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Karunendiran A, Cisek R, Tokarz D, Barzda V, Stewart BA. Examination of Drosophila eye development with third harmonic generation microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2017; 8:4504-4513. [PMID: 29082080 PMCID: PMC5654795 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy can exploit endogenous harmonophores such as pigment macromolecules for enhanced image contrast, and therefore can be used without exogenous contrast agents. Previous studies have established that carotenoid compounds are ideal harmonophores for THG microscopy; we therefore sought to determine whether THG from endogenous carotenoid-derived compounds, such as retinal in photoreceptor cells, could serve as a new label-free method for developmental studies. Here we study the development of the pupal eye in Drosophila melanogaster and determine the localization of rhodopsin using THG microscopy technique. Additionally, by altering the chromophore or the opsin protein we were able to detect changes in both the retinal distribution morphology and in THG intensity age-dependent profiles. These results demonstrate that THG microscopy can be used to detect altered photoreceptor development and may be useful in clinically relevant conditions associated with photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiramy Karunendiran
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Richard Cisek
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Danielle Tokarz
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Bryan A Stewart
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
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2
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Johansson PK, Koelsch P. Label-free imaging of amyloids using their intrinsic linear and nonlinear optical properties. Biomed Opt Express 2017; 8:743-756. [PMID: 28270981 PMCID: PMC5330564 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of amyloid fibers are often distinct from those of the source protein in its non-fibrillar form. These differences can be utilized for label-free imaging or characterization of such structures, which is particularly important for understanding amyloid fiber related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. We demonstrate that two amyloid forming proteins, insulin and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), show intrinsic fluorescence with emission spectra that are dependent on the excitation wavelength. Additionally, a new fluorescence peak at about 430 nm emerges for β-LG in its amyloid state. The shift in emission wavelength is related to the red edge excitation shift (REES), whereas the additional fluorescence peak is likely associated with charge delocalization along the fiber backbone. Furthermore, the spherulitic amyloid plaque-like superstructures formed from the respective proteins were imaged label-free with confocal fluorescence, multiphoton excitation fluorescence (MPEF), and second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. The latter two techniques in particular yield images with a high contrast between the amyloid fiber regions and the core of amorphously structured protein. Strong multiphoton absorption (MPA) for the amyloid fibers is a likely contributor to the observed contrast in the MPEF images. The crystalline fibrillar region provides even higher contrast in the SHG images, due to the inherently ordered non-centrosymmetric structure of the fibers together with their non-isotropic arrangement. Finally, we show that MPEF from the insulin spherulites exhibits a spectral dependence on the excitation wavelength. This behavior is consistent with the REES phenomenon, which we hypothesize is the origin of this observation. The presented results suggest that amyloid deposits can be identified and structurally characterized based on their intrinsic optical properties, which is important for probe-less and label-free identification and characterization of amyloid fibers in vitro and in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik K. Johansson
- National ESCA Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 4000 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195,
USA
| | - Patrick Koelsch
- National ESCA Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 4000 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195,
USA
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3
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Golaraei A, Kontenis L, Cisek R, Tokarz D, Done SJ, Wilson BC, Barzda V. Changes of collagen ultrastructure in breast cancer tissue determined by second-harmonic generation double Stokes-Mueller polarimetric microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:4054-4068. [PMID: 27867715 PMCID: PMC5102540 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) double Stokes-Mueller polarimetric microscopy is applied to study the alteration of collagen ultrastructure in a tissue microarray containing three pathological human breast cancer types with differently overexpressed estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Kleinman symmetry is experimentally validated in breast tissue for 1028 nm laser wavelength and it has been shown that measurements with only linearly polarized incoming and outgoing states can determine molecular nonlinear susceptibility tensor component ratio, average in-plane orientation of collagen fibers and degree of linear polarization of SHG. Increase in the susceptibility ratio for ER, PgR, HER2 positive cases, reveals ultrastructural changes in the collagen fibers while the susceptibility ratio increase and decrease in degree of linear polarization for ER and PgR positive cases indicate alteration of the ultrastructure and increased disorder of the collagen fibers within each focal volume. The study demonstrates a potential use of polarimetric SHG microscopy for collagen characterization and cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Golaraei
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7,
Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6,
Canada
| | - Lukas Kontenis
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7,
Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6,
Canada
| | - Richard Cisek
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7,
Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6,
Canada
| | - Danielle Tokarz
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9,
Canada
| | - Susan J. Done
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9,
Canada
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9,
Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7,
Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6,
Canada
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4
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Weng S, Chen X, Xu X, Wong KK, Wong STC. Dual CARS and SHG image acquisition scheme that combines single central fiber and multimode fiber bundle to collect and differentiate backward and forward generated photons. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:2202-18. [PMID: 27375938 PMCID: PMC4918576 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, backward and forward generated photons exhibit different image patterns and thus capture salient intrinsic information of tissues from different perspectives. However, they are often mixed in collection using traditional image acquisition methods and thus are hard to interpret. We developed a multimodal scheme using a single central fiber and multimode fiber bundle to simultaneously collect and differentiate images formed by these two types of photons and evaluated the scheme in an endomicroscopy prototype. The ratio of these photons collected was calculated for the characterization of tissue regions with strong or weak epi-photon generation while different image patterns of these photons at different tissue depths were revealed. This scheme provides a new approach to extract and integrate information captured by backward and forward generated photons in dual CARS/SHG imaging synergistically for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Weng
- Translational Biophotonics Lab, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Xu Chen
- Translational Biophotonics Lab, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- Translational Biophotonics Lab, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kelvin K. Wong
- Translational Biophotonics Lab, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Stephen T. C. Wong
- Translational Biophotonics Lab, Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Kuzmin NV, Wesseling P, Hamer PCDW, Noske DP, Galgano GD, Mansvelder HD, Baayen JC, Groot ML. Third harmonic generation imaging for fast, label-free pathology of human brain tumors. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:1889-904. [PMID: 27231629 PMCID: PMC4871089 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In brain tumor surgery, recognition of tumor boundaries is key. However, intraoperative assessment of tumor boundaries by the neurosurgeon is difficult. Therefore, there is an urgent need for tools that provide the neurosurgeon with pathological information during the operation. We show that third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy provides label-free, real-time images of histopathological quality; increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, and rarefaction of neuropil in fresh, unstained human brain tissue could be clearly recognized. We further demonstrate THG images taken with a GRIN objective, as a step toward in situ THG microendoscopy of tumor boundaries. THG imaging is thus a promising tool for optical biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Kuzmin
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. Wesseling
- Dept. of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. C. de Witt Hamer
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. P. Noske
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G. D. Galgano
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. D. Mansvelder
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. C. Baayen
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. L. Groot
- LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Golaraei A, Cisek R, Krouglov S, Navab R, Niu C, Sakashita S, Yasufuku K, Tsao MS, Wilson BC, Barzda V. Characterization of collagen in non-small cell lung carcinoma with second harmonic polarization microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2014; 5:3562-7. [PMID: 25360372 PMCID: PMC4206324 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.003562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Polarization second harmonic microscopy was used for collagen imaging in human non-small cell lung carcinoma and normal lung tissues ex vivo and revealed significant differences in the nonlinear susceptibility component ratio, demonstrating potential use in cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Golaraei
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S1A7, Canada
- Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L1C6, Canada
| | - Richard Cisek
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S1A7, Canada
- Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L1C6, Canada
| | - Serguei Krouglov
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S1A7, Canada
- Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L1C6, Canada
| | - Roya Navab
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Carolyn Niu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Shingo Sakashita
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Kazuhiro Yasufuku
- Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 9N-957, Toronto, ON M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 60 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S1A7, Canada
- Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON L5L1C6, Canada
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7
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Tanaka Y, Hase E, Fukushima S, Ogura Y, Yamashita T, Hirao T, Araki T, Yasui T. Motion-artifact-robust, polarization-resolved second-harmonic-generation microscopy based on rapid polarization switching with electro-optic Pockells cell and its application to in vivo visualization of collagen fiber orientation in human facial skin. Biomed Opt Express 2014; 5:1099-113. [PMID: 24761292 PMCID: PMC3985985 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.001099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polarization-resolved second-harmonic-generation (PR-SHG) microscopy is a powerful tool for investigating collagen fiber orientation quantitatively with low invasiveness. However, the waiting time for the mechanical polarization rotation makes it too sensitive to motion artifacts and hence has hampered its use in various applications in vivo. In the work described in this article, we constructed a motion-artifact-robust, PR-SHG microscope based on rapid polarization switching at every pixel with an electro-optic Pockells cell (PC) in synchronization with step-wise raster scanning of the focus spot and alternate data acquisition of a vertical-polarization-resolved SHG signal and a horizontal-polarization-resolved one. The constructed PC-based PR-SHG microscope enabled us to visualize orientation mapping of dermal collagen fiber in human facial skin in vivo without the influence of motion artifacts. Furthermore, it implied the location and/or age dependence of the collagen fiber orientation in human facial skin. The robustness to motion artifacts in the collagen orientation measurement will expand the application scope of SHG microscopy in dermatology and collagen-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tanaka
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Eiji Hase
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Fukushima
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogura
- Shiseido Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-Ku, Yokohama 224-8558, Japan
| | - Toyonobu Yamashita
- Shiseido Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-Ku, Yokohama 224-8558, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Hirao
- Shiseido Research Center, 2-2-1 Hayabuchi, Tsuzuki-Ku, Yokohama 224-8558, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Araki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasui
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
- Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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Rouède D, Coumailleau P, Schaub E, Bellanger JJ, Blanchard-Desce M, Tiaho F. Myofibrillar misalignment correlated to triad disappearance of mdx mouse gastrocnemius muscle probed by SHG microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2014; 5:858-875. [PMID: 24688819 PMCID: PMC3959848 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We show that the canonical single frequency sarcomeric SHG intensity pattern (SHG-IP) of control muscles is converted to double frequency sarcomeric SHG-IP in preserved mdx mouse gastrocnemius muscles in the vicinity of necrotic fibers. These double frequency sarcomeric SHG-IPs are often spatially correlated to double frequency sarcomeric two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) emitted from Z-line and I-bands and to one centered spot SHG angular intensity pattern (SHG-AIP) suggesting that these patterns are signature of myofibrillar misalignement. This latter is confirmed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, a good spatial correlation between SHG signature of myofibrillar misalignment and triad reduction is established. Theoretical simulation of sarcomeric SHG-IP is used to demonstrate the correlation between change of SHG-IP and -AIP and myofibrillar misalignment. The extreme sensitivity of SHG microscopy to reveal the submicrometric organization of A-band thick filaments is highlighted. This report is a first step toward future studies aimed at establishing live SHG signature of myofibrillar misalignment involving excitation contraction defects due to muscle damage and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Rouède
- IPR, CNRS, UMR-CNRS UR1- 6251, Université de Rennes1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Pascal Coumailleau
- IRSET, INSERM, U1085, Université de Rennes1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Emmanuel Schaub
- IPR, CNRS, UMR-CNRS UR1- 6251, Université de Rennes1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | | | | | - François Tiaho
- IRSET, INSERM, U1085, Université de Rennes1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, F-35000, France
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Liao YH, Chen SY, Chou SY, Wang PH, Tsai MR, Sun CK. Determination of chronological aging parameters in epidermal keratinocytes by in vivo harmonic generation microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2013; 4:77-88. [PMID: 23304649 PMCID: PMC3539190 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Skin aging is an important issue in geriatric and cosmetic dermatology. To quantitatively analyze changes in keratinocytes related to intrinsic aging, we exploited a 1230 nm-based in vivo harmonic generation microscopy, combining second- and third-harmonic generation modalities. 52 individuals (21 men and 31 women, age range 19-79) were examined on the sun-protected volar forearm. Through quantitative analysis by the standard algorithm provided, we found that the cellular and nuclear size of basal keratinocytes, but not that of granular cells, was significantly increased with advancing age. The cellular and nuclear areas, which have an increase of 0.51 μm(2) and 0.15 μm(2) per year, respectively, can serve as scoring indices for intrinsic skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Liao
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No.7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, No.300, Jhongda Road, Jhongli City, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yo Chou
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Rung Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Rivard M, Couture CA, Miri AK, Laliberté M, Bertrand-Grenier A, Mongeau L, Légaré F. Imaging the bipolarity of myosin filaments with Interferometric Second Harmonic Generation microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2013; 4:2078-86. [PMID: 24156065 PMCID: PMC3799667 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.002078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report that combining interferometry with Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy provides valuable information about the relative orientation of noncentrosymmetric structures composing tissues. This is confirmed through the imaging of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. The inteferometric Second Harmonic Generation (ISHG) images reveal that each side of the myosin filaments composing the A band of the sarcomere generates π phase shifted SHG signal which implies that the myosin proteins at each end of the filaments are oriented in opposite directions. This highlights the bipolar structural organization of the myosin filaments and shows that muscles can be considered as a periodically poled biological structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Rivard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Charles-André Couture
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Amir K. Miri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Antony Bertrand-Grenier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Luc Mongeau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - François Légaré
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Quebec, J3X 1S2, Canada
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Latour G, Gusachenko I, Kowalczuk L, Lamarre I, Schanne-Klein M. In vivo structural imaging of the cornea by polarization-resolved second harmonic microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2012; 3:1-15. [PMID: 22254163 PMCID: PMC3255328 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The transparency and mechanical strength of the cornea are related to the highly organized three-dimensional distribution of collagen fibrils. It is of great interest to develop specific and contrasted in vivo imaging tools to probe these collagenous structures, which is not available yet. Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) microscopy is a unique tool to reveal fibrillar collagen within unstained tissues, but backward SHG images of cornea fail to reveal any spatial features due to the nanometric diameter of stromal collagen fibrils. To overcome this limitation, we performed polarization-resolved SHG imaging, which is highly sensitive to the sub-micrometer distribution of anisotropic structures. Using advanced data processing, we successfully retrieved the orientation of the collagenous fibrils at each depth of human corneas, even in backward SHG homogenous images. Quantitative information was also obtained about the submicrometer heterogeneities of the fibrillar collagen distribution by measuring the SHG anisotropy. All these results were consistent with numerical simulation of the polarization-resolved SHG response of cornea. Finally, we performed in vivo SHG imaging of rat corneas and achieved structural imaging of corneal stroma without any labeling. Epi-detected polarization-resolved SHG imaging should extend to other organs and become a new diagnosis tool for collagen remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Latour
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, École Polytechnique—CNRS—INSERM, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ivan Gusachenko
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, École Polytechnique—CNRS—INSERM, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Laura Kowalczuk
- Laboratory for Applied Optics, ENSTA ParisTech—École Polytechnique—CNRS, 91761 Palaiseau, France
| | - Isabelle Lamarre
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, École Polytechnique—CNRS—INSERM, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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12
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Mahou P, Olivier N, Labroille G, Duloquin L, Sintes JM, Peyriéras N, Legouis R, Débarre D, Beaurepaire E. Combined third-harmonic generation and four-wave mixing microscopy of tissues and embryos. Biomed Opt Express 2011; 2:2837-49. [PMID: 22025988 PMCID: PMC3190961 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.002837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy can be used to probe the intrinsic optical properties of biological tissues. Using femtosecond pulses, third-harmonic generation (THG) and four-wave mixing (FWM) signals can be efficiently produced and detected simultaneously. Both signals probe a similar parameter, i.e. the real part of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ((3)). However THG and FWM images result from different phase matching conditions and provide complementary information. We analyze this complementarity using calculations, z-scan measurements on water and oils, and THG-FWM imaging of cell divisions in live zebrafish embryos. The two signals exhibit different sensitivity to sample size and clustering in the half-wavelength regime. Far from resonance, THG images reveal spatial variations |Δχ((3))(-3ω;ω,ω,ω)| with remarkable sensitivity while FWM directly reflects the distribution of χ((3))(-2ω(1) + ω(2);ω(1), -ω(2), ω(1)). We show that FWM images provide χ((3)) maps useful for proper interpretation of cellular THG signals, and that combined imaging carries additional structural information. Finally we present simultaneous imaging of intrinsic THG, FWM, second-harmonic (SHG) and two-photon-excited fluorescence (2PEF) signals in live Caenorhabditis elegans worms illustrating the information provided by multimodal nonlinear imaging of unstained tissue.
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13
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Tsai MR, Chen SY, Shieh DB, Lou PJ, Sun CK. In vivo optical virtual biopsy of human oral mucosa with harmonic generation microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2011; 2:2317-28. [PMID: 21833368 PMCID: PMC3149529 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies on human skin indicated that in vivo multi-harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) can achieve sub-micron resolution for histopathological analysis with a high penetration depth and leave no energy or photodamages in the interacted tissues. It is thus highly desired to apply HGM for in vivo mucosa histopathological diagnosis. In this paper, the first in vivo optical virtual biopsy of human oral mucosa by using epi-HGM is demonstrated. We modified an upright microscope to rotate the angle of objective for in vivo observation. Our clinical study reveals the capability of HGM to in vivo image cell distributions in human oral mucosa, including epithelium and lamina propria with a high penetration depth greater than 280 μm and a high spatial resolution better than 500 nm. We also found that the third-harmonic-generation (THG) contrast on nucleus depends strongly on its thicknesses, in agreement with a numerical simulation. Besides, 4% acetic acid was found to be able to enhance the THG contrast of nucleus in oral mucosa, while such enhancement was found to decay due to the metabolic clearance of the contrast enhancer by the oral mucosa. Our clinical study indicated that, the combined epi-THG and epi-second-harmonic-generation (SHG) microscopy is a promising imaging tool for in vivo noninvasive optical virtual biopsy and disease diagnosis in human mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Rung Tsai
- Graduate Inst. of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Graduate Inst. of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Oral Medical and Department of Stomatology, Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, and Advanced Optoelectronic Technology Center, Center for Micro/Nano Science and Technology, and Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Device Technology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jen Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuang Sun
- Graduate Inst. of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center and Graduate Inst. of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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14
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Pfeffer CP, Olsen BR, Ganikhanov F, Légaré F. Imaging skeletal muscle using second harmonic generation and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2011; 2:1366-76. [PMID: 21559148 PMCID: PMC3087593 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe experimental results on label free imaging of striated skeletal muscle using second harmonic generation (SHG) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. The complementarity of the SHG and CARS data makes it possible to clearly identify the main sarcomere sub-structures such as actin, myosin, acto-myosin, and the intact T-tubular system as it emanates from the sarcolemma. Owing to sub-micron spatial resolution and the high sensitivity of the CARS microscopy technique we were able to resolve individual myofibrils. In addition, key organelles such as mitochondria, cell nuclei and their structural constituents were observed revealing the entire structure of the muscle functional units. There is a noticeable difference in the CARS response of the muscle structure within actin, myosin and t-tubule areas with respect to laser polarization. We attribute this to a preferential alignment of the probed molecular bonds along certain directions. The combined CARS and SHG microscopy approach yields more extensive and complementary information and has a potential to become an indispensable method for live skeletal muscle characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bjorn R. Olsen
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Feruz Ganikhanov
- Department of Physics, PO BOX 6315, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 2650, USA
| | - François Légaré
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
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15
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Recher G, Rouède D, Schaub E, Tiaho F. Skeletal muscle sarcomeric SHG patterns photo-conversion by femtosecond infrared laser. Biomed Opt Express 2011; 2:374-384. [PMID: 21339882 PMCID: PMC3038452 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser at 780 nm excitation wavelength was used to photo-convert the physiological sarcomeric single band (SB) second harmonic generation (SHG) pattern into double band (DB) in Xenopus laevis premetamorphic tail muscles. This photo-conversion was found to be a third order non-linear optical process and was drastically reduced at 940 nm excitation wavelength. This effect was no longer observed in paraformaldehyde fixed muscles and was enhanced by hydrogen peroxide. The action of hydrogen peroxide suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) could contribute to this photo-conversion. These results demonstrate that sarcomeric DB SHG pattern is a marker of sarcomere photodamage in xenopus tadpole muscles and highlight the need of being very careful at using two-photon excitation while observing living tissues. Moreover they open new avenues for in situ intravital investigation of oxidative stress effects in muscle dysfunctions and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Recher
- Université de Rennes1, Université européenne de Bretagne, UMR CNRS 6026, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Denis Rouède
- Université de Rennes1, Université européenne de Bretagne, UMR CNRS 6251, Institut de Physique de Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Schaub
- Université de Rennes1, Université européenne de Bretagne, UMR CNRS 6026, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - François Tiaho
- Université de Rennes1, Université européenne de Bretagne, UMR CNRS 6026, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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16
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Bader AN, Pena AM, Johan van Voskuilen C, Palero JA, Leroy F, Colonna A, Gerritsen HC. Fast nonlinear spectral microscopy of in vivo human skin. Biomed Opt Express 2011; 2:365-73. [PMID: 21339881 PMCID: PMC3038451 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2100] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An optimized system for fast, high-resolution spectral imaging of in vivo human skin is developed and evaluated. The spectrograph is composed of a dispersive prism in combination with an electron multiplying CCD camera. Spectra of autofluorescence and second harmonic generation (SHG) are acquired at a rate of 8 kHz and spectral images within seconds. Image quality is significantly enhanced by the simultaneous recording of background spectra. In vivo spectral images of 224 × 224 pixels were acquired, background corrected and previewed in real RGB color in 6.5 seconds. A clear increase in melanin content in deeper epidermal layers in in vivo human skin was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen N. Bader
- Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana-Maria Pena
- L'Oréal Recherche et Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | - Jonathan A. Palero
- Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Present address, ICFO, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Frédéric Leroy
- L'Oréal Recherche et Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Anne Colonna
- L'Oréal Recherche et Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Rivard M, Laliberté M, Bertrand-Grenier A, Harnagea C, Pfeffer CP, Vallières M, St-Pierre Y, Pignolet A, El Khakani MA, Légaré F. The structural origin of second harmonic generation in fascia. Biomed Opt Express 2010; 2:26-36. [PMID: 21326632 PMCID: PMC3028495 DOI: 10.1364/boe.2.000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fascia tissue is rich in collagen type I proteins and can be imaged by second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. While identifying the overall alignment of the collagen fibrils is evident from those images, the tridimensional structural origin for the observation of SHG signal is more complex than it apparently seems. Those images reveal that the noncentrosymmetric (piezoelectric) structures are distributed heterogeneously on spatial dimensions inferior to the resolution provided by the nonlinear optical microscope (sub-micron). Using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), we show that an individual collagen fibril has a noncentrosymmetric structural organization. Fibrils are found to be arranged in nano-domains where the anisotropic axis is preserved along the fibrillar axis, while across the collagen sheets, the phase of the second order nonlinear susceptibility is changing by 180 degrees between adjacent nano-domains. This complex architecture of noncentrosymmetric nano-domains governs the coherent addition of 2ω light within the focal volume and the observed features in the SHG images taken in fascia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Rivard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - Mathieu Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - Antony Bertrand-Grenier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - Catalin Harnagea
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | | | - Martin Vallières
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Qc Canada H7V 1B7
| | - Alain Pignolet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - My Ali El Khakani
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
| | - François Légaré
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Qc Canada J3X1S2
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