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Wang J, Wang Y, Ou Q, Yang S, Jing J, Fang J. Computer gaming alters resting-state brain networks, enhancing cognitive and fluid intelligence in players: evidence from brain imaging-derived phenotypes-wide Mendelian randomization. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae061. [PMID: 38436466 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The debate on whether computer gaming enhances players' cognitive function is an ongoing and contentious issue. Aiming to delve into the potential impacts of computer gaming on the players' cognitive function, we embarked on a brain imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs)-wide Mendelian randomization (MR) study, utilizing publicly available data from a European population. Our findings indicate that computer gaming has a positive impact on fluid intelligence (odds ratio [OR] = 6.264, P = 4.361 × 10-10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.520-11.147) and cognitive function (OR = 3.322, P = 0.002, 95% CI 1.563-7.062). Out of the 3062 brain IDPs analyzed, only one phenotype, IDP NET100 0378, was significantly influenced by computer gaming (OR = 4.697, P = 1.10 × 10-5, 95% CI 2.357-9.361). Further MR analysis suggested that alterations in the IDP NET100 0378 caused by computer gaming may be a potential factor affecting fluid intelligence (OR = 1.076, P = 0.041, 95% CI 1.003-1.153). Our MR study lends support to the notion that computer gaming can facilitate the development of players' fluid intelligence by enhancing the connectivity between the motor cortex in the resting-state brain and key regions such as the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the language center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University School of Medicine, 50 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Street, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qian Ou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yvhangtang Street, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Sengze Yang
- School of Economics and Management, Harbin University of Science and Technology, 4 Linyuan Street, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Jiajie Jing
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University School of Medicine, 50 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Jiaqi Fang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou City University School of Medicine, 50 Huzhou Street, Hangzhou 310015, China
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de Chiusole D, Spinoso M, Anselmi P, Bacherini A, Balboni G, Mazzoni N, Brancaccio A, Epifania OM, Orsoni M, Giovagnoli S, Garofalo S, Benassi M, Robusto E, Stefanutti L, Pierluigi I. PsycAssist: A Web-Based Artificial Intelligence System Designed for Adaptive Neuropsychological Assessment and Training. Brain Sci 2024; 14:122. [PMID: 38391697 PMCID: PMC10886469 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Assessing executive functions in individuals with disorders or clinical conditions can be challenging, as they may lack the abilities needed for conventional test formats. The use of more personalized test versions, such as adaptive assessments, might be helpful in evaluating individuals with specific needs. This paper introduces PsycAssist, a web-based artificial intelligence system designed for neuropsychological adaptive assessment and training. PsycAssist is a highly flexible and scalable system based on procedural knowledge space theory and may be used potentially with many types of tests. We present the architecture and adaptive assessment engine of PsycAssist and the two currently available tests: Adap-ToL, an adaptive version of the Tower of London-like test to assess planning skills, and MatriKS, a Raven-like test to evaluate fluid intelligence. Finally, we describe the results of an investigation of the usability of Adap-ToL and MatriKS: the evaluators perceived these tools as appropriate and well-suited for their intended purposes, and the test-takers perceived the assessment as a positive experience. To sum up, PsycAssist represents an innovative and promising tool to tailor evaluation and training to the specific characteristics of the individual, useful for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora de Chiusole
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 14, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Matilde Spinoso
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Piazza Aldo Moro 90, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Pasquale Anselmi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 14, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Bacherini
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Balboni
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Noemi Mazzoni
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Piazza Aldo Moro 90, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Andrea Brancaccio
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 14, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ottavia M Epifania
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 14, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Orsoni
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Piazza Aldo Moro 90, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Sara Giovagnoli
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Piazza Aldo Moro 90, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Sara Garofalo
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Piazza Aldo Moro 90, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Benassi
- Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", University of Bologna, Piazza Aldo Moro 90, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Egidio Robusto
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 14, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Stefanutti
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 14, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Irene Pierluigi
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Giancola M, Palmiero M, Pino MC, Sannino M, D’Amico S. How Do Children "Think outside the Box"? Fluid Intelligence and Divergent Thinking: A Moderated Mediation Study of Field Dependent-Independent Cognitive Style and Gender. Children (Basel) 2024; 11:89. [PMID: 38255402 PMCID: PMC10814549 DOI: 10.3390/children11010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The interplay between fluid intelligence (Gf) and divergent thinking (DT) has widely characterized current research in the psychology of creativity. Nevertheless, the evidence on the main factors involved in this association during childhood remains a matter of debate. Present research has addressed the interplay between Gf and DT, exploring the mediating role of a field dependent-independent cognitive style (FDI) and the moderating effect of gender in 101 children (Mage = 8.02; SDage = 1.43). Participants carried out Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices, the Children Embedded Figure Test, and the Alternative Uses Task. The results revealed the mediating effect of FDI in the association between Gf and DT, providing evidence that this cognitive style represents a function of controlled mental processes underpinned by Gf, which are useful to thinking divergently. In addition, the findings reported that the interplay between FDI and DT was moderated by gender, suggesting that the impact of FDI on DT was stronger among boys. Through a multidimensional approach, these current research findings provide further insight into the primary children's factors involved in the ability to find alternative solutions and think divergently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giancola
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.P.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Maria Chiara Pino
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Marta Sannino
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Simonetta D’Amico
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.G.); (M.C.P.); (M.S.)
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Karadachka K, Assem M, Mitchell DJ, Duncan J, Medendorp WP, Mars RB. Structural connectivity of the multiple demand network in humans and comparison to the macaque brain. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10959-10971. [PMID: 37798142 PMCID: PMC10646692 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid intelligence encompasses a wide range of abilities such as working memory, problem-solving, and relational reasoning. In the human brain, these abilities are associated with the Multiple Demand Network, traditionally thought to involve combined activity of specific regions predominantly in the prefrontal and parietal cortices. However, the structural basis of the interactions between areas in the Multiple Demand Network, as well as their evolutionary basis among primates, remains largely unexplored. Here, we exploit diffusion MRI to elucidate the major white matter pathways connecting areas of the human core and extended Multiple Demand Network. We then investigate whether similar pathways can be identified in the putative homologous areas of the Multiple Demand Network in the macaque monkey. Finally, we contrast human and monkey networks using a recently proposed approach to compare different species' brains within a common organizational space. Our results indicate that the core Multiple Demand Network relies mostly on dorsal longitudinal connections and, although present in the macaque, these connections are more pronounced in the human brain. The extended Multiple Demand Network relies on distinct pathways and communicates with the core Multiple Demand Network through connections that also appear enhanced in the human compared with the macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Karadachka
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Moataz Assem
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Mitchell
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - John Duncan
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - W Pieter Medendorp
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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Zacharopoulos G, Sella F, Emir U, Cohen Kadosh R. Dissecting the chain of information processing and its interplay with neurochemicals and fluid intelligence across development. eLife 2023; 12:e84086. [PMID: 37772958 PMCID: PMC10541179 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has highlighted the role of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in perceptual, cognitive, and motor tasks. However, the exact involvement of these neurochemical mechanisms in the chain of information processing, and across human development, is unclear. In a cross-sectional longitudinal design, we used a computational approach to dissociate cognitive, decision, and visuomotor processing in 293 individuals spanning early childhood to adulthood. We found that glutamate and GABA within the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) explained unique variance in visuomotor processing, with higher glutamate predicting poorer visuomotor processing in younger participants but better visuomotor processing in mature participants, while GABA showed the opposite pattern. These findings, which were neurochemically, neuroanatomically and functionally specific, were replicated ~21 mo later and were generalized in two further different behavioral tasks. Using resting functional MRI, we revealed that the relationship between IPS neurochemicals and visuomotor processing is mediated by functional connectivity in the visuomotor network. We then extended our findings to high-level cognitive behavior by predicting fluid intelligence performance. We present evidence that fluid intelligence performance is explained by IPS GABA and glutamate and is mediated by visuomotor processing. However, this evidence was obtained using an uncorrected alpha and needs to be replicated in future studies. These results provide an integrative biological and psychological mechanistic explanation that links cognitive processes and neurotransmitters across human development and establishes their potential involvement in intelligent behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zacharopoulos
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- School of Psychology, Swansea UniversitySwanseaUnited Kingdom
| | - Francesco Sella
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical Cognition, Loughborough UniversityLoughboroughUnited Kingdom
| | - Uzay Emir
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Roi Cohen Kadosh
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of SurreyGuildfordUnited Kingdom
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Wilcox RR, Barbey AK. Connectome-based predictive modeling of fluid intelligence: evidence for a global system of functionally integrated brain networks. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10322-10331. [PMID: 37526284 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience continues to advance our understanding of the neural foundations of human intelligence, with significant progress elucidating the role of the frontoparietal network in cognitive control mechanisms for flexible, intelligent behavior. Recent evidence in network neuroscience further suggests that this finding may represent the tip of the iceberg and that fluid intelligence may depend on the collective interaction of multiple brain networks. However, the global brain mechanisms underlying fluid intelligence and the nature of multi-network interactions remain to be well established. We therefore conducted a large-scale Connectome-based Predictive Modeling study, administering resting-state fMRI to 159 healthy college students and examining the contributions of seven intrinsic connectivity networks to the prediction of fluid intelligence, as measured by a state-of-the-art cognitive task (the Bochum Matrices Test). Specifically, we aimed to: (i) identify whether fluid intelligence relies on a primary brain network or instead engages multiple brain networks; and (ii) elucidate the nature of brain network interactions by assessing network allegiance (within- versus between-network connections) and network topology (strong versus weak connections) in the prediction of fluid intelligence. Our results demonstrate that whole-brain predictive models account for a large and significant proportion of variance in fluid intelligence (18%) and illustrate that the contribution of individual networks is relatively modest by comparison. In addition, we provide novel evidence that the global architecture of fluid intelligence prioritizes between-network connections and flexibility through weak ties. Our findings support a network neuroscience approach to understanding the collective role of brain networks in fluid intelligence and elucidate the system-wide network mechanisms from which flexible, adaptive behavior is constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey R Wilcox
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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Pieniak M, Seidel K, Oleszkiewicz A, Gellrich J, Karpinski C, Fitze G, Schriever VA. Olfactory training effects in children after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2023; 37:1272-1284. [PMID: 37486172 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2023.2237889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) might impair the sense of smell and cognitive functioning. Repeated, systematic exposure to odors, i.e., olfactory training (OT) has been proposed for treatment of olfactory dysfunctions, including post-traumatic smell loss. Additionally, OT has been shown to mitigate cognitive deterioration in older population and enhance selected cognitive functions in adults. We aimed to investigate olfactory and cognitive effects of OT in the pediatric population after mTBI, likely to exhibit cognitive and olfactory deficits. METHODS Our study comprised 159 children after mTBI and healthy controls aged 6-16 years (M = 9.68 ± 2.78 years, 107 males), who performed 6-months-long OT with a set of 4 either high- or low-concentrated odors. Before and after OT we assessed olfactory functions, fluid intelligence, and executive functions. RESULTS OT with low-concentrated odors increased olfactory sensitivity in children after mTBI. Regardless of health status, children who underwent OT with low-concentrated odors had higher fluid intelligence scores at post-training measurement, whereas scores of children performing OT with high-concentrated odors did not change. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that OT with low-concentrated odors might accelerate rehabilitation of olfactory sensitivity in children after mTBI and support cognitive functions in the area of fluid intelligence regardless of head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pieniak
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katharina Seidel
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Janine Gellrich
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Karpinski
- Klinik Und Poliklinik Für Kinderchirurgie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guido Fitze
- Klinik Und Poliklinik Für Kinderchirurgie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Cai D, Zhao J, Chen Z, Liu D. Executive Functions Training for 7- to 10-Year-Old Students With Mathematics Difficulty: Instant Effects and 6-Month Sustained Effects. J Learn Disabil 2023; 56:392-409. [PMID: 35962536 DOI: 10.1177/00222194221117513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Executive function (EF) training has shown promise for remedying general EF deficiencies faced by students with mathematics difficulty (MD) and for improving their performance. However, latest research also suggests that the instant and sustained effects of EF training remain inconsistent. In this study, 32 Chinese students with MD, age 7 to 10 years, were recruited and randomly divided into two groups: the training group (n = 16, 25 training sessions) and the control group (n = 16). Both groups took a pretest, a posttest, and a follow-up test (after 6 months) on EF, fluid intelligence, and mathematics skills. In the posttest, the training group's performance significantly improved in 2-back, number shifting, letter shifting, calculation fluency, and mathematics problem-solving tasks, but not in Stroop, Flanker, 1-back, numerical operations, and colored progressive matrices tasks. In the follow-up test after 6 months, the effects of training only on the 2-back and letter shifting tasks were sustained. The effect on the numerical operations task appeared; however, the effects on number shifting, calculation fluency, and mathematics problem-solving tasks disappeared. The results of this study show that EF training has instant effects of improving EF and mathematics skills of students with MD, and 6-month sustained effects on some of the improved skills. However, for fluid intelligence, the effects may be very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cai
- Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Di Liu
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Wolff U, Åvall M, Gustafsson JE. Challenging the stability of RAN development: Acknowledging PA and Gf in relation to reading. Dyslexia 2023; 29:235-254. [PMID: 37291693 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study had two overriding goals, (1) examine the stability of rapid automatized naming (RAN) in predicting reading achievement while taking into account two other frequently studied constructs, phonological awareness and fluid intelligence (Gf) and (2) examine the predictive power of RAN measured at age 4 on reading ability. The stable pattern of RAN development found in a previously reported growth model was challenged by relating phonological awareness and Gf to the model. Children (N = 364) were followed from age 4 to age 10. At age 4, Gf related strongly to phonological awareness, which in turn related strongly to RAN. The relations between the RAN measures over time was largely unaffected by the inclusion of Gf and phonological awareness. RAN, Gf and phonological awareness at age 4 independently predicted latent factors reflecting reading-related abilities in grade 1 and grade 4. However, when scrutinizing type of reading measure in grade 4, Gf, phonological awareness and RAN at age 4 predicted both spelling and reading fluency, whereas RAN in grade 2 did not predict spelling but was the strongest predictor of reading fluency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wolff
- Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malena Åvall
- Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Eric Gustafsson
- Department of Education and Special Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Memisevic H, Dedic A, Malec D. The Relative Strengths of Relationships Between Fine Motor Skills, Working Memory, Processing Speed and Fluid Intelligence in Early Elementary School Children. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:1386-1399. [PMID: 37257484 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231181297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The goal in the present paper was to examine the combined and relative impact of fine motor ability, auditory working memory, and processing speed on fluid intelligence in a sample of early elementary school students. Our participant sample was 145 children (Mage = 9.1 years, SD = 1.1; 80 boys, 65 girls). We used the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Test as a measure of fluid intelligence and five other measures to represent the three predictor variables: the Grooved Pegboard Test as a measure of fine motor skills, Digit Span Forwards and Digit Span Backwards tests as measures of working memory, and Rapid Automatized Naming and Letter-Digit Substitution tasks as measures of processing speed. Regression analyses indicated that only two of these measures had a statistically significant association with the fluid intelligence test scores, namely, scores on the Grooved Pegboard (fine motor skills) and Digit Span Backwards (working memory) tests, with these two measures explaining 35% of the variance in the fluid intelligence test scores. Thus, fine motor skills and working memory were correlated with fluid intelligence in early elementary-grade students. Until the directions of these relationships are better understood, we might assume that interventions aiming to increase young children's fluid intelligence, or at least their intelligence scores, might partly target working memory and fine motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Memisevic
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Admira Dedic
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Daniel Malec
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Xu H, Xu C, Yang Z, Bai G, Yin B. Two sides of the same coin: distinct neuroanatomical patterns predict crystallized and fluid intelligence in adults. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1199106. [PMID: 37304014 PMCID: PMC10249781 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1199106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Crystallized intelligence (Gc) and fluid intelligence (Gf) are regarded as distinct intelligence components that statistically correlate with each other. However, the distinct neuroanatomical signatures of Gc and Gf in adults remain contentious. Methods Machine learning cross-validated elastic net regression models were performed on the Human Connectome Project Young Adult dataset (N = 1089) to characterize the neuroanatomical patterns of structural magnetic resonance imaging variables that are associated with Gc and Gf. The observed relationships were further examined by linear mixed-effects models. Finally, intraclass correlations were computed to examine the similarity of the neuroanatomical correlates between Gc and Gf. Results The results revealed distinct multi-region neuroanatomical patterns predicted Gc and Gf, respectively, which were robust in a held-out test set (R2 = 2.40, 1.97%, respectively). The relationship of these regions with Gc and Gf was further supported by the univariate linear mixed effects models. Besides that, Gc and Gf displayed poor neuroanatomical similarity. Conclusion These findings provided evidence that distinct machine learning-derived neuroanatomical patterns could predict Gc and Gf in healthy adults, highlighting differential neuroanatomical signatures of different aspects of intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Cheng Xu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenliang Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanghui Bai
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Montandon ML, Rodriguez C, Herrmann FR, Eytan A, Pegna AJ, Haller S, Giannakopoulos P. Seeing in my way or your way: impact of intelligence, attention, and empathy on brain reactivity. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1071676. [PMID: 37234603 PMCID: PMC10206026 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1071676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that neurotypical adults are able to engage in unconscious analyses of others' mental states in the context of automatic perspective taking and experience systematic difficulties when judging the conflicts between their own (Self) and another's (Other) perspective. Several functional MRI (fMRI) studies reported widespread activation of mentalizing, salience, and executive networks when adopting the Other compared to Self perspective. This study aims to explore whether cognitive and emotional parameters impact on brain reactivity in dot perspective task (dPT). We provide here an fMRI analysis based on individual z-scores in eighty-two healthy adults who underwent the Samson's dPT after detailed assessment of fluid intelligence, attention, levels of alexithymia and social cognition abilities. Univariate regression models were used to explore the association between brain activation patterns and psychological variables. There was a strong positive association between Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and fMRI z-scores in Self perspective. When the Other perspective is taken, Continuous Performance Test (CPT)-II parameters were negatively associated with fMRI z-scores. Individuals with higher Toronto Alexithymia scale (TAS) score and lower scores in mini-Social cognition and Emotional Assessment (SEA) displayed significantly higher egocentric interference-related fMRI z-scores. Our data demonstrate that brain activation when focusing on our own perspective depends on the levels of fluid intelligence. Decreased attentional recruitment and decreased inhibitory control affects the brain efforts to adopt the Other perspective. Egocentric interference-associated brain fMRI activation was less marked in cases with better empathy abilities but the opposite was true for persons who experience increased difficulties in the recognition of emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Montandon
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristelle Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Institutional Measures, Medical Direction, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R. Herrmann
- Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ariel Eytan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Institutional Measures, Medical Direction, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alan J. Pegna
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sven Haller
- CIMC—Centre d’Imagerie Médicale de Cornavin, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Panteleimon Giannakopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Institutional Measures, Medical Direction, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Laurence PG, Jana TA, Bunge SA, Macedo EC. Eye Gaze Patterns during Reasoning Provide Insights Regarding Individual Differences in Underlying Cognitive Abilities. J Intell 2023; 11:jintelligence11040075. [PMID: 37103260 PMCID: PMC10145645 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequences of eye movements during performance of a reasoning task has provided insights into the strategies individuals use to solve that specific task; however, prior studies have not examined whether eye gaze metrics reflect cognitive abilities in a way that transcends a specific task. Thus, our study aimed to explore the relationship between eye movement sequences and other behavioral measures. Here, we present two studies that related different eye gaze metrics in a matrix reasoning task with performance on a different test of fluid reasoning and tests of planning, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Additionally, we related gaze metrics to self-reported executive functioning in daily life, as measured by BRIEF-A. To perform this, we classified the participants' eye gaze in each item of the matrices test using an algorithm and then used LASSO regression models with the cognitive abilities as the dependent variable to select eye-tracking metrics to predict it. Overall, specific and distinct eye gaze metrics predicted 57% variance in the fluid reasoning scores; 17% variance in the planning scores; and 18% variance in the working memory scores. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that the selected eye-tracking metrics reflect cognitive abilities that transcend specific tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Guirro Laurence
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo 01241-001, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Abrão Jana
- Psychiatry Program, Psychiatry Institute, Medicine School of São Paulo University, São Paulo 05403-903, Brazil
| | - Silvia A Bunge
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elizeu C Macedo
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo 01241-001, Brazil
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14
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Abstract
Studies investigating the relationship between cognitive function and academic performance have recently shifted focus from differences in intelligence to executive function. To date, these studies have focused disproportionately on samples recruited from Western countries, despite evidence in support of cultural differences in the development of executive function. To address this gap, the present study investigated whether differences in two dimensions of executive function, inhibitory and attentional control, could predict academic performance in a sample of Chinese adolescents (n = 42). Participants reported on demographic details and completed both the Simon task and Attention Network Test. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression controlling for gender, age, SES, English language proficiency, processing speed, and fluid intelligence. Results showed that one index of inhibitory control derived from non-cue trials on the Attention Network Test explained a significant amount of unique variance in academic performance. Our findings provide evidence that executive function, specifically inhibitory control, plays a significant role in academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam John Privitera
- College of Liberal Arts, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, China.,Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Xiaoyi Xie
- College of Liberal Arts, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, China
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15
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Murphy P, Foley J, Mole J, Van Harskamp N, Cipolotti L. Lifespan normative data (18-89 years) for Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices Set I. J Neuropsychol 2023. [PMID: 36808478 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) Set I is a validated and brief test of fluid intelligence, ideal for use in busy clinical settings. However, there is a dearth of normative data allowing an accurate interpretation of APM scores. To address this, we present normative data from across the adult lifespan (18-89 years) for the APM Set I. Data are presented in five age cohorts (total N = 352), including two older adult cohorts (65-79 years and 80-89 years), which allows age-standardized assessment. We also present data from a validated measure of premorbid intellectual ability, which was absent from previous standardizations of longer forms of the APM. In line with previous findings, a striking age-related decline was noted, beginning relatively early in adulthood and most marked amongst lower-scoring individuals. Older adults did not demonstrate difficulty with specific test items or make an increased proportion of specific errors. Sex was not a significant predictor of performance. The data set is of particular use in the neuropsychological assessment of older adults, given the known susceptibility of fluid intelligence to both the effects of normal ageing and acquired brain injury in older age. The results are discussed in light of theories of neurological ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Murphy
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Foley
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Joe Mole
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Natasja Van Harskamp
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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16
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Saar V, Komulainen E, Levänen S. The significance of nonverbal performance in children with developmental language disorder. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:213-234. [PMID: 35593196 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2077324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonverbal deficits are frequently reported in children with developmental language disorder (DLD). In the new diagnostic criteria of DLD, the previous requirement of normal nonverbal performance has been removed and children with below average and even weak nonverbal skills now fit under the DLD definition. However, the significance of the nonverbal cognitive level, and the connection between nonverbal and verbal skills in these children diagnosed according to the new DLD classification is unclear. In the present study, the significance of nonverbal cognitive level on verbal performance was investigated among preschool-aged children with remarkable deficits in language development. Verbal skills were compared between average, below average, and weak nonverbal cognitive level groups. The connection between nonverbal and verbal skills was evaluated with Pearson correlations, and the covariance structure of the subtests used was modeled with Structural Modelling. The connection between nonverbal cognitive level and verbal skills was clear; weaker nonverbal cognitive levels were associated with lower verbal skills. While receptive language skills and verbal short-term-memory (STM) were the most profound weaknesses, relative strengths emerged for each nonverbal cognitive level group in fluid intelligence, especially in nonverbal reasoning tasks without time limits. In addition, fluid intelligence was strongly linked to verbal understanding and reasoning. These results suggest that the relative strength in nonverbal fluid intelligence with specific weaknesses in receptive language, verbal understanding, and verbal STM could be used as basic factors differentiating children with DLD from those with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Saar
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Komulainen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sari Levänen
- Brain Center, Division of Neuropsychology, Phoniatrics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Meinz EJ, Hambrick DZ, Leach JJ, Boschulte PJ. Ability and Nonability Predictors of Real-World Skill Acquisition: The Case of Rubik's Cube Solving. J Intell 2023; 11:jintelligence11010018. [PMID: 36662148 PMCID: PMC9866889 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Most research on skilled performance is correlational, with skill and predictors measured at a single point in time, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the acquisition of skill. By contrast, in this study, we trained novice participants (N = 79) to solve Rubik's Cubes using a 7-step solution method. Participants also completed measures of fluid intelligence (Gf), working memory capacity (WMC), and nonability factors (grit, growth mindset, NFC, and the "big five"). Overall, higher Gf (but not WMC) was predictive of efficient and accurate Rubik's cube skill. No nonability variables were associated with skill. Our results provide compelling evidence for the importance of intellectual talent (cognitive ability) in developing expertise in a complex task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Meinz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - David Z. Hambrick
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James J. Leach
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
| | - Prairie J. Boschulte
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
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18
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Jankowski KS, Díaz-Morales JF, Vollmer C. Chronotype, Time of Day, and Performance on Intelligence Tests in the School Setting. J Intell 2023; 11:jintelligence11010013. [PMID: 36662143 PMCID: PMC9862939 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Research suggests the existence of an association between chronotype and intellectual performance, but the nature of this link remains unclear. Studies conducted in a laboratory setting point to the synchrony effect (better performance at a person's preferred time of day) for fluid intelligence, but not for crystallized intelligence, whereas studies that have analyzed students' grades suggest that the effect exists for both. In the present study, we aimed to verify the synchrony effect by applying direct measures of crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and subjective sleepiness-alertness in a sample of high school students during their morning or afternoon class. The results revealed a synchrony effect for crystallized, but not for fluid intelligence. During morning class, students with a morning chronotype performed better than evening chronotypes on a test of crystallized intelligence, whereas during afternoon class there was no difference between chronotypes. The association resulted from decreased performance during morning class in evening chronotypes that improved during afternoon class and constant performance in morning chronotypes. These effects were independent of sleepiness-alertness levels. The results suggest that individual differences between chronotypes may be important for tasks performed during morning classes, but not during afternoon ones, and that performance across school days may depend on time of day in evening chronotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad S. Jankowski
- Department of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Francisco Díaz-Morales
- Department of Social Psychology, Work and Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Vollmer
- Department of Research and Development in Teacher Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Tommasi M, Sergi MR, Picconi L, Saggino A. The location of emotional intelligence measured by EQ-i in the personality and cognitive space: Are there gender differences? Front Psychol 2023; 13:985847. [PMID: 36687855 PMCID: PMC9846219 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.985847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emotional Intelligence (EI) is first described by Salovey and Mayer as the ability to perceive and understand emotions and the ability to use them as supports for thoughts. Despite the great notoriety of EI, its definition remains not completely clear. An operative definition of EI can be achieved by studying its connection with other individual characteristics such as gender, personality traits, and fluid intelligence. Methods The sample was composed of 1,063 Italian subjects. A total of 330 participants were employed (31.0%; 57.9% men) and 702 were university students (66.0%; 38.7% men). The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i), one of the most used questionnaires in literature, was used to measure EI. The exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was used to assess the role of personality traits (five-factor model of personality) and fluid intelligence in EI. Statistical analyses on differences between men and women means of total and subscale EQ-i scores were estimated to evaluate whether EI, measured by EQ-i, is influenced by gender. Furthermore, a Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to assess measurement invariance in relation to gender groups. Results Emotional Intelligence, measured by EQ-i, is prevalently connected with personality traits rather than fluid intelligence. Furthermore, men outperformed women in the Intrapersonal and Stress Management EI factors, and women outperformed men in the Interpersonal EI factor. No difference in the means of the EI total score and EI latent general factor did not differ between gender groups. Conclusion Emotional Intelligence, measured by EQ-i, can be conceptually considered as a Trait EI. Furthermore, men are more capable to cope with negative events and to control impulses, while women are more able to distinguish, recognize, and comprehend others' emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Rita Sergi
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the predictive validity of intra-subject variability (ISV) for ADHD traits in a community-based sample and the stability of the relationship between ISV and fluid intelligence (gf) across the continuum of ADHD traits. METHOD Age-residualized data from 426 participants (8-18 years, 6% ADHD) was used to investigate whether ex-Gaussian and DDM parameters derived from simple choice-reaction-time tasks can predict continuously assessed ADHD traits. Multiple-Group-Analyses and Latent-Moderated-Structural-Equations were used to test whether ADHD traits moderate the relationship between ISV and gf. RESULTS σ and μ of the ex-Gaussian model as well as DDM parameters drift rate (v) and boundary separation (a) significantly predicted general ADHD traits, while τ predicted attention difficulties specifically. Across the ADHD continuum, σ and v were significant predictors of gf. CONCLUSION The results confirm the link between ISV and ADHD. The relationship between ISV and gf appears stable across the ADHD continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christoph Klein
- University of Freiburg, Germany.,University of Cologne, Germany.,National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Germany
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21
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O'Connor PJ, Chen X, Coheley LM, Yu M, Laing EM, Oshri A, Marand A, Lance J, Kealey K, Lewis RD. The effects of 9 months of formulated whole-egg or milk powder food products as meal or snack replacements on executive function in preadolescents: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1663-1671. [PMID: 36173384 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated brain choline is associated with better executive functions in preadolescents. Manipulating dietary choline prospectively in preadolescents using egg supplementation could improve executive functions via effects on brain cellular and neurotransmitter functions. OBJECTIVES We tested the 9-month impacts of egg supplementation on executive functions. It was hypothesized that preadolescents who consumed meal or snack replacement products containing powder made from whole eggs would have the largest improvements in executive functions after 9 months compared to those consuming similar products with either added milk powder or gelatin as a placebo. METHODS A randomized, parallel-group, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial design was used. The executive functions of 122 preadolescents (58 females) aged 9-13 were analyzed before and after the 9-month intervention. The primary outcomes were 3 NIH Toolbox-Cognitive Battery measures of executive function: mental flexibility, working memory, and selective attention and inhibitory control. Participants were randomized to consume food products with either: 1) whole egg powder; 2) milk powder; or 3) gelatin as a placebo, all matched on macronutrient content and used as replacements for commonly consumed foods (i.e., waffles, pancakes, macaroni and cheese, ice cream, and brownies). Hypothesis testing used mixed-effects models that included physical activity and sleep scores as covariates. RESULTS A statistically significant group × time interaction for selective attention and inhibitory control was found (P = 0.049) for the milk group. This interaction resulted from no change for the placebo group and an improvement in selective attention and inhibitory control performance for the milk group by a T-score of 5.8; the effect size (d) was 0.44 SD units. Other comparisons were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of foods with added milk powder as a replacement for snacks or meals for 9 months improves selective attention and inhibitory control in preadolescents. Replacement of foods with added whole egg powder does not impact 9-month changes in preadolescent executive functions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03739424.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xianyan Chen
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lauren M Coheley
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mengyun Yu
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Emma M Laing
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Assaf Oshri
- Department of Human Development & Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alicia Marand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Julia Lance
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kirk Kealey
- Food Product Innovation & Commercialization Center, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Lewis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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22
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Liu X, Tyler LK, Rowe JB, Tsvetanov KA. Multimodal fusion analysis of functional, cerebrovascular and structural neuroimaging in healthy aging subjects. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:5490-5508. [PMID: 35855641 PMCID: PMC9704789 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is a complex process that requires a multimodal approach. Neuroimaging can provide insights into brain morphology, functional organization, and vascular dynamics. However, most neuroimaging studies of aging have focused on each imaging modality separately, limiting the understanding of interrelations between processes identified by different modalities and their relevance to cognitive decline in aging. Here, we used a data-driven multimodal approach, linked independent component analysis (ICA), to jointly analyze magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of grey matter volume, cerebrovascular, and functional network topographies in relation to measures of fluid intelligence. Neuroimaging and cognitive data from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience study were used, with healthy participants aged 18-88 years (main dataset n = 215 and secondary dataset n = 433). Using linked ICA, functional network activities were characterized in independent components but not captured in the same component as structural and cerebrovascular patterns. Split-sample (n = 108/107) and out-of-sample (n = 433) validation analyses using linked ICA were also performed. Global grey matter volume with regional cerebrovascular changes and the right frontoparietal network activity were correlated with age-related and individual differences in fluid intelligence. This study presents the insights from linked ICA to bring together measurements from multiple imaging modalities, with independent and additive information. We propose that integrating multiple neuroimaging modalities allows better characterization of brain pattern variability and changes associated with healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Liu
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lorraine K. Tyler
- The Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain, Department of PsychologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Cam‐CAN
- Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam‐CAN), MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - James B. Rowe
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Kamen A. Tsvetanov
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- The Centre for Speech, Language and the Brain, Department of PsychologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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23
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Wang L, Sheng A, Chang L, Zhou R. Improving fluid intelligence of children through working memory training: The role of inhibition control. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1025036. [PMID: 36507034 PMCID: PMC9732572 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1025036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelligence is strongly associated with working memory. Working memory training can improve fluid intelligence, but the underlying mechanism requires further investigation. Because inhibition control may play a key role in working memory training, this study investigated this process from an electrophysiological perspective. In total, 40 children aged 9 to 11 years were enrolled and randomly divided into a training group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The training group received 20 days of working memory training, whereas the control group did not receive any training. Before and after the training period, all participants were tested using Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM), and electrophysiological indicators were recorded while they performed go/no-go and Stroop tasks. The results revealed that relative to the control group, the training group had significantly improved RSPM scores in the test conducted after their training. For the go/no-go tasks, the training group exhibited a significant decrease in N2 amplitude, a significant increase in P3 amplitude, a significant decrease in theta band energy, and an improvement in response inhibition ability. No significant change was observed for the Stroop task. Correlation analysis revealed that an improvement in individual response inhibition can positively predict an improvement in fluid intelligence. These results suggest that working memory training enhances the fluid intelligence of children by enhancing their response inhibition ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ang Sheng
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Chang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Renlai Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence Production Technology and Systems, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Renlai Zhou,
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24
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Hansen K, Johannsen M, Langemeyer L, Krüger N. What Is Mathematical Giftedness? Associations with Intelligence, Openness, and Need for Cognition. J Intell 2022; 10:jintelligence10040094. [PMID: 36412774 PMCID: PMC9680489 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence10040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is common practice in the educational system to foster high mathematical abilities in schools as well as in specific promotional programs. Still, little is known about the construct of mathematical giftedness itself. In line with intellectual investment theories, our study investigates the relationship between fluid intelligence (figural and numerical), openness, and the need for cognition with mathematical abilities. The current study is based on a sample (N = 115) of seventh graders participating in the application process for a promotion program. The results of our regression analyses show a positive link between fluid intelligence and mathematical abilities. However, neither the association with openness nor the need for cognition reached significance, emphasizing the importance of cognitive abilities for mathematical giftedness. Limitations and further directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Hansen
- Department Differential Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mieke Johannsen
- Educational Psychology and Personality Development, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Langemeyer
- Department Differential Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Krüger
- Department Differential Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-4042-8385-478
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Poujol MC, Pinar-Martí A, Persavento C, Delgado A, Lopez-Vicente M, Julvez J. Impact of Mobile Phone Screen Exposure on Adolescents' Cognitive Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12070. [PMID: 36231371 PMCID: PMC9566493 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is existing evidence on how excessive screen exposure can be detrimental to cognitive health, and in recent years there has been an increase in the usage of mobile phones by adolescents. We aimed to examine the association between mobile phone screen exposure and cognitive function among a young healthy population. We carried out a cross-sectional study conducted in 632 adolescents (13.89 ± 0.52 years old). Exposure data were collected through self-reported questionnaires, and cognitive outcomes were assessed by different computer-based neuropsychological tests. Compared to students in the lowest tertile (<9 min/day) of mobile phone screen exposure (MPSE), those in the medium tertile (9-20 min/day) showed significantly higher hit reaction time standard error (HRT-SE, higher inattentiveness) = (14.9 ms, 95% CI = 0.6; 29.3), as did as those in the highest tertile (>20 min/day) = (11.1 ms, 95% CI = 2.8; 25.0). When adjusting for confounders, the association held for the medium-MPSE tertile (17.6 ms, 95% CI = 3.4; 31.7). When further adjusting for intermediate factors, an increase in inattentiveness scores was also observed in both groups, with higher HRT-SE values for participants in the medium (15.8 ms, 95% CI = 1.4; 30.3) and highest MPSE tertiles (14.97 ms, 95% CI = 0.9; 29.1). There were no significant associations with fluid intelligence or working memory scores. Overall, our study shows that healthy teenagers reporting higher screen exposure may be affected in their attention performance. However, more studies are needed to determine the causality of these associations and to better shape the screen exposure recommended guidelines for brain health during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cristina Poujol
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Pinar-Martí
- Clinical and Epidemiological Neuroscience (NeuroÈpia), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Cecilia Persavento
- ISGlobal-Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona Campus MAR, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Delgado
- ISGlobal-Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona Campus MAR, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Lopez-Vicente
- ISGlobal-Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona Campus MAR, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Julvez
- Clinical and Epidemiological Neuroscience (NeuroÈpia), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain
- ISGlobal-Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona Campus MAR, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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O'Brien S, Mitchell DJ, Duncan J, Holmes J. Cognitive segmentation and fluid reasoning in childhood. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 76:1431-1444. [PMID: 35848224 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221116054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to solve novel complex problems predicts success in a wide range of areas. Recent research suggests that the ability to cognitively segment complex problems into smaller parts constrains nonverbal reasoning in adults. This study aimed to test whether cognitively segmenting problems improves nonverbal reasoning performance for children as it does for adults. A total of 115 children aged 6-10 years completed two versions of a modified traditional matrix reasoning task in which demands on working memory, integration, and processing speed were minimised, such that the only significant requirement was to break each problem into its constituent parts. In one version of the task, participants were presented with a traditional 2×2 Matrix and asked to draw the missing matrix item into a response box below. In a second version, the problem was broken down into its component features across three separate cells, reducing the need for participants to segment the problem. As with adults, performance was better in the condition in which the problems were separated into component parts. Children with lower fluid intelligence did not benefit more in the separated condition than children with higher fluid intelligence, and there was no evidence that segmenting problems was more beneficial for younger than older children. This study demonstrates that cognitive segmentation is a critical component of complex problem-solving for children, as it is for adults. By forcing children to focus their attention on separate parts of a complex visual problem, their performance can be dramatically improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad O'Brien
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel J Mitchell
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Duncan
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joni Holmes
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Santhanam P, Nath T, Lindquist MA, Cooper DS. Relationship Between TSH Levels and Cognition in the Young Adult: An Analysis of the Human Connectome Project Data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1897-1905. [PMID: 35389477 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The nature of the relationship between serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels and higher cognitive abilities is unclear, especially within the normal reference range and in the younger population. OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between serum TSH levels and mental health and sleep quality parameters (fluid intelligence [Gf], MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination), depression scores, and, finally, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores (working memory, processing speed, and executive function) in young adults. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of the data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). The HCP consortium is seeking to map human brain circuits systematically and identify their relationship to behavior in healthy adults. Included were 391 female and 412 male healthy participants aged 22-35 years at the time of the screening interview. We excluded persons with serum TSH levels outside the reference range (0.4-4.5 mU/L). TSH was transformed logarithmically (log TSH). All the key variables were normalized and then linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between log TSH as a cofactor and Gf as the dependent variable. Finally, a machine learning method, random forest regression, predicted Gf from the dependent variables (including alcohol and tobacco use). The main outcome was normalized Gf (nGf) and Gf scores. RESULTS Log TSH was a significant co-predictor of nGF in females (β = 0.31(±0.1), P < .01) but not in males. Random forest analysis showed that the model(s) had a better predictive value for females (r = 0.39, mean absolute error [MAE] = 0.81) than males (r = 0.24, MAE = 0.77). CONCLUSION Higher serum TSH levels might be associated with higher Gf scores in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Santhanam
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tanmay Nath
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin A Lindquist
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David S Cooper
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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28
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Robison MK, Coyne JT, Sibley C, Brown NL, Neilson B, Foroughi C. An examination of relations between baseline pupil measures and cognitive abilities. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14124. [PMID: 35711148 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Examining individual differences in pupil size and pupillary dynamics have revealed important insights into the nature of individual differences in cognitive abilities like working memory capacity, long-term memory, attention control, and fluid intelligence. These findings are often tied to the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system, as this system has a tight temporal correlation with pupil diameter. Some recent research has demonstrated positive correlations between resting pupil size and cognitive ability, specifically fluid intelligence. The present study attempted to replicate such relations. Across three studies, a large sample of participants (N = 845) completed batteries of cognitive ability measures and measures of resting pupil size and pupillary hippus (fluctuations in pupil diameter). The cognitive measures comprised tasks previously used to measure attention control, visual short-term memory capacity, fluid intelligence, working memory capacity, and visuospatial ability. At the factor level, cognitive ability and pupil size correlated near zero. We did observe some limited evidence for a negative correlation between resting pupillary hippus and cognitive ability. Given the null findings in the present data, we encourage further replication of relations between resting pupil measures and cognitive abilities before making any strong theoretical conclusions about such relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Robison
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph T Coyne
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Ciara Sibley
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Noelle L Brown
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Brittany Neilson
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Cyrus Foroughi
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Beaty RE, Kenett YN, Hass RW, Schacter DL. Semantic Memory and Creativity: The Costs and Benefits of Semantic Memory Structure in Generating Original Ideas. Think Reason 2022; 29:305-339. [PMID: 37113618 PMCID: PMC10128864 DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2022.2076742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite its theoretical importance, little is known about how semantic memory structure facilitates and constrains creative idea production. We examine whether the semantic richness of a concept has both benefits and costs to creative idea production. Specifically, we tested whether cue set-size-an index of semantic richness reflecting the average number of elements associated with a given concept-impacts the quantity (fluency) and quality (originality) of responses generated during the alternate uses task (AUT). Across four studies, we show that low-association, sparse, AUT cues benefit originality at the cost of fluency compared to high-association, rich, AUT cues. Furthermore, we found an interaction with individual differences in fluid intelligence in the low-association AUT cues, suggesting that constraints of sparse semantic knowledge can be overcome with top-down intervention. The findings indicate that semantic richness differentially impacts the quality and quantity of generated ideas, and that cognitive control processes can facilitate idea production when conceptual knowledge is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger E Beaty
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Yoed N Kenett
- William Davidson Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
| | - Richard W Hass
- Jefferson Center for Interprofessional Practice and Education, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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30
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Lehrer S, Rheinstein PH. The Association Between Selenium, Selenoprotein P (SEPP1), Fluid Intelligence, and Exercise in the UK Biobank Cohort. Cureus 2022; 14:e25353. [PMID: 35651983 PMCID: PMC9134928 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the mouse hippocampus, exercise boosts neurogenesis. Increased levels of the selenium transport protein selenoprotein P (SEPP1) in the serum of exercised animals may contribute to the impact of exercise. SEPP1 is a protein that aids in the delivery of selenium to the brain. The effect of exercise on mouse brain precursor cell proliferation was diminished when SEPP1 or its receptor were genetically depleted. Selenium supplementation in the diet had the same effect as exercise in reducing some of the cognitive impairments associated with aging. METHODS In the current analysis, we sought to determine the association of selenium, the SEPP1 gene, fluid intelligence, and exercise in the UK Biobank Cohort. We analyzed SEPP1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs7579, a single nucleotide variation (SNV), position chr5:42800706, C > T, minor allele frequency T = 0.281. Its consequence is a 3'- UTR variant. The 3'-UTR contains regulatory regions that post-transcriptionally influence gene expression and is responsible for selenoprotein synthesis. SNP rs7579 has been implicated in multiple forms of cancer. The univariate general linear model of SPSS (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used to rule out the effects of age, years of education, and vigorous activity on fluid intelligence score, with fluid intelligence score as the dependent variable, rs7579 genotype, and selenium supplements as fixed factors, and age, years of education, and vigorous activity as covariates. RESULTS The effect of rs7579 genotype on fluid intelligence score was insignificant (p = 0.702). The effect of selenium supplements on fluid intelligence score was insignificant (p = 0.107). The interaction of rs7579 genotype and selenium supplements was insignificant (p = 0.911) and unrelated to the significant effects of age (p < 0.001), years of education (p < 0.001), and vigorous activity (p < 0.001) on fluid intelligence score. Conclusion: Our multivariate analysis of SEPP1 genotype, selenium supplement use, and fluid intelligence scores is consistent with the negligible effect selenium supplements seem to have on cognition. Selenium is found in nuts, dairy products, and grains. These foods can provide sufficient selenium for health. Selenium supplements are not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lehrer
- Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, USA
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31
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Palacios AM, Villanueva LM, Flynn MB, Parker E, Dickinson S, Bland HW, Reinhart GA. Children Receiving a Nutrition and High-Quality Early Childhood Education Intervention Are Associated with Greater Math and Fluid Intelligence Scores: The Guatemala City Municipal Nurseries. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 35405979 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: About 47% of children < 5 years of age are stunted in Guatemala. In this study, the investigators aimed to compare growth and cognitive outcomes between children in second grade that attended five Guatemala City Municipal Nurseries (GCMN) vs. same sex, grade, and age-matched children. Methods: A cross-sectional design nested in a retrospective cohort was implemented between 2015 and 2019. Children that attended the GCMN and matched controls completed a math test and validated receptive language and fluid intelligence tests. The primary caregivers completed a sociodemographic survey. General and generalized linear mixed effect models were used to compare children that attended the GCMN vs. controls. The models were adjusted by maternal education, sex, asset score, and other relevant covariates. Results: Children that attended the GCMN exhibited greater math and fluid intelligence scores relative to the controls in the adjusted models (ß = 6.48; 95% CI (2.35−10.61)) and (ß = 1.20; 95% CI (0.12−2.29)), respectively. Lower odds of stunting were significant for children who went to any early childcare institution (AOR = 0.28; 95% CI (0.09−0.89)). Conclusions: The importance of integrating nutrition and high-quality early childhood education interventions in cognitive and growth outcomes is highlighted in this study. The GCMN model may be a scalable model in similar low-resource settings.
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Sofologi M, Pliogou V, Bonti E, Efstratopoulou M, Kougioumtzis GA, Papatzikis E, Ntritsos G, Moraitou D, Papantoniou G. An Investigation of Working Memory Profile and Fluid Intelligence in Children With Neurodevelopmental Difficulties. Front Psychol 2022; 12:773732. [PMID: 35370868 PMCID: PMC8973915 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.773732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the distinct patterns of working memory (WM) capacity of children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD), High-functioning children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and children with Down syndrome (DS). More specifically, the current study investigates the complex relationship of fluid intelligence and WM between 39 children with DLD, 20 H igh-functioning children with ASD, and 15 children with DS. All children were evaluated in different measures of Phonological Working Memory, Visual-spatial Working Memory whereas Fluid Intelligence was measured with Raven Progressive Matrices. The result analysis revealed a significant difference among the three groups, both among each function separately and the correlations among them, as well. The results revealed that the DLD groups and High-functioning ASD group exhibited a common picture or an overlap of performances in all Phonological and Visuo-spatial working memory measures, except Backward Digit Recall task. As for the DS group research findings revealed different and unique working memory patterns in comparison to DLD group and High-functioning ASD. Their differences have been studied and further conclusions have been drawn about the different patterns of working memory among the three clinical groups. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of support for learning. The common profile that characterize the two developmental conditions and the distinct pattern of working memory performance in DS group underlies the need for further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofologi
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Research Centre of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Pliogou
- Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, Florina, Greece
| | - Eleni Bonti
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Education, School of Education, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Special Education (CEDU), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria Efstratopoulou
- Department of Special Education (CEDU), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Georgios A. Kougioumtzis
- Department of Turkish and Modern Asian Studies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthymios Papatzikis
- Department of Early Childhood Education and Care, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Georgios Ntritsos
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, School of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Ioannina, Arta, Greece
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Despina Moraitou
- Laboratory of Psychology, Section of Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Papantoniou
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Research Centre of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, Greece
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
Human fluid intelligence is closely linked to the sequential solving of complex problems. It has been associated with a distributed cognitive control or multiple-demand (MD) network, comprising regions of lateral frontal, insular, dorsomedial frontal, and parietal cortex. Previous neuroimaging research suggests that the MD network may orchestrate the allocation of attentional resources to individual parts of a complex task: in a complex target detection task with multiple independent rules, applied one at a time, reduced response to rule-critical events across the MD network in lower fluid intelligence was observed. This was in particular the case with increasing task complexity (i.e., larger sets of rules), and was accompanied by impairment in performance. Here, we examined the early spatiotemporal neural dynamics of this process in electroencephalography (EEG) source analyses using a similar task paradigm. Levels of fluid intelligence specifically predicted early neural responses in a left inferiorparietal MD region around 200-300 ms post stimulus onset. Evoked source amplitudes in left parietal cortex within this early time window also correlated with behavioural performance measures. Like in previous research, we observed impaired performance in lower fluid intelligence with increasing number of task rules. This links fluid intelligence to a process of attentional focus on those parts of a task that are most critical for the current behaviour. Within the MD system, our time re-resolved measures suggest that the left parietal cortex specifically impacts on early processes of attentional focus on task critical features. This is novel evidence on the neurocognitive correlates of fluid intelligence suggesting that individual differences are critically linked to an early process of attentional focus on task-relevant information, which is supported by left parietal MD regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Tschentscher
- Research Unit Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Sauseng
- Research Unit Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Luan X, Kawasaki Y, Chen Q, Sugimori E. Mental-Imagery-Based Mnemonic Training: A New Kind of Cognitive Training. Front Psychol 2022; 12:740829. [PMID: 35222137 PMCID: PMC8865088 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.740829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the immediate and maintenance effects of mental-imagery-based mnemonic training on improving youths’ working memory, long-term memory, arithmetic and spatial abilities, and fluid intelligence. In Experiment 1, 26 Chinese participants (15 boys, 11 girls) aged 10–16 years were divided into an experimental group that received 8 days of mental-imagery-based mnemonic training and a no-contact control group. Participants completed pre-, post-, and three follow-up tests (3, 6, and 12 months after the pre-test). In Experiment 2, 54 Chinese children (28 boys, 26 girls), all 12 years old, were divided into experimental and control groups. Participants completed pre-, post-, and follow-up tests (three months after the pre-test). Results showed that the training significantly affected long-term memory-related task performance but no effects were observed on working memory, arithmetic or spatial ability, or fluid intelligence-related tasks. Moreover, the effect of the training on long-term memory lasted up to one year; the more frequently the training was used, the more effective it was. A content analysis of the feedback submitted by parents of participants in Experiment 2 three months after the training showed that the children used the strategy more for memorizing content such as Chinese and English, as well as for musical scores. Furthermore, there was also the possibility that the training improved abilities and academic performance such as concentration and math performance. Our results provide a basis for the further exploration of mental-imagery-based mnemonic training as a novel training modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Luan
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kawasaki
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Qi Chen
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Eriko Sugimori
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
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35
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Corbo I, Casagrande M. Higher-Level Executive Functions in Healthy Elderly and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051204. [PMID: 35268294 PMCID: PMC8911402 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a moderate decline in one or more cognitive functions with a preserved autonomy in daily life activities. MCI exhibits cognitive, behavioral, psychological symptoms. The executive functions (EFs) are key functions for everyday life and physical and mental health and allow for the behavior to adapt to external changes. Higher-level executive functions develop from basic EFs (inhibition, working memory, attentional control, and cognitive flexibility). They are planning, reasoning, problem solving, and fluid intelligence (Gf). This systematic review investigates the relationship between higher-level executive functions and healthy and pathological aging, assuming the role of executive functions deficits as a predictor of cognitive decline. The systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA Statement. A total of 73 studies were identified. The results indicate that 65.8% of the studies confirm significant EFs alterations in MCI (56.8% planning, 50% reasoning, 100% problem solving, 71.4% fluid intelligence). These results seem to highlight a strong prevalence of higher-level executive functions deficits in MCI elderly than in healthy elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Corbo
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica, Clinica e Salute, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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36
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Xu L, Feng J, Yu L. Avalanche criticality in individuals, fluid intelligence, and working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:2534-2553. [PMID: 35146831 PMCID: PMC9057106 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical brain hypothesis suggests that efficient neural computation can be achieved through critical brain dynamics. However, the relationship between human cognitive performance and scale‐free brain dynamics remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the whole‐brain avalanche activity and its individual variability in the human resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. We showed that though the group‐level analysis was inaccurate because of individual variability, the subject wise scale‐free avalanche activity was significantly associated with maximal synchronization entropy of their brain activity. Meanwhile, the complexity of functional connectivity, as well as structure–function coupling, is maximized in subjects with maximal synchronization entropy. We also observed order–disorder phase transitions in resting‐state brain dynamics and found that there were longer times spent in the subcritical regime. These results imply that large‐scale brain dynamics favor the slightly subcritical regime of phase transition. Finally, we showed evidence that the neural dynamics of human participants with higher fluid intelligence and working memory scores are closer to criticality. We identified brain regions whose critical dynamics showed significant positive correlations with fluid intelligence performance and found that these regions were located in the prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex, which were believed to be important nodes of brain networks underlying human intelligence. Our results reveal the possible role that avalanche criticality plays in cognitive performance and provide a simple method to identify the critical point and map cortical states on a spectrum of neural dynamics, ranging from subcriticality to supercriticality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longzhou Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,School of Mathematical Sciences, School of Life Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianchun Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,The School of Nationalities' Educators, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
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Hakim N, Awh E, Vogel EK, Rosenberg MD. Inter-electrode correlations measured with EEG predict individual differences in cognitive ability. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4998-5008.e6. [PMID: 34637747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human brains share a broadly similar functional organization with consequential individual variation. This duality in brain function has primarily been observed when using techniques that consider the spatial organization of the brain, such as MRI. Here, we ask whether these common and unique signals of cognition are also present in temporally sensitive but spatially insensitive neural signals. To address this question, we compiled electroencephalogram (EEG) data from individuals of both sexes while they performed multiple working memory tasks at two different data-collection sites (n = 171 and 165). Results revealed that trial-averaged EEG activity exhibited inter-electrode correlations that were stable within individuals and unique across individuals. Furthermore, models based on these inter-electrode correlations generalized across datasets to predict participants' working memory capacity and general fluid intelligence. Thus, inter-electrode correlation patterns measured with EEG provide a signature of working memory and fluid intelligence in humans and a new framework for characterizing individual differences in cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hakim
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Edward Awh
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Edward K Vogel
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Monica D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Salas N, Escobar J, Huepe D. Two Sides of the Same Coin: Fluid Intelligence and Crystallized Intelligence as Cognitive Reserve Predictors of Social Cognition and Executive Functions Among Vulnerable Elderly People. Front Neurol 2021; 12:599378. [PMID: 34867698 PMCID: PMC8639504 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.599378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of cognitive reserve -CR- postulates two forms that prevent cognitive impairment: neural reserve and neural compensation. Both have been primarily linked to the protective role played by genetic factors, educational level, occupation or socioeconomic status. Though it is true that it has been related to executive functions, so far very little attention has been paid to its predictive capacity with other variables more related to social cognition and psychosocial adaptation. Considering socially vulnerable contexts with reduced cultural capital and educational levels, the neural reserve function would be the most relevant and best predictor of aspects related to social cognition and executive functions. We suggest that variables such as fluid and crystallized intelligence influence social cognition and executive functions. This study included a sample of 27 participants over 60 years old from varied contexts of social vulnerability. The procedure included data collection using various cognitive measures. Results show that elderly people with high intelligence-mainly fluid intelligence-have better executive functions, emotional recognition and theory of mind. These results focus on cognitive reserve and its importance because they show that elderly people in vulnerable contexts who strengthen these aspects protect themselves against the deterioration of cognitive skills. This study is the first preliminary research to present a relationship between cognitive reserve and social cognition factors in elderly subjects. Fluid intelligence functions as a highly related factor to protect the performance of executive functions, along with other social-cognitive factors relevant to facilitating the conditions of social adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Salas
- Facultad de Educación, Psicología y Familia, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josefina Escobar
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Huepe
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
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39
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Egeland J, Andreassen T, Lund O. Factor structure of the new Scandinavian WISC-V version: Support for a five-factor model. Scand J Psychol 2021; 63:1-7. [PMID: 34752640 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The fifth version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is designed to measure five distinct aspects of intelligence, incorporating a new fluid reasoning index to the four indexes of the previous fourth version. Several factor analyses, however, have failed to support the fifth factor. The Scandinavian version is the only national version not showing clear superiority for the five-factor solution in the Manual. In the present study, we analyze WISC-V protocols from a clinical sample of 237 children tested with the new Scandinavian version. We perform six confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) testing three hierarchical-, two bifactor-, and one correlated candidate factor models. The study shows that the three-factor model does not fit the data, and that all four- and five-factor models showed good fit. The four-factor bifactor model was somewhat better than the five-bifactor and hierarchical models, but the correlated five-factor model was the superior model. Finding support for five-factors in a clinical sample representative of those most probable to be tested with the test, strengthen the claim that also the Scandinavian version measure a distinct fluid factor as intended by the test owners, and thus that clinicians may use the index scores as their main level of analysis. Review of previous CFAs show that the choice of statistical methods for CFA, bifactor or hierarchical/correlated, influence whether second order factor models are better than g-factor models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olaf Lund
- Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tonsberg, Norway
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40
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Liu P, Zhang X, Zhou R. The Mindset of Intelligence Is Not a Contributor of Placebo Effects in Working Memory Training. Front Psychol 2021; 12:712309. [PMID: 34803800 PMCID: PMC8600330 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether working memory training is effective in enhancing fluid intelligence remains in dispute. Several researchers, who doubt the training benefits, consider that placebo effects may be the reason for positive training gains. One of the vital variables that may induce the placebo effect is the mindset of intelligence. In this article, we provide a test of whether the mindset of intelligence leads to placebo effects in working memory training. Participants were overtly recruited and allocated to the growth mindset group or the fixed mindset group by Theories of Intelligence Scale scores. A single, 1 h session working memory training is the cue to introduce the placebo effects. During pre/post-testing, all participants completed tasks measuring working memory capacity (near transfer) and fluid intelligence (far transfer). Our findings show no significant difference between the two groups in both tasks. Therefore, these results suggest that the placebo effect does not exist in this study, which means individuals' mindset of intelligence may not be a contributor to the placebo effect in 1 h working memory training. This research will further help to clarify the mechanism of the placebo effect in working memory training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peibing Liu
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Smart Home Solution BU of Innovation Business Group, TCL Industries Holdings Co., Ltd., Huizhou, China
| | - Renlai Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Ganzach Y. Antecedents of Interest and the Investment of Fluid Intelligence in the Formation of Crystalized Intelligence. Front Psychol 2021; 12:679504. [PMID: 34671284 PMCID: PMC8521038 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the studies of the effects of fluid intelligence and non-cognitive characteristics on crystalized intelligence examined additive effects. The results of the few studies that examined interactive effects are inconsistent. Some find a positive (facilitating) interaction and some find a negative (compensatory) interaction. We improve on these previous studies by examining non-cognitive characteristics that were not studied before and by using a very large representative sample (n = 11,266). We find a positive/facilitating interaction. We discuss the implication of these results to theories about the joint effect of fluid intelligence and non-cognitive characteristics on crystalized intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Ganzach
- Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- The Department of Economic and Business Administration, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Garrett DD, Skowron A, Wiegert S, Adolf J, Dahle CL, Lindenberger U, Raz N. Lost Dynamics and the Dynamics of Loss: Longitudinal Compression of Brain Signal Variability is Coupled with Declines in Functional Integration and Cognitive Performance. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5239-5252. [PMID: 34297815 PMCID: PMC8491679 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced moment-to-moment blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal variability has been consistently linked to advanced age and poorer cognitive performance, showing potential as a functional marker of brain aging. To date, however, this promise has rested exclusively on cross-sectional comparisons. In a sample of 74 healthy adults, we provide the first longitudinal evidence linking individual differences in BOLD variability, age, and performance across multiple cognitive domains over an average period of 2.5 years. As expected, those expressing greater loss of BOLD variability also exhibited greater decline in cognition. The fronto-striato-thalamic system emerged as a core neural substrate for these change-change associations. Preservation of signal variability within regions of the fronto-striato-thalamic system also cohered with preservation of functional integration across regions of this system, suggesting that longitudinal maintenance of "local" dynamics may require across-region communication. We therefore propose this neural system as a primary target in future longitudinal studies on the neural substrates of cognitive aging. Given that longitudinal change-change associations between brain and cognition are notoriously difficult to detect, the presence of such an association within a relatively short follow-up period bolsters the promise of brain signal variability as a viable, experimentally sensitive probe for studying individual differences in human cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Garrett
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Alexander Skowron
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Steffen Wiegert
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Janne Adolf
- Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Cheryl L Dahle
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Naftali Raz
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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43
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Sternberg RJ, Wong CH, Kreisel AP. Understanding and Assessing Cultural Intelligence: Maximum-Performance and Typical-Performance Approaches. J Intell 2021; 9:45. [PMID: 34564293 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultural intelligence is one’s ability to adapt when confronted with problems arising in interactions with people or artifacts of diverse cultures. In this study, we conduct an initial construct-validation and assessment of a maximum-performance test of cultural intelligence. We assess the psychometric properties of the test and also correlate the test with other measures with which it might be expected there would be some connection. We found that our test was internally consistent and correlated significantly with maximum-performance tests of abilities but generally less or not at all with typical-performance tests, including cultural intelligence and openness to experience. However, our test appears to be distinct in what it measures from the other tests of cognitive abilities. The results lead us to suggest that cultural intelligence may have both maximum-performance and typical-performance aspects.
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44
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Cai Li BY, Zhang H. TENSOR QUANTILE REGRESSION WITH APPLICATION TO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NEUROIMAGES AND HUMAN INTELLIGENCE. Ann Appl Stat 2021; 15:1455-1477. [PMID: 34567336 PMCID: PMC8462802 DOI: 10.1214/21-aoas1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human intelligence is usually measured by well-established psychometric tests through a series of problem solving. The recorded cognitive scores are continuous but usually heavy-tailed with potential outliers and violating the normality assumption. Meanwhile, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an unparalleled opportunity to study brain structures and cognitive ability. Motivated by association studies between MRI images and human intelligence, we propose a tensor quantile regression model, which is a general and robust alternative to the commonly used scalar-on-image linear regression. Moreover, we take into account rich spatial information of brain structures, incorporating low-rankness and piece-wise smoothness of imaging coefficients into a regularized regression framework. We formulate the optimization problem as a sequence of penalized quantile regressions with a generalized Lasso penalty based on tensor decomposition, and develop a computationally efficient alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm (ADMM) to estimate the model components. Extensive numerical studies are conducted to examine the empirical performance of the proposed method and its competitors. Finally, we apply the proposed method to a large-scale important dataset: the Human Connectome Project. We find that the tensor quantile regression can serve as a prognostic tool to assess future risk of cognitive impairment progression. More importantly, with the proposed method, we are able to identify the most activated brain subregions associated with quantiles of human intelligence. The prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex are found to be mostly associated with lower and upper quantile of fluid intelligence. The insular cortex associated with median of fluid intelligence is a rarely reported region.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Cai Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University
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45
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Martinčević M, Vranić A. The higher, the better: Cognitive reserve contributes to lifestyle activities in older age. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2021; 30:381-388. [PMID: 34379554 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1950154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed at investigating age and gender differences in cognitive reserve (CR) and whether CR can contribute to everyday and physical activity and fluid reasoning in older adults. Participants (N = 294), categorized into three age groups: young-old, middle-old, and old-old, completed the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq), the Everyday Activity Questionnaire (EAQ), the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE), and the Unbalanced Structure Test (UST). The old-old had significantly lower scores on CRI-Total, CRI-Working activity, and CRI-Leisure time compared to young-old and middle-old. Men showed higher scores than women on all CR subscales except for CRI-Leisure time where no significant difference was found. Younger age and higher CRI-Leisure time predicted higher scores on PASE, EAQ, and UST, while higher scores on CRI-Education predicted EAQ and UST. Higher CR seems to enable a more active and healthier lifestyle, while CRIq is a useful tool in the assessment of cognitive potential in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martinčević
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Vranić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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46
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Özcan MŞ, Çetinkaya E, Göksun T, Kisbu-Sakarya Y. Does learning to code influence cognitive skills of elementary school children? Findings from a randomized experiment. Br J Educ Psychol 2021; 91:1434-1455. [PMID: 34042178 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coding has been added to school curricula in several countries, being one of the necessary competencies of the 21st century. Although it has also been suggested to foster the development of several cognitive skills such as computational thinking and problem-solving, studies on the effects of coding are very limited, provide mixed results, and lack causal evidence. AIM This study aims to evaluate the impact of a learn-to-code programme on three cognitive skills in children: computational thinking, fluid intelligence, and spatial orientation, using a randomized trial. SAMPLE One hundred seventy-four (n = 81 girls) 4th-grade children participated in the study. METHODS Children were randomly assigned to one of the three 10-week learning programmes: learn-to-code (treatment of interest), mathematics (another STEM-related comparison treatment), and reading (control). Children responded to paper-pencil computational thinking, and spatial orientation measurements, and face-to-face matrix reasoning task at pre- and post-tests. RESULTS Results showed that children's computational thinking scores increased significantly only in the learn-to-code condition. Fluid intelligence significantly increased in all conditions, possibly due to a practice effect. The spatial orientation did not improve in any of the conditions. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that learning to code can be selectively beneficial for the development of computational thinking skills while not effective for spatial reasoning and fluid intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esra Çetinkaya
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tilbe Göksun
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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47
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Fiani B, Zhu L, Musch BL, Briceno S, Andel R, Sadeq N, Ansari AZ. The Neurophysiology of Caffeine as a Central Nervous System Stimulant and the Resultant Effects on Cognitive Function. Cureus 2021; 13:e15032. [PMID: 34150383 PMCID: PMC8202818 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is one of the world’s most consumed drugs. According to the Washington Post (2015), two billion cups of coffee are consumed per day worldwide. Caffeine is classified as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and an organic molecule called methylxanthine. Caffeine has three notable mechanisms of action on the CNS that produce a psychostimulant effect. These effects are responsible for the effect that caffeine has on cognitive function. The effects of caffeine consumption on cognitive function have been demonstrated across several studies involving humans and animals. With the immense number of people consuming caffeine around the world, it is of vital importance to study the effects that this drug has on people’s cognitive function. This literature review provides useful insights on this question through the analysis of caffeine’s effects on cognitive function, along with information on caffeine’s three modes of action. The findings of recent studies show mixed results regarding the effects of caffeine on mood, attention, processing speed, and memory. Current research suggests that if caffeine does have an effect on mood, the most significant changes may be anxiety. Studies did not support caffeine as having any significant effect on attention, but that it did play a role in enhancing processing speed. The majority of the studies reviewed suggest caffeine as having a significant positive effect on both short and long-term memory in adults and the elderly. Current findings warrant continued research on the association of caffeine and the resultant effects on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fiani
- Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, USA
| | - Lawrence Zhu
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Glen Head, USA
| | - Brian L Musch
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, William Carey University, Hattiesburg, USA
| | - Sean Briceno
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, USA
| | - Ross Andel
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Nasreen Sadeq
- College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Ali Z Ansari
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, William Carey University, Hattiesburg, USA
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48
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Gerwig A, Miroshnik K, Forthmann B, Benedek M, Karwowski M, Holling H. The Relationship between Intelligence and Divergent Thinking-A Meta-Analytic Update. J Intell 2021; 9:jintelligence9020023. [PMID: 33923940 PMCID: PMC8167550 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides a meta-analytic update on the relationship between intelligence and divergent thinking (DT), as research on this topic has increased, and methods have diversified since Kim’s meta-analysis in 2005. A three-level meta-analysis was used to analyze 849 correlation coefficients from 112 studies with an overall N = 34,610. The overall effect showed a significant positive correlation of r = .25. This increase of the correlation as compared to Kim’s prior meta-analytic findings could be attributed to the correction of attenuation because a difference between effect sizes prior-Kim vs. post-Kim was non-significant. Different moderators such as scoring methods, instructional settings, intelligence facets, and task modality were tested together with theoretically relevant interactions between some of these factors. These moderation analyses showed that the intelligence–DT relationship can be higher (up to r = .31–.37) when employing test-like assessments coupled with be-creative instructions, and considering DT originality scores. The facet of intelligence (g vs. gf vs. gc) did not affect the correlation between intelligence and DT. Furthermore, we found two significant sample characteristics: (a) average sample age was positively associated with the intelligence–DT correlation, and (b) the intelligence–DT correlation decreased for samples with increasing percentages of females in the samples. Finally, inter-moderator correlations were checked to take potential confounding into account, and also publication bias was assessed. This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive picture of current research and possible research gaps. Theoretical implications, as well as recommendations for future research, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gerwig
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (A.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Kirill Miroshnik
- Faculty of Psychology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Boris Forthmann
- Institute of Psychology in Education, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Mathias Benedek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Maciej Karwowski
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, 50-527 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Heinz Holling
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (A.G.); (H.H.)
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49
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Wang T, Li C, Ren X, Schweizer K. How Executive Processes Explain the Overlap between Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence: A Test of Process Overlap Theory. J Intell 2021; 9:21. [PMID: 33917495 PMCID: PMC8167629 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory capacity (WMC) and fluid intelligence (Gf) are highly correlated, but what accounts for this relationship remains elusive. Process-overlap theory (POT) proposes that the positive manifold is mainly caused by the overlap of domain-general executive processes which are involved in a battery of mental tests. Thus, executive processes are proposed to explain the relationship between WMC and Gf. The current study aims to (1) achieve a relatively purified representation of the core executive processes including shifting and inhibition by a novel approach combining experimental manipulations and fixed-links modeling, and (2) to explore whether these executive processes account for the overlap between WMC and Gf. To these ends, we reanalyzed data of 215 university students who completed measures of WMC, Gf, and executive processes. Results showed that the model with a common factor, as well as shifting and inhibition factors, provided the best fit to the data of the executive function (EF) task. These components explained around 88% of the variance shared by WMC and Gf. However, it was the common EF factor, rather than inhibition and shifting, that played a major part in explaining the common variance. These results do not support POT as underlying the relationship between WMC and Gf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Wang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China;
| | - Chenyu Li
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China;
| | - Xuezhu Ren
- School of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Karl Schweizer
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany;
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50
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Cheng B, Chu X, Yang X, Wen Y, Jia Y, Liang C, Yao Y, Ye J, Cheng S, Liu L, Wu C, Zhang F. Dietary Habit Is Associated with Depression and Intelligence: An Observational and Genome-Wide Environmental Interaction Analysis in the UK Biobank Cohort. Nutrients 2021; 13:1150. [PMID: 33807197 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary habits have considerable impact on brain development and mental health. Despite long-standing interest in the association of dietary habits with mental health, few population-based studies of dietary habits have assessed depression and fluid intelligence. Our aim is to investigate the association of dietary habits with depression and fluid intelligence. In total, 814 independent loci were utilized to calculate the individual polygenic risk score (PRS) for 143 dietary habit-related traits. The individual genotype data were obtained from the UK Biobank cohort. Regression analyses were then conducted to evaluate the association of dietary habits with depression and fluid intelligence, respectively. PLINK 2.0 was utilized to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) × dietary habit interaction effect on the risks of depression and fluid intelligence. We detected 22 common dietary habit-related traits shared by depression and fluid intelligence, such as red wine glasses per month, and overall alcohol intake. For interaction analysis, we detected that OLFM1 interacted with champagne/white wine in depression, while SYNPO2 interacted with coffee type in fluid intelligence. Our study results provide novel useful information for understanding how eating habits affect the fluid intelligence and depression.
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