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Gestational diabetes is characterized by reduced mitochondrial protein expression and altered calcium signaling proteins in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106872. [PMID: 25216282 PMCID: PMC4162568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects up to 18% of pregnant women with immediate and long-term metabolic consequences for both mother and infant. Abnormal glucose uptake and lipid oxidation are hallmark features of GDM prompting us to use an exploratory proteomics approach to investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying differences in skeletal muscle metabolism between obese pregnant women with GDM (OGDM) and obese pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (ONGT). Functional validation was performed in a second cohort of obese OGDM and ONGT pregnant women. Quantitative proteomic analysis in rectus abdominus skeletal muscle tissue collected at delivery revealed reduced protein content of mitochondrial complex I (C-I) subunits (NDUFS3, NDUFV2) and altered content of proteins involved in calcium homeostasis/signaling (calcineurin A, α1-syntrophin, annexin A4) in OGDM (n = 6) vs. ONGT (n = 6). Follow-up analyses showed reduced enzymatic activity of mitochondrial complexes C-I, C-III, and C-IV (−60–75%) in the OGDM (n = 8) compared with ONGT (n = 10) subjects, though no differences were observed for mitochondrial complex protein content. Upstream regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation were not different between groups. However, AMPK phosphorylation was dramatically reduced by 75% in the OGDM women. These data suggest that GDM is associated with reduced skeletal muscle oxidative phosphorylation and disordered calcium homeostasis. These relationships deserve further attention as they may represent novel risk factors for development of GDM and may have implications on the effectiveness of physical activity interventions on both treatment strategies for GDM and for prevention of type 2 diabetes postpartum.
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152
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Brinkmeier H, Ohlendieck K. Chaperoning heat shock proteins: Proteomic analysis and relevance for normal and dystrophin-deficient muscle. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:875-95. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology; National University of Ireland; Maynooth Co. Kildare Ireland
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153
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Li Y, Zhang S, Zhang X, Li J, Ai X, Zhang L, Yu D, Ge S, Peng Y, Chen X. Blunted cardiac beta-adrenergic response as an early indication of cardiac dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:60-71. [PMID: 24812281 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether altered beta-adrenergic responses contribute to early cardiac dysfunction in mdx (X-linked muscular dystrophy) mice, an animal model for human Duchenne muscular dystrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS Replacement fibrosis in mdx hearts gradually increased with age, suggesting a gradual loss of cardiomyocytes. Echocardiography and intra-left ventricular haemodynamic measurements detected baseline cardiac dysfunction in mdx mice at ≥8 months. However, a reduction of cardiac beta-adrenergic response to isoproterenol (ISO) was already present in mdx mice at 4 months. Ventricular myocytes (VMs) isolated from 4- and 8-month-old mdx mice had greater baseline contractile function {fractional shortening, [Ca(2+)]i, and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) content} and ICa-L than age-matched control VMs and than myocytes isolated from 2-month-old mdx mice. ISO increased myocyte function in the VMs of 4- and 8-month-old mdx mice to the same level as in age-matched control VMs. In the VMs of 12-month-old mdx mice, ISO failed to increase myocyte function to the level in VMs of 12-month-old control mice and could not further increaseICa-L. No differences were observed in the expression of Cav1.2α1c, Cav1.2β1, Cav1.2β2, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA), and the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger. In contrast, total ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) and basal phosphorylation of RyR2, phospholamban, and Cav1.2α1c were found to be increased in hearts of 4-month-old mdx mice; baseline protein kinase A activity was also increased. After ISO treatment, phosphorylation levels were the same in mdx and control hearts. VMs of 4-month-old mdx mice had reduced beta1-adrenergic receptor (β1-AR) density and beta-adrenergic sensitivity. CONCLUSION In young mdx mice, the myocyte increases its contractile function to compensate for myocyte loss. However, these myocytes with enhanced baseline function have reduced potential for stimulation, decreased β1-AR density/sensitivity, leading to blunted cardiac beta-adrenergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojie Ai
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA College of Biological Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuping Ge
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yizhi Peng
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiongwen Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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154
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Proteomic profiling of the dystrophin-deficient mdx phenocopy of dystrophinopathy-associated cardiomyopathy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:246195. [PMID: 24772416 PMCID: PMC3977469 DOI: 10.1155/2014/246195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory complications are frequent symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a neuromuscular disorder caused by primary abnormalities in the dystrophin gene. Loss of cardiac dystrophin initially leads to changes in dystrophin-associated glycoproteins and subsequently triggers secondarily sarcolemmal disintegration, fibre necrosis, fibrosis, fatty tissue replacement, and interstitial inflammation. This results in progressive cardiac disease, which is the cause of death in a considerable number of patients afflicted with X-linked muscular dystrophy. In order to better define the molecular pathogenesis of this type of cardiomyopathy, several studies have applied mass spectrometry-based proteomics to determine proteome-wide alterations in dystrophinopathy-associated cardiomyopathy. Proteomic studies included both gel-based and label-free mass spectrometric surveys of dystrophin-deficient heart muscle from the established mdx animal model of dystrophinopathy. Comparative cardiac proteomics revealed novel changes in proteins associated with mitochondrial energy metabolism, glycolysis, signaling, iron binding, antibody response, fibre contraction, basal lamina stabilisation, and cytoskeletal organisation. This review summarizes the importance of studying cardiomyopathy within the field of muscular dystrophy research, outlines key features of the mdx heart and its suitability as a model system for studying cardiac pathogenesis, and discusses the impact of recent proteomic findings for exploring molecular and cellular aspects of cardiac abnormalities in inherited muscular dystrophies.
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155
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Rouède D, Coumailleau P, Schaub E, Bellanger JJ, Blanchard-Desce M, Tiaho F. Myofibrillar misalignment correlated to triad disappearance of mdx mouse gastrocnemius muscle probed by SHG microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:858-875. [PMID: 24688819 PMCID: PMC3959848 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show that the canonical single frequency sarcomeric SHG intensity pattern (SHG-IP) of control muscles is converted to double frequency sarcomeric SHG-IP in preserved mdx mouse gastrocnemius muscles in the vicinity of necrotic fibers. These double frequency sarcomeric SHG-IPs are often spatially correlated to double frequency sarcomeric two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) emitted from Z-line and I-bands and to one centered spot SHG angular intensity pattern (SHG-AIP) suggesting that these patterns are signature of myofibrillar misalignement. This latter is confirmed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, a good spatial correlation between SHG signature of myofibrillar misalignment and triad reduction is established. Theoretical simulation of sarcomeric SHG-IP is used to demonstrate the correlation between change of SHG-IP and -AIP and myofibrillar misalignment. The extreme sensitivity of SHG microscopy to reveal the submicrometric organization of A-band thick filaments is highlighted. This report is a first step toward future studies aimed at establishing live SHG signature of myofibrillar misalignment involving excitation contraction defects due to muscle damage and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Rouède
- IPR, CNRS, UMR-CNRS UR1- 6251, Université de Rennes1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Pascal Coumailleau
- IRSET, INSERM, U1085, Université de Rennes1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Emmanuel Schaub
- IPR, CNRS, UMR-CNRS UR1- 6251, Université de Rennes1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | | | | | - François Tiaho
- IRSET, INSERM, U1085, Université de Rennes1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, F-35000, France
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156
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Gawlik KI, Holmberg J, Durbeej M. Loss of dystrophin and β-sarcoglycan significantly exacerbates the phenotype of laminin α2 chain-deficient animals. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:740-52. [PMID: 24393714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion molecule laminin α2 chain interacts with the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, contributes to normal muscle function, and protects skeletal muscles from damage. Complete loss of the laminin α2 chain in mice results in a severe muscular dystrophy phenotype and death at approximately 3 weeks of age. However, it is not clear if the remaining members of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex further protect laminin α2 chain-deficient skeletal muscle fibers from degeneration. Hence, we generated mice deficient in laminin α2 chain and dystrophin (dy(3K)/mdx) and mice devoid of laminin α2 chain and β-sarcoglycan (dy(3K)/Sgcb). Severe muscular dystrophy and a lack of nourishment inevitably led to massive muscle wasting and death in double-knockout animals. The dy(3K)/Sgcb mice were generally more severely affected than dy(3K)/mdx mice. However, both double-knockout strains displayed exacerbated muscle degeneration, inflammation, fibrosis, and reduced life span (5 to 13 days) compared with single-knockout animals. However, neither extraocular nor cardiac muscle was affected in double-knockout animals. Our results suggest that, although laminin α2 chain, dystrophin, and β-sarcoglycan are all part of the same adhesion complex, they have complementary, but nonredundant, roles in maintaining sarcolemmal integrity and protecting skeletal muscle fibers from damage. Moreover, the double-knockout mice could potentially serve as models in which to study extremely aggressive muscle-wasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga I Gawlik
- Muscle Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Holmberg
- Muscle Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Durbeej
- Muscle Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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157
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Johnson EK, Li B, Yoon JH, Flanigan KM, Martin PT, Ervasti J, Montanaro F. Identification of new dystroglycan complexes in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73224. [PMID: 23951345 PMCID: PMC3738564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The dystroglycan complex contains the transmembrane protein β-dystroglycan and its interacting extracellular mucin-like protein α-dystroglycan. In skeletal muscle fibers, the dystroglycan complex plays an important structural role by linking the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin to laminin in the extracellular matrix. Mutations that affect any of the proteins involved in this structural axis lead to myofiber degeneration and are associated with muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies. Because loss of dystrophin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) leads to an almost complete loss of dystroglycan complexes at the myofiber membrane, it is generally assumed that the vast majority of dystroglycan complexes within skeletal muscle fibers interact with dystrophin. The residual dystroglycan present in dystrophin-deficient muscle is thought to be preserved by utrophin, a structural homolog of dystrophin that is up-regulated in dystrophic muscles. However, we found that dystroglycan complexes are still present at the myofiber membrane in the absence of both dystrophin and utrophin. Our data show that only a minority of dystroglycan complexes associate with dystrophin in wild type muscle. Furthermore, we provide evidence for at least three separate pools of dystroglycan complexes within myofibers that differ in composition and are differentially affected by loss of dystrophin. Our findings indicate a more complex role of dystroglycan in muscle than currently recognized and may help explain differences in disease pathology and severity among myopathies linked to mutations in DAPC members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K. Johnson
- Center for Gene Therapy, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University Biochemistry Program, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jung Hae Yoon
- Center for Gene Therapy, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University Biochemistry Program, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Flanigan
- Center for Gene Therapy, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University Biochemistry Program, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Paul T. Martin
- Center for Gene Therapy, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University Biochemistry Program, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Federica Montanaro
- Center for Gene Therapy, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, and The Ohio State University Biochemistry Program, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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158
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Bhat HF, Adams ME, Khanday FA. Syntrophin proteins as Santa Claus: role(s) in cell signal transduction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2533-54. [PMID: 23263165 PMCID: PMC11113789 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Syntrophins are a family of cytoplasmic membrane-associated adaptor proteins, characterized by the presence of a unique domain organization comprised of a C-terminal syntrophin unique (SU) domain and an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain that is split by insertion of a PDZ domain. Syntrophins have been recognized as an important component of many signaling events, and they seem to function more like the cell's own personal 'Santa Claus' that serves to 'gift' various signaling complexes with precise proteins that they 'wish for', and at the same time care enough for the spatial, temporal control of these signaling events, maintaining overall smooth functioning and general happiness of the cell. Syntrophins not only associate various ion channels and signaling proteins to the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC), via a direct interaction with dystrophin protein but also serve as a link between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular downstream targets and cell cytoskeleton by interacting with F-actin. They play an important role in regulating the postsynaptic signal transduction, sarcolemmal localization of nNOS, EphA4 signaling at the neuromuscular junction, and G-protein mediated signaling. In our previous work, we reported a differential expression pattern of alpha-1-syntrophin (SNTA1) protein in esophageal and breast carcinomas. Implicated in several other pathologies, like cardiac dys-functioning, muscular dystrophies, diabetes, etc., these proteins provide a lot of scope for further studies. The present review focuses on the role of syntrophins in membrane targeting and regulation of cellular proteins, while highlighting their relevance in possible development and/or progression of pathologies including cancer which we have recently demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina F Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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159
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Martins PCM, Ayub-Guerrieri D, Martins-Bach AB, Onofre-Oliveira P, Malheiros JM, Tannus A, de Sousa PL, Carlier PG, Vainzof M. Dmdmdx/Largemyd: a new mouse model of neuromuscular diseases useful for studying physiopathological mechanisms and testing therapies. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1167-74. [PMID: 23798567 PMCID: PMC3759336 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.011700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although muscular dystrophies are among the most common human genetic disorders, there are few treatment options available. Animal models have become increasingly important for testing new therapies prior to entering human clinical trials. The Dmdmdx mouse is the most widely used animal model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), presenting the same molecular and protein defect as seen in humans with the disease. However, this mouse is not useful for clinical trials because of its very mild phenotype. The mouse model for congenital myodystrophy type 1D, Largemyd, harbors a mutation in the glycosyltransferase Large gene and displays a severe phenotype. To help elucidate the role of the proteins dystrophin and LARGE in the organization of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in muscle sarcolemma, we generated double-mutant mice for the dystrophin and LARGE proteins. The new Dmdmdx/Largemyd mouse model is viable and shows a severe phenotype that is associated with the lack of dystrophin in muscle. We tested the usefulness of our new mouse model for cell therapy by systemically injecting them with normal murine mesenchymal adipose stem cells (mASCs). We verified that the mASCs were hosted in the dystrophic muscle. The new mouse model has proven to be very useful for the study of several other therapies, because injected cells can be screened both through DNA and protein analysis. Study of its substantial muscle weakness will also be very informative in the evaluation of functional benefits of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana C M Martins
- Laboratory of Muscle Proteins and Comparative Histopathology, Human Genome Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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160
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Iwata Y, Ohtake H, Suzuki O, Matsuda J, Komamura K, Wakabayashi S. Blockade of sarcolemmal TRPV2 accumulation inhibits progression of dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:760-8. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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161
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Marshall JL, Kwok Y, McMorran BJ, Baum LG, Crosbie-Watson RH. The potential of sarcospan in adhesion complex replacement therapeutics for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. FEBS J 2013; 280:4210-29. [PMID: 23601082 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Three adhesion complexes span the sarcolemma and facilitate critical connections between the extracellular matrix and the actin cytoskeleton: the dystrophin- and utrophin-glycoprotein complexes and α7β1 integrin. Loss of individual protein components results in a loss of the entire protein complex and muscular dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy is a progressive, lethal wasting disease characterized by repetitive cycles of myofiber degeneration and regeneration. Protein-replacement therapy offers a promising approach for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. Recently, we demonstrated that sarcospan facilitates protein-protein interactions amongst the adhesion complexes and is an important potential therapeutic target. Here, we review current protein-replacement strategies, discuss the potential benefits of sarcospan expression, and identify important experiments that must be addressed for sarcospan to move to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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162
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A Streamlined Protocol for Molecular Testing of the DMD Gene within a Diagnostic Laboratory: A Combination of Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization and Bidirectional Sequence Analysis. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2013; 2013:908317. [PMID: 23476807 PMCID: PMC3583148 DOI: 10.1155/2013/908317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The aim of this study was to develop a streamlined mutation screening protocol for the DMD gene in order to confirm a clinical diagnosis of Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy in affected males and to clarify the carrier status of female family members. Methods. Sequence analysis and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) were used to identify mutations in the dystrophin DMD gene. We analysed genomic DNA from six individuals with a range of previously characterised mutations and from eight individuals who had not previously undergone any form of molecular analysis. Results. We successfully identified the known mutations in all six patients. A molecular diagnosis was also made in three of the four patients with a clinical diagnosis who had not undergone prior genetic screening, and testing for familial mutations was successfully completed for the remaining four patients. Conclusion. The mutation screening protocol described here meets best practice guidelines for molecular testing of the DMD gene in a diagnostic laboratory. The aCGH method is a superior alternative to more conventional assays such as multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). The combination of aCGH and sequence analysis will detect mutations in 98% of patients with the Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy.
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163
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Iwata Y, Suzuki O, Wakabayashi S. Decreased surface sialic acid content is a sensitive indicator of muscle damage. Muscle Nerve 2013; 47:372-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Iwata
- Department of Molecular Physiology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; Fujishiro-dai 5-7 Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases; National Institute of Biomedical Innovation; Ibaraki Osaka Japan
| | - Shigeo Wakabayashi
- Department of Molecular Physiology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; Fujishiro-dai 5-7 Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
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Pertl C, Eblenkamp M, Pertl A, Pfeifer S, Wintermantel E, Lochmüller H, Walter MC, Krause S, Thirion C. A new web-based method for automated analysis of muscle histology. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2013; 14:26. [PMID: 23324401 PMCID: PMC3560198 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is an inherited degenerative neuromuscular disease characterised by rapidly progressive muscle weakness. Currently, curative treatment is not available. Approaches for new treatments that improve muscle strength and quality of life depend on preclinical testing in animal models. The mdx mouse model is the most frequently used animal model for preclinical studies in muscular dystrophy research. Standardised pathology-relevant parameters of dystrophic muscle in mdx mice for histological analysis have been developed in international, collaborative efforts, but automation has not been accessible to most research groups. A standardised and mainly automated quantitative assessment of histopathological parameters in the mdx mouse model is desirable to allow an objective comparison between laboratories. Methods Immunological and histochemical reactions were used to obtain a double staining for fast and slow myosin. Additionally, fluorescence staining of the myofibre membranes allows defining the minimal Feret’s diameter. The staining of myonuclei with the fluorescence dye bisbenzimide H was utilised to identify nuclei located internally within myofibres. Relevant structures were extracted from the image as single objects and assigned to different object classes using web-based image analysis (MyoScan). Quantitative and morphometric data were analysed, e.g. the number of nuclei per fibre and minimal Feret’s diameter in 6 month old wild-type C57BL/10 mice and mdx mice. Results In the current version of the module “MyoScan”, essential parameters for histologic analysis of muscle sections were implemented including the minimal Feret’s diameter of the myofibres and the automated calculation of the percentage of internally nucleated myofibres. Morphometric data obtained in the present study were in good agreement with previously reported data in the literature and with data obtained from manual analysis. Conclusions A standardised and mainly automated quantitative assessment of histopathological parameters in the mdx mouse model is now available. Automated analysis of histological parameters is more rapid and less time-consuming. Moreover, results are unbiased and more reliable. Efficacy of therapeutic interventions, e.g. within the scope of a drug screening or therapeutic exon skipping, can be monitored. The automatic analysis system MyoScan used in this study is not limited exclusively to dystrophin-deficient mice but also represents a useful tool for applications in the research of other dystrophic pathologies, various other skeletal muscle diseases and degenerative neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Pertl
- Laboratory of Molecular Myology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany.
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165
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Marshall JL, Crosbie-Watson RH. Sarcospan: a small protein with large potential for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 2013; 3:1. [PMID: 23282144 PMCID: PMC3599653 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purification of the proteins associated with dystrophin, the gene product responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, led to the discovery of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. Sarcospan, a 25-kDa transmembrane protein, was the last component to be identified and its function in skeletal muscle has been elusive. This review will focus on progress over the last decade revealing that sarcospan is an important regulator of muscle cell adhesion, strength, and regeneration. Investigations using several transgenic mouse models demonstrate that overexpression of sarcospan in the mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy ameliorates pathology and restores muscle cell binding to laminin. Sarcospan improves cell surface expression of the dystrophin- and utrophin-glycoprotein complexes as well as α7β1 integrin, which are the three major laminin-binding complexes in muscle. Utrophin and α7β1 integrin compensate for the loss of dystrophin and the finding that sarcospan increases their abundance at the extra-synaptic sarcolemma supports the use of sarcospan as a therapeutic target. Newly discovered phenotypes in sarcospan-deficient mice, including a reduction in specific force output and increased drop in force in the diaphragm muscle, result from decreased utrophin and dystrophin expression and further reveal sarcospan’s role in determining abundance of these complexes. Dystrophin protein levels and the specific force output of the diaphragm muscle are further reduced upon genetic removal of α7 integrin (Itga7) in SSPN-deficient mice, demonstrating that interactions between integrin and sarcospan are critical for maintenance of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and force production of the diaphragm muscle. Sarcospan is a major regulator of Akt signaling pathways and sarcospan-deficiency significantly impairs muscle regeneration, a process that is dependent on Akt activation. Intriguingly, sarcospan regulates glycosylation of a specific subpopulation of α-dystroglycan, the laminin-binding receptor associated with dystrophin and utrophin, localized to the neuromuscular junction. Understanding the basic mechanisms responsible for assembly and trafficking of the dystrophin- and utrophin-glycoprotein complexes to the cell surface is lacking and recent studies suggest that sarcospan plays a role in these essential processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 610 Charles E, Young Drive East, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Abstract
Infancy- or childhood-onset muscular dystrophies may be associated with profound loss of muscle function, affecting ambulation, posture, cardiac and respiratory functions, while those of late onset may be mild and associated with slight weakness or fatigability induced by effort. In addition to the distribution of muscle weakness, symptoms, and course of the disease, the diagnosis of muscular dystrophy is usually ascertained by histological findings. There is connective tissue proliferation in the perimysium and endomysium, variation in muscle fiber size, cytoarchitectural alterations of myofibers such as internal nuclei, myofibrillar whorls, and fiber splitting and lobulation, but, most of all, degeneration and regeneration of myofibers. Causes of muscular dystrophies characterized by muscle weakness and wasting are heterogeneous and include dysfunction of diverse genetic pathways and genes encoding proteins of the plasma membrane, extracellular matrix, sarcomere, and nuclear membrane components. Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are prototypes illustrating advances in the field of myology. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous, some with autosomal dominant (LGMD1) and others with autosomal recessive (LGMD2) inheritance. Neither clinical and genetic grounds nor biopsy patterns are specific enough to distinguish them, but two common denominators are: (1) weakness and wasting predominating in pelvic and shoulder girdle muscles, with occasional involvement of the myocardium; and (2) necrosis and regeneration of myofibers. While identification of genetic causes and molecular diagnosis are increasingly improved, especially with the advent of new generation sequencing technologies, optimized care, information for the family, and prevention, including genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis, require multidisciplinary follow-up with genetic, pediatric, and psychological involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel Chelly
- Cochin Institute - Cochin Hospital, INSERM U1016 and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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167
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Tabebordbar M, Wang ET, Wagers AJ. Skeletal muscle degenerative diseases and strategies for therapeutic muscle repair. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2012; 8:441-75. [PMID: 23121053 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011811-132450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly specialized, postmitotic tissue that must withstand chronic mechanical and physiological stress throughout life to maintain proper contractile function. Muscle damage or disease leads to progressive weakness and disability, and manifests in more than 100 different human disorders. Current therapies to treat muscle degenerative diseases are limited mostly to the amelioration of symptoms, although promising new therapeutic directions are emerging. In this review, we discuss the pathological basis for the most common muscle degenerative diseases and highlight new and encouraging experimental and clinical opportunities to prevent or reverse these afflictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadsharif Tabebordbar
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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168
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Juan-Mateu J, Gallano P, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ. Recomendaciones de buena práctica para el diagnóstico genético de las distrofias musculares de Duchenne y de Becker. Med Clin (Barc) 2012; 139:307-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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169
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Marshall JL, Holmberg J, Chou E, Ocampo AC, Oh J, Lee J, Peter AK, Martin PT, Crosbie-Watson RH. Sarcospan-dependent Akt activation is required for utrophin expression and muscle regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:1009-27. [PMID: 22734004 PMCID: PMC3384411 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Utrophin is normally confined to the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in adult muscle and partially compensates for the loss of dystrophin in mdx mice. We show that Akt signaling and utrophin levels were diminished in sarcospan (SSPN)-deficient muscle. By creating several transgenic and knockout mice, we demonstrate that SSPN regulates Akt signaling to control utrophin expression. SSPN determined α-dystroglycan (α-DG) glycosylation by affecting levels of the NMJ-specific glycosyltransferase Galgt2. After cardiotoxin (CTX) injury, regenerating myofibers express utrophin and Galgt2-modified α-DG around the sarcolemma. SSPN-null mice displayed delayed differentiation after CTX injury caused by loss of utrophin and Akt signaling. Treatment of SSPN-null mice with viral Akt increased utrophin and restored muscle repair after injury, revealing an important role for the SSPN-Akt-utrophin signaling axis in regeneration. SSPN improved cell surface expression of utrophin by increasing transportation of utrophin and DG from endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi membranes. Our experiments reveal functions of utrophin in regeneration and new pathways that regulate utrophin expression at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology and 2 Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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170
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Nicolas A, Lucchetti-Miganeh C, Yaou RB, Kaplan JC, Chelly J, Leturcq F, Barloy-Hubler F, Le Rumeur E. Assessment of the structural and functional impact of in-frame mutations of the DMD gene, using the tools included in the eDystrophin online database. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012; 7:45. [PMID: 22776072 PMCID: PMC3748829 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dystrophin is a large essential protein of skeletal and heart muscle. It is a filamentous scaffolding protein with numerous binding domains. Mutations in the DMD gene, which encodes dystrophin, mostly result in the deletion of one or several exons and cause Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) muscular dystrophies. The most common DMD mutations are frameshift mutations resulting in an absence of dystrophin from tissues. In-frame DMD mutations are less frequent and result in a protein with partial wild-type dystrophin function. The aim of this study was to highlight structural and functional modifications of dystrophin caused by in-frame mutations. Methods and results We developed a dedicated database for dystrophin, the eDystrophin database. It contains 209 different non frame-shifting mutations found in 945 patients from a French cohort and previous studies. Bioinformatics tools provide models of the three-dimensional structure of the protein at deletion sites, making it possible to determine whether the mutated protein retains the typical filamentous structure of dystrophin. An analysis of the structure of mutated dystrophin molecules showed that hybrid repeats were reconstituted at the deletion site in some cases. These hybrid repeats harbored the typical triple coiled-coil structure of native repeats, which may be correlated with better function in muscle cells. Conclusion This new database focuses on the dystrophin protein and its modification due to in-frame deletions in BMD patients. The observation of hybrid repeat reconstitution in some cases provides insight into phenotype-genotype correlations in dystrophin diseases and possible strategies for gene therapy. The eDystrophin database is freely available: http://edystrophin.genouest.org/.
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Acsadi G, Moore SA, Chéron A, Delalande O, Bennett L, Kupsky W, El-Baba M, Le Rumeur E, Hubert JF. Novel mutation in spectrin-like repeat 1 of dystrophin central domain causes protein misfolding and mild Becker muscular dystrophy. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18153-62. [PMID: 22453924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.284521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the dystrophin gene without disruption of the reading frame often lead to Becker muscular dystrophy, but a genotype/phenotype correlation is difficult to establish. Amino acid substitutions may disrupt binding capacities of dystrophin and have a major impact on the functionality of this protein. We have identified two brothers (ages 8 and 10 years) with very mild proximal weakness, recurrent abdominal pain, and moderately elevated serum creatine kinase levels. Gene sequencing revealed a novel mutation in exon 11 of the dystrophin gene (c.1280T>C) leading to a L427P amino acid substitution in repeat 1 of the central rod domain. Immunostaining of skeletal muscle showed weak staining of the dystrophin region encoded by exons 7 and 8 corresponding to the end of the actin-binding domain 1 and the N-terminal part of hinge 1. Spectrofluorescence and circular dichroism analysis of the domain repeat 1-2 (R1-2) revealed partial misfolding of the L427P mutated protein as well as a reduced refolding rate after denaturation. Based on computational homology models of the wild-type and mutated R1-2, a molecular dynamics study showed an alteration in the flexibility of the structure, which also strongly affects the conformational space available in the N-terminal region of the fragment. Our results suggest that this missense mutation hinders the dynamic properties of the entire N-terminal region of dystrophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyula Acsadi
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA
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172
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Rauch U, Shami A, Zhang F, Carmignac V, Durbeej M, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A. Increased neointimal thickening in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29904. [PMID: 22238670 PMCID: PMC3251593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dystrophin gene, which is mutated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), encodes a large cytoskeletal protein present in muscle fibers. While dystrophin in skeletal muscle has been extensively studied, the function of dystrophin in vascular smooth muscle is less clear. Here, we have analyzed the role of dystrophin in injury-induced arterial neointima formation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We detected a down-regulation of dystrophin, dystroglycan and β-sarcoglycan mRNA expression when vascular smooth muscle cells de-differentiate in vitro. To further mimic development of intimal lesions, we performed a collar-induced injury of the carotid artery in the mdx mouse, a model for DMD. As compared with control mice, mdx mice develop larger lesions with increased numbers of proliferating cells. In vitro experiments demonstrate increased migration of vascular smooth muscle cells from mdx mice whereas the rate of proliferation was similar in cells isolated from wild-type and mdx mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results show that dystrophin deficiency stimulates neointima formation and suggest that expression of dystrophin in vascular smooth muscle cells may protect the artery wall against injury-induced intimal thickening.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Dystrophin/deficiency
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Dystrophin/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/complications
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/complications
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima/genetics
- Neointima/metabolism
- Neointima/pathology
- Organ Size
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular System Injuries/genetics
- Vascular System Injuries/metabolism
- Vascular System Injuries/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rauch
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annelie Shami
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Virginie Carmignac
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Durbeej
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Liu J, Milner DJ, Boppart MD, Ross RS, Kaufman SJ. β1D chain increases α7β1 integrin and laminin and protects against sarcolemmal damage in mdx mice. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:1592-603. [PMID: 22180459 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex connects myofibers with extracellular matrix laminin. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, this linkage system is absent and the integrity of muscle fibers is compromised. One potential therapy for addressing muscular dystrophy is to augment the amount of α7β1 integrin, the major laminin-binding integrin in skeletal muscle. Whereas transgenic over-expression of α7 chain may alleviate development of muscular dystrophy and extend the lifespan of severely dystrophic mdx/utrn(-/-) mice, further enhancing levels of α7 chain provided little additional membrane integrin and negligible additional improvement in mdx mice. We demonstrate here that normal levels of β1 chain limit formation of integrin heterodimer and that increasing β1D chain in mdx mice results in more functional integrin at the sarcolemma, more matrix laminin and decreased damage of muscle fibers. Moreover, increasing the amount of β1D chain in vitro enhances transcription of α7 integrin and α2 laminin genes and the amounts of these proteins. Thus manipulation of β1D integrin expression offers a novel approach to enhance integrin-mediated therapy for muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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174
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Pichavant C, Gargioli C, Tremblay JP. Intramuscular Transplantation of Muscle Precursor Cells over-expressing MMP-9 improves Transplantation Success. PLOS CURRENTS 2011; 3:RRN1275. [PMID: 22052037 PMCID: PMC3206262 DOI: 10.1371/currents.rrn1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by the absence of dystrophin in muscles. A therapeutic approach to restore dystrophin expression in DMD patient's muscles is the transplantation of muscle precursor cells (MPCs). However, this transplantation is limited by the low MPC capacity to migrate beyond the injection trajectory. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are key regulatory molecules in the remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. MPCs over-expressing MMP-9 were tested by zymography, migration and invasion assays in vitro and by transplantation in mouse muscle. In vitro, MPCs over-expressing MMP-9 have a better invasion capacity than control MPCs. When these cells are transplanted in mouse muscles, the transplantation success is increased by more than 50% and their dispersion is higher than normal cells. MMP-9 over-expression could thus be an approach to improve cell transplantation in DMD patients by increasing the dispersion capacity of transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pichavant
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Biology University of RomeTor Vergata, Italy and Professor, Department of Human Genetics, CHUL Research Center, Quebec City, Canada
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175
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The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in the prevention of muscle damage. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:210797. [PMID: 22007139 PMCID: PMC3189583 DOI: 10.1155/2011/210797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are genetically diverse but share common phenotypic features of muscle weakness, degeneration, and progressive decline in muscle function. Previous work has focused on understanding how disruptions in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex result in muscular dystrophy, supporting a hypothesis that the muscle sarcolemma is fragile and susceptible to contraction-induced injury in multiple forms of dystrophy. Although benign in healthy muscle, contractions in dystrophic muscle may contribute to a higher degree of muscle damage which eventually overwhelms muscle regeneration capacity. While increased susceptibility of muscle to mechanical injury is thought to be an important contributor to disease pathology, it is becoming clear that not all DGC-associated diseases share this supposed hallmark feature. This paper outlines experimental support for a function of the DGC in preventing muscle damage and examines the evidence that supports novel functions for this complex in muscle that when impaired, may contribute to the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy.
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176
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Malik V, Rodino-Klapac LR, Viollet L, Mendell JR. Aminoglycoside-induced mutation suppression (stop codon readthrough) as a therapeutic strategy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2011; 3:379-89. [PMID: 21179598 DOI: 10.1177/1756285610388693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common, lethal, X-linked genetic disease, affecting 1 in 3500 newborn males. It is caused by mutations in the DMD gene. Owing to the large size of the gene, the mutation rate in both germline and somatic cells is very high. Nearly 13-15% of DMD cases are caused by nonsense mutations leading to premature termination codons in the reading frame that results in truncated dystrophin protein. Currently there is no cure for DMD. The only available treatment is the use of glucocorticoids that have modest beneficial effects accompanied by significant side effects. Different therapeutic strategies have been developed ranging from gene therapy to exon skipping and nonsense mutation suppression to produce the full-length protein. These strategies have shown promise in the mdx mouse model of muscular dystrophy where they have been reported to ameliorate the dystrophic phenotype and correct the physiological defects in the membrane. Each of these molecular approaches are being investigated in clinical trials. Here we review nonsense mutation suppression by aminoglycosides as a therapeutic strategy to treat DMD with special emphasis on gentamicin-induced readthrough of disease-causing premature termination codons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Malik
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics at The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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177
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Sarkis J, Hubert JF, Legrand B, Robert E, Chéron A, Jardin J, Hitti E, Le Rumeur E, Vié V. Spectrin-like repeats 11-15 of human dystrophin show adaptations to a lipidic environment. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30481-30491. [PMID: 21712383 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.243881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin is essential to skeletal muscle function and confers resistance to the sarcolemma by interacting with cytoskeleton and membrane. In the present work, we characterized the behavior of dystrophin 11-15 (DYS R11-15), five spectrin-like repeats from the central domain of human dystrophin, with lipids. DYS R11-15 displays an amphiphilic character at the liquid/air interface while maintaining its secondary α-helical structure. The interaction of DYS R11-15 with small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) depends on the lipid nature, which is not the case with large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs). In addition, switching from anionic SUVs to anionic LUVs suggests the lipid packing as a crucial factor for the interaction of protein and lipid. The monolayer model and the modulation of surface pressure aim to mimic the muscle at work (i.e. dynamic changes of muscle membrane during contraction and relaxation) (high and low surface pressure). Strikingly, the lateral pressure modifies the protein organization. Increasing the lateral pressure leads the proteins to be organized in a regular network. Nevertheless, a different protein conformation after its binding to monolayer is revealed by trypsin proteolysis. Label-free quantification by nano-LC/MS/MS allowed identification of the helices in repeats 12 and 13 involved in the interaction with anionic SUVs. These results, combined with our previous studies, indicate that DYS R11-15 constitutes the only part of dystrophin that interacts with anionic as well as zwitterionic lipids and adapts its interaction and organization depending on lipid packing and lipid nature. We provide strong experimental evidence for a physiological role of the central domain of dystrophin in sarcolemma scaffolding through modulation of lipid-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Sarkis
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, 35000 Rennes, France; UMR-CNRS 6026-IFR 140, Equipe RMN-Interactions Lipides Protéines, Faculté de Médecine, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes, France; UMR-CNRS 6251, Institut de Physique de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-François Hubert
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, 35000 Rennes, France; UMR-CNRS 6026-IFR 140, Equipe RMN-Interactions Lipides Protéines, Faculté de Médecine, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Baptiste Legrand
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, 35000 Rennes, France; UMR-CNRS 6026-IFR 140, Equipe RMN-Interactions Lipides Protéines, Faculté de Médecine, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Estelle Robert
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, 35000 Rennes, France; UMR-CNRS 6251, Institut de Physique de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Angélique Chéron
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, 35000 Rennes, France; UMR-CNRS 6026-IFR 140, Equipe RMN-Interactions Lipides Protéines, Faculté de Médecine, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Julien Jardin
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, 35000 Rennes, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AGROCAMPUS-OUEST, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Eric Hitti
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, 35000 Rennes, France; Laboratoire Traitement du Signal et de l'Image (LTSI), INSERM 642, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Elisabeth Le Rumeur
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, 35000 Rennes, France; UMR-CNRS 6026-IFR 140, Equipe RMN-Interactions Lipides Protéines, Faculté de Médecine, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Vié
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, 35000 Rennes, France; UMR-CNRS 6251, Institut de Physique de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France.
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Abstract
Costameres are sub-membranous, Z-line associated structures found in striated muscle. They have been shown to have important roles in transmission of force from the sarcomere to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix, maintaining mechanical integrity of the sarcolemma, and orchestrating mechanically related signaling. The costamere is akin to the more well-known focal adhesion complex present in most cells. The Z-line is a critical structural anchor for the sarcomere, but it is also a hot-spot for muscle cell signaling. Therefore functionally, the costamere represents a two-way signaling highway tethered between the Z-line and the extracellular matrix, relaying mechanical stress signals from outside the cell to intracellular signaling networks. In this role it can modulate myofibril growth and contraction. The major force generated by sarcomeres is transduced in the lateral direction from the sarcomere to the extracellular matrix through the costamere. Two major protein complexes have been described at the costamere: the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and the integrin-vinculin-talin complex. The importance of these two protein complexes in striated muscle function has between demonstrated both in human disease and mouse models. Members of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex and integrins have both been reported to interact directly with filamin-C, thus linking costameric complexes with those present at the Z-line. Moreover, studies from our labs and others have shown that the Z-line proteins belonging to the PDZ-LIM domain protein family, enigma homolog (ENH) and cypher, may directly or indirectly be involved in this linkage. The following review will focus on the protein components of this linkage, their function in force transmission, and how the dysfunction or loss of proteins within these complexes contributes to muscular disease.
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179
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Current status of pharmaceutical and genetic therapeutic approaches to treat DMD. Mol Ther 2011; 19:830-40. [PMID: 21468001 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease affecting about one in every 3,500 boys. This X-linked pathology is due to the absence of dystrophin in muscle fibers. This lack of dystrophin leads to the progressive muscle degeneration that is often responsible for the death of the DMD patients during the third decade of their life. There are currently no curative treatments for this disease but different therapeutic approaches are being studied. Gene therapy consists of introducing a transgene coding for full-length or a truncated version of dystrophin complementary DNA (cDNA) in muscles, whereas pharmaceutical therapy includes the use of chemical/biochemical substances to restore dystrophin expression or alleviate the DMD phenotype. Over the past years, many potential drugs were explored. This led to several clinical trials for gentamicin and ataluren (PTC124) allowing stop codon read-through. An alternative approach is to induce the expression of an internally deleted, partially functional dystrophin protein through exon skipping. The vectors and the methods used in gene therapy have been continually improving in order to obtain greater encapsidation capacity and better transduction efficiency. The most promising experimental approaches using pharmaceutical and gene therapies are reviewed in this article.
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180
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Guevel L, Lavoie JR, Perez-Iratxeta C, Rouger K, Dubreil L, Feron M, Talon S, Brand M, Megeney LA. Quantitative proteomic analysis of dystrophic dog muscle. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2465-78. [PMID: 21410286 DOI: 10.1021/pr2001385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by null mutations in the dystrophin gene, leading to progressive and unrelenting muscle loss. Although the genetic basis of DMD is well resolved, the cellular mechanisms associated with the physiopathology remain largely unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that secondary mechanisms, as the alteration of key signaling pathways, may play an important role. In order to identify reliable biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, and taking advantage of the clinically relevant Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD) dog model, a proteomic study was performed. Isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) profiling was used to compile quantitative changes in protein expression profiles of the vastus lateralis muscles of 4-month old GRMD vs healthy dogs. Interestingly, the set of under-expressed proteins detected appeared primarily composed of metabolic proteins, many of which have been shown to be regulated by the transcriptional peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC-1α). Subsequently, we were able to showed that PGC1-α expression is dramatically reduced in GRMD compared to healthy muscle. Collectively, these results provide novel insights into the molecular pathology of the clinically relevant animal model of DMD, and indicate that defective energy metabolism is a central hallmark of the disease in the canine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Guevel
- CNRS UMR6204, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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181
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Blain AM, Straub VW. δ-Sarcoglycan-deficient muscular dystrophy: from discovery to therapeutic approaches. Skelet Muscle 2011; 1:13. [PMID: 21798091 PMCID: PMC3156636 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the δ-sarcoglycan gene cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2F (LGMD2F), an autosomal recessive disease that causes progressive weakness and wasting of the proximal limb muscles and often has cardiac involvement. Here we review the clinical implications of LGMD2F and discuss the current understanding of the putative mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis. Preclinical research has benefited enormously from various animal models of δ-sarcoglycan deficiency, which have helped researchers to explore therapeutic approaches for both muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Blain
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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182
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Pichavant C, Chapdelaine P, Cerri DG, Bizario JCS, Tremblay JP. Electrotransfer of the full-length dog dystrophin into mouse and dystrophic dog muscles. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 21:1591-601. [PMID: 20553115 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked genetic disease characterized by the absence of dystrophin (427 kDa). An approach to eventually restore this protein in patients with DMD is to introduce into their muscles a plasmid encoding dystrophin cDNA. Because the phenotype of the dystrophic dog is closer to the human phenotype than is the mdx mouse phenotype, we have studied the electrotransfer of a plasmid carrying the full-length dog dystrophin (FLDYS(dog)) in dystrophic dog muscle. To achieve this nonviral delivery, the FLDYS(dog) cDNA was cloned in two plasmids containing either a cytomegalovirus or a muscle creatine kinase promoter. In both cases, our results showed that the electrotransfer of these large plasmids (∼17 kb) into mouse muscle allowed FLDYS(dog) expression in the treated muscle. The electrotransfer of pCMV.FLDYS(dog) in a dystrophic dog muscle also led to the expression of dystrophin. In conclusion, introduction of the full-length dog dystrophin cDNA by electrotransfer into dystrophic dog muscle is a potential approach to restore dystrophin in patients with DMD. However, the electrotransfer procedure should be improved before applying it to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pichavant
- Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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183
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Gawlik KI, Durbeej M. Skeletal muscle laminin and MDC1A: pathogenesis and treatment strategies. Skelet Muscle 2011; 1:9. [PMID: 21798088 PMCID: PMC3156650 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin-211 is a cell-adhesion molecule that is strongly expressed in the basement membrane of skeletal muscle. By binding to the cell surface receptors dystroglycan and integrin α7β1, laminin-211 is believed to protect the muscle fiber from damage under the constant stress of contractions, and to influence signal transmission events. The importance of laminin-211 in skeletal muscle is evident from merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A), in which absence of the α2 chain of laminin-211 leads to skeletal muscle dysfunction. MDC1A is the commonest form of congenital muscular dystrophy in the European population. Severe hypotonia, progressive muscle weakness and wasting, joint contractures and consequent impeded motion characterize this incurable disorder, which causes great difficulty in daily life and often leads to premature death. Mice with laminin α2 chain deficiency have analogous phenotypes, and are reliable models for studies of disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches. In this review, we introduce laminin-211 and describe its structure, expression pattern in developing and adult muscle and its receptor interactions. We will also discuss the molecular pathogenesis of MDC1A and advances toward the development of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga I Gawlik
- Muscle Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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184
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Hu Y, Li ZF, Wu X, Lu Q. Large induces functional glycans in an O-mannosylation dependent manner and targets GlcNAc terminals on alpha-dystroglycan. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16866. [PMID: 21347376 PMCID: PMC3036717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG) is a ubiquitously expressed receptor for extracellular matrix proteins and some viruses, and plays a pivotal role in a number of pathological events, including cancer progression, muscular dystrophies, and viral infection. The O-glycans on α-DG are essential for its ligand binding, but the biosynthesis of the functional O-glycans remains obscure. The fact that transient overexpression of LARGE, a putative glycosyltransferase, up-regulates the functional glycans on α-DG to mediate its ligand binding implied that overexpression of LARGE may be a novel strategy to treat disorders with hypoglycosylation of α-DG. In this study, we focus on the effects of stable overexpression of Large on α-DG glycosylation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell and its glycosylation deficient mutants. Surprisingly, stable overexpression of Large in an O-mannosylation null deficient Lec15.2 CHO cells failed to induce the functional glycans on α-DG. Introducing the wild-type DPM2 cDNA, the deficient gene in the Lec15.2 cells, fully restored the Large-induced functional glycosylation, suggesting that Large induces the functional glycans in a DPM2/O-mannosylation dependent manner. Furthermore, stable overexpression of Large can effectively induce functional glycans on N-linked glycans in the Lec8 cells and ldlD cells growing in Gal deficient media, in both of which circumstances galactosylation are deficient. In addition, supplement of Gal to the ldlD cell culture media significantly reduces the amount of functional glycans induced by Large, suggested that galactosylation suppresses Large to induce the functional glycans. Thus our results revealed a mechanism by which Large competes with galactosyltransferase to target GlcNAc terminals to induce the functional glycans on α-DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Hu
- Neurology Department, McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zhi-fang Li
- Neurology Department, McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Neurology Department, McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Qilong Lu
- Neurology Department, McColl-Lockwood Laboratory for Muscular Dystrophy Research, Cannon Research Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
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Kim MH, Kay DI, Rudra RT, Chen BM, Hsu N, Izumiya Y, Martinez L, Spencer MJ, Walsh K, Grinnell AD, Crosbie RH. Myogenic Akt signaling attenuates muscular degeneration, promotes myofiber regeneration and improves muscle function in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:1324-38. [PMID: 21245083 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the most common form of childhood muscular dystrophy, is caused by X-linked inherited mutations in the dystrophin gene. Dystrophin deficiencies result in the loss of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex at the plasma membrane, which leads to structural instability and muscle degeneration. Previously, we induced muscle-specific overexpression of Akt, a regulator of cellular metabolism and survival, in mdx mice at pre-necrotic (<3.5 weeks) ages and demonstrated upregulation of the utrophin-glycoprotein complex and protection against contractile-induced stress. Here, we found that delaying exogenous Akt treatment of mdx mice after the onset of peak pathology (>6 weeks) similarly increased the abundance of compensatory adhesion complexes at the extrasynaptic sarcolemma. Akt introduction after onset of pathology reverses the mdx histopathological measures, including decreases in blood serum albumin infiltration. Akt also improves muscle function in mdx mice as demonstrated through in vivo grip strength tests and in vitro contraction measurements of the extensor digitorum longus muscle. To further explore the significance of Akt in myofiber regeneration, we injured wild-type muscle with cardiotoxin and found that Akt induced a faster regenerative response relative to controls at equivalent time points. We demonstrate that Akt signaling pathways counteract mdx pathogenesis by enhancing endogenous compensatory mechanisms. These findings provide a rationale for investigating the therapeutic activation of the Akt pathway to counteract muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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186
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Bhat HF, Baba RA, Bashir M, Saeed S, Kirmani D, Wani MM, Wani NA, Wani KA, Khanday FA. Alpha-1-syntrophin protein is differentially expressed in human cancers. Biomarkers 2010; 16:31-6. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.522731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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187
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Abstract
The dynamic remolding of the actin cytoskeleton is a critical part of most cellular activities, and malfunction of cytoskeletal proteins results in various human diseases. The transition between two forms of actin, monomeric or G-actin and filamentous or F-actin, is tightly regulated in time and space by a large number of signaling, scaffolding and actin-binding proteins (ABPs). New ABPs are constantly being discovered in the post-genomic era. Most of these proteins are modular, integrating actin binding, protein-protein interaction, membrane-binding, and signaling domains. In response to extracellular signals, often mediated by Rho family GTPases, ABPs control different steps of actin cytoskeleton assembly, including filament nucleation, elongation, severing, capping, and depolymerization. This review summarizes structure-function relationships among ABPs in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Haeng Lee
- Chosun University School of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Gwangju 501-759, Korea.
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188
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Fagiolari G, Cappellini A, Cagliani R, Prelle A, Lucchini V, Fortunato F, Locatelli F, Crugnola V, Comi GP, Bresolin N, Moggio M, Lamperti C. Muscular dystrophy: central nervous system alpha-dystroglycan glycosylation defects and brain malformation. J Child Neurol 2010; 25:312-20. [PMID: 19633331 DOI: 10.1177/0883073809338958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe the case of a patient affected with congenital muscular dystrophy with lack of muscle alpha-dystroglycan. Brain gross anatomy showed lissencephaly and pachygyria. Light microscopy showed heterotopias in white matter. The brain stem and cerebellum were normal. They found no expression of alpha-dystroglycan either in the frontal cortex or in the heterotopic nuclei, while a normal expression was found in the cerebellum. These results suggest that alpha-dystroglycan glycosylation defects may account for both the muscle disease and the brain supratentorial malformation in our patient. The authors did not identify any mutations in the genes most frequently related to these syndromes. Therefore, this case suggests that a new gene may be associated with congenital muscular dystrophy with alpha-dystroglycan glycosylation defects, cortical migration defects, and sparing of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigliola Fagiolari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli, Regina Elena IRCCS, Centro Dino Ferrari University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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189
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Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by the absence of dystrophin. Several previous studies demonstrated the feasibility of delivering microdystrophin complementary DNA (cDNA) into mouse and normal nonhuman primate muscles by ex vivo gene therapy. However, these animal models do not reproduce completely the human DMD phenotype, while the dystrophic dog model does. To progress toward the use of the best animal model of DMD, a dog microdystrophin was transduced into human and dystrophic dog muscle precursor cells (MPCs) with a lentivirus before their transplantation into mouse muscles. One month following MPC transplantation, myofibers expressing the dog microdystrophin were observed. We also used another approach to introduce this transgene into myofibers, i.e., the electrotransfer of a plasmid coding for the dog microdystrophin. The plasmid was injected into mouse and dog muscles, and brief electric pulses were applied in the region of injection. Two weeks later, the transgene was detected in both animals. Therefore, ex vivo gene therapy and electrotransfer are two possible methods to introduce a truncated version of dystrophin into myofibers of animal models and eventually into myofibers of DMD patients.
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190
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Ozawa E. Our trails and trials in the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton network and muscular dystrophy researches in the dystrophin era. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010; 86:798-821. [PMID: 20948175 PMCID: PMC3037518 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In 1987, about 150 years after the discovery of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), its responsible gene, the dystrophin gene, was cloned by Kunkel. This was a new substance. During these 20 odd years after the cloning, our understanding on dystrophin as a component of the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton networks and on the pathomechanisms of and experimental therapeutics for DMD has been greatly enhanced. During this paradigm change, I was fortunately able to work as an active researcher on its frontiers for 12 years. After we discovered that dystrophin is located on the cell membrane in 1988, we studied the architecture of dystrophin and dystrophin-associated proteins (DAPs) complex in order to investigate the function of dystrophin and pathomechanism of DMD. During the conduct of these studies, we came to consider that the dystrophin-DAP complex serves to transmembranously connect the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton networks and basal lamina to protect the lipid bilayer. It then became our working hypothesis that injury of the lipid bilayer upon muscle contraction is the cause of DMD. During this process, we predicted that subunits of the sarcoglycan (SG) complex are responsible for respective types of DMD-like muscular dystrophy with autosomal recessive inheritance. Our prediction was confirmed to be true by many researchers including ourselves. In this review, I will try to explain what we observed and how we considered concerning the architecture and function of the dystrophin-DAP complex, and the pathomechanisms of DMD and related muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eijiro Ozawa
- National Center of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodairashi, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.
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191
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Yamashita K, Suzuki A, Satoh Y, Ide M, Amano Y, Masuda-Hirata M, Hayashi YK, Hamada K, Ogata K, Ohno S. The 8th and 9th tandem spectrin-like repeats of utrophin cooperatively form a functional unit to interact with polarity-regulating kinase PAR-1b. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 391:812-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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192
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Abstract
The heart is a force-generating organ that responds to self-generated electrical stimuli from specialized cardiomyocytes. This function is modulated by sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. In order to contract and accommodate the repetitive morphological changes induced by the cardiac cycle, cardiomyocytes depend on their highly evolved and specialized cytoskeletal apparatus. Defects in components of the cytoskeleton affect the ability of the cell to compensate at both functional and structural levels in the long term. In addition to structural remodeling, the myocardium becomes increasingly susceptible to altered electrical activity, leading to arrhythmogenesis. The development of arrhythmias secondary to structural remodeling defects has been noted, although the detailed molecular mechanisms are still elusive. Here, the author reviews the current knowledge of the molecular and functional relationships between the cytoskeleton and ion channels, and discusses the future impact of new data on molecular cardiology research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vatta
- Baylor College of Medicine, Pediatrics (Cardiology), Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin St, FC 430.09, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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193
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Several dystrophin-glycoprotein complex members are present in crude surface membranes but they are sodium dodecyl sulphate invisible in KCl-washed microsomes from mdx mouse muscle. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2009; 15:134-52. [PMID: 19997781 PMCID: PMC6276006 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-009-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) is a large trans-sarcolemmal complex that provides a linkage between the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. In skeletal muscle, it consists of the dystroglycan, sarcoglycan and cytoplasmic complexes, with dystrophin forming the core protein. The DGC has been described as being absent or greatly reduced in dystrophin-deficient muscles, and this lack is considered to be involved in the dystrophic phenotype. Such a decrease in the DGC content was observed in dystrophin-deficient muscle from humans with muscular dystrophy and in mice with X-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx mice). These deficits were observed in total muscle homogenates and in partially membrane-purified muscle fractions, the so-called KCl-washed microsomes. Here, we report that most of the proteins of the DGC are actually present at normal levels in the mdx mouse muscle plasma membrane. The proteins are detected in dystrophic animal muscles when the immunoblot assay is performed with crude surface membrane fractions instead of the usually employed KCl-washed microsomes. We propose that these proteins form SDS-insoluble membrane complexes when dystrophin is absent.
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194
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Perez AL, Bachrach E, Illigens BMW, Jun SJ, Bagden E, Steffen L, Flint A, McGowan FX, Del Nido P, Montecino-Rodriguez E, Tidball JG, Kunkel LM. CXCR4 enhances engraftment of muscle progenitor cells. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40:562-72. [PMID: 19760789 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy is a possible avenue for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked skeletal muscle-wasting disease. We have demonstrated that cultured myogenic progenitors derived from the adult skeletal muscle side population can engraft into dystrophic fibers of non-irradiated, non-chemically injured mouse models of DMD (mdx(5cv)) after intravenous and intraarterial transplantation, with engraftment rates approaching 10%. In an effort to elucidate the cell-surface markers that promote progenitor cell extravasation and engraftment after systemic transplantation, we found that expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, whose ligand SDF-1 is overexpressed in dystrophic muscle, enhances the extravasation of these cultured progenitor cells into skeletal muscle after intraarterial transplantation. At 1 day post-transplantation, mice that received CXCR4-positive enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-positive cultured cells derived from the skeletal muscle side population displayed significantly higher amounts of eGFP-positive mononuclear cells in quadriceps and tibialis anterior than mice that received CXCR4-negative eGFP-positive cells derived from the same cultured population. At 30 days posttransplantation, significantly higher engraftment rates of donor cells were observed in mice that received CXCR4-positive cells compared with mice transplanted with CXCR4-negative fractions. Our data suggest that CXCR4 expression by muscle progenitor cells increases their extravasation into skeletal muscle shortly after transplantation. Furthermore, this enhanced extravasation likely promotes higher donor cell engraftment rates over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio L Perez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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195
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Navarro C, Teijeira S. Molecular diagnosis of muscular dystrophies, focused on limb girdle muscular dystrophies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 3:631-47. [PMID: 23496048 DOI: 10.1517/17530050903313988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscular dystrophies include a spectrum of muscle disorders, some of which are phenotypically well characterized. The identification of dystrophin as the causative factor in Duchenne muscular dystrophy has led to the development of molecular genetics and has facilitated the division of muscular dystrophies into distinct groups, among which are the 'limb girdle muscular dystrophies'. OBJECTIVES This article reviews the methodology to be used in the diagnosis of muscular dystrophies, focused on the groups of limb girdle muscular dystrophies, and the development of new strategies to reach a final molecular diagnosis. METHOD A literature review (Medline) from 1985 to the present. CONCLUSION Immunohistochemistry and western blotting analyses of the proteins involved in the various forms of muscular dystrophies have permitted a refined pathological approach necessary to conduct genetic studies and to offer appropriate genetic counseling. The application of molecular medicine in genetic muscular dystrophies also brings great hope to the therapeutic management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Navarro
- University Hospital of Vigo, Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Meixoeiro, s/n, 36200 Vigo - Pontevedra, Spain +34 986 81 11 11 ext. 211661 ; +34 986 27 64 16 ;
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197
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Giacomotto J, Pertl C, Borrel C, Walter MC, Bulst S, Johnsen B, Baillie DL, Lochmüller H, Thirion C, Ségalat L. Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in two animal models of dystrophin deficient muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:4089-101. [PMID: 19648295 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is an inherited muscle degeneration disease for which there is still no efficient treatment. However, compounds active on the disease may already exist among approved drugs but are difficult to identify in the absence of cellular models. We used the Caenorhabditis elegans animal model to screen a collection of 1000 already approved compounds. Two of the most active hits obtained were methazolamide and dichlorphenamide, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors widely used in human therapy. In C. elegans, these drugs were shown to interact with CAH-4, a putative carbonic anhydrase. The therapeutic efficacy of these compounds was further validated in long-term experiments on mdx mice, the mouse model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Mice were treated for 120 days with food containing methazolamide or dichlorphenamide at two doses each. Musculus tibialis anterior and diaphragm muscles were histologically analyzed and isometric muscle force was measured in M. extensor digitorum longus. Both substances increased the tetanic muscle force in the treated M. extensor digitorum longus muscle group, dichlorphenamide increased the force significantly by 30%, but both drugs failed to increase resistance of muscle fibres to eccentric contractions. Histological analysis revealed a reduction of centrally nucleated fibers in M. tibialis anterior and diaphragm in the treated groups. These studies further demonstrated that a C. elegans-based screen coupled with a mouse model validation strategy can lead to the identification of potential pharmacological agents for rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Giacomotto
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 5534, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Legardinier S, Raguénès-Nicol C, Tascon C, Rocher C, Hardy S, Hubert JF, Le Rumeur E. Mapping of the lipid-binding and stability properties of the central rod domain of human dystrophin. J Mol Biol 2009; 389:546-58. [PMID: 19379759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dystrophin is a cytoskeletal protein that confers resistance to the sarcolemma against the stress of contraction-relaxation cycles by interacting with cytoskeletal and membrane partners. Apart from several proteins, membrane phospholipids are a partner of the central rod domain made up of 24 spectrin-like repeats, separated into sub-domains by four hinges. We previously showed that repeats 1 to 3 bind to membrane anionic phospholipids, while repeats 20 to 24 are not able to do so. We focus here on the phospholipid-binding properties of the major part of the central rod domain, namely, the sub-domain delineated by hinges 2 and 3 comprising 16 repeats ranging from repeat 4 to 19 (R4-19). We designed and produced multirepeat proteins comprising three to five repeats and report their lipid-binding properties as well as their thermal stabilities. When these proteins are mixed with liposomes including the anionic lipid phosphatidylserine, they form stable protein-vesicle complexes as determined by gel-filtration chromatography. The absence of an anionic lipid precludes the formation of such complexes. Spectroscopic analyses by circular dichroism and tryptophan fluorescence show that, while the alpha-helical secondary structures are not modified by the binding, protein trans conformation leads to the movement of tryptophan residues into more hydrophobic environments. In addition, the decrease in the molar ellipticity ratio at 222/208 nm as observed by circular dichroism indicates that lipid binding reduces the inter-helical interactions of multirepeat proteins, thus suggesting partly "opened" coiled-coil structures. Combining these results with data from our previous studies, we propose a new model of the dystrophin molecule lying along the membrane bilayer, in which the two sub-domains R1-3 and R4-19 interact with lipids and F-actin, while the distal sub-domain R20-24 does not exhibit any interaction. These lipid-binding domains should thus maintain a structural link between cytoskeletal actin and sarcolemma via the membrane phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Legardinier
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6026, Interactions cellulaires et moléculaires, IFR 140, Faculté de Médecine, CS 34317, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
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Vitiello C, Faraso S, Sorrentino NC, Di Salvo G, Nusco E, Nigro G, Cutillo L, Calabrò R, Auricchio A, Nigro V. Disease rescue and increased lifespan in a model of cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy by combined AAV treatments. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5051. [PMID: 19333401 PMCID: PMC2660610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BIO14.6 hamster is an excellent animal model for inherited cardiomyopathy, because of its lethal and well-documented course, due to a spontaneous deletion of delta-sarcoglycan gene promoter and first exon. The muscle disease is progressive and average lifespan is 11 months, because heart slowly dilates towards heart failure. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Based on the ability of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors to transduce heart together with skeletal muscle following systemic administration, we delivered human delta-sarcoglycan cDNA into male BIO14.6 hamsters by testing different ages of injection, routes of administration and AAV serotypes. Body-wide restoration of delta-SG expression was associated with functional reconstitution of the sarcoglycan complex and with significant lowering of centralized nuclei and fibrosis in skeletal muscle. Motor ability and cardiac functions were completely rescued. However, BIO14.6 hamsters having less than 70% of fibers recovering sarcoglycan developed cardiomyopathy, even if the total rescued protein was normal. When we used serotype 2/8 in combination with serotype 2/1, lifespan was extended up to 22 months with sustained heart function improvement. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data support multiple systemic administrations of AAV as a general therapeutic strategy for clinical trials in cardiomyopathies and muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vitiello
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Faraso
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Di Salvo
- Dip. di Scienze Cardiotoraciche e Respiratorie, A.O. Monaldi, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Edoardo Nusco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Nigro
- Dip. di Scienze Cardiotoraciche e Respiratorie, A.O. Monaldi, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Cutillo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Calabrò
- Dip. di Scienze Cardiotoraciche e Respiratorie, A.O. Monaldi, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Auricchio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Dip. di Pediatria, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
- Laboratorio di genetica medica, Dip. di Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Feron M, Guevel L, Rouger K, Dubreil L, Arnaud MC, Ledevin M, Megeney LA, Cherel Y, Sakanyan V. PTEN contributes to profound PI3K/Akt signaling pathway deregulation in dystrophin-deficient dog muscle. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1459-70. [PMID: 19264909 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common and severe form of muscular dystrophy, and although the genetic basis of this disease is well defined, the overall mechanisms that define its pathogenesis remain obscure. Alterations in individual signaling pathways have been described, but little information is available regarding their putative implications in Duchenne muscular dystrophy pathogenesis. Here, we studied the status of various major signaling pathways in the Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy dog that specifically reproduces the full spectrum of human pathology. Using antibody arrays, we found that Akt1, glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta), 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, and p38delta and p38gamma kinases all exhibited decreased phosphorylation in muscle from a 4-month-old animal with Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy, revealing a deep alteration of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed the presence of muscle fibers exhibiting a cytosolic accumulation of Akt1, GSK3beta, and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase (PTEN), an enzyme counteracting PI3K-mediated Akt activation. Enzymatic assays established that these alterations in phosphorylation and expression levels were associated with decreased Akt and increased GSK3beta and PTEN activities. PTEN/GSK3beta-positive fibers were also observed in muscle sections from 3- and 36-month-old animals, indicating long-term PI3K/Akt pathway alteration. Collectively, our data suggest that increased PTEN expression and activity play a central role in PI3K/Akt/GSK3beta and p70S6K pathway modulation, which could exacerbate the consequences of dystrophin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Feron
- CNRS UMR6204, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Université de Nantes, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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