151
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Jugan MC, Rudinsky AJ, Parker VJ, Gilor C. Use of probiotics in small animal veterinary medicine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250:519-528. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.5.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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152
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Zhang S, Cao X, Huang H. Sampling Strategies for Three-Dimensional Spatial Community Structures in IBD Microbiota Research. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:51. [PMID: 28286741 PMCID: PMC5323387 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying intestinal microbiota is arguably an important task that is performed to determine the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD); thus, it is crucial to collect and analyze intestinally-associated microbiota. Analyzing a single niche to categorize individuals does not enable researchers to comprehensively study the spatial variations of the microbiota. Therefore, characterizing the spatial community structures of the inflammatory bowel disease microbiome is critical for advancing our understanding of the inflammatory landscape of IBD. However, at present there is no universally accepted consensus regarding the use of specific sampling strategies in different biogeographic locations. In this review, we discuss the spatial distribution when screening sample collections in IBD microbiota research. Here, we propose a novel model, a three-dimensional spatial community structure, which encompasses the x-, y-, and z-axis distributions; it can be used in some sampling sites, such as feces, colonoscopic biopsy, the mucus gel layer, and oral cavity. On the basis of this spatial model, this article also summarizes various sampling and processing strategies prior to and after DNA extraction and recommends guidelines for practical application in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaocun Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringTianjin, China
| | - Xiaocang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Medical University Tianjin, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin UniversityTianjin, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringTianjin, China
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153
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Halfvarson J, Brislawn CJ, Lamendella R, Vázquez-Baeza Y, Walters WA, Bramer LM, D'Amato M, Bonfiglio F, McDonald D, Gonzalez A, McClure EE, Dunklebarger MF, Knight R, Jansson JK. Dynamics of the human gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17004. [PMID: 28191884 PMCID: PMC5319707 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by flares of inflammation with a periodic need for increased medication and sometimes even surgery. The aetiology of IBD is partly attributed to a deregulated immune response to gut microbiome dysbiosis. Cross-sectional studies have revealed microbial signatures for different IBD subtypes, including ulcerative colitis, colonic Crohn's disease and ileal Crohn's disease. Although IBD is dynamic, microbiome studies have primarily focused on single time points or a few individuals. Here, we dissect the long-term dynamic behaviour of the gut microbiome in IBD and differentiate this from normal variation. Microbiomes of IBD subjects fluctuate more than those of healthy individuals, based on deviation from a newly defined healthy plane (HP). Ileal Crohn's disease subjects deviated most from the HP, especially subjects with surgical resection. Intriguingly, the microbiomes of some IBD subjects periodically visited the HP then deviated away from it. Inflammation was not directly correlated with distance to the healthy plane, but there was some correlation between observed dramatic fluctuations in the gut microbiome and intensified medication due to a flare of the disease. These results will help guide therapies that will redirect the gut microbiome towards a healthy state and maintain remission in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Halfvarson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Colin J Brislawn
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | | | - Yoshiki Vázquez-Baeza
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Lisa M Bramer
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Mauro D'Amato
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,BioDonostia Health Research Institute San Sebastian, and IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Ferdinando Bonfiglio
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm Sweden
| | - Daniel McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Rob Knight
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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154
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Cuív PÓ, Begun J, Keely S, Lewindon PJ, Morrison M. Towards an integrated understanding of the therapeutic utility of exclusive enteral nutrition in the treatment of Crohn's disease. Food Funct 2017; 7:1741-51. [PMID: 26948398 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01196e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic disease characterized by episodic and disabling inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract in genetically susceptible individuals. The incidence and prevalence of CD is rising rapidly across the world emphasising that disease risk is also influenced by environmental and lifestyle factors, as well as the microbial community resident in the gut. Childhood-onset CD is associated with an aggressive disease course that can adversely impact patient growth and development. There is no cure for CD however new onset and recurrent cases of paediatric CD are often responsive to exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) treatment. EEN treatment involves the exclusive consumption of an elemental or polymeric formula for several weeks and it is well established as a primary intervention strategy. EEN treatments typically achieve remission rates of over 80% and importantly they are associated with a high rate of mucosal healing, far superior to steroids, which is prognostic of improved long-term health outcomes. Furthermore, they are safe, have few side effects, and improve nutritional status and linear growth. Surprisingly, despite the utility of EEN our understanding of the host-microbe-diet interactions that underpin clinical remission and mucosal healing are limited. Here, we review the current state of knowledge and propose that the induction of autophagy, in addition to modulation of the microbiota and coordinated effects on inflammation and epithelial cell biology, may be critical for the therapeutic effects associated with EEN. A better understanding of EEN treatment will provide new opportunities to restore gut homeostasis and prolong periods of remission, as well as provide new insights into the factors that trigger and perhaps prevent CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Páraic Ó Cuív
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Jakob Begun
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia and School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia and Department of Gastroenterology, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Peter J Lewindon
- The University of Queensland, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Mark Morrison
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
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155
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Wang M, Monaco MH, Donovan SM. Impact of early gut microbiota on immune and metabolic development and function. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 21:380-387. [PMID: 27132110 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbial colonization of the infant intestine occurs in the first two years of life. Symbiotic host and microbe interactions are critical for host metabolic and immune development. Emerging evidence indicates that early microbiota colonization may influence the occurrence of metabolic and immune diseases. Further understanding of the importance of environmental factors, including fetal microbial exposure, diet, delivery mode, pre- and probiotic consumption, and antibiotic use on immune and metabolic programming will provide new opportunities for the development of therapeutic and prophylactic measures to improve infant health and reduce the risk of disease in post-infancy years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marcia H Monaco
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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156
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Lower Level of Bacteroides in the Gut Microbiota Is Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5828959. [PMID: 27999802 PMCID: PMC5143693 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5828959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims. Multiple studies have reported associations between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the flora disequilibrium of Bacteroides. We performed a meta-analysis of the available data to provide a more precise estimate of the association between Bacteroides level in the gut and IBD. Methods. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Wiley Library, BIOSIS previews, Web of Science, CNKI, and ScienceDirect databases for published literature on IBD and gut microbiota from 1990 to 2016. Quality of all eligible studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). We compared the level of Bacteroides in IBD patients with that in a control group without IBD, different types of IBD patients, and IBD patients with active phase and in remission. Results. We identified 63 articles, 9 of which contained sufficient data for evaluation. The mean level of Bacteroides was significantly lower in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients in active phase than in normal controls. The level of Bacteroides in remission CD and UC patients was much lower than patients in the control group. Bacteroides level was even lower in patients with CD and UC in active phase than in remission. Conclusions. This analysis suggests that lower levels of Bacteroides are associated with IBD, especially in active phase.
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157
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Mottawea W, Chiang CK, Mühlbauer M, Starr AE, Butcher J, Abujamel T, Deeke SA, Brandel A, Zhou H, Shokralla S, Hajibabaei M, Singleton R, Benchimol EI, Jobin C, Mack DR, Figeys D, Stintzi A. Altered intestinal microbiota-host mitochondria crosstalk in new onset Crohn's disease. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13419. [PMID: 27876802 PMCID: PMC5122959 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbial dysbiosis is associated with Crohn's disease (CD). However, the mechanisms leading to the chronic mucosal inflammation that characterizes this disease remain unclear. In this report, we use systems-level approaches to study the interactions between the gut microbiota and host in new-onset paediatric patients to evaluate causality and mechanisms of disease. We report an altered host proteome in CD patients indicative of impaired mitochondrial functions. In particular, mitochondrial proteins implicated in H2S detoxification are downregulated, while the relative abundance of H2S microbial producers is increased. Network correlation analysis reveals that Atopobium parvulum controls the central hub of H2S producers. A. parvulum induces pancolitis in colitis-susceptible interleukin-10-deficient mice and this phenotype requires the presence of the intestinal microbiota. Administrating the H2S scavenger bismuth mitigates A. parvulum-induced colitis in vivo. This study reveals that host–microbiota interactions are disturbed in CD and thus provides mechanistic insights into CD pathogenesis. Crohn's disease is associated with altered intestinal microbiota. Here, the authors show that the microbe Atopobium parvulum is associated with Crohn's disease patients, triggers colitis in a mouse model, and that scavenging microbe-induced hydrogen sulfide improved symptoms in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Mottawea
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Cheng-Kang Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Marcus Mühlbauer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Amanda E Starr
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - James Butcher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Turki Abujamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Shelley A Deeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Annette Brandel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Hu Zhou
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shadi Shokralla
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Mehrdad Hajibabaei
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Ruth Singleton
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre and CHEO Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L1
| | - Eric I Benchimol
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre and CHEO Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L1.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - David R Mack
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre and CHEO Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L1.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Alain Stintzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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158
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Trachsel J, Bayles DO, Looft T, Levine UY, Allen HK. Function and Phylogeny of Bacterial Butyryl Coenzyme A:Acetate Transferases and Their Diversity in the Proximal Colon of Swine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6788-6798. [PMID: 27613689 PMCID: PMC5086572 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02307-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the host-associated butyrate-producing bacterial community is important, because butyrate is essential for colonic homeostasis and gut health. Previous research has identified the butyryl coenzyme A (CoA):acetate-CoA transferase (EC 2.3.8.3) as a gene of primary importance for butyrate production in intestinal ecosystems; however, this gene family (but) remains poorly defined. We developed tools for the analysis of butyrate-producing bacteria based on 12 putative but genes identified in the genomes of nine butyrate-producing bacteria obtained from the swine intestinal tract. Functional analyses revealed that eight of these genes had strong But enzyme activity. When but paralogues were found within a genome, only one gene per genome encoded strong activity, with the exception of one strain in which no gene encoded strong But activity. Degenerate primers were designed to amplify the functional but genes and were tested by amplifying environmental but sequences from DNA and RNA extracted from swine colonic contents. The results show diverse but sequences from swine-associated butyrate-producing bacteria, most of which clustered near functionally confirmed sequences. Here, we describe tools and a framework that allow the bacterial butyrate-producing community to be profiled in the context of animal health and disease. IMPORTANCE Butyrate is a compound produced by the microbiota in the intestinal tracts of animals. This compound is of critical importance for intestinal health, and yet studying its production by diverse intestinal bacteria is technically challenging. Here, we present an additional way to study the butyrate-producing community of bacteria using one degenerate primer set that selectively targets genes experimentally demonstrated to encode butyrate production. This work will enable researchers to more easily study this very important bacterial function that has implications for host health and resistance to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Trachsel
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Uri Y Levine
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Heather K Allen
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, USA
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159
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Changes in duodenal tissue-associated microbiota following hookworm infection and consecutive gluten challenges in humans with coeliac disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36797. [PMID: 27827438 PMCID: PMC5101533 DOI: 10.1038/srep36797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduced diversity of the gastrointestinal commensal microbiota is associated with the development of several inflammatory diseases. Recent reports in humans and animal models have demonstrated the beneficial therapeutic effects of infections by parasitic worms (helminths) in some inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and coeliac disease (CeD). Interestingly, these studies have described how helminths may alter the intestinal microbiota, potentially representing a mechanism by which they regulate inflammation. However, for practical reasons, these reports have primarily analysed the faecal microbiota. In the present investigation, we have assessed, for the first time, the changes in the microbiota at the site of infection by a parasitic helminth (hookworm) and gluten-dependent inflammation in humans with CeD using biopsy tissue from the duodenum. Hookworm infection and gluten exposure were associated with an increased abundance of species
within the Bacteroides phylum, as well as increases in the richness and diversity of the tissue-resident microbiota within the intestine, results that are consistent with previous reports using other helminth species in humans and animal models. Hence, this may represent a mechanism by which parasitic helminths may restore intestinal immune homeostasis and exert a therapeutic benefit in CeD, and potentially other inflammatory disorders.
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160
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Crohn's Disease: Evolution, Epigenetics, and the Emerging Role of Microbiome-Targeted Therapies. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2016; 18:13. [PMID: 26908281 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-016-0487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, systemic, immune-mediated inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Originally described in 1932 as non-caseating granulomatous inflammation limited to the terminal ileum, it is now recognized as an expanding group of heterogeneous diseases defined by intestinal location, extent, behavior, and systemic extraintestinal manifestations. Joint diseases, including inflammatory spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, are the most common extraintestinal manifestations of CD and share more genetic susceptibility loci than any other inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) trait. The high frequency and overlap with genes associated with infectious diseases, specifically Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD), suggest that CD may represent an evolutionary adaptation to environmental microbes. Elucidating the diversity of the enteric microbiota and the protean mucosal immune responses in individuals may personalize microbiome-targeted therapies and molecular classifications of CD. This review will focus on CD's natural history and therapies in the context of epigenetics, immunogenetics, and the microbiome.
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161
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Tedjo DI, Smolinska A, Savelkoul PH, Masclee AA, van Schooten FJ, Pierik MJ, Penders J, Jonkers DMAE. The fecal microbiota as a biomarker for disease activity in Crohn's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35216. [PMID: 27734914 PMCID: PMC5062155 DOI: 10.1038/srep35216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring mucosal inflammation is crucial to prevent complications and disease progression in Crohn's disease (CD). Endoscopy is the current standard, but is invasive. Clinical activity scores and non-invasive biochemical markers do not correlate well with mucosal inflammation. Microbial perturbations have been associated with disease activity in CD. Therefore, we aimed to investigate its potential use to differentiate CD patients in remission from those with an exacerbation. From 71 CD patients repeated fecal samples were collected, resulting in 97 active disease and 97 remission samples based on a combination of biochemical and clinical parameters. The microbiota composition was assessed by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA V1-V3 region. Random Forest analysis was used to find the most discriminatory panel of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) between active and remission samples. An independent internal validation set was used to validate the model. A combination of 50 OTUs was able to correctly predict 73% of remission and 79% of active samples with an AUC of 0.82 (sensitivity: 0.79, specificity: 0.73). This study demonstrates that fecal microbial profiles can be used to differentiate between active and remission CD and underline the potential of the fecal microbiota as a non-invasive tool to monitor disease activity in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyta I Tedjo
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology &Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H Savelkoul
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A Masclee
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik J van Schooten
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology &Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke J Pierik
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - John Penders
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy M A E Jonkers
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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162
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Schmiedlin-Ren P, Reingold LJ, Broxson CS, Rittershaus AC, Brudi JS, Adler J, Owens SR, Zimmermann EM. Anti-TNFα alters the natural history of experimental Crohn's disease in rats when begun early, but not late, in disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G688-G698. [PMID: 27562059 PMCID: PMC5142192 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00216.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anti-TNFα therapy decreases inflammation in Crohn's disease (CD). However, its ability to decrease fibrosis and alter the natural history of CD is not established. Anti-TNF-α prevents inflammation and fibrosis in the peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-PS) model of CD. Here we studied anti-TNF-α in a treatment paradigm. PG-PS or human serum albumin (HSA; control) was injected into bowel wall of anesthetized Lewis rats at laparotomy. Mouse anti-mouse TNF-α or vehicle treatment was begun day (d)1, d7, or d14 postlaparotomy. Rats were euthanized d21-23. Gross abdominal and histologic findings were scored. Cecal levels of relevant mRNAs were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. There was a stepwise loss of responsiveness when anti-TNFα was begun on d7 and d14 compared with d1 that was seen in the percent decrease in the median gross abdominal score and histologic inflammation score in PG-PS-injected rats [as %decrease; gross abdominal score: d1 = 75% (P = 0.003), d7 = 57% (P = 0.18), d14 = no change (P = 0.99); histologic inflammation: d1 = 57% (P = 0.006), d7 = 50% (P = 0.019), d14 = no change (P = 0.99)]. This was also reflected in changes in IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IGF-I, TGF-β1, procollagen I, and procollagen III mRNAs that were decreased or trended downward in PG-PS-injected animals given anti-TNF-α beginning d1 or d7 compared with vehicle-treated rats; there was no effect if anti-TNF-α was begun d14. This change in responsiveness to anti-TNFα therapy was coincident with a major shift in the cytokine milieu observed on d14 in the PG-PS injected rats (vehicle treated). Our data are consistent with the clinical observation that improved outcomes occur when anti-TNF-α therapy is initiated early in the course of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllissa Schmiedlin-Ren
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
| | - Laura J. Reingold
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
| | - Christopher S. Broxson
- 4Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ahren C. Rittershaus
- 2Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
| | - Josh S. Brudi
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
| | - Jeremy Adler
- 3Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Scott R. Owens
- 2Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
| | - Ellen M. Zimmermann
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; ,4Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida Health System, Gainesville, Florida
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Abstract
To date, we encounter more and more pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). For yet unclear reasons, UC in pediatric patients seems to be a more aggressive and extensive disease than in their adult counterparts. In the majority of pediatric patients, the disease presents as pancolitis. The severity of the disease is reflected in the high use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants and a high rate of surgery for medically refractory patients. The means by which to assess disease activity or to accurately predict its course are far from optimal. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the means for assessing UC activity in children. Research for developing new tools by which to monitor and forecast disease activity, are needed in all areas including invasive endoscopy, clinical evaluation, and treatment follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaija-Leena Kolho
- a Children's Hospital , Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
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164
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Abstract
This Review summarizes mechanistic investigations in faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which has increasingly been adapted into clinical practice as treatment for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) that cannot be eliminated with antibiotics alone. Administration of healthy donor faecal microbiota in this clinical situation results in its engraftment and restoration of normal gut microbial community structure and functionality. In this Review, we consider several main mechanisms for FMT effectiveness in treatment of CDI, including direct competition of C. difficile with commensal microbiota delivered by FMT, restoration of secondary bile acid metabolism in the colon and repair of the gut barrier by stimulation of the mucosal immune system. Some of these mechanistic insights suggest possibilities for developing novel, next-generation CDI therapeutics. FMT might also have potential applications for non-CDI indications. The gut can become a reservoir of other potential antibiotic-resistant pathogens under pressure of antibiotic treatments, and restoration of normal microbial community structure by FMT might be a promising approach to protect against infections with these pathogens as well. Finally, FMT could be considered for multiple chronic diseases that are associated with some form of dysbiosis. However, considerable research is needed to optimize the FMT protocols for such applications before their therapeutic promise can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Khoruts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Immunology and BioTechnology Institute, Medical Biosciences Building, 2101 6th Street South East, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, BioTechnology Institute, and Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Lab, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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165
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Cattaneo A, Cattane N, Galluzzi S, Provasi S, Lopizzo N, Festari C, Ferrari C, Guerra UP, Paghera B, Muscio C, Bianchetti A, Volta GD, Turla M, Cotelli MS, Gennuso M, Prelle A, Zanetti O, Lussignoli G, Mirabile D, Bellandi D, Gentile S, Belotti G, Villani D, Harach T, Bolmont T, Padovani A, Boccardi M, Frisoni GB. Association of brain amyloidosis with pro-inflammatory gut bacterial taxa and peripheral inflammation markers in cognitively impaired elderly. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 49:60-68. [PMID: 27776263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 795] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pathway leading from amyloid-β deposition to cognitive impairment is believed to be a cornerstone of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, what drives amyloid buildup in sporadic nongenetic cases of AD is still unknown. AD brains feature an inflammatory reaction around amyloid plaques, and a specific subset of the gut microbiota (GMB) may promote brain inflammation. We investigated the possible role of the GMB in AD pathogenesis by studying the association of brain amyloidosis with (1) GMB taxa with pro- and anti-inflammatory activity; and (2) peripheral inflammation in cognitively impaired patients. We measured the stool abundance of selected bacterial GMB taxa (Escherichia/Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Eubacterium rectale, Eubacterium hallii, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Bacteroides fragilis) and the blood expression levels of cytokines (pro-inflammatory cytokines: CXCL2, CXCL10, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-18, IL-8, inflammasome complex (NLRP3), tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]; anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) in cognitively impaired patients with (n = 40, Amy+) and with no brain amyloidosis (n = 33, Amy-) and also in a group of controls (n = 10, no brain amyloidosis and no cognitive impairment). Amy+ patients showed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, CXCL2, NLRP3, and IL-1β) compared with both controls and with Amy- patients. A reduction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was observed in Amy+ versus Amy-. Amy+ showed lower abundance of E. rectale and higher abundance of Escherichia/Shigella compared with both healthy controls (fold change, FC = -9.6, p < 0.001 and FC = +12.8, p < 0.001, respectively) and to Amy- (FC = -7.7, p < 0.001 and FC = +7.4, p = 0.003). A positive correlation was observed between pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, NLRP3, and CXCL2 with abundance of the inflammatory bacteria taxon Escherichia/Shigella (rho = 0.60, p < 0.001; rho = 0.57, p < 0.001; and rho = 0.30, p = 0.007, respectively) and a negative correlation with the anti-inflammatory E. rectale (rho = -0.48, p < 0.001; rho = -0.25, p = 0.024; rho = -0.49, p < 0.001). Our data indicate that an increase in the abundance of a pro-inflammatory GMB taxon, Escherichia/Shigella, and a reduction in the abundance of an anti-inflammatory taxon, E. rectale, are possibly associated with a peripheral inflammatory state in patients with cognitive impairment and brain amyloidosis. A possible causal relation between GMB-related inflammation and amyloidosis deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
| | - Nadia Cattane
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Samantha Galluzzi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Provasi
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Lopizzo
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Festari
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Ferrari
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ugo Paolo Guerra
- Nuclear Medicine, Poliambulanza Foundation, Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Paghera
- Nuclear Medicine, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Muscio
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; European Foundation Biomedical Research (FERB), Center of Excellence Alzheimer, Ospedale Briolini, Gazzaniga, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Angelo Bianchetti
- Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Istituto Clinico Sant'Anna, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Marinella Turla
- Neurology Unit, Ospedale di Vallecamonica Esine, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Orazio Zanetti
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Lussignoli
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dario Mirabile
- European Foundation Biomedical Research (FERB), Center of Excellence Alzheimer, Ospedale Briolini, Gazzaniga, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniele Bellandi
- Alzheimer Evaluation Unit, Istituto Ospedaliero di Sospiro ONLUS Foundation, Cremona, Italy
| | - Simona Gentile
- Department of Rehabilitation, Casa di Cura Ancelle della Carità, Cremona, Italy
| | - Gloria Belotti
- Alzheimer Evaluation Unit, Hospice Santa Maria Ausiliatrice ONLUS Foundation, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniele Villani
- Alzheimer Evaluation Unit, Casa di Cura Figlie di S. Camillo, Cremona, Italy
| | - Taoufiq Harach
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Boccardi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Alzheimer's Epidemiology, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; LANVIE-Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Memory Clinic, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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166
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Magnusson MK, Strid H, Sapnara M, Lasson A, Bajor A, Ung KA, Öhman L. Anti-TNF Therapy Response in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Is Associated with Colonic Antimicrobial Peptide Expression and Microbiota Composition. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:943-52. [PMID: 26896085 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Anti-tumour necrosis factor [TNF] therapy is used in patients with ulcerative colitis [UC], but not all patients respond to treatment. Antimicrobial peptides [AMPs] and the gut microbiota are essential for gut homeostasis and may be important for treatment outcome. The aim of this study was to determine AMP and microbiota profiles in patients with UC before anti-TNF therapy start and correlate these data to treatment outcome. METHODS Serum and biopsies were obtained from UC patients naïve to biological therapy [n = 56] before anti-TNF therapy start [baseline]. Fecal samples were taken at baseline and Weeks 2 and 6. Quantitative proteomic analysis was performed in mucosal biopsies. Expression of AMPs and cytokines was determined in biopsies and serum. Microbiota analysis of fecal samples was performed using GA-map™ Dysbiosis Test and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction [rtPCR]. Treatment response was evaluated 12-14 weeks after baseline. RESULTS At baseline, proteomic analysis of biopsies showed that treatment responders and non-responders had differential expression of AMPs. Eleven AMP and AMP-related genes were analysed by rtPCR in mucosal biopsies and could together discriminate responders from non-responders at baseline. The most important nominators for response were increased expression of defensin 5 and eosinophilic cationic protein. Microbiota analysis revealed lower dysbiosis indexes and higher abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in responders compared with non-responders at baseline. Also, abundance of F. prausnitzii increased during induction therapy in responders. CONCLUSIONS Anti-TNF therapy responders and non-responders display distinctly separate patterns of mucosal AMP expression and gut microbiota before treatment start. This indicates that intestinal antimicrobial/microbial composition can influence treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Magnusson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Institute for Biomedicine, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Institute for Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Strid
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Institute for Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden Södra Älvsborg Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Borås, Sweden
| | - Maria Sapnara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Institute for Biomedicine, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Institute for Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Lasson
- Södra Älvsborg Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Borås, Sweden
| | - Antal Bajor
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Institute for Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden Södra Älvsborg Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Borås, Sweden
| | - Kjell-Arne Ung
- Kärnsjukhuset, Department of Internal Medicine, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Lena Öhman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Institute for Biomedicine, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Institute for Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
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167
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Arvonen M, Berntson L, Pokka T, Karttunen TJ, Vähäsalo P, Stoll ML. Gut microbiota-host interactions and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2016; 14:44. [PMID: 27448997 PMCID: PMC4957868 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-016-0104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most common form of chronic arthritis in children. There is mounting evidence that the microbiota may influence the disease. MAIN BODY Recent observations in several systemic inflammatory diseases including JIA have indicated that abnormalities in the contents of the microbiota may be factors in disease pathogenesis, while other studies in turn have shown that environmental factors impacting the composition of the microbiota, such as delivery mode and early exposure to antibiotics, affect the risk of chronic inflammatory diseases including JIA. Microbial alterations may predispose to JIA through a variety of mechanisms, including impaired immunologic development, alterations in the balances of pro- versus anti-inflammatory bacteria, and low-grade mucosal inflammation. Additional confirmatory studies of microbiota aberrations and their risk factors are needed, as well as additional mechanistic studies linking these alterations to the disease itself. CONCLUSIONS The microbiota may influence the risk of JIA and other systemic inflammatory conditions through a variety of mechanisms. Additional research is required to improve our understanding of the links between the microbiota and arthritis, and the treatment implications thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miika Arvonen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland ,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lillemor Berntson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tytti Pokka
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paula Vähäsalo
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matthew L Stoll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CPP N 210 M, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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168
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Shaw KA, Bertha M, Hofmekler T, Chopra P, Vatanen T, Srivatsa A, Prince J, Kumar A, Sauer C, Zwick ME, Satten GA, Kostic AD, Mulle JG, Xavier RJ, Kugathasan S. Dysbiosis, inflammation, and response to treatment: a longitudinal study of pediatric subjects with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease. Genome Med 2016; 8:75. [PMID: 27412252 PMCID: PMC4944441 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiome dysbiosis has been demonstrated in subjects with newly diagnosed and chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study we sought to explore longitudinal changes in dysbiosis and ascertain associations between dysbiosis and markers of disease activity and treatment outcome. METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of 19 treatment-naïve pediatric IBD subjects and 10 healthy controls, measuring fecal calprotectin and assessing the gut microbiome via repeated stool samples. Associations between clinical characteristics and the microbiome were tested using generalized estimating equations. Random forest classification was used to predict ultimate treatment response (presence of mucosal healing at follow-up colonoscopy) or non-response using patients' pretreatment samples. RESULTS Patients with Crohn's disease had increased markers of inflammation and dysbiosis compared to controls. Patients with ulcerative colitis had even higher inflammation and dysbiosis compared to those with Crohn's disease. For all cases, the gut microbial dysbiosis index associated significantly with clinical and biological measures of disease severity, but did not associate with treatment response. We found differences in specific gut microbiome genera between cases/controls and responders/non-responders including Akkermansia, Coprococcus, Fusobacterium, Veillonella, Faecalibacterium, and Adlercreutzia. Using pretreatment microbiome data in a weighted random forest classifier, we were able to obtain 76.5 % accuracy for prediction of responder status. CONCLUSIONS Patient dysbiosis improved over time but persisted even among those who responded to treatment and achieved mucosal healing. Although dysbiosis index was not significantly different between responders and non-responders, we found specific genus-level differences. We found that pretreatment microbiome signatures are a promising avenue for prediction of remission and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Shaw
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Madeline Bertha
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine & Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, room 248, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tatyana Hofmekler
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine & Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, room 248, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Pankaj Chopra
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine & Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, room 248, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tommi Vatanen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University School of Science, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Abhiram Srivatsa
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine & Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, room 248, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jarod Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine & Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, room 248, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Archana Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine & Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, room 248, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Cary Sauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine & Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, room 248, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael E Zwick
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Glen A Satten
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Aleksandar D Kostic
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer G Mulle
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine & Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, room 248, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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169
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Forbes JD, Van Domselaar G, Bernstein CN. The Gut Microbiota in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1081. [PMID: 27462309 PMCID: PMC4939298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The collection of microbes and their genes that exist within and on the human body, collectively known as the microbiome has emerged as a principal factor in human health and disease. Humans and microbes have established a symbiotic association over time, and perturbations in this association have been linked to several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) including inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. IMID is a term used to describe a group of chronic, highly disabling diseases that affect different organ systems. Though a cornerstone commonality between IMID is the idiopathic nature of disease, a considerable portion of their pathobiology overlaps including epidemiological co-occurrence, genetic susceptibility loci and environmental risk factors. At present, it is clear that persons with an IMID are at an increased risk for developing comorbidities, including additional IMID. Advancements in sequencing technologies and a parallel explosion of 16S rDNA and metagenomics community profiling studies have allowed for the characterization of microbiomes throughout the human body including the gut, in a myriad of human diseases and in health. The main challenge now is to determine if alterations of gut flora are common between IMID or, if particular changes in the gut community are in fact specific to a single disease. Herein, we review and discuss the relationships between the gut microbiota and IMID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Forbes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, WinnipegMB, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, WinnipegMB, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, WinnipegMB, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, WinnipegMB, Canada
| | - Charles N. Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine and the IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, WinnipegMB, Canada
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170
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Kopylov U, Seidman E. Predicting durable response or resistance to antitumor necrosis factor therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:513-26. [PMID: 27366220 PMCID: PMC4913332 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x16638833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have become a mainstay of the therapeutic armamentarium in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) over the last 15 years. Although highly effective, primary and secondary nonresponse are common and associated with poor clinical outcomes and significant costs. Multiple clinical, genetic and immunopharmacological factors may impact the response to anti-TNFs. Early stratification of IBD patients by the expected risk of therapeutic failure during the induction and maintenance phases of treatment may allow for treatment optimization and potentially optimal short- and long-term outcomes. The aim of this review is to summarize the current data concerning the potential predictors of therapeutic success and failure of anti-TNFs in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Kopylov
- Division of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ernest Seidman
- Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics McGill University, Director, IBD Center of Excellence at McGill, Bruce Kaufman Endowed Chair in IBD at McGill, Canada Research Chair in Immune Mediated Gastrointestinal Disorders, Digestive Lab Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue C10.145, Montreal, QC H3G 1A4, Canada
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171
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Gut microbiota and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: where do we stand? Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 52:7-14. [PMID: 27348539 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in biological techniques have potentiated great progresses in understanding the interaction between human beings and the ∼10 to 100 trillion microbes living in their gastrointestinal tract: gut microbiota (GM). In this review, we describe recent emerging data on the role of GM in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with a focus on immunomodulatory properties in the immune system recovery and the impact in the development of the main complications, as GvHD and infections.
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172
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Liu TC, Gurram B, Baldridge MT, Head R, Lam V, Luo C, Cao Y, Simpson P, Hayward M, Holtz ML, Bousounis P, Noe J, Lerner D, Cabrera J, Biank V, Stephens M, Huttenhower C, McGovern DP, Xavier RJ, Stappenbeck TS, Salzman NH. Paneth cell defects in Crohn's disease patients promote dysbiosis. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e86907. [PMID: 27699268 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paneth cell dysfunction has been implicated in a subset of Crohn's disease (CD) patients. We previously stratified clinical outcomes of CD patients by using Paneth cell phenotypes, which we defined by the intracellular distribution of antimicrobial proteins. Animal studies suggest that Paneth cells shape the intestinal microbiome. However, it is unclear whether Paneth cell phenotypes alter the microbiome complexity in CD subjects. Therefore, we analyzed the correlation of Paneth cell phenotypes with mucosal microbiome composition and ileal RNA expression in pediatric CD and noninflammatory bowel disease (non-IBD) patients. METHODS Pediatric CD (n = 44) and non-IBD (n = 62) patients aged 4 to 18 were recruited prior to routine endoscopic biopsy. Ileal mucosal samples were analyzed for Paneth cell phenotypes, mucosal microbiome composition, and RNA transcriptome. RESULTS The prevalence of abnormal Paneth cells was higher in pediatric versus adult CD cohorts. For pediatric CD patients, those with abnormal Paneth cells showed significant changes in their ileal mucosal microbiome, highlighted by reduced protective microbes and enriched proinflammatory microbes. Ileal transcriptome profiles showed reduced transcripts for genes that control oxidative phosphorylation in CD patients with abnormal Paneth cells. These transcriptional changes in turn were correlated with specific microbiome alterations. In non-IBD patients, a subset contained abnormal Paneth cells. However, this subset was not associated with alterations in the microbiome or host transcriptome. CONCLUSION Paneth cell abnormalities in human subjects are associated with mucosal dysbiosis in the context of CD, and these changes are associated with alterations in oxidative phosphorylation, potentially in a feedback loop. FUNDING The research was funded by Helmsley Charitable Trust (to T.S. Stappenbeck, R.J. Xavier, and D.P.B. McGovern), Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America (to N.H. Salzman, T.S. Stappenbeck, R.J. Xavier, and C. Huttenhower), and Doris Duke Charitable Foundation grant 2014103 (to T.C. Liu).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Chiang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bhaskar Gurram
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard Head
- Genome Technology Access Center, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Vy Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chengwei Luo
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yumei Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Quantitative Health Services, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pippa Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Quantitative Health Services, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Hayward
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mary L Holtz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pavlos Bousounis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua Noe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diana Lerner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jose Cabrera
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vincent Biank
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Stephens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dermot Pb McGovern
- The F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nita H Salzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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173
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Changes in fecal microbiota and metabolomics in a child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) responding to two treatment periods with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN). Clin Rheumatol 2016; 35:1501-6. [PMID: 27021336 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome and immune system of the digestive tract are highly important in both health and disease. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is a common anti-inflammatory treatment in children with Crohn's disease in the European countries, and the mechanism is most likely linked to changes in the intestinal microbiome. In the present study, EEN was given in two treatment periods several months apart to a patient with very severe, disabling juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), with a remarkable clinical response as the result. The aim of the present study was to study how the EEN treatment influenced the microbiome and metabolome of this patient. Fecal samples from before, during, and between treatments with EEN were studied. The microbiome was analyzed by sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons using Illumina MiSeq, and the metabolome was analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance. The microbiome changed markedly from treatment with EEN, with a strong reduction of the Bacteroidetes phylum. Metabolic profiles showed clear differences before, during, and between treatment with EEN, where butyrate, propionate, and acetate followed a cyclic pattern with the lowest levels at the end of each treatment period. This patient with JIA showed remarkable clinical improvement after EEN treatment, and we found corresponding changes in both the fecal microbiome and the metabolome. Further studies are needed to explore the pathophysiological role of the intestinal canal in children with JIA.
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174
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Weber D, Oefner PJ, Dettmer K, Hiergeist A, Koestler J, Gessner A, Weber M, Stämmler F, Hahn J, Wolff D, Herr W, Holler E. Rifaximin preserves intestinal microbiota balance in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 51:1087-92. [PMID: 26999466 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis has been associated with acute gastrointestinal GvHD and poor outcome following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT). To assess the effect of a switch in 2012 from ciprofloxacin/metronidazole to rifaximin for gut decontamination on intestinal microbiota composition and ASCT outcome, we retrospectively analyzed 394 patients receiving ASCT from September 2008 through June 2015. In 131 and 90 patients, respectively, urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate levels and intestinal enterococcal load were measured before conditioning and weekly within the first 28 days after ASCT. The use of rifaximin correlated with lower enterococcal positivity (6.9 vs 21.9%, P=0.05) and higher urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate concentrations (10.5 vs 4.6 μmoL/mmoL crea, P<0.001) after ASCT. Patients on rifaximin showed lower 1-year transplant-related mortality (P=0.04) and higher overall survival (P=0.008). Treatment of infectious complications with systemic antibiotics did not abrogate the beneficial effects of rifaximin on intestinal microbiota composition in the early course of ASCT and outcome. The data underscore the importance of maintaining a diverse population of symbiotic and mutualistic bacteria in the gut on ASCT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weber
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P J Oefner
- Chair and Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - K Dettmer
- Chair and Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Hiergeist
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Koestler
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Weber
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - F Stämmler
- Chair of Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Hahn
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - D Wolff
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - W Herr
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - E Holler
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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175
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Yang YJ, Sheu BS. Metabolic Interaction of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gut Microbiota. Microorganisms 2016; 4:E15. [PMID: 27681909 PMCID: PMC5029520 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a barrier, gut commensal microbiota can protect against potential pathogenic microbes in the gastrointestinal tract. Crosstalk between gut microbes and immune cells promotes human intestinal homeostasis. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota has been implicated in the development of many human metabolic disorders like obesity, hepatic steatohepatitis, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Certain microbes, such as butyrate-producing bacteria, are lower in T2D patients. The transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome, but the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. H. pylori in the human stomach cause chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancers. H. pylori infection also induces insulin resistance and has been defined as a predisposing factor to T2D development. Gastric and fecal microbiota may have been changed in H. pylori-infected persons and mice to promote gastric inflammation and specific diseases. However, the interaction of H. pylori and gut microbiota in regulating host metabolism also remains unknown. Further studies aim to identify the H. pylori-microbiota-host metabolism axis and to test if H. pylori eradication or modification of gut microbiota can improve the control of human metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Jong Yang
- Departments of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, #138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
| | - Bor-Shyang Sheu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, #138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
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176
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Serban DE. Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis and Therapy: Is It All About Diet? Nutr Clin Pract 2015; 30:760-79. [PMID: 26452390 DOI: 10.1177/0884533615606898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and unclassified IBD, continues to cause significant morbidity. While its incidence is increasing, no clear etiology and no cure have yet been discovered. Recent findings suggest that IBD may have a multifactorial etiology, where complex interactions between genetics, epigenetics, environmental factors (including diet but also infections, antibiotics, and sanitation), and host immune system lead to abnormal immune responses and chronic inflammation. Over the past years, the role of altered gut microbiota (in both composition and function) in IBD pathogenesis has emerged as an outstanding area of interest. According to new findings, gut dysbiosis may appear as a key element in initiation of inflammation in IBD and its complications. Moreover, complex metagenomic studies provide possibilities to distinguish between IBD types and appreciate severity and prognosis of the disease, as well as response to therapy. This review provides an updated knowledge of recent findings linking altered bacterial composition and functions, viruses, and fungi to IBD pathogenesis. It also highlights the complex genetic, epigenetic, immune, and microbial interactions in relation to environmental factors (including diet). We overview the actual options to manipulate the altered microbiota, such as modified diet, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and fecal transplantation. Future possible therapies are also included. Targeting altered microbiota could be the next therapeutic personalized approach, but more research and well-designed comparative prospective studies are required to formulate adequate directions for prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Elena Serban
- "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Second Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Children's Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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177
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Dubinsky M, Braun J. Diagnostic and Prognostic Microbial Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1265-1274.e3. [PMID: 26284597 PMCID: PMC5302020 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome plays multifaceted roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Accordingly, the clinical challenge of patient heterogeneity in disease phenotype and response to treatment should in part be addressed by biomarkers that detect the host response to microbiota, and the levels of microbial taxa and products eliciting the host response in susceptible individuals. Molecular analysis has revealed much evidence for microbial taxonomic membership and microbial products in association with IBD, but their utility as clinical biomarkers is still in its infancy. A rich area of progress has been the development and validation of host serologic microbial biomarkers, which have achieved a distinctive position in the diagnosis and prognosis in IBD, and as a template for defining other categories of microbial biomarkers in disease state and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Dubinsky
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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