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152
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Remskar M, Virsek M, Jesih A. WS2 nanobuds as a new hybrid nanomaterial. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:76-80. [PMID: 18095728 DOI: 10.1021/nl0719426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first inorganic nanobuds: WS2 nanotubes decorated with fullerene-like particles. They were synthesized by sulfurization of W5O14 nanowires. The fullerene-like particles nucleate in surface corrugations of the nanowires and grow by a diffusion process simultaneously with the transformation of nanowires into hollow multiwall nanotubes. Electron microscopy data are correlated with details of the transformation process revealing the possible mechanism of the formation of these new complex nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Remskar
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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153
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Fan HJ, Gösele U, Zacharias M. Formation of nanotubes and hollow nanoparticles based on Kirkendall and diffusion processes: a review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:1660-71. [PMID: 17890644 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Kirkendall effect is a consequence of the different diffusivities of atoms in a diffusion couple causing a supersaturation of lattice vacancies. This supersaturation may lead to a condensation of extra vacancies in the form of so-called "Kirkendall voids" close to the interface. On the macroscopic and micrometer scale these Kirkendall voids are generally considered as a nuisance because they deteriorate the properties of the interface. In contrast, in the nanoworld the Kirkendall effect has been positively used as a new fabrication route to designed hollow nano-objects. In this Review we summarize and discuss the demonstrated examples of hollow nanoparticles and nanotubes induced by the Kirkendall effect. Merits of this route are compared with other general methods for nanotube fabrication. Theories of the kinetics and thermodynamics are also reviewed and evaluated in terms of their relevance to experiments. Moreover, nanotube fabrication by solid-state reactions and non-Kirkendall type diffusion processes are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Fan
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EQ Cambridge, UK.
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154
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Abstract
The structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of single-walled MoTe(2) nanotubes are investigated using density functional theory. All large-diameter MoTe(2) nanotubes are found to be narrow-gap semiconductors, whereas small-diameter nanotubes are found to be less stable compared to large-diameter nanotubes. Notably, the armchair MoTe(2) nanotubes exhibit an indirect band gap, whereas the zigzag nanotubes exhibit a direct band gap. The band gap decreases with decreasing diameter of the tube or if the tube is under compression or elongation in the axial direction. Young's modulus of MoTe(2) nanotubes is calculated and is found to be dependent on the diameter and chirality of the tubes. The armchair nanotubes are stiffer than the zigzag nanotubes with the same diameter. Compared to the homologous MoTe(2) nanotubes, the MoTe(2) nanotubes are softer due to less strain-energy cost in forming the nanotube structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
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155
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Deepak FL, Cohen H, Cohen S, Feldman Y, Popovitz-Biro R, Azulay D, Millo O, Tenne R. Fullerene-Like (IF) NbxMo1-xS2 Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:12549-62. [PMID: 17887674 DOI: 10.1021/ja074081b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
IF-Mo1-xNbxS2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a vapor-phase reaction involving the respective metal halides with H2S. The IF-Mo1-xNbxS2 nanoparticles, containing up to 25% Nb, were characterized by a variety of experimental techniques. Analysis of the powder X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and different electron microscopy techniques shows that the majority of the Nb atoms are organized as nanosheets of NbS2 within the MoS2 host lattice. Most of the remaining Nb atoms (3%) are interspersed individually and randomly in the MoS2 host lattice. Very few Nb atoms, if any, are intercalated between the MoS2 layers. A sub-nanometer film of niobium oxide seems to encoat the majority of the nanoparticles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in the chemically resolved electrical measurement mode (CREM) and scanning probe microscopy measurements of individual nanoparticles show that the mixed IF nanoparticles are metallic independent of the substitution pattern of the Nb atoms in the lattice of MoS2 (whereas unsubstituted IF-MoS2 nanoparticles are semiconducting). Furthermore the IF-Mo1-xNbxS2 nanoparticles are found to exhibit interesting single electron tunneling effects at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Leonard Deepak
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Chemical Services Unit, Electron Microscopy Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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156
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Hong SY, Tobias G, Ballesteros B, El Oualid F, Errey JC, Doores KJ, Kirkland AI, Nellist PD, Green MLH, Davis BG. Atomic-Scale Detection of Organic Molecules Coupled to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:10966-7. [PMID: 17696530 DOI: 10.1021/ja069080i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung You Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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157
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Kis A, Csanyi G, Vrbanic D, Mrzel A, Mihailovic D, Kulik A, Forró L. Nanomechanical investigation of Mo6S9-x Ix nanowire bundles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:1544-8. [PMID: 17705317 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andras Kis
- Institut de la Physique de la Matière Complexe, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
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158
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Abstract
Theoretical calculations on undefected nanoscale materials predict impressive mechanical properties. In this review we summarize the status of experimental efforts to directly measure the fracture strengths of inorganic and carbon nanotubes and discuss possible explanations for the deviations between the predicted and observed values. We also summarize the role of theory in understanding the molecular-level origin of these deviations. In particular, we consider the role of defects such as vacancies, Stone-Wales defects, adatoms and ad-dimers, chemical functionalization, and oxidative pitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Mielke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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159
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160
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Murugan P, Kumar V, Kawazoe Y, Ota N. Ab initio Study of Structural Stability of Mo−S Clusters and Size Specific Stoichiometries of Magic Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:2778-82. [PMID: 17388385 DOI: 10.1021/jp065646d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using first-principles calculations with ultrasoft pseudopotential formalism and the generalized gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation functional, we study the stability of MonSm (n =1-6 and m ranging from n to 3n) clusters and obtain the optimal stoichiometry for each n corresponding to the magic cluster. It is found that in this size range, the lowest-energy structures favor a core of metal atoms, which is covered by sulfur. In particular, we observe that for Mo6S14 isolated clusters, a 3D structure is significantly lower in energy as compared to platelet structures found recently on Au (111) surface. The composition ratio between S and Mo in the magic clusters is less than 2 for n=3 and greater than 2 for n<3. The structural stability of the magic clusters arises from the optimization of the Mo-Mo and Mo- S bonding as well as the symmetry of the cluster. Addition of a terminal sulfur in a magic cluster generally lowers its binding energy. The presence of partially occupied d-orbitals in Mo atoms contributes to Mo-Mo bonding and for higher S concentration it leads to sulfur-sulfur bond formation. The variation in energy due to a change in the sulfur composition suggests that sulfurization of the magic clusters is generally more favorable than desulfurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Murugan
- Institute for Materials Research (IMR), Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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161
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Bar-Sadan M, Enyashin AN, Gemming S, Popovitz-Biro R, Hong SY, Prior Y, Tenne R, Seifert G. Structure and stability of molybdenum sulfide fullerenes. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:25399-410. [PMID: 17165987 DOI: 10.1021/jp0644560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MoS2 nanooctahedra are believed to be the smallest stable closed-cage structures of MoS2, i.e., the genuine inorganic fullerenes. Here a combination of experiments and density functional tight binding calculations with molecular dynamics annealing are used to elucidate the structures and electronic properties of octahedral MoS2 fullerenes. Through the use of these calculations MoS2 octahedra were found to be stable beyond nMo > 100 but with the loss of 12 sulfur atoms in the six corners. In contrast to bulk and nanotubular MoS2, which are semiconductors, the Fermi level of the nanooctahedra is situated within the band, thus making them metallic-like. A model is used for extending the calculations to much larger sizes. These model calculations show that, in agreement with experiment, the multiwall nanooctahedra are stable over a limited size range of 104-105 atoms, whereupon they are converted into multiwall MoS2 nanoparticles with a quasi-spherical shape. On the experimental side, targets of MoS2 and MoSe2 were laser-ablated and analyzed mostly through transmission electron microscopy. This analysis shows that, in qualitative agreement with the theoretical analysis, multilayer nanooctahedra of MoS2 with 1000-25 000 atoms (Mo + S) are stable. Furthermore, this and previous work show that beyond approximately 105 atoms fullerene-like structures with quasi-spherical forms and 30-100 layers become stable. Laser-ablated WS2 samples yielded much less faceted and sometimes spherically symmetric nanocages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bar-Sadan
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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162
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Enyashin AN, Gemming S, Bar-Sadan M, Popovitz-Biro R, Hong SY, Prior Y, Tenne R, Seifert G. Structure and Stability of Molybdenum Sulfide Fullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:623-7. [PMID: 17154434 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N Enyashin
- Physical Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66b, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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163
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Enyashin A, Gemming S, Bar-Sadan M, Popovitz-Biro R, Hong S, Prior Y, Tenne R, Seifert G. Struktur und Stabilität von Molybdänsulfid-Fullerenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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164
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Enyashin AN, Seifert G. Titanium oxide fullerenes: electronic structure and basic trends in their stability. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:5772-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b712094j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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165
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Lauritsen JV, Kibsgaard J, Helveg S, Topsøe H, Clausen BS, Laegsgaard E, Besenbacher F. Size-dependent structure of MoS2 nanocrystals. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 2:53-8. [PMID: 18654208 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2006.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulphide nanostructures are of interest for a wide variety of nanotechnological applications ranging from the potential use of inorganic nanotubes in nanoelectronics to the active use of nanoparticles in heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we use atom-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy to systematically map and classify the atomic-scale structure of triangular MoS2 nanocrystals as a function of size. Instead of a smooth variation as expected from the bulk structure of MoS2, we observe a very strong size dependence for the cluster morphology and electronic structure driven by the tendency to optimize the sulphur excess present at the cluster edges. By analysing of the atomic-scale structure of clusters, we identify the origin of the structural transitions occurring at unique cluster sizes. The novel findings suggest that good size control during the synthesis of MoS2 nanostructures may be used for the production of chemically or optically active MoS2 nanomaterials with superior performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe V Lauritsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade Building 520, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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166
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Naffakh M, Martín Z, Fanegas N, Marco C, Gómez MA, Jiménez I. Influence of inorganic fullerene-like WS2 nanoparticles on the thermal behavior of isotactic polypropylene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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167
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Abstract
Although graphite, with its anisotropic two-dimensional lattice, is the stable form of carbon under ambient conditions, on nanometre length scales it forms zero- and one-dimensional structures, namely fullerenes and nanotubes, respectively. This virtue is not limited to carbon and, in recent years, fullerene-like structures and nanotubes have been made from numerous compounds with layered two-dimensional structures. Furthermore, crystalline and polycrystalline nanotubes of pure elements and compounds with quasi-isotropic (three-dimensional) unit cells have also been synthesized, usually by making use of solid templates. These findings open up vast opportunities for the synthesis and study of new kinds of nanostructures with properties that may differ significantly from the corresponding bulk materials. Various potential applications have been proposed for the inorganic nanotubes and the fullerene-like phases. Fullerene-like nanoparticles have been shown to exhibit excellent solid lubrication behaviour, suggesting many applications in, for example, the automotive and aerospace industries, home appliances, and recently for medical technology. Various other potential applications, in catalysis, rechargeable batteries, drug delivery, solar cells and electronics have also been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tenne
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Nanoscale Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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168
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169
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Zhang D, Wu J, Zhang RQ, Liu C. A Family of Stable Silica Fullerenes with Fully Coordinated Structures. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:17757-62. [PMID: 16956259 DOI: 10.1021/jp060204n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical electronic structure techniques have become an indispensable and powerful tool for predicting molecular properties and designing new materials. The discovery of C(60) opened a challenging field in nanoscale materials science, and since then people have been looking for its inorganic analogues. On the basis of the B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations, here we provide theoretical evidence for a family of stable silica fullerenes with fully coordinated structures, which exhibit highly structural and energetic stabilities, very large energy gaps, and extremely good resistibilities to breakdown of the insulating capability in an applied electric field. Our calculations indicate that the discrete silica fullerenes are a possible polymorph of silica and can be synthesized under some conditions. They are expected to find novel applications in silica-based molecular devices. The present results may provide an aid in the experimental design for controllably producing desired silica clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongju Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China.
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170
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Liang X, Wang X, Wang L, Yan R, Peng Q, Li Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Ternary NH4Ln2F7 (Ln = Y, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) Nanocages. Eur J Inorg Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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171
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Shi H, Fu X, Zhou X, Wang D, Hu Z. A low-temperature extraction–solvothermal route to the fabrication of micro-sized MoS2 spheres modified by Cyanex 301. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2006.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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172
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg J. Schneider
- Fachbereich Chemie, Eduard‐Zintl‐Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstraße 18, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Fax: +49‐6151‐16‐3470
| | - Jörg Engstler
- Fachbereich Chemie, Eduard‐Zintl‐Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstraße 18, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany, Fax: +49‐6151‐16‐3470
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173
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Srinivasan BR, Näther C, Dhuri SN, Bensch W. On the Importance of H-Bonding Interactions in Organic Ammonium Tetrathiotungstates. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-005-0456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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174
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Azulay D, Kopnov F, Tenne R, Balberg I, Millo O. Observation of current reversal in the scanning tunneling spectra of fullerene-like WS2 nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2006; 6:760-4. [PMID: 16608279 DOI: 10.1021/nl060044r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Current-voltage characteristics measured using STM on fullerene-like WS2 nanoparticles show zero-bias current and contain segments in which the tunneling current flows opposite to the applied bias voltage. In addition, negative differential conductance peaks emerge in these reversed current segments, and the characteristics are hysteretic with respect to the change in the voltage sweep direction. Such unusual features resemble those appearing in cyclic voltammograms, but are uniquely observed here in tunneling spectra measured in vacuum, as well as in ambient and dry atmosphere conditions. This behavior is attributed to tunneling-driven electrochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doron Azulay
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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175
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Bertram N, Cordes J, Kim Y, Ganteför G, Gemming S, Seifert G. Nanoplatelets made from MoS2 and WS2. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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176
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Zhu YQ, Sekine T, Li YH, Fay MW, Zhao YM, Patrick Poa CH, Wang WX, Roe MJ, Brown PD, Fleischer N, Tenne R. Shock-Absorbing and Failure Mechanisms of WS2 and MoS2 Nanoparticles with Fullerene-like Structures under Shock Wave Pressure. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:16263-72. [PMID: 16287319 DOI: 10.1021/ja054715j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The excellent shock-absorbing performance of WS2 and MoS2 nanoparticles with inorganic fullerene-like structures (IFs) under very high shock wave pressures of 25 GPa is described. The combined techniques of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and transmission electron microscopy have been used to evaluate the diverse, intriguing features of shock recovered IFs, of interest for their tribological applications, thereby allowing improved understanding of their antishock behavior and structure-property relationships. Two possible failure mechanisms are proposed and discussed. The supershock-absorbing ability of the IF-WS2 enables them to survive pressures up to 25 GPa accompanied with concurrent temperatures of up to 1000 degrees C without any significant structural degradation or phase change making them probably the strongest cage molecules now known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu Zhu
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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177
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Schuffenhauer C, Parkinson BA, Jin-Phillipp NY, Joly-Pottuz L, Martin JM, Popovitz-Biro R, Tenne R. Synthesis of fullerene-like tantalum disulfide nanoparticles by a gas-phase reaction and laser ablation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2005; 1:1100-9. [PMID: 17193403 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200500133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by the discovery of the C(60) molecule (buckminsterfullerene), the search for inorganic counterparts of this closed-cage nanostructure started in 1992 with the discovery of nested fullerene-like nanoparticles of WS(2). Inorganic fullerene-like (IF) materials have since been found in numerous two-dimensional compounds and are available in a variety of shapes that offer major applications such as in lubricants and nanocomposites. Various synthetic methodologies have been employed to achieve the right conditions for the constricted or templated growth needed for the occurrence of this new phase. In this study, IF-TaS(2) is produced from a volatile chloride precursor in the gas phase and in small yield by room temperature laser ablation both in argon and in liquid CS(2). For the gas-phase reaction, a high yield of IF nanoparticles was obtained between 400 and 600 degrees C with a low concentration of the precursor gas. The average size and the yield of the IF-TaS(2) nanoparticles decrease with temperature. Above 600 degrees C, IF nanoparticles were found in low yields and at sizes below 20 nm. The stability of the IF nanoparticles produced by the gas-phase reaction is discussed in the light of two existing theoretical models. Laser ablation in argon leads to IF nanoparticles filled with clusters of TaS(2). Agglomeration of the nanoparticles can be avoided by laser ablation in liquid CS(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schuffenhauer
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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178
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Shang Y, Xia J, Xu Z, Chen W. Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Quasi‐1‐D Tungsten Disulfide Nanocrystal. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/dis-200057684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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179
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180
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Singh DMDJ, Pradeep T, Bhattacharjee J, Waghmare UV. Novel Cage Clusters of MoS2 in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:7339-42. [PMID: 16834099 DOI: 10.1021/jp052454u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Laser evaporation of MoS(2) nanoflakes gives negatively charged magic number clusters of compositions Mo(13)S(25) and Mo(13)S(28), which are shown to have closed-cage structures. The clusters are stable and do not show fragmentation in the post-source decay analysis even at the highest laser powers. Computations suggest that Mo(13)S(25) has a central cavity with a diameter of 4.5 A. The nanosheets of MoS(2) could curl upon laser irradiation, explaining the cluster formation.
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181
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Albu-Yaron A, Arad T, Popovitz-Biro R, Bar-Sadan M, Prior Y, Jansen M, Tenne R. Preparation and Structural Characterization of Stable Cs2O Closed-Cage Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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182
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Albu-Yaron A, Arad T, Popovitz-Biro R, Bar-Sadan M, Prior Y, Jansen M, Tenne R. Preparation and Structural Characterization of Stable Cs2O Closed-Cage Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:4169-72. [PMID: 15937971 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Albu-Yaron
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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183
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Zeng T, Wen XD, Li YW, Jiao H. Density Functional Theory Study of Triangular Molybdenum Sulfide Nanocluster and CO Adsorption on It. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:13704-10. [PMID: 16852717 DOI: 10.1021/jp0518153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A systematic density functional theory study has been carried out on the structure and stability of triangular molybdenum sulfide (MoS(x)()) models. On the basis of the structural and energetic comparison, the triangle Mo(28)S(84) (VII) cluster has been identified as a reasonable structure for triangular MoS(x)() model. Under reductive atmosphere, the most stable structure has bridging sulfur on edge sites and two H(2)S at each corner site. It is found that CO adsorption at the corner site represents the most stable conformation. Along with other stretching modes, the computed frequency at 2102 cm(-1) for CO at the corner agrees perfectly with the experimental observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion (SKLCC), Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
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184
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Krivovichev SV, Kahlenberg V, Tananaev IG, Kaindl R, Mersdorf E, Myasoedov BF. Highly porous uranyl selenate nanotubules. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:1072-3. [PMID: 15669825 DOI: 10.1021/ja0436289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A first amine-templated uranyl selenate based upon highly porous uranyl selenate nanotubules, (C4H12N)14[(UO2)10(SeO4)17(H2O)], has been prepared in the room-temperature reaction of uranyl nitrate, butylamine, and H2SeO4 in aqueous solution. The structure consists of nanometer-scale tubular [(UO2)10(SeO4)17(H2O)]14- units packed in a hexagonal-type fashion. The tubules have elliptical cross section with outer dimensions of 25 x 23 A = 2.5 x 2.3 nm. The internal free crystallographic diameter of the tubules is 12.6 A = 1.26 nm, which is comparable to the effective pore size in large-pore zeolites. This finding demonstrates the possibility of nanostructures for actinides in higher oxidation states and opens up a new area of research and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Krivovichev
- Department of Crystallography, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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185
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Zhang L, Yu JC, Mo M, Wu L, Kwong KW, Li Q. A general in situ hydrothermal rolling-up formation of one-dimensional, single-crystalline lead telluride nanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2005; 1:349-54. [PMID: 17193455 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200400062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study we demonstrate that one-dimensional (1D) nanostructured lead telluride (PbTe) can be synthesized in a hydrothermal reaction between lead foil and tellurium powder. The resulting materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The formation of the 1D structure can be explained by an in situ hydrothermal rolling-up mechanism whereby PbTe is formed hydrothermally and deposited on the lead substrate. The lead underneath the PbTe layer is then selectively etched by a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solution, thus allowing the PbTe to roll up into 1D structures. This method can be extended to prepare other 1D tellurides, including CdTe, Cu(2)Te, and Ag(2)Te.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, PR China
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186
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Cyclopentadienylcobalt sulfide and selenide cluster compounds: synthesis and structural characterizations. Inorganica Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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187
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Biener MM, Biener J, Friend CM. Novel synthesis of two-dimensional TiS2 nanocrystallites on Au(111). J Chem Phys 2005; 122:34706. [PMID: 15740216 DOI: 10.1063/1.1826054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel approach to synthesize two-dimensional nanocrystalline TiS2 islands on Au111. Ti is deposited by physical vapor deposition at room temperature on AuS-covered Au111 surfaces. Subsequent annealing to temperatures between 670 K and 800 K leads to the formation of single-layer, triangular TiS2 islands. These TiS2 nanocrystallites reflect the structure of bulk TiS2, and are composed of S-Ti-S stacking units with hexagonally close-packed layers of sulfur atoms and titanium occupying the octahedral sites in between. The lattice constant of the hexagonal unit cell is 3.45 A. A superlattice with a repeat distance of 17.3 A results from the coincidence of five TiS2 units with six Au atoms and is observed in scanning tunneling microscopy and low energy electron diffraction. The triangular shape of the islands indicates a preference for one of the two possible edge terminations. The observation of two island orientations rotated by 60 degrees with respect to each other can be attributed to the formation of twin-related TiS2 domains. The population of the two different island orientations changes during annealing at 800 K indicating a thermodynamic preference for one of the possible stacking sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Biener
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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188
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Rapoport L, Fleischer N, Tenne R. Applications of WS2(MoS2) inorganic nanotubes and fullerene-like nanoparticles for solid lubrication and for structural nanocomposites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b417488g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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189
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Therese HA, Rocker F, Reiber A, Li J, Stepputat M, Glasser G, Kolb U, Tremel W. VS2 Nanotubes Containing Organic-Amine Templates from the NT-VOx Precursors and Reversible Copper Intercalation in NT-VS2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:262-5. [PMID: 15614912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Annal Therese
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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190
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Therese HA, Rocker F, Reiber A, Li J, Stepputat M, Glasser G, Kolb U, Tremel W. VS2-Nanoröhren mit Amin-Templaten der VOx-Vorstufen und reversible Cu-Einlagerung in NT-VS2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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191
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Li XL, Ge JP, Li YD. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition: An Alternative Route to Large-Scale MoS2 and WS2 Inorganic Fullerene-like Nanostructures and Nanoflowers. Chemistry 2004; 10:6163-71. [PMID: 15515074 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale MoS2 and WS2 inorganic fullerene-like (IF) nanostructures (onionlike nanoparticles, nanotubes) and elegant three-dimensional nanoflowers (NF) have been selectively prepared through an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) process with the reaction of chlorides and sulfur. The morphologies were controlled by adjusting the deposition position, the deposition temperature, and the flux of the carrier gas. All of the nanostructures have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A reaction mechanism is proposed based on the experimental results. The surface area of MoS2 IF nanoparticles and the field-emission effect of as-prepared WS2 nanoflowers is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Li
- Department of Chemistry and the Key Laboratory of Atomic & Molecular Nanosciences, Tsinghua University, National Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Beijing 100084, PR China
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192
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Whitby RLD, Hsu WK, Zhu YQ, Kroto HW, Walton DRM. Novel nanoscale architectures: coated nanotubes and other nanowires. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2004; 362:2127-2142. [PMID: 15370474 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research has demonstrated that the structure and properties of a nanoscale system are inextricably linked. The advent of nanoscale research in 1991 relied upon nanoscale material production through random formation techniques, such as arc discharge, and the inherent properties and morphology of the system were therefore difficult to control. This article reviews some of the methods and ideas that have developed since the inception of nanotechnology, leading to fine control over the morphology of nanoscale systems and highlighting some interesting nanoscale architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L D Whitby
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK.
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193
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Terrones H, Terrones M, López-Urías F, Rodríguez-Manzo JA, Mackay AL. Shape and complexity at the atomic scale: the case of layered nanomaterials. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2004; 362:2039-2063. [PMID: 15370471 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In nature there are numerous layered compounds, some of which could be curved so as to form fascinating nanoshapes with novel properties. Graphite is at present the main example of a very flexible layered structure, which is able to form cylinders (nanotubes) and cages (fullerenes), but there are others. While fullerenes possess positive curvature due to pentagonal rings of carbon, there are other structures which could include heptagonal or higher membered rings. In fact, fullerenes and nanotubes could display negative curvature, thus forming nanomaterials possessing unexpected electronic and mechanical properties. The effect of curvature in other nano-architectures, such as in boron nitride and metal dichalcogenides, is also discussed in this account. Electron irradiation is a tool able to increase the structural complexity of layered materials. In this context, we describe the coalescence of carbon nanotubes and C(60) molecules. The latter results now open up an alternative approach to producing and manipulating novel nanomaterials in the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Terrones
- Advanced Materials Department, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4a sección, 78216 San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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194
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Tenne R, Rao CNR. Inorganic nanotubes. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2004; 362:2099-125. [PMID: 15370473 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2004.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Following the discovery of carbon fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, it was hypothesized that nanoparticles of inorganic compounds with layered (two-dimensional) structure, such as MoS(2), will not be stable against folding and form nanotubes and fullerene-like structures: IF. The synthesis of numerous other inorganic nanotubes has been reported in recent years. Various techniques for the synthesis of inorganic nanotubes, including high-temperature reactions and strategies based on 'chemie douce' (soft chemistry, i.e. low-temperature) processes, are described. First-principle, density functional theory based calculations are able to provide substantial information on the structure and properties of such nanotubes. Various properties of inorganic nanotubes, including mechanical, electronic and optical properties, are described in brief. Some potential applications of the nanotubes in tribology, protection against impact, (photo)catalysis, batteries, etc., are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshef Tenne
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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195
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196
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Bertram N, Kim Y, Ganteför G, Sun Q, Jena P, Tamuliene J, Seifert G. Experimental and theoretical studies on inorganic magic clusters: M4X6 (M=W, Mo, X=O, S). Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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197
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Xia J, Xu Z, Chen W, Nie Q, Li G. Preparation and Characterization of Tungsten-substituted Molybdenum Disulfide Nanorods. CHEM LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2004.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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198
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Parilla PA, Dillon AC, Parkinson BA, Jones KM, Alleman J, Riker G, Ginley DS, Heben MJ. Formation of Nanooctahedra in Molybdenum Disulfide and Molybdenum Diselenide Using Pulsed Laser Vaporization. J Phys Chem B 2004; 108:6197-207. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036202+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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199
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Xiong Y, Xie Y, Li Z, Li X, Zhang R. Micelle-assisted fabrication of necklace-shaped assembly of inorganic fullerene-like molybdenum disulfide nanospheres. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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200
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Hong SY, Popovitz-Biro R, Prior Y, Tenne R. Synthesis of SnS2/SnS fullerene-like nanoparticles: a superlattice with polyhedral shape. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:10470-4. [PMID: 12926973 DOI: 10.1021/ja036057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tin disulfide pellets were laser ablated in an inert gas atmosphere, and closed cage fullerene-like (IF) nanoparticles were produced. The nanoparticles had various polyhedra and short tubular structures. Some of these forms contained a periodic pattern of fringes resulting in a superstructure. These patterns could be assigned to a superlattice created by periodic stacking of layered SnS(2) and SnS. Such superlattices are reminiscent of misfit layer compounds, which are known to form tubular morphologies. This mechanism adds up to the established mechanism for IF formation, namely, the annihilation of reactive dangling bonds at the periphery of the nanoparticles. Additionally, it suggests that one of the driving forces to form tubules in misfit compounds is the annihilation of dangling bonds at the rim of the layered structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung You Hong
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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