151
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Shiota M, Yokomizo A, Takeuchi A, Imada K, Kashiwagi E, Song Y, Inokuchi J, Tatsugami K, Uchiumi T, Naito S. Inhibition of protein kinase C/Twist1 signaling augments anticancer effects of androgen deprivation and enzalutamide in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:951-61. [PMID: 24352647 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The progression of prostate cancer to metastatic and castration-resistant disease represents a critical step. We previously showed that the transcription factor Twist1, which promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition, was involved in castration-resistant progression. Similarly, protein kinase C (PKC) has been implicated in both metastatic progression and castration resistance in prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of PKC/Twist1 signaling in castration resistance, and to apply this information to the development of a novel therapeutic concept using PKC inhibitor Ro31-8220 against prostate cancer using various prostate cancer cell lines. RESULTS Androgen deprivation and the next-generation antiandrogen enzalutamide induced PKC activation and Twist1 expression, which were reversed by the PKC inhibitor Ro31-8220. Ro31-8220 suppressed cell proliferation in androgen-dependent prostate cancer LNCaP cells, which was augmented by its combination with androgen deprivation or enzalutamide. The favorable anticancer effects of the combination of Ro31-8220 and enzalutamide were also observed in castration-resistant C4-2 and 22Rv1 cells. Furthermore, PKC phosphorylation was elevated in castration-resistant and enzalutamide-resistant cells compared with their parental cells, leading to persistent sensitivity to Ro-31-8220 in castration- and enzalutamide-resistant cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings indicate that PKC/Twist1 signaling contributes to castration resistance as well as enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer, and suggest that therapeutics targeting PKC/Twist1 signaling, such as PKC inhibitors, represent a promising novel therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer, especially castration-resistant prostate cancer, when combined with enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Urology and Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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152
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Structure of an SspH1-PKN1 complex reveals the basis for host substrate recognition and mechanism of activation for a bacterial E3 ubiquitin ligase. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:362-73. [PMID: 24248594 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01360-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IpaH proteins are bacterium-specific E3 enzymes that function as type three secretion system (T3SS) effectors in Salmonella, Shigella, and other Gram-negative bacteria. IpaH enzymes recruit host substrates for ubiquitination via a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, which can inhibit the catalytic domain in the absence of substrate. The basis for substrate recognition and the alleviation of autoinhibition upon substrate binding is unknown. Here, we report the X-ray structure of Salmonella SspH1 in complex with human PKN1. The LRR domain of SspH1 interacts specifically with the HR1b coiled-coil subdomain of PKN1 in a manner that sterically displaces the catalytic domain from the LRR domain, thereby activating catalytic function. SspH1 catalyzes the ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation of PKN1 in cells, which attenuates androgen receptor responsiveness but not NF-κB activity. These regulatory features are conserved in other IpaH-substrate interactions. Our results explain the mechanism whereby substrate recognition and enzyme autoregulation are coupled in this class of bacterial ubiquitin ligases.
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153
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Konovalov S, Garcia-Bassets I. Analysis of the levels of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) mRNA in human ovarian tumors and the effects of chemical LSD1 inhibitors in ovarian cancer cell lines. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:75. [PMID: 24165091 PMCID: PMC4176291 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, also known as KDM1A and AOF2) is a chromatin-modifying activity that catalyzes the removal of methyl groups from lysine residues in histone and non-histone proteins, regulating gene transcription. LSD1 is overexpressed in several cancer types, and chemical inhibition of the LSD1 activity has been proposed as a candidate cancer therapy. Here, we examine the levels of LSD1 mRNA in human ovarian tumors and the cytotoxicity of several chemical LSD1 inhibitors in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines. METHODS We measured LSD1 mRNA levels in a cohort of n = 177 normal and heterogeneous tumor specimens by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). Tumors were classified by FIGO stage, FIGO grade, and histological subtypes. We tested the robustness of our analyses in an independent cohort of n = 573 serous tumor specimens (source: TCGA, based on microarray). Statistical analyses were based on Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's and Mann Whitney tests. Changes in LSD1 mRNA levels were also correlated with transcriptomic alterations at genome-wide scale. Effects on cell viability (MTS/PMS assay) of six LSD1 inhibitors (pargyline, TCP, RN-1, S2101, CAS 927019-63-4, and CBB1007) were also evaluated in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3, OVCAR3, A2780 and cisplatin-resistant A2780cis). RESULTS We found moderate but consistent LSD1 mRNA overexpression in stage IIIC and high-grade ovarian tumors. LSD1 mRNA overexpression correlated with a transcriptomic signature of up-regulated genes involved in cell cycle and down-regulated genes involved in the immune/inflammatory response, a signature previously observed in aggressive tumors. In fact, some ovarian tumors showing high levels of LSD1 mRNA are associated with poor patient survival. Chemical LSD1 inhibition induced cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer lines, which roughly correlated with their reported LSD1 inhibitory potential (RN-1,S2101 >> pargyline,TCP). CONCLUSIONS Our findings may suggest a role of LSD1 in the biology of some ovarian tumors. It is of special interest to find a correlation of LSD1 mRNA overexpression with a transcriptomic signature relevant to cancer. Our findings, therefore, prompt further investigation of the role of LSD1 in ovarian cancer, as well as the study of its enzymatic inhibition in animal models for potential therapeutic purposes in the context of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Garcia-Bassets
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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154
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Regulation of estrogen receptor α by histone methyltransferase SMYD2-mediated protein methylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17284-9. [PMID: 24101509 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307959110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a ligand-activated transcription factor. Upon estrogen stimulation, ERα recruits a number of coregulators, including both coactivators and corepressors, to the estrogen response elements, modulating gene activation or repression. Most coregulator complexes contain histone-modifying enzymes to control ERα target gene expression in an epigenetic manner. In addition to histones, these epigenetic modifiers can modify nonhistone proteins including ERα, thereby constituting another layer of transcriptional regulation. Here we show that SET and MYND domain containing 2 (SMYD2), a histone H3K4 and H3K36 methyltransferase, directly methylates ERα protein at lysine 266 (K266) both in vitro and in cells. In breast cancer MCF7 cells, SMYD2 attenuates the chromatin recruitment of ERα to prevent ERα target gene activation under an estrogen-depleted condition. Importantly, the SMYD2-mediated repression of ERα target gene expression is mediated by the methylation of ERα at K266 in the nucleus, but not the methylation of histone H3K4. Upon estrogen stimulation, ERα-K266 methylation is diminished, thereby enabling p300/cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein to acetylate ERα at K266, which is known to promote ERα transactivation activity. Our study identifies a previously undescribed inhibitory methylation event on ERα. Our data suggest that the dynamic cross-talk between SMYD2-mediated ERα protein methylation and p300/cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein-dependent ERα acetylation plays an important role in fine-tuning the functions of ERα at chromatin and the estrogen-induced gene expression profiles.
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155
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Epigenetics and autism. AUTISM RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2013; 2013:826156. [PMID: 24151554 PMCID: PMC3787640 DOI: 10.1155/2013/826156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review identifies mechanisms for altering DNA-histone interactions of cell chromatin to upregulate or downregulate gene expression that could serve as epigenetic targets for therapeutic interventions in autism. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) can phosphorylate histone H3 at T6. Aided by protein kinase C β 1, the DNMT lysine-specific demethylase-1 prevents demethylation of H3 at K4. During androgen-receptor-(AR-) dependent gene activation, this sequence may produce AR-dependent gene overactivation which may partly explain the male predominance of autism. AR-dependent gene overactivation in conjunction with a DNMT mechanism for methylating oxytocin receptors could produce high arousal inputs to the amygdala resulting in aberrant socialization, a prime characteristic of autism. Dysregulation of histone methyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs) associated with low activity of methyl CpG binding protein-2 at cytosine-guanine sites in genes may reduce the capacity for condensing chromatin and silencing genes in frontal cortex, a site characterized by decreased cortical interconnectivity in autistic subjects. HDAC1 inhibition can overactivate mRNA transcription, a putative mechanism for the increased number of cerebral cortical columns and local frontal cortex hyperactivity in autistic individuals. These epigenetic mechanisms underlying male predominance, aberrant social interaction, and low functioning frontal cortex may be novel targets for autism prevention and treatment strategies.
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156
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Lim PS, Li J, Holloway AF, Rao S. Epigenetic regulation of inducible gene expression in the immune system. Immunology 2013; 139:285-93. [PMID: 23521628 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are exquisitely poised to respond rapidly to pathogens and have proved an instructive model for exploring the regulation of inducible genes. Individual genes respond to antigenic stimulation in different ways, and it has become clear that the interplay between transcription factors and the chromatin platform of individual genes governs these responses. Our understanding of the complexity of the chromatin platform and the epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to transcriptional control has expanded dramatically in recent years. These mechanisms include the presence/absence of histone modification marks, which form an epigenetic signature to mark active or inactive genes. These signatures are dynamically added or removed by epigenetic enzymes, comprising an array of histone-modifying enzymes, including the more recently recognized chromatin-associated signalling kinases. In addition, chromatin-remodelling complexes physically alter the chromatin structure to regulate chromatin accessibility to transcriptional regulatory factors. The advent of genome-wide technologies has enabled characterization of the chromatin landscape of T cells in terms of histone occupancy, histone modification patterns and transcription factor association with specific genomic regulatory regions, generating a picture of the T-cell epigenome. Here, we discuss the multi-layered regulation of inducible gene expression in the immune system, focusing on the interplay between transcription factors, and the T-cell epigenome, including the role played by chromatin remodellers and epigenetic enzymes. We will also use IL2, a key inducible cytokine gene in T cells, as an example of how the different layers of epigenetic mechanisms regulate immune responsive genes during T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pek Siew Lim
- Discipline of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.
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157
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Lee HY, Yang EG, Park H. Hypoxia enhances the expression of prostate-specific antigen by modifying the quantity and catalytic activity of Jumonji C domain-containing histone demethylases. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2706-15. [PMID: 23884959 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen concentration in prostate cancer tissue is significantly low, i.e. ~0.3% O2. This study showed that pathological hypoxia (<0.5% O2) increased the expression of androgen receptor (AR) target genes such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and kallikrein-related peptidase 2 in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells by modifying the quantity and activity of related Jumonji C domain-containing histone demethylases (JMJDs). Under pathological hypoxia, the catalytic activities of JMJD2A, JMJD2C and Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1B (JARID1B) were blocked due to the lack of their substrate, i.e. oxygen. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed that hypoxia increased the appearance of H3K9me3 and H3K4me3, substrates of JMJD2s and JARID1B, respectively, in the PSA enhancer. In contrast, JMJD1A, which demethylates both H3K9me2 and H3K9me1, maintained its catalytic activity even under severe hypoxia. Furthermore, hypoxia increased the expression of JMJD1A. Hypoxia and androgen additively increased the recruitment of JMJD1A and p300 on the enhancer region of PSA through interaction with the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and AR, both of which bind the PSA enhancer. Thus, hypoxia enhanced the demethylation of H3K9me2 and H3K9me1, leading to provide unmethylated H3K9 residues that are substrates for histone acetyltransferase, p300. Consequently, hypoxia increased the acetylation of histones of the PSA enhancer, which facilitates its transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Youl Lee
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Siripdae-gil 13, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Korea and
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158
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Chromatin dynamics during lytic infection with herpes simplex virus 1. Viruses 2013; 5:1758-86. [PMID: 23863878 PMCID: PMC3738960 DOI: 10.3390/v5071758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent HSV-1 genomes are chromatinized with silencing marks. Since 2004, however, there has been an apparent inconsistency in the studies of the chromatinization of the HSV-1 genomes in lytically infected cells. Nuclease protection and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays suggested that the genomes were not regularly chromatinized, having only low histone occupancy. However, the chromatin modifications associated with transcribed and non-transcribed HSV-1 genes were those associated with active or repressed transcription, respectively. Moreover, the three critical HSV-1 transcriptional activators all had the capability to induce chromatin remodelling, and interacted with critical chromatin modifying enzymes. Depletion or overexpression of some, but not all, chromatin modifying proteins affected HSV-1 transcription, but often in unexpected manners. Since 2010, it has become clear that both cellular and HSV-1 chromatins are highly dynamic in infected cells. These dynamics reconcile the weak interactions between HSV-1 genomes and chromatin proteins, detected by nuclease protection and chromatin immunoprecipitation, with the proposed regulation of HSV-1 gene expression by chromatin, supported by the marks in the chromatin in the viral genomes and the abilities of the HSV-1 transcription activators to modulate chromatin. It also explains the sometimes unexpected results of interventions to modulate chromatin remodelling activities in infected cells.
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159
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Abstract
The human mixed-lineage leukemia 5 (MLL5) protein mediates hematopoietic cell homeostasis, cell cycle, and survival; however, the molecular basis underlying MLL5 activities remains unknown. Here, we show that MLL5 is recruited to gene-rich euchromatic regions via the interaction of its plant homeodomain finger with the histone mark H3K4me3. The 1.48-Å resolution crystal structure of MLL5 plant homeodomain in complex with the H3K4me3 peptide reveals a noncanonical binding mechanism, whereby K4me3 is recognized through a single aromatic residue and an aspartate. The binding induces a unique His-Asp swapping rearrangement mediated by a C-terminal α-helix. Phosphorylation of H3T3 and H3T6 abrogates the association with H3K4me3 in vitro and in vivo, releasing MLL5 from chromatin in mitosis. This regulatory switch is conserved in the Drosophila ortholog of MLL5, UpSET, and suggests the developmental control for targeting of H3K4me3. Together, our findings provide first insights into the molecular basis for the recruitment, exclusion, and regulation of MLL5 at chromatin.
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160
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Emerging roles for chromatin as a signal integration and storage platform. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:211-24. [PMID: 23524488 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells of a multicellular organism, all containing nearly identical genetic information, respond to differentiation cues in variable ways. In addition, cells are plastic, able to execute their specialized function while maintaining the ability to adapt to environmental changes. This is achieved through multiple mechanisms, including the direct regulation of chromatin-based processes in response to stimuli. How signal transduction pathways directly communicate with chromatin to change the epigenetic landscape is poorly understood. The preponderance of covalent modifications on histone tails coupled with a relatively small number of functional outputs raises the possibility that chromatin acts as a site of signal integration and storage.
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161
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Amente S, Lania L, Majello B. The histone LSD1 demethylase in stemness and cancer transcription programs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:981-6. [PMID: 23684752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA and histone chromatin modifying enzymes play a crucial role in chromatin remodeling in several biological processes. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), the first identified histone demethylase, is a relevant player in the regulation of a broad spectrum of biological processes including development, cellular differentiation, embryonic pluripotency and cancer. Here, we review recent insights on the role of LSD1 activity in chromatin regulatory complexes, its functional role in the epigenetic changes during embryonic development, in the establishment and maintenance of stemness and during cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Amente
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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162
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Nicholson TB, Singh AK, Su H, Hevi S, Wang J, Bajko J, Li M, Valdez R, Goetschkes M, Capodieci P, Loureiro J, Cheng X, Li E, Kinzel B, Labow M, Chen T. A hypomorphic lsd1 allele results in heart development defects in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60913. [PMID: 23637775 PMCID: PMC3634827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (Lsd1/Aof2/Kdm1a), the first enzyme with specific lysine demethylase activity to be described, demethylates histone and non-histone proteins and is essential for mouse embryogenesis. Lsd1 interacts with numerous proteins through several different domains, most notably the tower domain, an extended helical structure that protrudes from the core of the protein. While there is evidence that Lsd1-interacting proteins regulate the activity and specificity of Lsd1, the significance and roles of such interactions in developmental processes remain largely unknown. Here we describe a hypomorphic Lsd1 allele that contains two point mutations in the tower domain, resulting in a protein with reduced interaction with known binding partners and decreased enzymatic activity. Mice homozygous for this allele die perinatally due to heart defects, with the majority of animals suffering from ventricular septal defects. Molecular analyses revealed hyperphosphorylation of E-cadherin in the hearts of mutant animals. These results identify a previously unknown role for Lsd1 in heart development, perhaps partly through the control of E-cadherin phosphorylation.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Activation
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/genetics
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/metabolism
- Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/pathology
- Histone Demethylases
- Homozygote
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/genetics
- Oxidoreductases, N-Demethylating/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Point Mutation
- Pregnancy
- Protein Binding
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Nicholson
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anup K. Singh
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hui Su
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Hevi
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jing Wang
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeff Bajko
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mei Li
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Reginald Valdez
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret Goetschkes
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paola Capodieci
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Loureiro
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - En Li
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bernd Kinzel
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Labow
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Taiping Chen
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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163
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Alagaratnam S, Harrison N, Bakken AC, Hoff AM, Jones M, Sveen A, Moore HD, Andrews PW, Lothe RA, Skotheim RI. Transforming pluripotency: an exon-level study of malignancy-specific transcripts in human embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1136-46. [PMID: 23137282 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To circumvent difficulties of isolating pure populations of cancer stem cells (CSCs) for the purpose of identifying malignancy-specific gene expression, we have compared exon-resolution transcriptomic profiles of 5 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines, a histological subtype of germ cell tumor (GCT), to their nonmalignant caricature, specifically 6 human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines. Both cell types are readily accessible, and were purified for undifferentiated cells only. We identified a set of 28 differentially expressed genes, many of which had cancer and stemness roles. Overexpression of the recently discovered pluripotency gene NR5A2 in malignant EC cells revealed an intriguing indication of how WNT-mediated dysregulation of pluripotency is involved with malignancy. Expression of these 28 genes was further explored within 2 publically available data sets of primary EC tumors and normal testis. At the exon-level, alternative splicing events were detected in ZNF195, DNMT3B, and PMF1, and alternative promoters were detected for ASH2L and ETV5. These events were validated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-based methods in EC and ES lines, where the alternative splicing event in the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B may have functional consequences. In conclusion, we have identified malignancy-specific gene expression differences within a rigorous pluripotent stem cell context. These findings are of particular interest for both GCT and ES cell biology, and, in general, to the concept of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmini Alagaratnam
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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164
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Campbell MJ, Turner BM. Altered histone modifications in cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 754:81-107. [PMID: 22956497 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9967-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In human health and disease the choreographed actions of a wide armory of transcription factors govern the regulated expression of coding and nonprotein coding genes. These actions are central to human health and are evidently aberrant in cancer. Central components of regulated gene expression are a variety of epigenetic mechanisms that include histone modifications. The post-translational modifications of histones are widespread and diverse, and appear to be spatial--temporally regulated in a highly intricate manner. The true functional consequences of these patterns of regulation are still emerging. Correlative evidence supports the idea that these patterns are distorted in malignancy on both a genome-wide and a discrete gene loci level. These patterns of distortion also often reflect the altered expression of the enzymes that control these histone states. Similarly gene expression patterns also appear to reflect a correlation with altered histone modifications at both the candidate loci and genome-wide level. Clarity is emerging in resolving these relationships between histone modification status and gene expression -patterns. For example, altered transcription factor interactions with the key co-activator and co-repressors, which in turn marshal many of the histone-modifying enzymes, may distort regulation of histone modifications at specific gene loci. In turn these aberrant transcriptional processes can trigger other altered epigenetic events such as DNA methylation and underline the aberrant and specific gene expression patterns in cancer. Considered in this manner, altered expression and recruitment of histone-modifying enzymes may underline the distortion to transcriptional responsiveness observed in malignancy. Insight from understanding these processes addresses the challenge of targeted epigenetic therapies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moray J Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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165
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Gustafsson Sheppard N, Heldring N, Dahlman-Wright K. Estrogen receptor-α, RBCK1, and protein kinase C β 1 cooperate to regulate estrogen receptor-α gene expression. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 49:277-87. [PMID: 23042805 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is initially overexpressed in two-thirds of all breast cancers and is involved in its development and proliferation. We previously reported that the RanBP-type and C3HC4-type zinc finger containing 1 (RBCK1) interacts with the ERα promoter and that RBCK1 expression positively correlates with ERα levels, expression of ERα downstream target genes, and proliferation of breast cancer cells. Based on this, and that RBCK1 positively correlates with ERα expression in breast cancer samples, we propose RBCK1 as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer acting as a modulator of ERα expression. To further explore this, the molecular mechanism by which RBCK1 regulates ERα expression has to be defined. Here, we show that ERα, RBCK1, and the RBCK1-interacting protein protein kinase C β 1 (PKCβ(I)) co-occupy a previously identified ERα binding region in the proximal ERα promoter. We describe a number of mechanistic details of this complex including that RBCK1 recruitment to the ERα promoter B is facilitated by ERα, which in turn facilitates PKCβ(I) recruitment and PKCβ(I)-dependent histone modifications. Furthermore, ERα regulation of its own mRNA expression is facilitated by RBCK1 recruitment, suggesting an ERα coactivator function of RBCK1. The interaction between RBCK1 and ERα was dependent on the E3 ubiquitin ligase domain of RBCK1 and the activating function-1 domain of ERα. The ligand-binding function of ERα does not influence the interaction with RBCK1. In summary, our data provide insight into the molecular mechanism by which ERα expression is modulated in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Gustafsson Sheppard
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, NOVUM, S-14183 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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166
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He YQ, Sutcliffe EL, Bunting KL, Li J, Goodall KJ, Poon IKA, Hulett MD, Freeman C, Zafar A, McInnes RL, Taya T, Parish CR, Rao S. The endoglycosidase heparanase enters the nucleus of T lymphocytes and modulates H3 methylation at actively transcribed genes via the interplay with key chromatin modifying enzymes. Transcription 2012; 3:130-45. [PMID: 22771948 DOI: 10.4161/trns.19998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylation of histones is a fundamental epigenetic process regulating gene expression programs in mammalian cells. Dysregulated patterns of histone methylation are directly implicated in malignant transformation. Here, we report the unexpected finding that the invasive extracellular matrix degrading endoglycosidase heparanase enters the nucleus of activated human T lymphocytes and regulates the transcription of a cohort of inducible immune response genes by controlling histone H3 methylation patterns. It was found that nuclear heparanase preferentially associates with euchromatin. Genome-wide ChIP-on-chip analyses showed that heparanase is recruited to both the promoter and transcribed regions of a distinct cohort of transcriptionally active genes. Knockdown and overexpression of the heparanase gene also showed that chromatin-bound heparanase is a prerequisite for the transcription of a subset of inducible immune response genes in activated T cells. Furthermore, the actions of heparanase seem to influence gene transcription by associating with the demethylase LSD1, preventing recruitment of the methylase MLL and thereby modifying histone H3 methylation patterns. These data indicate that heparanase belongs to an emerging class of proteins that play an important role in regulating transcription in addition to their well-recognized extra-nuclear functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qing He
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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167
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Matsumoto T, Sakari M, Okada M, Yokoyama A, Takahashi S, Kouzmenko A, Kato S. The androgen receptor in health and disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2012; 75:201-24. [PMID: 23157556 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Androgens play pivotal roles in the regulation of male development and physiological processes, particularly in the male reproductive system. Most biological effects of androgens are mediated by the action of nuclear androgen receptor (AR). AR acts as a master regulator of downstream androgen-dependent signaling pathway networks. This ligand-dependent transcriptional factor modulates gene expression through the recruitment of various coregulator complexes, the induction of chromatin reorganization, and epigenetic histone modifications at target genomic loci. Dysregulation of androgen/AR signaling perturbs normal reproductive development and accounts for a wide range of pathological conditions such as androgen-insensitive syndrome, prostate cancer, and spinal bulbar muscular atrophy. In this review we summarize recent advances in understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms of AR action as well as newly recognized aspects of AR-mediated androgen signaling in both men and women. In addition, we offer a perspective on the use of animal genetic model systems aimed at eventually developing novel therapeutic AR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Matsumoto
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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168
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Kang JH, Toita R, Kim CW, Katayama Y. Protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme-specific substrates and their design. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1662-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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169
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Sawicka A, Seiser C. Histone H3 phosphorylation - a versatile chromatin modification for different occasions. Biochimie 2012; 94:2193-201. [PMID: 22564826 PMCID: PMC3480636 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-translation modifications of histones modulate the accessibility and transcriptional competence of specific chromatin regions within the eukaryotic genome. Phosphorylation of histone H3 is unique in the sense that it associates on one hand with open chromatin during gene activation and marks on the other hand highly condensed chromatin during mitosis. Phosphorylation of serine residues at histone H3 is a highly dynamic process that creates together with acetylation and methylation marks at neighboring lysine residues specific combinatorial patterns that are read by specific detector proteins. In this review we describe the importance of different histone H3 phosphorylation marks for chromatin condensation during mitosis. In addition, we review the signals that trigger histone H3 phosphorylation and the factors that control this reversible modification during interphase and mediate the biological readout of the signal. Finally, we discuss different models describing the role of histone H3 phosphorylation in the activation of transcription of poised genes or by transient derepression of epigenetically silenced genes. We propose that histone H3 phosphorylation in the context with lysine methylation might temporarily relieve the silencing of specific genes without affecting the epigenetic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Seiser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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170
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White RH, Keberlein M, Jackson V. A mutational mimic analysis of histone H3 post-translational modifications: specific sites influence the conformational state of H3/H4, causing either positive or negative supercoiling of DNA. Biochemistry 2012; 51:8173-88. [PMID: 23003102 DOI: 10.1021/bi300872t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Histone H3 has specific sites of post-translational modifications that serve as epigenetic signals to cellular machinery to direct various processes. Mutational mimics of these modifications (glutamine for acetylation, methionine and leucine for methylation, and glutamic acid for phosphorylation) were constructed at the relevant sites of the major histone variant, H3.2, and their effects on the conformational equilibrium of the H3/H4 tetramer at physiological ionic strength were determined when bound to or free of DNA. The deposition vehicle used for this analysis was NAP1, nucleosome assembly protein 1. Acetylation mimics in the N-terminus preferentially stabilized the left-handed conformer (DNA negatively supercoiled), and mutations within the globular region preferred the right-handed conformer (DNA positively supercoiled). The methylation mimics in the N-terminus tended to maintain characteristics similar to those of wild-type H3/H4; i.e., the conformational equilibrium maintains similar levels of both left- and right-handed conformers. Phosphorylation mimics facilitated a mixed effect, i.e., when at serines, the left-handed conformer, and at threonines, a mixture of both conformers. When double mutations were present, the conformational equilibrium was shifted dramatically, either leftward or rightward depending on the specific sites. In contrast, these mutations tended not to affect the direction and extent of supercoiling for variants H3.1 and H3.3. Variant H3.3 promoted only the left-handed conformer, and H3.1 tended to maintain both conformers. Additional experiments indicate the importance of a propagation mechanism for ensuring the formation of a particular superhelical state over an extended region of the DNA. The potential relevance of these results to the maintenance of epigenetic information on a gene is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H White
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Lynch JT, Harris WJ, Somervaille TCP. LSD1 inhibition: a therapeutic strategy in cancer? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:1239-49. [PMID: 22957941 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.722206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of epigenetic dysfunction in cancer is increasingly appreciated. This has raised the question as to whether enzymes that regulate the structure and function of chromatin might represent novel therapeutic targets. The histone demethylase LSD1 is one such candidate and novel, potent inhibitors are under development. AREAS COVERED The literature on LSD1 (also known as KDM1A, AOF2, BHC110 or KIAA0601) was identified in Pubmed and is herein discussed. Areas covered include the structure and enzymatic activity of LSD1, its role in chromatin regulatory complexes, its functional roles in normal and malignant tissue, pharmacological inhibitors of its activity and their putative therapeutic roles. EXPERT OPINION Pre-clinical data supporting a therapeutic role for LSD1 inhibitors are most encouraging in acute myeloid leukaemia, although optimal dosing strategies and beneficial combinations with other agents remain unclear. Studies making use of potent, selective LSD1 inhibitors active in the nanomolar range are required to establish therapeutic indications in other subtypes of haematological malignancy, and in solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Lynch
- The University of Manchester, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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172
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Rossetto D, Avvakumov N, Côté J. Histone phosphorylation: a chromatin modification involved in diverse nuclear events. Epigenetics 2012; 7:1098-108. [PMID: 22948226 DOI: 10.4161/epi.21975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone posttranslational modifications are key components of diverse processes that modulate chromatin structure. These marks function as signals during various chromatin-based events, and act as platforms for recruitment, assembly or retention of chromatin-associated factors. The best-known function of histone phosphorylation takes place during cellular response to DNA damage, when phosphorylated histone H2A(X) demarcates large chromatin domains around the site of DNA breakage. However, multiple studies have also shown that histone phosphorylation plays crucial roles in chromatin remodeling linked to other nuclear processes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of histone phosphorylation and describe the many kinases and phosphatases that regulate it. We discuss the key roles played by this histone mark in DNA repair, transcription and chromatin compaction during cell division and apoptosis. Additionally, we describe the intricate crosstalk that occurs between phosphorylation and other histone modifications and allows for sophisticated control over the chromatin remodeling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorine Rossetto
- Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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173
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Spans L, Atak ZK, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Lerut E, Aerts S, Claessens F. Variations in the exome of the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. Prostate 2012; 72:1317-27. [PMID: 22213130 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The LNCaP cell line is widely used as a model for prostate cancer. However, information on protein-changing mutations, genetic heterogeneity and genetic (in)stability is largely lacking for these cells. METHODS Next-generation sequencing of the LNCaP exome revealed many single nucleotide variants (SNVs). To help identify the mutations that are most likely drivers of the oncogenic process, we developed an in silico protocol, which can be adapted for other exome analyses. RESULTS We detected 1,802 non-synonymous SNVs and 218 small insertions and deletions in the LNCaP exome. We confirm the known mutations in the androgen receptor and the PTEN gene, but most other mutations remained undescribed until now. The presence of 38 out of 42 SNVs was confirmed in monoclonal as well as in polyclonal LNCaP derivatives. Moreover, most variants were also detectable in LNCaP mRNA. CONCLUSIONS We provide an extensive database of genetic variations in the protein-coding part of the genome of LNCaP cells, which should be taken into consideration when using LNCaP cells or its derivatives as models for prostate cancer. From the analysis of several LNCaP-derived cultures and clones, we can confirm that the cell line is heterozygous for a large number of variants and that both the variant and the wild-type allele can be simultaneously expressed as mRNA. The fact that the SNVs in the E-cadherin, CDK4, Notch1, and PlexinB1 genes are absent in some of the subclones strongly indicates a degree of genetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Spans
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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174
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Targeting the EWSR1-FLI1 Oncogene-Induced Protein Kinase PKC-β Abolishes Ewing Sarcoma Growth. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4494-503. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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175
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Sutcliffe EL, Li J, Zafar A, Hardy K, Ghildyal R, McCuaig R, Norris NC, Lim PS, Milburn PJ, Casarotto MG, Denyer G, Rao S. Chromatinized Protein Kinase C-θ: Can It Escape the Clutches of NF-κB? Front Immunol 2012; 3:260. [PMID: 22969762 PMCID: PMC3428636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently provided the first description of a nuclear mechanism used by Protein Kinase C-theta (PKC-θ) to mediate T cell gene expression. In this mode, PKC-θ tethers to chromatin to form an active nuclear complex by interacting with proteins including RNA polymerase II, the histone kinase MSK-1, the demethylase LSD1, and the adaptor molecule 14-3-3ζ at regulatory regions of inducible immune response genes. Moreover, our genome-wide analysis identified many novel PKC-θ target genes and microRNAs implicated in T cell development, differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation. We have expanded our ChIP-on-chip analysis and have now identified a transcription factor motif containing NF-κB binding sites that may facilitate recruitment of PKC-θ to chromatin at coding genes. Furthermore, NF-κB association with chromatin appears to be a prerequisite for the assembly of the PKC-θ active complex. In contrast, a distinct NF-κB-containing module appears to operate at PKC-θ targeted microRNA genes, and here NF-κB negatively regulates microRNA gene transcription. Our efforts are also focusing on distinguishing between the nuclear and cytoplasmic functions of PKCs to ascertain how these kinases may synergize their roles as both cytoplasmic signaling proteins and their functions on the chromatin template, together enabling rapid induction of eukaryotic genes. We have identified an alternative sequence within PKC-θ that appears to be important for nuclear translocation of this kinase. Understanding the molecular mechanisms used by signal transduction kinases to elicit specific and distinct transcriptional programs in T cells will enable scientists to refine current therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa L Sutcliffe
- Discipline of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Serce N, Gnatzy A, Steiner S, Lorenzen H, Kirfel J, Buettner R. Elevated expression of LSD1 (Lysine-specific demethylase 1) during tumour progression from pre-invasive to invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. BMC Clin Pathol 2012; 12:13. [PMID: 22920283 PMCID: PMC3511290 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-12-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lysine-specific demethylase1 (LSD1) is a nuclear protein which belongs to the aminooxidase-enzymes playing an important role in controlling gene expression. It has also been found highly expressed in several human malignancies including breast carcinoma. Our aim was to detect LSD1 expression also in pre-invasive neoplasias of the breast. In the current study we therefore analysed LSD1 protein expression in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in comparison to invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC). Methods Using immunohistochemistry we systematically analysed LSD1 expression in low grade DCIS (n = 27), intermediate grade DCIS (n = 30), high grade DCIS (n = 31) and in invasive ductal breast cancer (n = 32). SPSS version 18.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results LSD1 was differentially expressed in DCIS and invasive ductal breast cancer. Interestingly, LSD1 was significantly overexpressed in high grade DCIS versus low grade DCIS. Differences in LSD1 expression levels were also statistically significant between low/intermediate DCIS and invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Conclusions LSD1 is also expressed in pre-invasive neoplasias of the breast. Additionally, there is a gradual increase of LSD1 expression within tumour progression from pre-invasive DCIS to invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Therefore upregulation of LSD1 may be an early tumour promoting event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuran Serce
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Annette Gnatzy
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Susanne Steiner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Henning Lorenzen
- Institute of Medical Biometrics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Reinhard Buettner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, Cologne, 50924, Germany
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177
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Singh NK, Kundumani-Sridharan V, Kumar S, Verma SK, Kotla S, Mukai H, Heckle MR, Rao GN. Protein kinase N1 is a novel substrate of NFATc1-mediated cyclin D1-CDK6 activity and modulates vascular smooth muscle cell division and migration leading to inward blood vessel wall remodeling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36291-304. [PMID: 22893700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.361220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toward understanding the mechanisms of vascular wall remodeling, here we have studied the role of NFATc1 in MCP-1-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) growth and migration and injury-induced rat aortic wall remodeling. We have identified PKN1 as a novel downstream target of NFATc1-cyclin D1/CDK6 activity in mediating vascular wall remodeling following injury. MCP-1, a potent chemoattractant protein, besides enhancing HASMC motility, also induced its growth, and these effects require NFATc1-dependent cyclin D1 expression and CDK4/6 activity. In addition, MCP-1 induced PKN1 activation in a sustained and NFATc1-cyclin D1/CDK6-dependent manner. Furthermore, PKN1 activation is required for MCP-1-induced HASMC growth and migration. Balloon injury induced PKN1 activation in NFAT-dependent manner and pharmacological or dominant negative mutant-mediated blockade of PKN1 function or siRNA-mediated down-regulation of its levels substantially suppressed balloon injury-induced smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation resulting in reduced neointima formation. These novel findings suggest that PKN1 plays a critical role in vascular wall remodeling, and therefore, it could be a promising new target for the next generation of drugs for vascular diseases, particularly restenosis following angioplasty, stent implantation, or vein grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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178
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Hoffmann I, Roatsch M, Schmitt ML, Carlino L, Pippel M, Sippl W, Jung M. The role of histone demethylases in cancer therapy. Mol Oncol 2012; 6:683-703. [PMID: 22902149 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible histone methylation has emerged in the last few years as an important mechanism of epigenetic regulation. Histone methyltransferases and demethylases have been identified as contributing factors in the development of several diseases, especially cancer. Therefore, they have been postulated to be new drug targets with high therapeutic potential. Here, we review histone demethylases with a special focus on their potential role in oncology drug discovery. We present an overview over the different classes of enzymes, their biochemistry, selected data on their role in physiology and already available inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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179
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Crea F, Sun L, Mai A, Chiang YT, Farrar WL, Danesi R, Helgason CD. The emerging role of histone lysine demethylases in prostate cancer. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:52. [PMID: 22867098 PMCID: PMC3441810 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Early prostate cancer (PCa) is generally treatable and associated with good prognosis. After a variable time, PCa evolves into a highly metastatic and treatment-refractory disease: castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Currently, few prognostic factors are available to predict the emergence of CRPC, and no curative option is available. Epigenetic gene regulation has been shown to trigger PCa metastasis and androgen-independence. Most epigenetic studies have focused on DNA and histone methyltransferases. While DNA methylation leads to gene silencing, histone methylation can trigger gene activation or inactivation, depending on the target amino acid residues and the extent of methylation (me1, me2, or me3). Interestingly, some histone modifiers are essential for PCa tumor-initiating cell (TIC) self-renewal. TICs are considered the seeds responsible for metastatic spreading and androgen-independence. Histone Lysine Demethylases (KDMs) are a novel class of epigenetic enzymes which can remove both repressive and activating histone marks. KDMs are currently grouped into 7 major classes, each one targeting a specific methylation site. Since their discovery, KDM expression has been found to be deregulated in several neoplasms. In PCa, KDMs may act as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes, depending on their gene regulatory function. For example, KDM1A and KDM4C are essential for PCa androgen-dependent proliferation, while PHF8 is involved in PCa migration and invasion. Interestingly, the possibility of pharmacologically targeting KDMs has been demonstrated. In the present paper, we summarize the emerging role of KDMs in regulating the metastatic potential and androgen-dependence of PCa. In addition, we speculate on the possible interaction between KDMs and other epigenetic effectors relevant for PCa TICs. Finally, we explore the role of KDMs as novel prognostic factors and therapeutic targets. We believe that studies on histone demethylation may add a novel perspective in our efforts to prevent and cure advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Crea
- Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 1L3.
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Janzer A, Stamm K, Becker A, Zimmer A, Buettner R, Kirfel J. The H3K4me3 histone demethylase Fbxl10 is a regulator of chemokine expression, cellular morphology, and the metabolome of fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30984-92. [PMID: 22825849 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.341040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fbxl10 (Jhdm1b/Kdm2b) is a conserved and ubiquitously expressed member of the JHDM (JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase) family. Fbxl10 was implicated in the demethylation of H3K4me3 or H3K36me2 thereby removing active chromatin marks and inhibiting gene transcription. Apart from the JmjC domain, Fbxl10 consists of a CxxC domain, a PHD domain, and an Fbox domain. By purifying the JmjC and the PHD domain of Fbxl10 and using different approaches we were able to characterize the properties of these domains in vitro. Our results suggest that Fbxl10 is rather a H3K4me3 than a H3K36me2 histone demethylase. The PHD domain exerts a dual function in binding H3K4me3 and H3K36me2 and exhibiting E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. We generated mouse embryonic fibroblasts stably overexpressing Fbxl10. These cells reveal an increase in cell size but no changes in proliferation, mitosis, or apoptosis. Using a microarray approach we were able to identify potentially new target genes for Fbxl10 including chemokines, the noncoding RNA Xist, and proteins involved in metabolic processes. Additionally, we found that Fbxl10 is recruited to the promoters of Ccl7, Xist, Crabp2, and RipK3. Promoter occupancy by Fbxl10 was accompanied by reduced levels of H3K4me3 but unchanged levels of H3K36me2. Furthermore, knockdown of Fbxl10 using small interfering RNA approaches showed inverse regulation of Fbxl10 target genes. In summary, our data reveal a regulatory role of Fbxl10 in cell morphology, chemokine expression, and the metabolic control of fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Janzer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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181
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Phosphorylation of histone H3 Ser10 establishes a hierarchy for subsequent intramolecular modification events. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:819-23. [PMID: 22796964 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of Ser10 of histone H3 regulates chromosome condensation and transcriptional activity. Using time-resolved, high-resolution NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrate that histone H3 Ser10 phosphorylation inhibits checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1)- and protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated modification of Thr11 and Thr6, the respective primary substrate sites of these kinases. On unmodified H3, both enzymes also target Ser10 and thereby establish autoinhibitory feedback states on individual H3 tails. Whereas phosphorylated Ser10 does not affect acetylation of Lys14 by Gcn5, phosphorylated Thr11 impedes acetylation. Our observations reveal mechanistic hierarchies of H3 phosphorylation and acetylation events and provide a framework for intramolecular modification cross-talk within the N terminus of histone H3.
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182
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Williams JS, Chamarthi B, Goodarzi MO, Pojoga LH, Sun B, Garza AE, Raby BA, Adler GK, Hopkins PN, Brown NJ, Jeunemaitre X, Ferri C, Fang R, Leonor T, Cui J, Guo X, Taylor KD, Chen YDI, Xiang A, Raffel LJ, Buchanan TA, Rotter JI, Williams GH, Shi Y. Lysine-specific demethylase 1: an epigenetic regulator of salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25:812-7. [PMID: 22534796 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2012.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension (HTN) represents a complex heritable disease in which environmental factors may directly affect gene function via epigenetic mechanisms. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that dietary salt influences the activity of a histone-modifying enzyme, lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD-1), which in turn is associated with salt-sensitivity of blood pressure (BP). METHODS Animal and human studies were performed. Salt-sensitivity of LSD-1 expression was assessed in wild-type (WT) and LSD-1 heterozygote knockout (LSD-1(+/-)) mice. Clinical relevance was tested by multivariate associations between single-nuclear polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LSD-1 gene and salt-sensitivity of BP, with control of dietary sodium, in a primary African-American hypertensive cohort and two replication hypertensive cohorts (Caucasian and Mexican-American). RESULTS LSD-1 expression was modified by dietary salt in WT mice with lower levels associated with liberal salt intake. LSD-1(+/-) mice expressed lower LSD-1 protein levels than WT mice in kidney tissue. Similar to LSD-1(+/-) mice, African-American minor allele carriers of two LSD-1 SNPs displayed greater change in systolic BP (SBP) in response to change from low to liberal salt diet (rs671357, P = 0.01; rs587168, P = 0.005). This association was replicated in the Hispanic (rs587168, P = 0.04) but not the Caucasian cohort. Exploratory analyses demonstrated decreased serum aldosterone concentrations in African-American minor allele carriers similar to findings in the LSD-1(+/-) mice, decreased α-EnaC expression in LSD-1(+/-) mice, and impaired renovascular responsiveness to salt loading in minor allele carriers. CONCLUSION The results of this translational research study support a role for LSD-1 in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive HTN.
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183
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Willmann D, Lim S, Wetzel S, Metzger E, Jandausch A, Wilk W, Jung M, Forne I, Imhof A, Janzer A, Kirfel J, Waldmann H, Schüle R, Buettner R. Impairment of prostate cancer cell growth by a selective and reversible lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitor. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2704-9. [PMID: 22447389 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of histones by chromatin modifying enzymes regulate chromatin structure and gene expression. As deregulation of histone modifications contributes to cancer progression, inhibition of chromatin modifying enzymes such as histone demethylases is an attractive therapeutic strategy to impair cancer growth. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) removes mono- and dimethyl marks from lysine 4 or 9 of histone H3. LSD1 in association with the androgen receptor (AR) controls androgen-dependent gene expression and prostate tumor cell proliferation, thus highlighting LSD1 as a drug target. By combining protein structure similarity clustering and in vitro screening, we identified Namoline, a γ-pyrone, as a novel, selective and reversible LSD1 inhibitor. Namoline blocks LSD1 demethylase activity in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of LSD1 by Namoline leads to silencing of AR-regulated gene expression and severely impairs androgen-dependent proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Thus, Namoline is a novel promising starting compound for the development of therapeutics to treat androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominica Willmann
- Urologische Klinik/Frauenklinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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184
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Ruan Y, Sun L, Hao Y, Wang L, Xu J, Zhang W, Xie J, Guo L, Zhou L, Yun X, Zhu H, Shen A, Gu J. Ribosomal RACK1 promotes chemoresistance and growth in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2554-66. [PMID: 22653060 DOI: 10.1172/jci58488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated translation initiation is coupled with cell cycle progression and cell growth, whereas excessive ribosome biogenesis and translation initiation often lead to tumor transformation and survival. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most common and aggressive cancers worldwide and generally displays inherently high resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. We found that RACK1, the receptor for activated C-kinase 1, was highly expressed in normal liver and frequently upregulated in HCC. Aberrant expression of RACK1 contributed to in vitro chemoresistance as well as in vivo tumor growth of HCC. These effects depended on ribosome localization of RACK1. Ribosomal RACK1 coupled with PKCβII to promote the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), which led to preferential translation of the potent factors involved in growth and survival. Inhibition of PKCβII or depletion of eIF4E abolished RACK1-mediated chemotherapy resistance of HCC in vitro. Our results imply that RACK1 may function as an internal factor involved in the growth and survival of HCC and suggest that targeting RACK1 may be an efficacious strategy for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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185
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Kristensen LH, Nielsen AL, Helgstrand C, Lees M, Cloos P, Kastrup JS, Helin K, Olsen L, Gajhede M. Studies of H3K4me3 demethylation by KDM5B/Jarid1B/PLU1 reveals strong substrate recognition in vitro and identifies 2,4-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid as an in vitro and in cell inhibitor. FEBS J 2012; 279:1905-14. [PMID: 22420752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic methylations and demethylations of histone lysine residues are important for gene regulation and are facilitated by histone methyltransferases and histone demethylases (HDMs). KDM5B/Jarid1B/PLU1 is an H3K4me3/me2-specific lysine demethylase belonging to the JmjC domain-containing family of histone demethylases (JHDMs). Several studies have linked KDM5B to breast, prostate and skin cancer, highlighting its potential as a drug target. However, most inhibitor studies have focused on other JHDMs, and inhibitors for KDM5B remain to be explored. Here, we report the expression, purification and characterization of the catalytic core of recombinant KDM5B (ccKDM5B, residues 1-769). We show that ccKDM5B, recombinantly expressed in insect cells, demethylates H3K4me3 and H3K4me2 in vitro. The kinetic characterization showed that ccKDM5B has an apparent Michaelis constant (K(m) (app) ) value of 0.5 μm for its trimethylated substrate H3(1-15)K4me3, a considerably increased apparent substrate affinity than reported for related HDMs. Despite the presence of a PHD domain, the catalytic activity was not affected by additional methylation at the H3K9 position, suggesting that in vitro chromatin cross-talk between H3K4 and H3K9 does not occur for ccKDM5B. Inhibition studies of ccKDM5B showed both in vitro and in cell inhibition of ccKDM5B by 2,4-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (2,4-PDCA) with a potency similar to that reported for the HDM KDM4C. Structure-guided sequence alignment indicated that the binding mode of 2,4-PDCA is conserved between KDM4A/C and KDM5B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line H Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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186
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Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) synergistically repress proinflammatory cytokines and classical complement pathway components. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:665-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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187
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Köhler J, Erlenkamp G, Eberlin A, Rumpf T, Slynko I, Metzger E, Schüle R, Sippl W, Jung M. Lestaurtinib inhibits histone phosphorylation and androgen-dependent gene expression in prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34973. [PMID: 22532837 PMCID: PMC3332061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetics is defined as heritable changes in gene expression that are not based on changes in the DNA sequence. Posttranslational modification of histone proteins is a major mechanism of epigenetic regulation. The kinase PRK1 (protein kinase C related kinase 1, also known as PKN1) phosphorylates histone H3 at threonine 11 and is involved in the regulation of androgen receptor signalling. Thus, it has been identified as a novel drug target but little is known about PRK1 inhibitors and consequences of its inhibition. Methodology/Principal Finding Using a focused library screening approach, we identified the clinical candidate lestaurtinib (also known as CEP-701) as a new inhibitor of PRK1. Based on a generated 3D model of the PRK1 kinase using the homolog PKC-theta (protein kinase c theta) protein as a template, the key interaction of lestaurtinib with PRK1 was analyzed by means of molecular docking studies. Furthermore, the effects on histone H3 threonine phosphorylation and androgen-dependent gene expression was evaluated in prostate cancer cells. Conclusions/Significance Lestaurtinib inhibits PRK1 very potently in vitro and in vivo. Applied to cell culture it inhibits histone H3 threonine phosphorylation and androgen-dependent gene expression, a feature that has not been known yet. Thus our findings have implication both for understanding of the clinical activity of lestaurtinib as well as for future PRK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Köhler
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albertstrasse, Freiburg, Germany
| | - German Erlenkamp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Adrien Eberlin
- Department of Urology/Women's Hospital and Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rumpf
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albertstrasse, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inna Slynko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Eric Metzger
- Department of Urology/Women's Hospital and Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Department of Urology/Women's Hospital and Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albertstrasse, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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188
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Kim J, Yu J. Interrogating genomic and epigenomic data to understand prostate cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1825:186-96. [PMID: 22240201 PMCID: PMC3307852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Major breakthroughs at the beginning of this century in high-throughput technologies have profoundly transformed biological research. Significant knowledge has been gained regarding our biological system and its disease such as malignant transformation. In this review, we summarize leading discoveries in prostate cancer research derived from the use of high-throughput approaches powered by microarrays and massively parallel next-generation sequencing (NGS). These include the seminal discovery of chromosomal translocations such as TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions as well as the identification of critical oncogenes exemplified by the polycomb group protein EZH2. We then demonstrate the power of interrogating genomic and epigenomic data in understanding the plethora of mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. As an example, we review how androgen receptor (AR) binding events are mediated at multiple levels through protein-DNA interaction, histone and DNA modifications, as well as high-order chromatin structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Jindan Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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189
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Jääskeläinen T, Makkonen H, Visakorpi T, Kim J, Roeder RG, Palvimo JJ. Histone H2B ubiquitin ligases RNF20 and RNF40 in androgen signaling and prostate cancer cell growth. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:87-98. [PMID: 22155569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since data-mining from the Oncomine database revealed that expression of histone H2B K120 monoubiquitin (H2Bub1) ligase RNF20 is decreased in metastatic prostate cancer, we elucidated the effect of RNF20 and its homolog RNF40 on androgen receptor (AR)-dependent transcription and prostate cancer cell growth. Both RNF20 and RNF40 were able to functionally and physically interact with the AR and modulate its transcriptional activity in intact cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed that the androgen induction of FKBP51 and PSA in LNCaP prostate cancer cells is accompanied with a dynamic increase in the H2Bub1 within the transcribed regions of these loci. Interestingly, depletion of RNF20 or RNF40 strongly retarded the growth of LNCaP cells, which was however unlikely to be due to altered androgen signaling, but due to decreased expression of several cell cycle promoters. Collectively, our results suggest that RNF20 and RNF40, either via ubiquitylation of H2B or other targets, are coupled to the proliferation of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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190
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Calderon MR, Verway M, An BS, DiFeo A, Bismar TA, Ann DK, Martignetti JA, Shalom-Barak T, White JH. Ligand-dependent corepressor (LCoR) recruitment by Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) regulates expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A gene. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8662-74. [PMID: 22277651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.311605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely expressed transcriptional coregulator, ligand-dependent corepressor (LCoR), initially characterized as a regulator of nuclear receptor-mediated transactivation, functions through recruitment of C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) to its N-terminal and central domains, respectively. We performed a yeast two-hybrid screen for novel cofactors, and identified an interaction between the C-terminal domain of LCoR and the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6), a putative tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. Subsequent experiments revealed LCoR regulation of several KLF6 target genes notably p21(WAF1/CIP1) (CDKN1A) and to a lesser extent E-cadherin (CDH1), indicating that LCoR regulates gene transcription through multiple classes of transcription factors. In multiple cancer cells, LCoR and KLF6 bind together on the promoters of the genes encoding CDKN1A and CDH1. LCoR contributes to KLF6-mediated transcriptional repression in a promoter- and cell type-dependent manner. Its inhibition of reporter constructs driven by the CDKN1A and CDH1 promoters in PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells is sensitive to treatment with the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A. Additionally, the LCoR cofactor CtBP1 bound the same promoters and augmented the LCoR-dependent repression in PC-3 cells. Consistent with their inferred roles in transcriptional repression, siRNA-mediated knockdown of KLF6, LCoR, or CtBP1 in PC-3 cells induced expression of CDKN1A and CDH1 and additional KLF6 target genes. We propose a novel model of LCoR function in which promoter-bound KLF6 inhibits transcription of the CDKN1A gene and other genes as well by tethering a transcriptional corepressor complex containing LCoR, with specific contributions by CtBP1 and HDACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario R Calderon
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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191
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Lee MH, Mabb AM, Gill GB, Yeh ETH, Miyamoto S. NF-κB induction of the SUMO protease SENP2: A negative feedback loop to attenuate cell survival response to genotoxic stress. Mol Cell 2012; 43:180-91. [PMID: 21777808 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of NF-κB, pivotal for immunity and oncogenesis, is tightly controlled by multiple feedback mechanisms. In response to DNA damage, SUMOylation of NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator) is critical for NF-κB activation; however, the SUMO proteases and feedback mechanisms involved remain unknown. Here we show that among the six known Sentrin/SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs), only SENP2 can efficiently associate with NEMO, deSUMOylate NEMO, and inhibit NF-κB activation induced by DNA damage. We further show that NF-κB induces SENP2 (and SENP1) transcription selectively in response to genotoxic stimuli, which involves ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent histone methylation of SENP2 promoter κB regions and NF-κB recruitment. SENP2 null cells display biphasic NEMO SUMOylation and activation of IKK and NF-κB, and higher resistance to DNA damage-induced cell death. Our study establishes a self-attenuating feedback mechanism selective to DNA damage-induced signaling to limit NF-κB-dependent cell survival responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Hee Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6159 Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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192
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Stratmann A, Haendler B. Histone demethylation and steroid receptor function in cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:12-20. [PMID: 21958694 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptors recruit various cofactors to form multi-protein complexes which locally alter chromatin structure and control DNA accessibility in order to regulate gene transcription. Some of these factors are enzymes that add or remove histone marks in the vicinity of regulatory regions of target genes. Numerous histone modifications added by specific writer enzymes and removed by eraser enzymes have been identified. Histone methylation is a modification with a complex outcome, as it can lead to gene activation or repression, depending on the modified residue and the context. Methylation marks are added by different enzyme families displaying exquisite substrate specificity. Lysine methylation is reversible and two different demethylase families have been identified in humans, the Jumonji C and the lysine-specific demethylase families. A regulatory role of histone demethylases in fine-tuning the function of steroid receptors, especially the androgen receptor and estrogen receptor, has emerged in recent years. This is mostly inferred from in vitro studies, but more recently first in vivo data have further supported this concept. This and the deregulated expression observed for several histone demethylases suggest a role in tumours such as prostate and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Stratmann
- Therapeutic Research Group Oncology/Gynecological Therapies and Global Biomarker, Bayer Pharma AG, Bayer HealthCare, D-13342 Berlin, Germany
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193
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Pawlak M, Lefebvre P, Staels B. General molecular biology and architecture of nuclear receptors. Curr Top Med Chem 2012; 12:486-504. [PMID: 22242852 PMCID: PMC3637177 DOI: 10.2174/156802612799436641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate and coordinate multiple processes by integrating internal and external signals, thereby maintaining homeostasis in front of nutritional, behavioral and environmental challenges. NRs exhibit strong similarities in their structure and mode of action: by selective transcriptional activation or repression of cognate target genes, which can either be controlled through a direct, DNA binding-dependent mechanism or through crosstalk with other transcriptional regulators, NRs modulate the expression of gene clusters thus achieving coordinated tissue responses. Additionally, non genomic effects of NR ligands appear mediated by ill-defined mechanisms at the plasma membrane. These effects mediate potential therapeutic effects as small lipophilic molecule targets, and many efforts have been put in elucidating their precise mechanism of action and pathophysiological roles. Currently, numerous nuclear receptor ligand analogs are used in therapy or are tested in clinical trials against various diseases such as hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes, allergies and cancer and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pawlak
- Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète
INSERM : U1011Institut Pasteur de LilleUniversité Lille II - Droit et santé1 rue du Prof Calmette 59019 Lille Cedex,FR
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète
INSERM : U1011Institut Pasteur de LilleUniversité Lille II - Droit et santé1 rue du Prof Calmette 59019 Lille Cedex,FR
| | - Bart Staels
- Récepteurs nucléaires, maladies cardiovasculaires et diabète
INSERM : U1011Institut Pasteur de LilleUniversité Lille II - Droit et santé1 rue du Prof Calmette 59019 Lille Cedex,FR
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194
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Kovar H, Alonso J, Aman P, Aryee DNT, Ban J, Burchill SA, Burdach S, De Alava E, Delattre O, Dirksen U, Fourtouna A, Fulda S, Helman LJ, Herrero-Martin D, Hogendoorn PCW, Kontny U, Lawlor ER, Lessnick SL, Llombart-Bosch A, Metzler M, Moriggl R, Niedan S, Potratz J, Redini F, Richter GHS, Riedmann LT, Rossig C, Schäfer BW, Schwentner R, Scotlandi K, Sorensen PH, Staege MS, Tirode F, Toretsky J, Ventura S, Eggert A, Ladenstein R. The first European interdisciplinary ewing sarcoma research summit. Front Oncol 2012; 2:54. [PMID: 22662320 PMCID: PMC3361960 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Network for Cancer Research in Children and Adolescents (ENCCA) provides an interaction platform for stakeholders in research and care of children with cancer. Among ENCCA objectives is the establishment of biology-based prioritization mechanisms for the selection of innovative targets, drugs, and prognostic markers for validation in clinical trials. Specifically for sarcomas, there is a burning need for novel treatment options, since current chemotherapeutic treatment protocols have met their limits. This is most obvious for metastatic Ewing sarcoma (ES), where long term survival rates are still below 20%. Despite significant progress in our understanding of ES biology, clinical translation of promising laboratory results has not yet taken place due to fragmentation of research and lack of an institutionalized discussion forum. To fill this gap, ENCCA assembled 30 European expert scientists and five North American opinion leaders in December 2011 to exchange thoughts and discuss the state of the art in ES research and latest results from the bench, and to propose biological studies and novel promising therapeutics for the upcoming European EWING2008 and EWING2012 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Kovar
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical UniversityVienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Heinrich Kovar, Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung and Medical University, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria. e-mail:
| | - Javier Alonso
- Unidad de Tumores Sólidos Infantiles, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMajadahonda, Spain
| | - Pierre Aman
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dave N. T. Aryee
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical UniversityVienna, Austria
| | - Jozef Ban
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Burdach
- Children’s Cancer Research Center and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Enrique De Alava
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Cancer Research Center-IBMCC, University of Salamanca-CSICSalamanca, Spain
| | - Olivier Delattre
- INSERM, U830 Génétique et Biologie des CancersInstitut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Uta Dirksen
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Argyro Fourtouna
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lee J. Helman
- Molecular Oncology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Herrero-Martin
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | | | - Udo Kontny
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s HospitalFreiburg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth R. Lawlor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Oncological Sciences, Center for Children’s Cancer Research at Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer ResearchVienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Niedan
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | - Jenny Potratz
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Françoise Redini
- INSERM, UMR 957, LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives EA3822Nantes, France
| | - Günther H. S. Richter
- Children’s Cancer Research Center and Roman Herzog Comprehensive Cancer Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Lucia T. Riedmann
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Beat W. Schäfer
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s HospitalZurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphaela Schwentner
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli InstituteBologna, Italy
| | - Poul H. Sorensen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research CentreVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin S. Staege
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Centre, Martin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Franck Tirode
- INSERM, U830 Génétique et Biologie des CancersInstitut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey Toretsky
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown UniversityWashington, DC, USA
| | - Selena Ventura
- Department of Oncology, University Children’s HospitalZurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children’s HospitalEssen, Germany
| | - Ruth Ladenstein
- Children’s Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna KinderkrebsforschungVienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical UniversityVienna, Austria
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195
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Substitutions in the amino-terminal tail of neurospora histone H3 have varied effects on DNA methylation. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002423. [PMID: 22242002 PMCID: PMC3248561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes are partitioned into active and inactive domains called euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. In Neurospora crassa, heterochromatin formation requires methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9) by the SET domain protein DIM-5. Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) reads this mark and directly recruits the DNA methyltransferase, DIM-2. An ectopic H3 gene carrying a substitution at K9 (hH3K9L or hH3K9R) causes global loss of DNA methylation in the presence of wild-type hH3 (hH3WT). We investigated whether other residues in the N-terminal tail of H3 are important for methylation of DNA and of H3K9. Mutations in the N-terminal tail of H3 were generated and tested for effects in vitro and in vivo, in the presence or absence of the wild-type allele. Substitutions at K4, K9, T11, G12, G13, K14, K27, S28, and K36 were lethal in the absence of a wild-type allele. In contrast, mutants bearing substitutions of R2, A7, R8, S10, A15, P16, R17, K18, and K23 were viable. The effect of substitutions on DNA methylation were variable; some were recessive and others caused a semi-dominant loss of DNA methylation. Substitutions of R2, A7, R8, S10, T11, G12, G13, K14, and P16 caused partial or complete loss of DNA methylation in vivo. Only residues R8-G12 were required for DIM-5 activity in vitro. DIM-5 activity was inhibited by dimethylation of H3K4 and by phosphorylation of H3S10, but not by acetylation of H3K14. We conclude that the H3 tail acts as an integrating platform for signals that influence DNA methylation, in part through methylation of H3K9. DNA methylation is a common feature of eukaryotic genomes. Methylation is typically associated with silenced chromosomal domains and is essential for development of plants and animals. Although the control of DNA methylation is not well understood, recent findings with model organisms, including the fungus Neurospora crassa, revealed connections between modifications of histones and DNA. DNA methylation is dispensable in Neurospora, facilitating genetic studies. Isolation of mutants defective in DNA methylation revealed that a histone H3 methyltransferase, DIM-5, is required for DNA methylation. DIM-5 trimethylates H3K9, which is then recognized by Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1), which recruits the DNA methyltransferase DIM-2. We investigated the possibility that H3 provides a platform to integrate information relevant to whether the associated DNA should be methylated. Indeed, we found that DIM-5 is sensitive to methylation of H3K4 and phosphorylation of H3S10. Our analyses further revealed that H3K14 is critical in vivo, but not because acetyl-K14 inhibits DIM-5. We also found that H3R2 is essential for DNA methylation in vivo but not important for DIM-5 activity. Interestingly, we found H3 mutants that show recessive defects in DNA methylation and others with dominant effects. We also defined a set of H3 mutations that are lethal.
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196
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Wang C, Caron M, Burdick D, Kang Z, Auld D, Hill WA, Padrós J, Zhang JH. A sensitive, homogeneous, and high-throughput assay for lysine-specific histone demethylases at the H3K4 site. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2011; 10:179-86. [PMID: 22192306 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2011.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation is a regulated feature of nucleosomes that can have an impact on gene expression. The methylation state of histone residues has also been found in recent years to be associated with various disorders. Tools for detecting methylation state changes are very useful for dissecting the function of these epigenetic marks. In this work, a sensitive homogeneous assay for histone demethylase activity at the H3K4 site has been developed in a time-resolved fluorescent resonance energy transfer assay format. The assay is based on the detection of the unmethylated H3 peptide by a fluorescent europium-chelate labeled monoclonal antibody binding specifically to the H3K4 site. The assay was validated for histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 and was demonstrated to be a suitable assay for inhibitor profiling and high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Wang
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Lead Finding Platform, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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197
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Nicholson TB, Su H, Hevi S, Wang J, Bajko J, Li M, Valdez R, Loureiro J, Cheng X, Li E, Kinzel B, Labow M, Chen T. Defective heart development in hypomorphic LSD1 mice. Cell Res 2011:cr2011194. [PMID: 22143567 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/AOF2/KDM1A), the first enzyme with specific lysine demethylase activity to be described, demethylates histone and non-histone proteins and is essential for mouse embryogenesis. LSD1 interacts with numerous proteins through several different domains, most notably the tower domain, an extended helical structure that protrudes from the core of the protein. While there is evidence that LSD1-interacting proteins regulate the activity and specificity of LSD1, the significance and roles of such interactions in developmental processes remain largely unknown. Here we describe a hypomorphic LSD1 allele that contains two point mutations in the tower domain, resulting in a protein with reduced interaction with known binding partners and decreased enzymatic activity. Mice homozygous for this allele die perinatally due to heart defects, with the majority of animals suffering from ventricular septal defects. Transcriptional profiling revealed altered expression of a limited subset of genes in the hearts. This includes an increase in calmodulin kinase (CK) 2β, the regulatory subunit of the CK2 kinase, which correlates with E-cadherin hyperphosphorylation. These results identify a previously unknown role for LSD1 in heart development, perhaps partly through the control of E-cadherin phosphorylation.Cell Research advance online publication 6 December 2011; doi:10.1038/cr.2011.194.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Nicholson
- 1] Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [2] Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hui Su
- 1] Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [2] Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sarah Hevi
- 1] Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [2] Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeff Bajko
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mei Li
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Reginald Valdez
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph Loureiro
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - En Li
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bernd Kinzel
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG Forum 1 Novartis Campus CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Labow
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Taiping Chen
- 1] Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [2] Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [3] Current address: Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
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198
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Cohen I, Poręba E, Kamieniarz K, Schneider R. Histone modifiers in cancer: friends or foes? Genes Cancer 2011; 2:631-47. [PMID: 21941619 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911417176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modifications of histones can regulate all DNA-dependent processes. In the last few years, it has become more and more evident that histone modifications are key players in the regulation of chromatin states and dynamics as well as in gene expression. Therefore, histone modifications and the enzymatic machineries that set them are crucial regulators that can control cellular proliferation, differentiation, plasticity, and malignancy processes. This review discusses the biology and biochemistry of covalent histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and evaluates the dual role of their modifiers in cancer: as oncogenes that can initiate and amplify tumorigenesis or as tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Cohen
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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199
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Rotili D, Mai A. Targeting Histone Demethylases: A New Avenue for the Fight against Cancer. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:663-79. [PMID: 21941621 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911417976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to genetic disorders, epigenetic alterations have been shown to be involved in cancer, through misregulation of histone modifications. Miswriting, misreading, and mis-erasing of histone acetylation as well as methylation marks can be actually associated with oncogenesis and tumor proliferation. Historically, methylation of Arg and Lys residues has been considered a stable, irreversible process due to the slow turnover of methyl groups in chromatin. The discovery in recent years of a large number of histone Lys demethylases (KDMs, belonging to either the amino oxidase or the JmjC family) totally changed this point of view and suggested a new role for dynamic histone methylation in biological processes. Since overexpression, alteration, or mutation of a number of KDMs has been found in many types of cancers, such enzymes could represent diagnostic tools as well as epigenetic targets to modulate for obtaining novel therapeutic weapons against cancer. The first little steps in this direction are described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Rotili
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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200
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Villar-Garea A, Forne I, Vetter I, Kremmer E, Thomae A, Imhof A. Developmental regulation of N-terminal H2B methylation in Drosophila melanogaster. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:1536-49. [PMID: 22053083 PMCID: PMC3287205 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications play an important role in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression in vivo. Extensive studies investigated the post-translational modifications of the core histones H3 and H4 or the linker histone H1. Much less is known on the regulation of H2A and H2B modifications. Here, we show that a major modification of H2B in Drosophila melanogaster is the methylation of the N-terminal proline, which increases during fly development. Experiments performed in cultured cells revealed higher levels of H2B methylation when cells are dense, regardless of their cell cycle distribution. We identified dNTMT (CG1675) as the enzyme responsible for H2B methylation. We also found that the level of N-terminal methylation is regulated by dART8, an arginine methyltransferase that physically interacts with dNTMT and asymmetrically methylates H3R2. Our results demonstrate the existence of a complex containing two methyltransferases enzymes, which negatively influence each other's activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villar-Garea
- Munich Center of Integrated Protein Science and Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
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