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Abstract
Working memory (WM), the ability to store and manipulate information for short periods of time, is an important predictor of scholastic aptitude and a critical bottleneck underlying higher-order cognitive processes, including controlled attention and reasoning. Recent interventions targeting WM have suggested plasticity of the WM system by demonstrating improvements in both trained and untrained WM tasks. However, evidence on transfer of improved WM into more general cognitive domains such as fluid intelligence (Gf) has been more equivocal. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis focusing on one specific training program, n-back. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for all n-back training studies with Gf outcome measures, a control group, and healthy participants between 18 and 50 years of age. In total, we included 20 studies in our analyses that met our criteria and found a small but significant positive effect of n-back training on improving Gf. Several factors that moderate this transfer are identified and discussed. We conclude that short-term cognitive training on the order of weeks can result in beneficial effects in important cognitive functions as measured by laboratory tests.
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152
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Friedlander KJ, Fine PA. The Grounded Expertise Components Approach in the Novel Area of Cryptic Crossword Solving. Front Psychol 2016; 7:567. [PMID: 27199805 PMCID: PMC4853387 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a relatively unexplored area of expertise research which focuses on the solving of British-style cryptic crossword puzzles. Unlike its American "straight-definition" counterparts, which are primarily semantically-cued retrieval tasks, the British cryptic crossword is an exercise in code-cracking detection work. Solvers learn to ignore the superficial "surface reading" of the clue, which is phrased to be deliberately misleading, and look instead for a grammatical set of coded instructions which, if executed precisely, will lead to the correct (and only) answer. Sample clues are set out to illustrate the task requirements and demands. Hypothesized aptitudes for the field might include high fluid intelligence, skill at quasi-algebraic puzzles, pattern matching, visuospatial manipulation, divergent thinking and breaking frame abilities. These skills are additional to the crystallized knowledge and word-retrieval demands which are also a feature of American crossword puzzles. The authors present results from an exploratory survey intended to identify the characteristics of the cryptic crossword solving population, and outline the impact of these results on the direction of their subsequent research. Survey results were strongly supportive of a number of hypothesized skill-sets and guided the selection of appropriate test content and research paradigms which formed the basis of an extensive research program to be reported elsewhere. The paper concludes by arguing the case for a more grounded approach to expertise studies, termed the Grounded Expertise Components Approach. In this, the design and scope of the empirical program flows from a detailed and objectively-based characterization of the research population at the very onset of the program.
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154
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Ruiz-Contreras AE, Román-López TV, Caballero-Sánchez U, Rosas-Escobar CB, Ortega-Mora EI, Barrera-Tlapa MA, Romero-Hidalgo S, Carrillo-Sánchez K, Hernández-Morales S, Vadillo-Ortega F, González-Barrios JA, Méndez-Díaz M, Prospéro-García O. Because difficulty is not the same for everyone: the impact of complexity in working memory is associated with cannabinoid 1 receptor genetic variation in young adults. Memory 2016; 25:335-343. [PMID: 27108777 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2016.1172642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in working memory ability are mainly revealed when a demanding challenge is imposed. Here, we have associated cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor genetic variation rs2180619 (AA, AG, GG), which is located in a potential CNR1 regulatory sequence, with performance in working memory. Two-hundred and nine Mexican-mestizo healthy young participants (89 women, 120 men, mean age: 23.26 years, SD = 2.85) were challenged to solve a medium (2-back) vs. a high (3-back) difficulty N-back tasks. All subjects responded as expected, performance was better with the medium than the high demand task version, but no differences were found among genotypes while performing each working memory (WM) task. However, the cost of the level of complexity in N-back paradigm was double for GG subjects than for AA subjects. It is noteworthy that an additive-dosage allele relation was found for G allele in terms of cost of level of complexity. These genetic variation results support that the endocannabinoid system, evaluated by rs2180619 polymorphism, is involved in WM ability in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra E Ruiz-Contreras
- a Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Neurogenomica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicologia , Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) , Cd. Mexico, Mexico.,b Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Canabinoides, Depto. Fisiologia, Fac. Medicina , UNAM , Cd. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Talía V Román-López
- a Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Neurogenomica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicologia , Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) , Cd. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ulises Caballero-Sánchez
- a Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Neurogenomica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicologia , Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) , Cd. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Cintia B Rosas-Escobar
- a Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Neurogenomica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicologia , Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) , Cd. Mexico, Mexico
| | - E Ivett Ortega-Mora
- a Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Neurogenomica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicologia , Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) , Cd. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Barrera-Tlapa
- a Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Neurogenomica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicologia , Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) , Cd. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sandra Romero-Hidalgo
- c Departamento de Genómica Computacional , Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN) , Cd. Mexico, Mexico
| | | | | | - Felipe Vadillo-Ortega
- f Unidad de Vinculación Científica Facultad de Medicina , UNAM, INMEGEN , Cd. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio González-Barrios
- g Lab. Medicina Genómica, Hospital Regional "Primero de Octubre" , Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE) , Cd. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mónica Méndez-Díaz
- b Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Canabinoides, Depto. Fisiologia, Fac. Medicina , UNAM , Cd. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Oscar Prospéro-García
- b Gpo. Neurociencias: Lab. Canabinoides, Depto. Fisiologia, Fac. Medicina , UNAM , Cd. Mexico, Mexico
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155
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Abstract
It is generally agreed upon that the mechanisms underlying task switching heavily depend on working memory, yet numerous studies have failed to show a strong relationship between working memory capacity (WMC) and task-switching ability. We argue that this relationship does indeed exist but that the dependent variable used to measure task switching is problematic. To support our claim, we reanalyzed data from two studies with a new scoring procedure that combines reaction time (RT) and accuracy into a single score. The reanalysis revealed a strong relationship between task switching and WMC that was not present when RT-based switch costs were used as the dependent variable. We discuss the theoretical implications of this finding along with the potential uses and limitations of the scoring procedure we used. More broadly, we emphasize the importance of using measures that incorporate speed and accuracy in other areas of research, particularly in comparisons of subjects differing in cognitive and developmental levels.
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156
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Schuiringa H, van Nieuwenhuijzen M, Orobio de Castro B, Matthys W. Executive functions and processing speed in children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities and externalizing behavior problems. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 23:442-462. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1135421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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157
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Unsworth N. The Many Facets of Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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158
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Mattfeld AT, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Biederman J, Spencer T, Brown A, Fried R, Gabrieli JDE. Dissociation of working memory impairments and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the brain. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 10:274-82. [PMID: 26900567 PMCID: PMC4723732 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prevailing neuropsychological models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) propose that ADHD arises from deficits in executive functions such as working memory, but accumulating clinical evidence suggests a dissociation between ADHD and executive dysfunctions. This study examined whether ADHD and working memory capacity are behaviorally and neurobiologically separable using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants diagnosed with ADHD in childhood who subsequently remitted or persisted in their diagnosis as adults were characterized at follow-up in adulthood as either impaired or unimpaired in spatial working memory relative to controls who never had ADHD. ADHD participants with impaired spatial working memory performed worse than controls and ADHD participants with unimpaired working memory during an n-back working memory task while being scanned. Both controls and ADHD participants with unimpaired working memory exhibited significant linearly increasing activation in the inferior frontal junction, precuneus, lingual gyrus, and cerebellum as a function of working-memory load, and these activations did not differ significantly between these groups. ADHD participants with impaired working memory exhibited significant hypoactivation in the same regions, which was significantly different than both control participants and ADHD participants with unimpaired working memory. These findings support both a behavioral and neurobiological dissociation between ADHD and working memory capacity. ADHD and working memory deficits were behaviorally and neurally dissociable. Working memory performance was unrelated to the current ADHD diagnosis. Impaired working memory was associated with reduced brain activations. Working memory status was stable, while ADHD diagnostic status was more variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Mattfeld
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Psychology, Florida International University, FL 33199, USA
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph Biederman
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas Spencer
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ariel Brown
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ronna Fried
- Clinical and Research Program in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, MA 02114, USA
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159
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Del Missier F, Hansson P, Parker AM, Bruine de Bruin W, Nilsson LG, Mäntylä T. Unraveling the Aging Skein: Disentangling Sensory and Cognitive Predictors of Age-related Differences in Decision Making. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Del Missier
- Department of Psychology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Trieste; Trieste Italy
| | | | | | - Wändi Bruine de Bruin
- Leeds University Business School; Leeds UK
- Department of Engineering & Public Policy; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Lars-Göran Nilsson
- Department of Psychology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
- ARC Karolinska Institutet Stockholm; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Timo Mäntylä
- Department of Psychology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
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160
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De Visscher A, Szmalec A, Van Der Linden L, Noël MP. Serial-order learning impairment and hypersensitivity-to-interference in dyscalculia. Cognition 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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161
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The relation between a multicomponent working memory and intelligence: The roles of central executive and short-term storage functions. INTELLIGENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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162
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Chuderski A. The broad factor of working memory is virtually isomorphic to fluid intelligence tested under time pressure. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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163
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Smolen T, Chuderski A. The quadratic relationship between difficulty of intelligence test items and their correlations with working memory. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1270. [PMID: 26379594 PMCID: PMC4547002 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid intelligence (Gf) is a crucial cognitive ability that involves abstract reasoning in order to solve novel problems. Recent research demonstrated that Gf strongly depends on the individual effectiveness of working memory (WM). We investigated a popular claim that if the storage capacity underlay the WM–Gf correlation, then such a correlation should increase with an increasing number of items or rules (load) in a Gf-test. As often no such link is observed, on that basis the storage-capacity account is rejected, and alternative accounts of Gf (e.g., related to executive control or processing speed) are proposed. Using both analytical inference and numerical simulations, we demonstrated that the load-dependent change in correlation is primarily a function of the amount of floor/ceiling effect for particular items. Thus, the item-wise WM correlation of a Gf-test depends on its overall difficulty, and the difficulty distribution across its items. When the early test items yield huge ceiling, but the late items do not approach floor, that correlation will increase throughout the test. If the early items locate themselves between ceiling and floor, but the late items approach floor, the respective correlation will decrease. For a hallmark Gf-test, the Raven-test, whose items span from ceiling to floor, the quadratic relationship is expected, and it was shown empirically using a large sample and two types of WMC tasks. In consequence, no changes in correlation due to varying WM/Gf load, or lack of them, can yield an argument for or against any theory of WM/Gf. Moreover, as the mathematical properties of the correlation formula make it relatively immune to ceiling/floor effects for overall moderate correlations, only minor changes (if any) in the WM–Gf correlation should be expected for many psychological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Smolen
- Neurocognitive Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Pedagogical University of Krakow Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Chuderski
- Cognitive Science Department, Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland
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164
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Gignac GE, Watkins MW. There may be nothing special about the association between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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165
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Danielsson H, Zottarel V, Palmqvist L, Lanfranchi S. The effectiveness of working memory training with individuals with intellectual disabilities - a meta-analytic review. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1230. [PMID: 26347692 PMCID: PMC4538918 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) training has been increasingly popular in the last years. Previous studies have shown that individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) have low WM capacity and therefore would benefit by this type of intervention. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of WM and cognitive training for individuals with ID. The effects reported in previous studies have varied and therefore a meta-analysis of articles in the major databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria included to have a pretest-posttest design with a training group and a control group and to have measures of WM or short-term memory. Ten studies with 28 comparisons were included. The results reveal a significant, but small, overall pretest-posttest effect size (ES) for WM training for individuals with ID compared to controls. A mixed WM approach, including both verbal and visuo-spatial components working mainly on strategies, was the only significant training type with a medium ES. The most commonly reported training type, visuo-spatial WM training, was performed in 60 percent of the included comparisons and had a non-significant ES close to zero. We conclude that even if there is an overall effect of WM training, a mixed WM approach appears to cause this effect. Given the few studies included and the different characteristics of the included studies, interpretations should be done with caution. However, different types of interventions appear to have different effects. Even if the results were promising, more studies are needed to better understand how to design an effective WM intervention for this group and to understand if, and how, these short-term effects remain over time and transfer to everyday activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Danielsson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
- The Swedish Institute for Disability ResearchLinköping, Sweden
| | - Valentina Zottarel
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - Lisa Palmqvist
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
- The Swedish Institute for Disability ResearchLinköping, Sweden
| | - Silvia Lanfranchi
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
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166
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Investigating the effectiveness of working memory training in the context of Personality Systems Interaction theory. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015. [PMID: 26208631 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown mixed results for the ability of working memory training to improve fluid intelligence. The aims of this study were first to replicate these improvements, and then to explore the moderating role of Personality Systems Interaction (PSI) personality factors. By using three different training methods and an active-contact control group, we examined the effects of 25 days of cognitive training on 142 participants. After examining our results in context of PSI theory, we found that different training methods yielded different IQ gains in participants, depending on their personality styles. In addition, these correlations suggested a meaningful pattern, indicating that PSI theory may be able to account for the different outcomes of cognitive training studies. Our findings may facilitate tailor-made cognitive training interventions in the future, and can contribute to explaining the mechanisms underlying the far transfer of working memory training to fluid intelligence.
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167
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Evans JSBT, Stanovich KE. Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 8:223-41. [PMID: 26172965 DOI: 10.1177/1745691612460685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1205] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dual-process and dual-system theories in both cognitive and social psychology have been subjected to a number of recently published criticisms. However, they have been attacked as a category, incorrectly assuming there is a generic version that applies to all. We identify and respond to 5 main lines of argument made by such critics. We agree that some of these arguments have force against some of the theories in the literature but believe them to be overstated. We argue that the dual-processing distinction is supported by much recent evidence in cognitive science. Our preferred theoretical approach is one in which rapid autonomous processes (Type 1) are assumed to yield default responses unless intervened on by distinctive higher order reasoning processes (Type 2). What defines the difference is that Type 2 processing supports hypothetical thinking and load heavily on working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith E Stanovich
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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168
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Abstract
The study examined the patterns of errors in a specially designed test of analogical reasoning. The results indicated that those patterns strongly depended on participants’ ability level that was measured by another two fluid intelligence tests. Relatively good reasoners made analogy-making errors primarily resulting from not binding a single relational element to the complete solution. This fact indicates that they properly carried out a reasoning process, but missed just one reasoning step. In contrast, poor reasoners more often chose erroneous options that missed several relational elements, but were perceptually similar to target analogs, what suggests that those reasoners did not follow the necessary rules. Moreover, the reasoning scores of poor reasoners depended more strongly on measures of working memory capacity than did scores of good reasoners. The results are interpreted in terms of several seminal theories of fluid intelligence.
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169
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170
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Attentional Control and Intelligence: MRI Orbital Frontal Gray Matter and Neuropsychological Correlates. Behav Neurol 2015; 2015:354186. [PMID: 26101457 PMCID: PMC4460198 DOI: 10.1155/2015/354186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional control is a key function of working memory that is hypothesized to play an important role in psychometric intelligence. To test the neuropsychological underpinnings of this hypothesis, we examined full-scale IQ, as measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III), and attentional control, as measured by Trails B response time and Wisconsin Card Sorting (WCS) test perseverative errors in 78 healthy participants, 25 of whom also had available magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gray matter volume studies of the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) parcellated into three regions: gyrus rectus, middle orbital gyrus, and lateral orbital gyrus. Hierarchical regression indicated that Trails B response time specifically explained 15.13% to 19.18% of the variation in IQ and WCS perseverative errors accounted for an additional 8.12% to 11.29% of the variance. Full-scale IQ correlated very strongly with right middle orbital gyrus gray matter volume (r = 0.610, p = 0.002), as did Trails B response time with left middle orbital gyrus gray matter volume (r = −0.608, p = 0.003). Trails B response time and right middle orbital gyrus gray matter volume jointly accounted for approximately 32.95% to 54.82% of the variance in IQ scores. These results provided evidence of the unique contributions of attentional control and OFC gray matter to intelligence.
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171
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172
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Carruthers P. Perceiving mental states. Conscious Cogn 2015; 36:498-507. [PMID: 25935565 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper argues that our awareness of the mental states of other agents is often perceptual in character. It draws partly on recent experimental findings concerning perception of animacy and intentionality. But it also emphasizes the unencapsulated nature of perception generally, and argues that concepts (including mental-state concepts) can be bound into the contents of conscious perception. One of the main arguments used in support of this conclusion draws on recent work concerning the nature and contents of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Carruthers
- Department of Philosophy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20912, United States.
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173
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Verbal and nonverbal predictors of language-mediated anticipatory eye movements. Atten Percept Psychophys 2015; 77:720-30. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-015-0873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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174
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Agnello P, Ryan R, Yusko KP. Implications of modern intelligence research for assessing intelligence in the workplace. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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175
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Chuderski A, Andrelczyk K. From neural oscillations to reasoning ability: Simulating the effect of the theta-to-gamma cycle length ratio on individual scores in a figural analogy test. Cogn Psychol 2015; 76:78-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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176
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DiMenichi BC, Richmond LL. Reflecting on past failures leads to increased perseverance and sustained attention. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2014.995104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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177
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178
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Lang JWB, Bliese PD. I–O Psychology and Progressive Research Programs on Intelligence. INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY-PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-9434.2012.01423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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179
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Gignac GE. The magical numbers 7 and 4 are resistant to the Flynn effect: No evidence for increases in forward or backward recall across 85 years of data. INTELLIGENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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180
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Gavelin HM, Boraxbekk CJ, Stenlund T, Järvholm LS, Neely AS. Effects of a process-based cognitive training intervention for patients with stress-related exhaustion. Stress 2015; 18:578-88. [PMID: 26305186 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1064892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-related exhaustion has been linked to a pattern of selective cognitive impairments, mainly affecting executive functioning, attention and episodic memory. Little is known about potential treatments of these cognitive deficits. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a process-based cognitive training intervention, designed to target the specific cognitive impairments associated with stress-related exhaustion. To this end, patients diagnosed with exhaustion disorder (ED) were randomized to either a multimodal stress rehabilitation program with the addition of a process-based cognitive training intervention (training group, n = 27) or a treatment-as-usual control condition, consisting of multimodal stress rehabilitation with no additional training (control group, n = 32). Treatment effects were evaluated through an extensive cognitive test battery, assessing both near and far transfer effects, as well as self-report forms regarding subjective cognitive complaints and burnout levels. Results showed pronounced training-related improvements on the criterion updating task (p < 0.001). Further, evidence was found of selective near transfer effects to updating (p = 0.01) and episodic memory (p = 0.04). Also, the trained group reported less subjective memory complaints (p = 0.02) and levels of burnout decreased for both groups, but more so for the trained group (p = 0.04), following the intervention. These findings suggest that process-based cognitive training may be a viable method to address the cognitive impairments associated with ED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- b Center for Demographic and Aging Research (CEDAR), Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University , Umea , Sweden
| | - Therese Stenlund
- c Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation , Umeå University , Umea , Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Slunga Järvholm
- d Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine , Umeå University , Umea , Sweden , and
| | - Anna Stigsdotter Neely
- a Department of Psychology , Umeå University , Umea , Sweden
- e Department of Social and Psychological Studies , Karlstad University , Karlstad , Sweden
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181
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Souza AS, Rerko L, Oberauer K. Refreshing memory traces: thinking of an item improves retrieval from visual working memory. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1339:20-31. [PMID: 25557544 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This article provides evidence that refreshing, a hypothetical attention-based process operating in working memory (WM), improves the accessibility of visual representations for recall. "Thinking of", one of several concurrently active representations, is assumed to refresh its trace in WM, protecting the representation from being forgotten. The link between refreshing and WM performance, however, has only been tenuously supported by empirical evidence. Here, we controlled which and how often individual items were refreshed in a color reconstruction task by presenting cues prompting participants to think of specific WM items during the retention interval. We show that the frequency with which an item is refreshed improves recall of this item from visual WM. Our study establishes a role of refreshing in recall from visual WM and provides a new method for studying the impact of refreshing on the amount of information we can keep accessible for ongoing cognition.
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182
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Jarrold C, Hall D, Harvey CE, Tam H, Towse JN, Zarandi AL. What can we learn about immediate memory from the development of children's free recall? Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2014; 68:1871-94. [PMID: 25486388 PMCID: PMC4536945 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.995110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We ask the question: Which aspects of immediate memory performance improve with age? In two studies, we reexamine the widely held view that primary memory capacity estimates derived from children's immediate free recall are age invariant. This was done by assessing children's immediate free-recall accuracy while also measuring the order in which they elected to recall items (Experiment 1) and by encouraging children to begin free recall with items from towards the end of the presented list (Experiment 2). Across samples aged between 5 and 8 years we replicated the previously reported age-related changes in free-recall serial position functions when aggregated across all trials of the standard task, including an absence of age differences in the recency portion of this curve. However, we also show that this does not reflect the fact that primary memory capacity is constant across age. Instead, when we incorporate order of report information, clear age differences are evident in the recall of list-final items that are output at the start of a participant's response. In addition, the total amount that individuals recalled varied little across different types of free-recall tasks. These findings have clear implications for the use of immediate free recall as a means of providing potential indices of primary memory capacity and in the study of the development of immediate memory.
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183
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Gignac GE. Fluid intelligence shares closer to 60% of its variance with working memory capacity and is a better indicator of general intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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184
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Hannon B, Daneman M. Revisiting the construct of “relational integration” and its role in accounting for general intelligence: The importance of knowledge integration. INTELLIGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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185
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Cleutjens FAHM, Spruit MA, Ponds RWHM, Dijkstra JB, Franssen FME, Wouters EFM, Janssen DJA. Cognitive functioning in obstructive lung disease: results from the United Kingdom biobank. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2014; 15:214-219. [PMID: 24513227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare domains of cognitive functioning between persons with and without obstructive lung disease (OLD) and to analyze the relationship between cognitive functioning and the degree of airflow limitation. DESIGN An observational population-based study. SETTING This research was conducted using the United Kingdom Biobank Resource. PARTICIPANTS The study population consisted of 43,039 persons with complete data on cognitive functioning and spirometry. MEASUREMENTS Cognitive functioning was compared between persons with and without OLD using linear regression analysis. The relationship between impairment in lung function and cognitive impairment was assessed among persons with OLD. RESULTS Persons with OLD had significantly worse scores than persons without OLD on prospective memory [β = -0.15 (-0.22 to -0.09)], visuospatial memory [β round 1 = 0.06 (0.03‒0.10)]; β round 2 = 0.09 (<0.001‒0.18)), numeric short-term memory [β = ‒0.05 (‒0.10 to <0.001)] and cognitive processing speed [β = 4.62 (1.25‒8.01)] after correction for possible confounders. Impairment in prospective memory [β = 0.004 (<0.001‒0.01)] and numeric short-term memory [β = 0.01 (0.003‒0.01)] were weakly related to FEV1 (adjusted P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Persons with OLD experience cognitive impairment in different domains, which is partially related to airway obstruction. In particular, memory and information processing are affected. Further assessment of the relationship with patient-related outcomes is needed to optimize patient-oriented treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A H M Cleutjens
- Program Development Center, CIRO+, Center of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, The Netherlands.
| | - Martijn A Spruit
- Program Development Center, CIRO+, Center of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf W H M Ponds
- Department of Psychology, Maastricht UMC+/School for Mental Health and Neurosciences (MHeNS), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette B Dijkstra
- Department of Psychology, Maastricht UMC+/School for Mental Health and Neurosciences (MHeNS), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frits M E Franssen
- Program Development Center, CIRO+, Center of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Program Development Center, CIRO+, Center of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, The Netherlands; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy J A Janssen
- Program Development Center, CIRO+, Center of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, Horn, The Netherlands
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186
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Abstract
The cusp catastrophe models for cognitive workload and fatigue and their supporting research program evolved in response to numerous difficulties encountered in previous research. The two cusp models separate the two processes, which have the same temporal dynamic structure but different contributing variables, using an integrated experimental design that tests them both in the same situation. This presentation describes the structural models, experimental tasks, and principles of elasticity-rigidity, compensatory ability, minimum entropy, and the performance-variability paradox. Results from the series of six studies are summarized and discussed.
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188
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Chuderski A. High intelligence prevents the negative impact of anxiety on working memory. Cogn Emot 2014; 29:1197-209. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2014.969683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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189
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Therriault DJ, Redifer JL, Lee CS, Wang Y. On Cognition, Need, and Action: How Working Memory and Need for Cognition Influence Leisure Activities. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Therriault
- School of Human Development and Organizational Studies in Education; University of Florida; USA
| | | | | | - Ye Wang
- School of Human Development and Organizational Studies in Education; University of Florida; USA
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190
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191
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Sebastian A, Jung P, Krause-Utz A, Lieb K, Schmahl C, Tüscher O. Frontal dysfunctions of impulse control - a systematic review in borderline personality disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:698. [PMID: 25232313 PMCID: PMC4153044 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders such as borderline personality disorder (BPD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by impulsive behaviors. Impulsivity as used in clinical terms is very broadly defined and entails different categories including personality traits as well as different cognitive functions such as emotion regulation or interference resolution and impulse control. Impulse control as an executive function, however, is neither cognitively nor neurobehaviorally a unitary function. Recent findings from behavioral and cognitive neuroscience studies suggest related but dissociable components of impulse control along functional domains like selective attention, response selection, motivational control, and behavioral inhibition. In addition, behavioral and neural dissociations are seen for proactive vs. reactive inhibitory motor control. The prefrontal cortex with its sub-regions is the central structure in executing these impulse control functions. Based on these concepts of impulse control, neurobehavioral findings of studies in BPD and ADHD were reviewed and systematically compared. Overall, patients with BPD exhibited prefrontal dysfunctions across impulse control components rather in orbitofrontal, dorsomedial, and dorsolateral prefrontal regions, whereas patients with ADHD displayed disturbed activity mainly in ventrolateral and medial prefrontal regions. Prefrontal dysfunctions, however, varied depending on the impulse control component and from disorder to disorder. This suggests a dissociation of impulse control related frontal dysfunctions in BPD and ADHD, although only few studies are hitherto available to assess frontal dysfunctions along different impulse control components in direct comparison of these disorders. Yet, these findings might serve as a hypothesis for the future systematic assessment of impulse control components to understand differences and commonalities of prefrontal cortex dysfunction in impulsive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sebastian
- Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control Group, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Patrick Jung
- Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control Group, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Annegret Krause-Utz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control Group, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control Group, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany ; Department of Neurology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Medical Center , Freiburg , Germany
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192
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Benedek M, Jauk E, Sommer M, Arendasy M, Neubauer AC. Intelligence, creativity, and cognitive control: The common and differential involvement of executive functions in intelligence and creativity. INTELLIGENCE 2014; 46:73-83. [PMID: 25278640 PMCID: PMC4175011 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intelligence and creativity are known to be correlated constructs suggesting that they share a common cognitive basis. The present study assessed three specific executive abilities – updating, shifting, and inhibition – and examined their common and differential relations to fluid intelligence and creativity (i.e., divergent thinking ability) within a latent variable model approach. Additionally, it was tested whether the correlation of fluid intelligence and creativity can be explained by a common executive involvement. As expected, fluid intelligence was strongly predicted by updating, but not by shifting or inhibition. Creativity was predicted by updating and inhibition, but not by shifting. Moreover, updating (and the personality factor openness) was found to explain a relevant part of the shared variance between intelligence and creativity. The findings provide direct support for the executive involvement in creative thought and shed further light on the functional relationship between intelligence and creativity. Latent variable analysis relating executive functions, intelligence and creativity Intelligence is predicted by updating, but not inhibition or shifting ability. Creativity is predicted by updating and inhibition, but not shifting ability. Updating explains a relevant part of the intelligence–creativity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuel Jauk
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Sommer
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria
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193
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Giofrè D, Mammarella IC. The relationship between working memory and intelligence in children: Is the scoring procedure important? INTELLIGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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194
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Passolunghi MC, Cargnelutti E, Pastore M. The contribution of general cognitive abilities and approximate number system to early mathematics. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 84:631-49. [DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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195
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Individual differences in fluid intelligence predicts inattentional blindness in a sample of older adults: a preliminary study. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 79:570-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-014-0594-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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196
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Guastello SJ, Malon M, Timm P, Weinberger K, Gorin H, Fabisch M, Poston K. Catastrophe models for cognitive workload and fatigue in a vigilance dual task. HUMAN FACTORS 2014; 56:737-751. [PMID: 25029898 DOI: 10.1177/0018720813508777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated two cusp catastrophe models for cognitive workload and fatigue for a vigilance dual task, the role of emotional intelligence and frustration in the performance dynamics, and the dynamics for individuals and teams of two participants. BACKGROUND The effects of workload, fatigue, practice, and time on a specific task can be separated with the two models and an appropriate experimental design. Group dynamics add further complications to the understanding of workload and fatigue effects for teams. METHOD In this experiment, 141 undergraduates responded to target stimuli that appeared on a simulated security camera display at three rates of speed while completing a jigsaw puzzle. Participants worked alone or in pairs and completed additional measurements prior to or after the main tasks. RESULTS The workload cusp verified the expected effects of speed and frustration on change in performance. The fatigue cusp showed that positive and negative changes in performance were greater if more work on the secondary task was completed and whether the participants who started with the fast vigilance condition demonstrated less fatigue. CONCLUSION The results supported the efficacy of the cusp models and suggested, furthermore, that training modules that varied speed of presentation could buffer the effects of fatigue. APPLICATION The cusp models can be used to analyze virtually any cognitively demanding task set. The particular results generalize to vigilance tasks, although a wider range of conditions within vigilance tasks needs to be investigated further.
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197
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Van Dyke JA, Johns CL, Kukona A. Low working memory capacity is only spuriously related to poor reading comprehension. Cognition 2014; 131:373-403. [PMID: 24657820 PMCID: PMC3988267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Accounts of comprehension failure, whether in the case of readers with poor skill or when syntactic complexity is high, have overwhelmingly implicated working memory capacity as the key causal factor. However, extant research suggests that this position is not well supported by evidence on the span of active memory during online sentence processing, nor is it well motivated by models that make explicit claims about the memory mechanisms that support language processing. The current study suggests that sensitivity to interference from similar items in memory may provide a better explanation of comprehension failure. Through administration of a comprehensive skill battery, we found that the previously observed association of working memory with comprehension is likely due to the collinearity of working memory with many other reading-related skills, especially IQ. In analyses which removed variance shared with IQ, we found that receptive vocabulary knowledge was the only significant predictor of comprehension performance in our task out of a battery of 24 skill measures. In addition, receptive vocabulary and non-verbal memory for serial order-but not simple verbal memory or working memory-were the only predictors of reading times in the region where interference had its primary affect. We interpret these results in light of a model that emphasizes retrieval interference and the quality of lexical representations as key determinants of successful comprehension.
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198
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Abstract
Figurative language is one of the most common expressions of creative behavior in everyday life. However, the cognitive mechanisms behind figures of speech such as metaphors remain largely unexplained. Recent evidence suggests that fluid and executive abilities are important to the generation of conventional and creative metaphors. The present study investigated whether several factors of the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model of intelligence contribute to generating these different types of metaphors. Specifically, the roles of fluid intelligence (Gf), crystallized intelligence (Gc), and broad retrieval ability (Gr) were explored. Participants completed a series of intelligence tests and were asked to produce conventional and creative metaphors. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the contribution of the different factors of intelligence to metaphor production. For creative metaphor, there were large effects of Gf (β = .45) and Gr (β = .52); for conventional metaphor, there was a moderate effect of Gc (β = .30). Creative and conventional metaphors thus appear to be anchored in different patterns of abilities: Creative metaphors rely more on executive processes, whereas conventional metaphors primarily draw from acquired vocabulary knowledge.
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199
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Callens M, Tops W, Stevens M, Brysbaert M. An exploratory factor analysis of the cognitive functioning of first-year bachelor students with dyslexia. ANNALS OF DYSLEXIA 2014; 64:91-119. [PMID: 24510507 DOI: 10.1007/s11881-013-0088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of students with dyslexia register in higher education. As a consequence, information on their pattern of strengths and weaknesses is essential to construct adequate assessment and diagnostic protocols. In a sample of 100 first-year bachelor students with dyslexia and 100 control students, a large pool of cognitive skills were tested using a variety of tests. When we applied an exploratory factor analysis to scores, a model with ten factors fitted the data best. Effect sizes were used to express the processing costs of students with dyslexia. The factors related to reading, spelling, flashed orthography, phonology, naming, math, and reading fluency resulted in large effect sizes. A factor combining all measures for crystallized IQ had a medium effect size. The subtests for fluid intelligence were divided in two separate constructs. Relationships between all subtest scores are visualized and interpreted in a general theoretical and practical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Callens
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Ghent, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000, Gent, Belgium,
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200
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Little DR, Lewandowsky S, Craig S. Working memory capacity and fluid abilities: the more difficult the item, the more more is better. Front Psychol 2014; 5:239. [PMID: 24711798 PMCID: PMC3968765 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory is of fundamental importance to understanding how capacity-limited structures such as working memory interact with inference abilities to determine intelligent behavior. Recent evidence has suggested that the relationship between a fluid abilities test, Raven's Progressive Matrices, and working memory capacity (WMC) may be invariant across difficulty levels of the Raven's items. We show that this invariance can only be observed if the overall correlation between Raven's and WMC is low. Simulations of Raven's performance revealed that as the overall correlation between Raven's and WMC increases, the item-wise point bi-serial correlations involving WMC are no longer constant but increase considerably with item difficulty. The simulation results were confirmed by two studies that used a composite measure of WMC, which yielded a higher correlation between WMC and Raven's than reported in previous studies. As expected, with the higher overall correlation, there was a significant positive relationship between Raven's item difficulty and the extent of the item-wise correlation with WMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Little
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephan Lewandowsky
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of BristolBristol, UK
- School of Psychology, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
| | - Stewart Craig
- School of Psychology, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
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