispectral CO retrievals (V8J) from the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) are jointly assimilated with meteorological observations using an ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) within the global Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM-Chem) and the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART). With regard to KORUS-AQ data, CO is underestimated by 42% in the control run and by 12% with the MOPITT assimilation run. The inversion suggests an underestimation of anthropogenic CO sources in many regions, by up to 80% for northern China, with large increments over the Liaoning Province and the North China Plain (NCP). Yet, an often-overlooked aspect of these inversions is that correcting the underestimation in anthropogenic CO emissions also improves the comparison with observational O3 datasets and observationally constrained box model simulations of OH and HO2. Running a CAM-Chem simulation with the updated emissions of anthropogenic CO reduces the bias by 29% for CO, 18% for ozone, 11% for HO2, and 27% for OH. Longer-lived anthropogenic VOCs whose model errors are correlated with CO are also improved, while short-lived VOCs, including formaldehyde, are difficult to constrain solely by assimilating satellite retrievals of CO. During an anticyclonic episode, better simulation of O3, with an average underestimation of 5.5 ppbv, and a reduction in the bias of surface formaldehyde and oxygenated VOCs can be achieved by separately increasing by a factor of 2 the modeled biogenic emissions for the plant functional types found in Korea. Results also suggest that controlling VOC and CO emissions, in addition to widespread NO x controls, can improve ozone pollution over East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gaubert
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Louisa K. Emmons
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kevin Raeder
- Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Miyazaki
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Avelino F. Arellano
- Dept. of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nellie Elguindi
- Laboratoire d’Aérologie, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Granier
- Laboratoire d’Aérologie, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory-CIRES/University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Wenfu Tang
- Advanced Study Program, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jérôme Barré
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Park, Reading, RG2 9AX, UK
| | - Helen M. Worden
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca R. Buchholz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David P. Edwards
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Philipp Franke
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung IEK-8, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey L. Anderson
- Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marielle Saunois
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Isobel J. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - John Crounse
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alex Teng
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Kim
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Russell R. Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hao He
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Xinrong Ren
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sally E. Pusede
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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36
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Wang MMH, Carrasco LR, Edwards DP. Reconciling Rubber Expansion with Biodiversity Conservation. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3825-3832.e4. [PMID: 32763172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over five million hectares of tropical forest were cleared across mainland Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa for rubber plantations between 2003 and 2017 [1, 2]. Millions of hectares of further clearance are predicted as rubber demand rises, which will have major consequences for biodiversity [3]. A key question is how to reconcile rubber expansion with biodiversity conservation. We assessed the feasibility of simultaneously meeting global future demand for rubber with conservation of extinction-threatened amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles. We compared the spatial congruence of rubber bioclimatic suitability with extinction vulnerability [4] in Africa, Asia, and New Guinea, where large-scale rubber cultivation is viable, and simulated rubber expansion under different scenarios. We found no "win-win" areas with highest rubber suitability and lowest extinction vulnerability. Projected rubber demand could be met by allowing expansion primarily in New Guinea and African Guinea. However, New Guinea has high ecosystem intactness and both regions are rich in endemics. Scenarios suggest converting only areas suitable for cultivation would cause the largest biodiversity losses, including endangered species, whereas prioritizing conservation would result in only the conversion of highly unsuitable land. Compromise scenarios that balance production with conservation could cut biodiversity losses by two-thirds, protecting most endangered species while maintaining high rubber suitability. Development of high-yielding hardy clones expands the amount of win-win areas, as well as suitable areas with high extinction risk. These trade-offs reveal that clonal research and development, strategic corporate and government land-use policies, and rigorous impact assessments are needed to prevent severe biodiversity losses from rubber development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M H Wang
- Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
| | - L Roman Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block S3 no. 05-0, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - David P Edwards
- Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, UK.
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37
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González-Del-Pliego P, Scheffers BR, Freckleton RP, Basham EW, Araújo MB, Acosta-Galvis AR, Medina Uribe CA, Haugaasen T, Edwards DP. Thermal tolerance and the importance of microhabitats for Andean frogs in the context of land use and climate change. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2451-2460. [PMID: 32745275 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Global warming is having impacts across the Tree of Life. Understanding species' physiological sensitivity to temperature change and how they relate to local temperature variation in their habitats is crucial to determining vulnerability to global warming. We ask how species' vulnerability varies across habitats and elevations, and how climatically buffered microhabitats can contribute to reduce their vulnerability. We measured thermal sensitivity (critical thermal maximum-CTmax ) of 14 species of Pristimantis frogs inhabiting young and old secondary, and primary forests in the Colombian Andes. Exposure to temperature stress was measured by recording temperature in the understorey and across five microhabitats. We determined frogs' current vulnerability across habitats, elevations and microhabitats accounting for phylogeny and then ask how vulnerability varies under four warming scenarios: +1.5, +2, +3 and +5°C. We found that CTmax was constant across species regardless of habitat and elevation. However, species in young secondary forests are expected to become more vulnerable because of increased exposure to higher temperatures. Microhabitat variation could enable species to persist within their thermal temperature range as long as regional temperatures do not surpass +2°C. The effectiveness of microhabitat buffering decreases with a 2-3°C increase, and is almost null under a 5°C temperature increase. Microhabitats will provide thermal protection to Andean frog communities from climate change by enabling tracking of suitable climates through short distance movement. Conservation strategies, such as managing landscapes by preserving primary forests and allowing regrowth and reconnection of secondary forest would offer thermally buffered microhabitats and aid in the survival of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela González-Del-Pliego
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Rui Nabeiro Biodiversity Chair, MED Institute, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Edmund W Basham
- Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Miguel B Araújo
- Rui Nabeiro Biodiversity Chair, MED Institute, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.,Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés R Acosta-Galvis
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Claudia A Medina Uribe
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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38
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Cros E, Chattopadhyay B, Garg KM, Ng NSR, Tomassi S, Benedick S, Edwards DP, Rheindt FE. Quaternary land bridges have not been universal conduits of gene flow. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2692-2706. [PMID: 32542783 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary climate oscillations are a well-known driver of animal diversification, but their effects are most well studied in areas where glaciations lead to habitat fragmentation. In large areas of the planet, however, glaciations have had the opposite effect, but here their impacts are much less well understood. This is especially true in Southeast Asia, where cyclical changes in land distribution have generated enormous land expansions during glacial periods. In this study, we selected a panel of five songbird species complexes covering a range of ecological specificities to investigate the effects Quaternary land bridges have had on the connectivity of Southeast Asian forest biota. Specifically, we combined morphological and bioacoustic analysis with an arsenal of population genomic and modelling approaches applied to thousands of genome-wide DNA markers across a total of more than 100 individuals. Our analyses show that species dependent on forest understorey exhibit deep differentiation between Borneo and western Sundaland, with no evidence of gene flow during the land bridges accompanying the last 1-2 ice ages. In contrast, dispersive canopy species and habitat generalists have experienced more recent gene flow. Our results argue that there remains much cryptic species-level diversity to be discovered in Southeast Asia even in well-known animal groups such as birds, especially in nondispersive forest understorey inhabitants. We also demonstrate that Quaternary land bridges have not been equally suitable conduits of gene flow for all species complexes and that life history is a major factor in predicting relative population divergence time across Quaternary climate fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Cros
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Balaji Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kritika M Garg
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nathaniel S R Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suzanne Tomassi
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Suzan Benedick
- Sustainable Agriculture School, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Frank E Rheindt
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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39
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Messina S, Edwards DP, AbdElgawad H, Beemster GTS, Tomassi S, Benedick S, Eens M, Costantini D. Impacts of selective logging on the oxidative status of tropical understorey birds. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2222-2234. [PMID: 32535926 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective logging is the dominant form of human disturbance in tropical forests, driving changes in the abundance of vertebrate and invertebrate populations relative to undisturbed old-growth forests. A key unresolved question is understanding which physiological mechanisms underlie different responses of species and functional groups to selective logging. Regulation of oxidative status is thought to be one major physiological mechanism underlying the capability of species to cope with environmental changes. Using a correlational cross-sectional approach, we compared a number of oxidative status markers among 15 understorey bird species in unlogged and selectively logged forest in Borneo in relation to their feeding guild. We then tested how variation of markers between forest types was associated with that in population abundance. Birds living in logged forests had a higher activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and a different regulation of the glutathione cycle compared to conspecific birds in unlogged forest. However, neither oxidative damage nor oxidized glutathione differed between forest types. We also found that omnivores and insectivores differed significantly in all markers related to the key cellular antioxidant glutathione irrespective of the forest type. Species with higher levels of certain antioxidant markers in a given type of forest were less abundant in that forest type compared to the other. Our results suggest that there was little long-term effect of logging (last logging rotation occurred ~15 years prior to the study) on the oxidative status of understorey bird species. However, it is unclear if this was owing to plasticity or evolutionary change. Our correlative results also point to a potential negative association between some antioxidants and population abundance irrespective of the forest type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Messina
- Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Botany and Microbiology Department, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Suzanne Tomassi
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Suzan Benedick
- School of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - David Costantini
- Unité Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation (PhyMA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
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40
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Messina S, Edwards DP, Marasco V, Canoine V, Cosset CCP, Tomassi S, Benedick S, Eens M, Costantini D. Glucocorticoids link forest type to local abundance in tropical birds. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Messina
- Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Valeria Marasco
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology (KLIVV) University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria
| | - Virginie Canoine
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology University of Vienna Wien Austria
| | - Cindy C. P. Cosset
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Suzanne Tomassi
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Suzan Benedick
- School of Sustainable Agriculture Universiti Malaysia Sabah Kota Kinabalu Malaysia
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - David Costantini
- Unité Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation (PhyMA) Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS Paris France
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41
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González-Del-Pliego P, Freckleton RP, Edwards DP, Koo MS, Scheffers BR, Pyron RA, Jetz W. Phylogenetic and Trait-Based Prediction of Extinction Risk for Data-Deficient Amphibians. Curr Biol 2020; 29:1557-1563.e3. [PMID: 31063716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians are among the most highly threatened lineages, with at least 2,000 species estimated to be in danger of extinction [1, 2]. Alarmingly, another ∼2,200 species (∼25% of all ∼7,900 known species) are data deficient or not evaluated (hereinafter termed data deficient) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) [1]. Without an estimate of their status, data-deficient species are usually overlooked in conservation planning and resource allocation [3]. Amphibians have the highest proportion of data-deficient species of any vertebrate group [1, 4], which highlights the need to estimate their threat status considering potentially imminent extinctions. We apply a trait-based spatio-phylogenetic statistical framework [5] to predict threat status for data-deficient species. Because ecological, geographical, and evolutionary attributes increase extinction risk [6, 7], we used geographic distribution data [1, 8], phylogenetically imputed ecological traits, and an amphibian phylogeny [9] to provide initial baseline predictions. We estimate that half of the ∼2,200 data-deficient species are threatened with extinction (vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered), primarily in the Neotropics and Southeast Asia. This increases the number of amphibian species estimated to be threatened with extinction by ∼50%. Of these, we predict that ∼500 species are endangered or critically endangered, and three may be extinct already. We highlight families that are most at risk and suggest where urgent conservation is needed to avert their loss. We show that some of the most vulnerable species may also be the most poorly known and offer an analytical framework for preliminary analysis of their threat status in the face of deficient empirical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela González-Del-Pliego
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S102TN, UK; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S102TN, UK
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S102TN, UK
| | - Michelle S Koo
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation, Newins-Ziegler Hall, University of Florida/IFAS, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - R Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 22(nd) Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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42
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Hughes EC, Edwards DP, Sayer CA, Martin PA, Thomas GH. The effects of tropical secondary forest regeneration on avian phylogenetic diversity. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma C. Hughes
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | | | | | - Gavin H. Thomas
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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43
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Cros E, Ng EYX, Oh RRY, Tang Q, Benedick S, Edwards DP, Tomassi S, Irestedt M, Ericson PGP, Rheindt FE. Fine-scale barriers to connectivity across a fragmented South-East Asian landscape in six songbird species. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1026-1036. [PMID: 32431750 PMCID: PMC7232758 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation is a major extinction driver. Despite dramatically increasing fragmentation across the globe, its specific impacts on population connectivity across species with differing life histories remain difficult to characterize, let alone quantify. Here, we investigate patterns of population connectivity in six songbird species from Singapore, a highly fragmented tropical rainforest island. Using massive panels of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms across dozens of samples per species, we examined population genetic diversity, inbreeding, gene flow and connectivity among species along a spectrum of ecological specificities. We found a higher resilience to habitat fragmentation in edge-tolerant and forest-canopy species as compared to forest-dependent understorey insectivores. The latter exhibited levels of genetic diversity up to three times lower in Singapore than in populations from contiguous forest elsewhere. Using dense genomic and geographic sampling, we identified individual barriers such as reservoirs that effectively minimize gene flow in sensitive understorey birds, revealing that terrestrial forest species may exhibit levels of sensitivity to fragmentation far greater than previously expected. This study provides a blueprint for conservation genomics at small scales with a view to identifying preferred locations for habitat corridors, flagging candidate populations for restocking with translocated individuals and improving the design of future reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Cros
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Elize Y. X. Ng
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Rachel R. Y. Oh
- Centre for Urban Greenery and EcologyNational Parks BoardSingaporeSingapore
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Suzan Benedick
- Sustainable Agriculture SchoolUniversiti Malaysia SabahSabahMalaysia
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Suzanne Tomassi
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Martin Irestedt
- Department of Bioinformatics and GeneticsSwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Per G. P. Ericson
- Department of ZoologySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Frank E. Rheindt
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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44
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Abstract
Wildlife trade is a multibillion dollar industry that is driving species toward extinction. Of >31,500 terrestrial bird, mammal, amphibian, and squamate reptile species, ~18% (N = 5579) are traded globally. Trade is strongly phylogenetically conserved, and the hotspots of this trade are concentrated in the biologically diverse tropics. Using different assessment approaches, we predict that, owing to their phylogenetic replacement and trait similarity to currently traded species, future trade will affect up to 3196 additional species-totaling 8775 species at risk of extinction from trade. Our assessment underscores the need for a strategic plan to combat trade with policies that are proactive rather than reactive, which is especially important because species can quickly transition from being safe to being endangered as humans continue to harvest and trade across the tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Brunno F Oliveira
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36124, USA
| | - Ieuan Lamb
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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45
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Cosset CCP, Gilroy JJ, Srinivasan U, Hethcoat MG, Edwards DP. Mass-abundance scaling in avian communities is maintained after tropical selective logging. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:2803-2812. [PMID: 32211157 PMCID: PMC7083669 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective logging dominates forested landscapes across the tropics. Despite the structural damage incurred, selectively logged forests typically retain more biodiversity than other forest disturbances. Most logging impact studies consider conventional metrics, like species richness, but these can conceal subtle biodiversity impacts. The mass-abundance relationship is an integral feature of ecological communities, describing the negative relationship between body mass and population abundance, where, in a system without anthropogenic influence, larger species are less abundant due to higher energy requirements. Changes in this relationship can indicate community structure and function changes.We investigated the impacts of selective logging on the mass-abundance scaling of avian communities by conducting a meta-analysis to examine its pantropical trend. We divide our analysis between studies using mist netting, sampling the understory avian community, and point counts, sampling the entire community.Across 19 mist-netting studies, we found no consistent effects of selective logging on mass-abundance scaling relative to primary forests, except for the omnivore guild where there were fewer larger-bodied species after logging. In eleven point-count studies, we found a more negative relationship in the whole community after logging, likely driven by the frugivore guild, showing a similar pattern.Limited effects of logging on mass-abundance scaling may suggest high species turnover in logged communities, with like-for-like replacement of lost species with similar-sized species. The increased negative mass-abundance relationship found in some logged communities could result from resource depletion, density compensation, or increased hunting; potentially indicating downstream impacts on ecosystem functions. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that size distributions of avian communities in logged forests are relatively robust to disturbance, potentially maintaining ecosystem processes in these forests, thus underscoring the high conservation value of logged tropical forests, indicating an urgent need to focus on their protection from further degradation and deforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy C P Cosset
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - James J Gilroy
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - Umesh Srinivasan
- Program in Science, Technology and Environmental Policy Woodrow Wilson School for Public and International Affairs Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| | - Matthew G Hethcoat
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
- School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
- Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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46
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Matos FAR, Magnago LFS, Aquila Chan Miranda C, de Menezes LFT, Gastauer M, Safar NVH, Schaefer CEGR, da Silva MP, Simonelli M, Edwards FA, Martins SV, Meira-Neto JAA, Edwards DP. Secondary forest fragments offer important carbon and biodiversity cobenefits. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:509-522. [PMID: 31486174 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests store large amounts of carbon and high biodiversity, but are being degraded at alarming rates. The emerging global Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR) agenda seeks to limit global climate change by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the growth of trees. In doing so, it may also protect biodiversity as a free cobenefit, which is vital given the massive shortfall in funding for biodiversity conservation. We investigated whether natural forest regeneration on abandoned pastureland offers such cobenefits, focusing for the first time on the recovery of taxonomic diversity (TD), phylogenetic diversity (PD) and functional diversity (FD) of trees, including the recovery of threatened and endemic species richness, within isolated secondary forest (SF) fragments. We focused on the globally threatened Brazilian Atlantic Forest, where commitments have been made to restore 1 million hectares under FLR. Three decades after land abandonment, regenerating forests had recovered ~20% (72 Mg/ha) of the above-ground carbon stocks of a primary forest (PF), with cattle pasture containing just 3% of stocks relative to PFs. Over this period, SF recovered ~76% of TD, 84% of PD and 96% of FD found within PFs. In addition, SFs had on average recovered 65% of threatened and ~30% of endemic species richness of primary Atlantic forest. Finally, we find positive relationships between carbon stock and tree diversity recovery. Our results emphasize that SF fragments offer cobenefits under FLR and other carbon-based payments for ecosystem service schemes (e.g. carbon enhancements under REDD+). They also indicate that even isolated patches of SF could help to mitigate climate change and the biodiversity extinction crisis by recovering species of high conservation concern and improving landscape connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A R Matos
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants (LEEP), Botany Graduate Program (PPGBot), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Faculdade Zacaria de Góes, Valença, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CEUNES/DCAB), São Mateus, Brazil
| | - Luiz F S Magnago
- Centro de Formação em Ciências e Tecnologias Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mônica P da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Valença, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sebastião V Martins
- Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - João A A Meira-Neto
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plants (LEEP), Botany Graduate Program (PPGBot), Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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47
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Verma M, Symes WS, Watson JEM, Jones KR, Allan JR, Venter O, Rheindt FE, Edwards DP, Carrasco LR. Severe human pressures in the Sundaland biodiversity hotspot. Conservat Sci and Prac 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Verma
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore Singapore
| | - William S. Symes
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore Singapore
| | - James E. M. Watson
- Centre for Conservation and Biodiversity ScienceThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Global Conservation ProgramWildlife Conservation Society New York City New York
| | - Kendall R. Jones
- Centre for Conservation and Biodiversity ScienceThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - James R. Allan
- Centre for Conservation and Biodiversity ScienceThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Venter
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies InstituteUniversity of Northern British Columbia Prince George British Columbia Canada
| | - Frank E. Rheindt
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore Singapore
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Luis R. Carrasco
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of Singapore Singapore
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48
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Warren‐Thomas E, Nelson L, Juthong W, Bumrungsri S, Brattström O, Stroesser L, Chambon B, Penot É, Tongkaemkaew U, Edwards DP, Dolman PM. Rubber agroforestry in Thailand provides some biodiversity benefits without reducing yields. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Warren‐Thomas
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
- Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Luke Nelson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Watinee Juthong
- Department of Science Pitchalai Preparatory School Songkhla Thailand
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
| | - Sara Bumrungsri
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand
| | | | - Laetitia Stroesser
- CIRAD UPR Systèmes de pérennes Hevea Research Platform in Partnership (HRPP) Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
- CIRAD UPR Systèmes de pérennes Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Bénédicte Chambon
- CIRAD UPR Systèmes de pérennes Hevea Research Platform in Partnership (HRPP) Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
- CIRAD UPR Systèmes de pérennes Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Éric Penot
- CIRAD UMR Innovation Montpellier France
- CIRAD INRAMontpellier SupAgro Montpellier France
| | - Uraiwan Tongkaemkaew
- Faculty of Technology and Community Development Thaksin University Phatthalung Thailand
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Paul M. Dolman
- School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
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Saucier JR, Milensky CM, Caraballo-Ortiz MA, Ragai R, Dahlan NF, Edwards DP. A distinctive new species of flowerpecker (Passeriformes: Dicaeidae) from Borneo. Zootaxa 2019; 4686:zootaxa.4686.4.1. [PMID: 31719467 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The enigmatic 'Spectacled Flowerpecker'-a probable new bird species from the island of Borneo-was first sighted in the Danum Valley of Sabah, Malaysia in 2009. However, the absence of a holotype specimen has prevented its formal scientific description. Since then only a handful of reports from widely disparate localities across the island have emerged, all from lowland sites and often in close association with fruiting mistletoe. Here, we report the long-awaited capture of a specimen of this putative new species and confirm its morphological and molecular distinctiveness as a novel species in the genus Dicaeum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Saucier
- Division of Birds, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 116, Washington, D.C. 20560, USA .
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50
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Chase JM, Liebergesell M, Sagouis A, May F, Blowes SA, Berg Å, Bernard E, Brosi BJ, Cadotte MW, Cayuela L, Chiarello AG, Cosson JF, Cresswell W, Dami FD, Dauber J, Dickman CR, Didham RK, Edwards DP, Farneda FZ, Gavish Y, Gonçalves-Souza T, Guadagnin DL, Henry M, López-Baucells A, Kappes H, Mac Nally R, Manu S, Martensen AC, McCollin D, Meyer CFJ, Neckel-Oliveira S, Nogueira A, Pons JM, Raheem DC, Ramos FN, Rocha R, Sam K, Slade E, Stireman JO, Struebig MJ, Vasconcelos H, Ziv Y. FragSAD: A database of diversity and species abundance distributions from habitat fragments. Ecology 2019; 100:e02861. [PMID: 31380568 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Habitat destruction is the single greatest anthropogenic threat to biodiversity. Decades of research on this issue have led to the accumulation of hundreds of data sets comparing species assemblages in larger, intact, habitats to smaller, more fragmented, habitats. Despite this, little synthesis or consensus has been achieved, primarily because of non-standardized sampling methodology and analyses of notoriously scale-dependent response variables (i.e., species richness). To be able to compare and contrast the results of habitat fragmentation on species' assemblages, it is necessary to have the underlying data on species abundances and sampling intensity, so that standardization can be achieved. To accomplish this, we systematically searched the literature for studies where abundances of species in assemblages (of any taxa) were sampled from many habitat patches that varied in size. From these, we extracted data from several studies, and contacted authors of studies where appropriate data were collected but not published, giving us 117 studies that compared species assemblages among habitat fragments that varied in area. Less than one-half (41) of studies came from tropical forests of Central and South America, but there were many studies from temperate forests and grasslands from all continents except Antarctica. Fifty-four of the studies were on invertebrates (mostly insects), but there were several studies on plants (15), birds (16), mammals (19), and reptiles and amphibians (13). We also collected qualitative information on the length of time since fragmentation. With data on total and relative abundances (and identities) of species, sampling effort, and affiliated meta-data about the study sites, these data can be used to more definitively test hypotheses about the role of habitat fragmentation in altering patterns of biodiversity. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper and the associated Dryad data set if the data are used in publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Department of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mario Liebergesell
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Alban Sagouis
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Felix May
- Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, C40.525, Lüneburg, 21335, Germany
| | - Shane A Blowes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Åke Berg
- The Swedish Biodiversity Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7016, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Enrico Bernard
- Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Berry J Brosi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontoria, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Luis Cayuela
- Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Madrid, E-28933, Spain
| | - Adriano G Chiarello
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-Francois Cosson
- UMR BIPAR, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris-Est, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, 94701, France
| | - Will Cresswell
- Centre of Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, Harold Mitchell Building, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, United Kingdom
| | - Filibus Danjuma Dami
- AP Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, PMB 2084, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Jens Dauber
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 65, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Chris R Dickman
- Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Raphael K Didham
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.,CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Floreat, Western Australia, 6014, Australia
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Fábio Z Farneda
- Department of Ecology/PPGE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901, Brazil.,Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes - cE3c, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal.,Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil
| | - Yoni Gavish
- Faculty of Environment, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Thiago Gonçalves-Souza
- Department of Biology, Ecological Synthesis and Biodiversity Conservation Lab, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Demetrio Luis Guadagnin
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 95000, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Mickaël Henry
- INRA, UR406 Abeilles et Environnement, Route de l'Aérodrome, Avignon, 84914, France
| | - Adrià López-Baucells
- Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes - cE3c, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal.,Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil.,Granollers Museum of Natural Sciences, Granollers, 08402, Spain
| | - Heike Kappes
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 65, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Sunrise Ecological Research Institute, Ocean Grove, Victoria, 3226, Australia
| | - Shiiwua Manu
- AP Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, PMB 2084, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Alexandre Camargo Martensen
- Centre for Natural Sciences, Lagoa do Sino, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodeo Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12, Buri, SP 18245-970, Brazil
| | - Duncan McCollin
- Faculty of Arts, Science & Technology, University of Northampton, Waterside Campus, University Drive, Northampton, NN1 5PH, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph F J Meyer
- Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes - cE3c, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal.,Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil.,School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, United Kingdom
| | - Selvino Neckel-Oliveira
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Edificio Fritz Muller - Sala 207B, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - André Nogueira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 63 Rua do Matão travessa 14, n 321, São Paulo, SP 005508-900, Brazil
| | - Jean-Marc Pons
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR7205 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Dinarzarde C Raheem
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Flavio Nunes Ramos
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Laboratório de Ecologia de Fragmentos Florestais (ECOFRAG), Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, no 700, Alfenas, MG CEP 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Rocha
- Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes - cE3c, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal.,Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Manaus, 69011-970, Brazil.,Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Global Change and Conservation, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Katerina Sam
- Faculty of Science, Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, Ceske Budejovice, CZ 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Eleanor Slade
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - John O Stireman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, Ohio, CT2 7NZ, USA
| | - Matthew J Struebig
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
| | - Heraldo Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Avenida Pará 1720, Uberlândia, MG 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Yaron Ziv
- Department of Life Sciences, Spatial Ecology Laboratory, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
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