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Fletcher KA, Limon G, Padalino B, Hall GK, Chancellor N, Grist A, Gibson TJ. Impact of Social Buffering and Restraint on Welfare Indicators during UK Commercial Horse Slaughter. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2276. [PMID: 37508053 PMCID: PMC10376832 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Current legislation in the United Kingdom stipulates that horses should not be slaughtered within sight of one another. However, abattoir personnel anecdotally report that, for semi-feral horses unused to restraint, co-slaughtering alongside a conspecific could reduce distress through social buffering and improve safety, but there is a lack of evidence to support this. CCTV footage from an English abattoir was assessed retrospectively with welfare indicators from when horses entered the kill pen until they were killed. Of 256 horses analysed, 12% (32/256) were co-slaughtered (alongside a conspecific) and 88% (224/256) individually. Co-slaughtered horses moved more in the pen, but individually slaughtered horses showed more agitated behaviour, required more encouragement to enter the kill pen, and experienced more slips or falls. Unrestrained horses (40%; 102/256) showed increased agitation, movement, and agonistic behaviour towards the operator and resisted entry to the kill pen compared to restrained horses (60%; 154/256). Positive interactions between conspecifics were seen in 94% (30/32) of co-slaughtered horses, and only 6% (1/16) showed a startled response to the first horse being shot, with a median time of 15 s between shots. This study highlights the impact that both conspecific and human interactions can have on equine welfare at slaughter. Semi-feral or unrestrained horses appear to experience increased distress compared to horses more familiar with human handling, and the presence of a conspecific at slaughter mitigated this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Fletcher
- Animal Welfare Science and Ethics Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Georgina Limon
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Barbara Padalino
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Genevieve K Hall
- Animal Welfare Science and Ethics Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Natalie Chancellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Ethics Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Andrew Grist
- Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Troy J Gibson
- Animal Welfare Science and Ethics Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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2
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Behrmann M, Avidan G. Face perception: computational insights from phylogeny. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:350-363. [PMID: 35232662 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies of face perception in primates elucidate the psychological and neural mechanisms that support this critical and complex ability. Recent progress in characterizing face perception across species, for example in insects and reptiles, has highlighted the ubiquity over phylogeny of this key ability for social interactions and survival. Here, we review the competence in face perception across species and the types of computation that support this behavior. We conclude that the computational complexity of face perception evinced by a species is not related to phylogenetic status and is, instead, largely a product of environmental context and social and adaptive pressures. Integrating findings across evolutionary data permits the derivation of computational principles that shed further light on primate face perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Behrmann
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Galia Avidan
- Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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3
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LaManna JA, Jones FA, Bell DM, Pabst RJ, Shaw DC. Tree species diversity increases with conspecific negative density dependence across an elevation gradient. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1237-1249. [PMID: 35291051 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elevational and latitudinal gradients in species diversity may be mediated by biotic interactions that cause density-dependent effects of conspecifics on survival or growth to differ from effects of heterospecifics (i.e. conspecific density dependence), but limited evidence exists to support this. We tested the hypothesis that conspecific density dependence varies with elevation using over 40 years of data on tree survival and growth from 23 old-growth temperate forest stands across a 1,000-m elevation gradient. We found that conspecific-density-dependent effects on survival of small-to-intermediate-sized focal trees were negative in lower elevation, higher diversity forest stands typically characterised by warmer temperatures and greater relative humidity. Conspecific-density-dependent effects on survival were less negative in higher elevation stands and ridges than in lower elevation stands and valley bottoms for small-to-intermediate-sized trees, but were neutral for larger trees across elevations. Conspecific-density-dependent effects on growth were negative across all tree size classes and elevations. These findings reveal fundamental differences in biotic interactions that may contribute to relationships between species diversity, elevation and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A LaManna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - F Andrew Jones
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - David M Bell
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Robert J Pabst
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - David C Shaw
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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4
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Mahima K, Umapathy S, Sudhakar JV, Sathishkumar R. Systematic reinstatement of highly sacred Ficuskrishnae based on differences in morphology and DNA barcoding from Ficusbenghalensis (Moraceae). PhytoKeys 2021; 186:121-138. [PMID: 35002360 PMCID: PMC8677708 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.186.74086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ficuskrishnae is considered as native to India and is well-known for the peculiarity in nature of its cup-shaped leaves where both the vernacular name (Krishna Fig) and specific epithet were derived. The taxonomic status of Ficuskrishnae is still unclear and currently treated as a subspecies or variety under Ficusbenghalensis. In the present study, morphological characters and molecular analysis were employed to address their species delimitation. The spacer markers ITS2 and trnH-psbA were used for constructing phylogenetic trees along with morphometric analysis. Ficuskrishnae distinctly differs from Ficusbenghalensis by having cup-forming leaves and the nature of the aerial roots, stipules, petioles, ostiolar bracts of the receptacle, DNA content, chromosome differences and nodal anatomy. The results showed that the highest divergence is observed in trnH-psbA (20.8 ± 12.2), followed by ITS2 (5.7 ± 3.2). The phylogenetic tree construction using Bayesian analysis showed a divergent boundary between the two species suggesting that F.krishnae could be an independent species, not a variety of F.benghalensis. The present study's findings support the view that these two floras can be treated as different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Mahima
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore–641 046, Tamil Nadu, IndiaBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia
| | - Senthilkumar Umapathy
- Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Madras Christian College, Chennai- 600 059, Tamil Nadu, IndiaMadras Christian CollegeChennaiIndia
| | - Jana Venkata Sudhakar
- Department of Botany, S.R.K Govt. Arts College, Pondicherry University–533 464, Tamil Nadu, India.Pondicherry UniversityPondicherryIndia
| | - Ramalingam Sathishkumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore–641 046, Tamil Nadu, IndiaBharathiar UniversityCoimbatoreIndia
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5
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Axelsson EL, Fawcett C. Humans' pupillary contagion extends to cats and dogs. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:153-166. [PMID: 33002117 PMCID: PMC7812621 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
When viewing pupil sizes change, our own pupil sizes change, a phenomenon known as pupillary contagion. This involuntary response is reliable between humans but can be affected by familiarity and empathy. We investigated whether the pupillary contagion response occurs for humans viewing familiar species—cats and dogs—and whether it is modulated by preferences for particular species. Pupil sizes were measured while viewing cat, dog and human images with small, medium and large pupils. Trait empathy, cat and dog affiliation and experience were subsequently measured. There was an image pupil size effect, but this did not vary by species. There was greater pupil size change to cats and dogs than to humans, but this might have been due to the varying size and appearance of the cats and dogs. Greater dog affiliation was also associated with smaller overall pupil size change to dogs and larger change to humans, but this did not interact with image pupil size. Dog affiliation might be associated with less arousal to dog images. In sum, pupillary contagion responses indicate a spontaneous transfer of information about internal states and the findings suggest that humans are sensitive to this across species, regardless of individual preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Axelsson
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, Australia.,Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 42, Sweden
| | - Christine Fawcett
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 42, Sweden
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6
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Cannon PG, Edwards DP, Freckleton RP. Asking the Wrong Question in Explaining Tropical Diversity. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:482-484. [PMID: 33715920 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of plant diversity via the Janzen-Connell mechanism is often measured relative to neutral models that ignore species' competitive differences. Recent modelling indicates this mechanism is ineffective when included in models incorporating species' demographic variations. This suggests we have been asking the wrong questions when measuring the effectiveness of diversity-enhancing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Cannon
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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7
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Cannon PG, O’Brien MJ, Yusah KM, Edwards DP, Freckleton RP. Limited contributions of plant pathogens to density-dependent seedling mortality of mast fruiting Bornean trees. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13154-13164. [PMID: 33304525 PMCID: PMC7713929 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are implicated in driving tropical plant diversity by facilitating strong, negative density-dependent mortality of conspecific seedlings (C-NDD). Assessment of the role of fungal pathogens in mediating coexistence derives from relatively few tree species and predominantly the Neotropics, limiting our understanding of their role in maintaining hyper-diversity in many tropical forests. A key question is whether fungal pathogen-mediated C-NDD seedling mortality is ubiquitous across diverse plant communities. Using a manipulative shadehouse experiment, we tested the role of fungal pathogens in mediating C-NDD seedling mortality of eight mast fruiting Bornean trees, typical of the species-rich forests of South East Asia. We demonstrate species-specific responses of seedlings to fungicide and density treatments, generating weak negative density-dependent mortality. Overall seedling mortality was low and likely insufficient to promote overall community diversity. Although conducted in the same way as previous studies, we find little evidence that fungal pathogens play a substantial role in determining patterns of seedling mortality in a SE Asian mast fruiting forest, questioning our understanding of how Janzen-Connell mechanisms structure the plant communities of this globally important forest type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Cannon
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Michael J. O’Brien
- Área de Biodiversidad y ConservaciónUniversidad Rey Juan CarlosMóstolesSpain
- Danum Valley Field CentreSouth East Asian Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP)Lahad DatuSabahMalaysia
| | - Kalsum M. Yusah
- Institute for Tropical Biology and ConservationUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluSabahMalaysia
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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8
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Kortekaas K, Kotrschal K. Social Context Influences Resting Physiology in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122214. [PMID: 33255961 PMCID: PMC7760264 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wolves became dogs over the past 35,000 years. It has been suggested that through domestication, the cooperative nature of wolves and their dependence on pack mates has been re-directed towards humans. This has also affected the social orientation of dogs towards conspecifics. In contrast to wolves, dogs in free-ranging packs are not monogamous and are less cooperative with their pack members. In a previous paper, we found that dogs resting isolated from their pack members were less relaxed/more alert than wolves in the same situation. As social context may affect such results, we replicated this study with pack-living and enclosure-kept dogs resting alone or close to pack members. Specifically, we measured heart rate and heart rate variability as physiological proxies of alertness. We found that dogs were less relaxed/more alert when resting alone than with pack members, but that this may be modulated by social status, i.e., high-ranking dogs being less relaxed than low-ranking individuals. We conclude that relaxation/alertness of dogs during rest depends on social context and that, as in wolves, conspecific pack members still have a role in this. This indicates that domestication has only partially re-directed social orientation in dogs from conspecific pack members to human partners. Abstract Domestication has affected the social life of dogs. They seem to be less dependent on their pack members than wolves, potentially causing dogs to be more alert towards their environment, especially when resting. Such a response has been found in dogs resting alone compared to wolves in the same situation. However, as this may be influenced by social context, we compared alertness (i.e., degree of activation along the sleep–wake continuum—measured via cardiac parameters) of pack-living and enclosure-kept dogs in two conditions: (1) alone, and (2) with pack members, and in two states of activation: (1) inactive wakefulness, and (2) resting. We found that when dogs were resting alone, alertness was higher than when resting in the pack; individual alertness was potentially influenced by social rank. However, alertness was similar in the two conditions during inactive wakefulness. Thus, depending on social context, familiar conspecifics may still provide support in dogs; i.e., domestication has probably only partly shifted the social orientation of dogs from conspecifics to humans. We suggest that cardiac responses of dogs may be more flexible than those of wolves because of their adaptation to the more variable presence of humans and conspecifics in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Kortekaas
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Wolf Science Center, Domestication Lab, Konrad-Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1a, 1160 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Kurt Kotrschal
- Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Wolf Science Center, Domestication Lab, Konrad-Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1a, 1160 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Weeks ENI, Allan SA, Gezan SA, Kaufman PE. Auto-dissemination of commercially available fungal pathogens in a laboratory assay for management of the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Med Vet Entomol 2020; 34:184-191. [PMID: 31876331 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus is a canine tick that infests dogs throughout the world and is frequently found in homes and dog kennels. Management of this tick species is complicated by the presence of resistance to commonly utilized acaricides. Fungal formulations could provide a valuable alternative tool for management and are especially relevant indoors where detrimental environmental effects on fungal spores are of less concern. Two commercially available fungal formulations, one containing Metarhizium anisopliae and the other containing Beauveria bassiana, were compared for time to death and sporulation in nymphal ticks exposed for 60 min in treated filter paper packets. Beauveria bassiana exposure killed ticks faster than M. anisopliae exposure and B. bassiana was more likely to sporulate on tick cadavers than M. anisopliae. To determine whether infected ticks could disseminate fungus to their conspecifics, ticks were marked and treated with fungus before being placed with untreated ticks. Fungus was successfully transmitted from treated to untreated ticks. Mortality of ticks exposed to B. bassiana-exposed conspecifics occurred sooner than for those exposed to M. anisopliae-exposed conspecifics, indicating faster dissemination in the former. Therefore, although both formulations resulted in decreased longevity of ticks compared with the controls, the B. bassiana formulation holds the most promise for direct or indirect application with respect to brown dog tick management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N I Weeks
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - S A Allan
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - S A Gezan
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - P E Kaufman
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
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Abstract
Artificial animals are increasingly used as conspecific stimuli in animal behavior research. However, researchers often have an incomplete understanding of how the species under study perceives conspecifics, and, hence, which features are needed for a stimulus to be perceived appropriately. To investigate the features that bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) attend to, we measured their lateralized eye use when assessing a successive range of stimuli. These ranged through several stages of realism in artificial conspecifics, to see how features such as color, the presence of eyes, body shape and motion influence behavior. We found differences in lateralized eye use depending on the sex of the observing bearded dragon and the artificial conspecific, as well as the artificial conspecific's behavior. Therefore, this approach can inform the design of robotic animals that elicit biologically-meaningful responses in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas W Pike
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - John C Murray
- School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.,Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
In order to recognize the identity of a face we need to distinguish very similar images (specificity) while also generalizing identity information across image transformations such as changes in orientation (tolerance). Recent studies investigated the representation of individual faces in the brain, but it remains unclear whether the human brain regions that were found encode representations of individual images (specificity) or face identity (specificity plus tolerance). In the present article, we use multivoxel pattern analysis in the human ventral stream to investigate the representation of face identity across rotations in depth, a kind of transformation in which no point in the face image remains unchanged. The results reveal representations of face identity that are tolerant to rotations in depth in occipitotemporal cortex and in anterior temporal cortex, even when the similarity between mirror symmetrical views cannot be used to achieve tolerance. Converging evidence from different analysis techniques shows that the right anterior temporal lobe encodes a comparable amount of identity information to occipitotemporal regions, but this information is encoded over a smaller extent of cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Anzellotti
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Scott L Fairhall
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Alfonso Caramazza
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
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