151
|
Asaki T, Sugiyama Y, Hamamoto T, Higashioka M, Umehara M, Naito H, Niwa T. Design and synthesis of 3-substituted benzamide derivatives as Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1421-5. [PMID: 16332440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-substituted benzamide derivatives structurally related to STI-571 (imatinib mesylate), a Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), was prepared and evaluated for antiproliferative activity against the Bcr-Abl-positive leukemia cell line K562. About ten 3-halogenated and 3-trifluoromethylated benzamide derivatives were identified as highly potent Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors. One of these, NS-187 (9b), is a promising new candidate Bcr-Abl inhibitor for the therapy of STI-571-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Asaki
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Nippon Shinyaku Co, Ltd, 14 Nishinosho-Monguchi-Cho, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8550, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Thomas M, Greil J, Heidenreich O. Targeting leukemic fusion proteins with small interfering RNAs: recent advances and therapeutic potentials. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:273-81. [PMID: 16490161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference has become an indispensable research tool to study gene functions in a wide variety of organisms. Because of their high efficacy and specificity, RNA interference-based approaches may also translate into new therapeutic strategies to treat human diseases. In particular, oncogenes such as leukemic fusion proteins, which arise from chromosomal translocations, are promising targets for such gene silencing approaches, because they are exclusively expressed in precancerous and cancerous tissues, and because they are frequently indispensable for maintaining the malignant phenotype. This review summarizes recent developments in targeting leukemia-specific genes and discusses problems and approaches for possible clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
Nakata Y, Tomkowicz B, Gewirtz AM, Ptasznik A. Integrin inhibition through Lyn-dependent cross talk from CXCR4 chemokine receptors in normal human CD34+ marrow cells. Blood 2006; 107:4234-9. [PMID: 16467205 PMCID: PMC1895784 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the effects of Lyn ablation on CXCR4 receptor-mediated migration and adhesion of hematopoietic precursors. Down-regulation of Lyn expression with siRNA greatly reduced CXCR4-dependent hematopoietic cell movement, and increased cell adherence to stroma. This increase was associated with the up-regulated expression of activation-dependent epitopes of the beta(2) integrin LFA-1 and was prevented by antibodies that selectively block cell adhesion mediated by ICAM-1. Attachment to surfaces coated with ICAM-1 was also enhanced in Lyn-depleted hematopoietic cells, as compared with Lyn-expressing cells. Functional rescue experiments with Lyn siRNA targeting the 3' UTR indicated that the observed effects can be attributed directly to specific inhibition of Lyn. Our results show that in chemokine-stimulated hematopoietic cells Lyn kinase is a positive regulator of cell movement while negatively regulating adhesion to stromal cells by inhibiting the ICAM-1-binding activity of beta(2) integrins. These results provide a molecular mechanism for cross talk between the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and beta(2) integrins. This cross talk may allow chemokine receptors to modulate the arrest of rolling hematopoietic precursors on the surface of bone marrow stromal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakata
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
154
|
Hendriks RW, Kersseboom R. Involvement of SLP-65 and Btk in tumor suppression and malignant transformation of pre-B cells. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:67-76. [PMID: 16300960 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signals from the precursor-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) are essential for selection and clonal expansion of pre-B cells that have performed productive immunoglobulin heavy chain V(D)J recombination. In the mouse, the downstream signaling molecules SLP-65 and Btk cooperate to limit proliferation and induce differentiation of pre-B cells, thereby acting as tumor suppressors to prevent pre-B cell leukemia. In contrast, recent observations in human BCR-ABL1(+) pre-B lymphoblastic leukemia cells demonstrate that Btk is constitutively phosphorylated and activated by the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. As a result, activated Btk transmits survival signals that are essential for the transforming activity of oncogenic Abl tyrosine kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Sengupta A, Banerjee D, Chandra S, Banerjee S. Gene therapy for BCR-ABL+ human CML with dual phosphorylation resistant p27Kip1 and stable RNA interference using an EBV vector. J Gene Med 2006; 8:1251-61. [PMID: 16952195 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BCR-ABL-mediated chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) CD34(+) cell proliferation mostly depends on the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. The ubiquitin-ligase SCF(Skp2) promotes degradation of phosphorylated p27 at T187 in the nucleus, resulting in G1/S progression of the cells. On the other hand, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-directed T157 nuclear localization signal (NLS) phosphorylation results in cytoplasmic sequestration of p27, leading to abnormal integrin-mediated proliferation of CD34(+) CML cells. METHODS We demonstrate the generation of an engineered Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) vector with a BAC backbone that has the unique capacity to carry doubly modified (DM) p27 (i.e. T187A, T157A p27) along with the BCR-ABL siRNA expression construct. The HSV-tk suicide gene has also been incorporated in the same vector, which promotes apoptosis in a BCR-ABL-independent pathway. RESULTS Expression of DM p27 markedly inhibits proliferation of BCR-ABL(+) primary human CML cells. Moreover, DM p27 strongly inhibits the growth of imatinib-resistant CML cells, compared to the T157A p27 (SM p27). The CML growth inhibition is found to be the result of significant G1/S arrest with concomitant increase in hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma (Rb). Moreover, the EBV vector mediated stable RNA interference induces apoptosis in K562 cells and reduces myeloid colony forming units. CONCLUSIONS We therefore propose a multi-gene delivery strategy for BCR-ABL(+) CML cells by targeting not only the fusion transcript, but also the downstream signaling, to overcome drug resistance in the acute phase of CML.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzamides
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- G1 Phase
- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide
- Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/chemical synthesis
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Models, Biological
- Phosphorylation
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Point Mutation
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/chemical synthesis
- Retinoblastoma/metabolism
- S Phase
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Sengupta
- Structural Genomics Section & Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata 700 064, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Abstract
Abnormal gene expression is a hallmark of many diseases. Gene-specific downregulation of aberrant genes could be useful therapeutically and potentially less toxic than conventional therapies due its specificity. Over the years, many strategies have been proposed for silencing gene expression in a gene-specific manner. Three major approaches are antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ONs), ribozymes/DNAzymes, and RNA interference (RNAi). In this brief review, we will discuss the successes and shortcomings of these three gene-silencing methods, and the approaches being taken to improve the effectiveness of antisense molecules. We will also provide an overview of some of the clinical applications of antisense therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kalota
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Kimura S, Naito H, Segawa H, Kuroda J, Yuasa T, Sato K, Yokota A, Kamitsuji Y, Kawata E, Ashihara E, Nakaya Y, Naruoka H, Wakayama T, Nasu K, Asaki T, Niwa T, Hirabayashi K, Maekawa T. NS-187, a potent and selective dual Bcr-Abl/Lyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a novel agent for imatinib-resistant leukemia. Blood 2005; 106:3948-54. [PMID: 16105974 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate has improved the treatment of breakpoint cluster region–Abl (Bcr-Abl)–positive leukemia, resistance is often reported in patients with advanced-stage disease. Although several Src inhibitors are more effective than imatinib and simultaneously inhibit Lyn, whose overexpression is associated with imatinib resistance, these inhibitors are less specific than imatinib. We have identified a specific dual Abl-Lyn inhibitor, NS-187 (elsewhere described as CNS-9), which is 25 to 55 times more potent than imatinib in vitro. NS-187 is also at least 10 times as effective as imatinib in suppressing the growth of Bcr-Abl–bearing tumors and markedly extends the survival of mice bearing such tumors. The inhibitory effect of NS-187 extends to 12 of 13 Bcr-Abl proteins with mutations in their kinase domain but not to T315I. NS-187 also inhibits Lyn without affecting the phosphorylation of Src, Blk, or Yes. These results suggest that NS-187 may be a potentially valuable novel agent to combat imatinib-resistant Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kimura
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
159
|
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a method for silencing gene expression. It is relatively gene-specific, potent, and minimally toxic. For these reasons, RNAi holds great promise for the treatment of haematological malignancies. Much has already been learned about RNAi in the laboratory, although many fundamental questions about its mechanisms remain to be elucidated. For human trials, major hurdles to be overcome include the induction of a nonspecific immune response to RNAi, the selection of the most appropriate targets, the design of more specific molecules, and the assurance of efficient delivery and safety in patients. Translational research efforts are currently well on their way to solving these problems, and will be reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O Hexner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Cools J, Maertens C, Marynen P. Resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors: calling on extra forces. Drug Resist Updat 2005; 8:119-29. [PMID: 15869901 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 5 years, small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been successfully introduced as new cancer therapeutics. The pioneering work with the ABL inhibitor imatinib (Glivec, Gleevec) was rapidly extended to other types of leukemias as well as solid tumors, which stimulated the development of a variety of new tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Unfortunately, oncogenic tyrosine kinases seem to have little problem to develop resistance to these inhibitors, and there is good evidence that this is not limited to imatinib, but also occurs with other inhibitors, such as FLT3 and EGFR inhibitors. Based on studies with imatinib, mutation and amplification of the target kinase seem to be the most important mechanisms for the development of resistance, but these mechanisms alone cannot explain all cases of resistance. A better understanding of the resistance mechanisms will be required to design improved treatment strategies in the future. In this review, we summarize the current insights in the different mechanisms of resistance to small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and discuss future improvements that might limit or even overcome resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cools
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Mocellin S, Costa R, Nitti D. RNA interference: ready to silence cancer? J Mol Med (Berl) 2005; 84:4-15. [PMID: 16283143 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-005-0709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is considered the most promising functional genomics tool recently developed. As in other medical fields, this biotechnology might revolutionize the approach to dissecting the biology of cancer, ultimately speeding up the discovery pace of novel targets suitable for molecularly tailored antitumor therapies. In addition, preclinical results suggest that RNAi itself might be used as a therapeutic weapon. With the aim of illustrating not only the potentials but also the current limitations of RNAi as a tool in the fight against cancer, here we summarize the physiology of RNAi, discuss the main technical issues of RNAi-based gene silencing, and review some of the most interesting preclinical results obtained so far with its implementation in the field of oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mocellin
- Department of Oncological and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Chu CL, Lowell CA. The Lyn tyrosine kinase differentially regulates dendritic cell generation and maturation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2880-9. [PMID: 16116174 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Src family kinase Lyn plays both stimulatory and inhibitory roles in hemopoietic cells. In this report we provide evidence that Lyn is involved in dendritic cell (DC) generation and maturation. Loss of Lyn promoted DC expansion in vitro from bone marrow precursors due to enhanced generation and accelerated differentiation of Lyn-deficient DC progenitors. Differentiated Lyn-deficient DCs also had a higher survival rate. Similarly, the CD11c-positive cell number was increased in aged Lyn-deficient mice in vivo. In contrast to their enhanced generation, lyn-/- DCs failed to mature appropriately in response to innate stimuli, resulting in DCs with lower levels of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules. In addition, IL-12 production and Ag-specific T cell activation were reduced in lyn-/- DCs after maturation, resulting in impaired Th1 responses. This is the first study to characterize Lyn-deficient DCs. Our results suggest that Lyn kinase plays uniquely negative and positive regulatory roles in DC generation and maturation, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Liang Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0134, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
163
|
Cho YJ, Zhang B, Kaartinen V, Haataja L, de Curtis I, Groffen J, Heisterkamp N. Generation of rac3 null mutant mice: role of Rac3 in Bcr/Abl-caused lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:5777-85. [PMID: 15964830 PMCID: PMC1157002 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.13.5777-5785.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies indirectly implicate Rac GTPases in cancer. To investigate if Rac3 contributes to normal or malignant cell function, we generated rac3 null mutants through gene targeting. These mice were viable, fertile, and lacked an obvious external phenotype. This shows Rac3 function is dispensable for embryonic development. Bcr/Abl is a deregulated tyrosine kinase that causes chronic myelogenous leukemia and Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in humans. Vav1, a hematopoiesis-specific exchange factor for Rac, was constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in primary lymphomas from Bcr/Abl P190 transgenic mice, suggesting inappropriate Rac activation. rac3 is expressed in these malignant hematopoietic cells. Using lysates from BCR/ABL transgenic mice that express or lack rac3, we detected the presence of activated Rac3 but not Rac1 or Rac2 in the malignant precursor B-lineage lymphoblasts. In addition, in female P190 BCR/ABL transgenic mice, lack of rac3 was associated with a longer average survival. These data are the first to directly show a stimulatory role for Rac in leukemia in vivo. Moreover, our data suggest that interference with Rac3 activity, for example, by using geranyl-geranyltransferase inhibitors, may provide a positive clinical benefit for patients with Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Cho
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Division of Hematology/Oncology Ms#54, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Marley SB, Gordon MY. Chronic myeloid leukaemia: stem cell derived but progenitor cell driven. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 109:13-25. [PMID: 15966868 DOI: 10.1042/cs20040336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biology of CML (chronic myeloid leukaemia) has been extensively investigated as the disease is a paradigm of neoplasms induced when a translocation results in expression of a novel fusion protein, in this instance p210(BCR-ABL). Although CML manifests itself principally as unregulated expansion of the myeloid lineage, the lesion is present in the stem cell population and it has long been assumed that disregulated stem cell kinetics must underlie the basic pathology of the disease. In this review, we present evidence that, in normal haemopoiesis, less primitive precursor cells retain considerable flexibility in their capacity to undergo self-renewal, allowing them to maintain lineage-specific homoeostasis without inflicting proliferative stress upon the stem cell population. This mechanism is dysregulated in CML and we have developed a self-renewal assay for CFU-GM (colony-forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage) which demonstrates that, in CML, the PI (proliferative index) of the myeloid progenitor cell population is increased. The ability to measure the PI as an endpoint of p210(BCR-ABL) expression gives considerable versatility to the in vitro investigation of putative therapeutic regimes in CML.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Benzamides
- Cell Proliferation
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Marley
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, DuCane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
O'Hare T, Walters DK, Stoffregen EP, Jia T, Manley PW, Mestan J, Cowan-Jacob SW, Lee FY, Heinrich MC, Deininger MWN, Druker BJ. In vitro activity of Bcr-Abl inhibitors AMN107 and BMS-354825 against clinically relevant imatinib-resistant Abl kinase domain mutants. Cancer Res 2005; 65:4500-5. [PMID: 15930265 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib, a Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a highly effective therapy for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Despite durable responses in most chronic phase patients, relapses have been observed and are much more prevalent in patients with advanced disease. The most common mechanism of acquired imatinib resistance has been traced to Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations with decreased imatinib sensitivity. Thus, alternate Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors that have activity against imatinib-resistant mutants would be useful for patients who relapse on imatinib therapy. Two such Bcr-Abl inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinical trials: the improved potency, selective Abl inhibitor AMN107 and the highly potent dual Src/Abl inhibitor BMS-354825. In the current article, we compared imatinib, AMN107, and BMS-354825 in cellular and biochemical assays against a panel of 16 kinase domain mutants representing >90% of clinical isolates. We report that AMN107 and BMS-354825 are 20-fold and 325-fold more potent than imatinib against cells expressing wild-type Bcr-Abl and that similar improvements are maintained for all imatinib-resistant mutants tested, with the exception of T315I. Thus, both inhibitors hold promise for treating imatinib-refractory CML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O'Hare
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University Cancer Institute, Portland 97239, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Withey JME, Marley SB, Kaeda J, Harvey AJ, Crompton MR, Gordon MY. Targeting primary human leukaemia cells with RNA interference: Bcr-Abl targeting inhibits myeloid progenitor self-renewal in chronic myeloid leukaemia cells. Br J Haematol 2005; 129:377-80. [PMID: 15842662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated functional outcome of challenging primary chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) cells with Bcr-Abl fusion sequence-directed RNA interference (RNAi). We targeted the Bcr-Abl b3a2 variant, by RNAi, in primary chronic phase CML cells, and detected strikingly reduced proliferation of myeloid precursor cells expressing this variant. Lack of an effect in cells expressing a distinct Bcr-Abl variant confirmed the specificity of the response. Through the functional targeting of an oncogene in primary human tumour cells, we have demonstrated that Bcr-Abl enhances CML progenitor cell amplification, and that RNAi may be suitable for development as a specific anti-leukaemia treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane M E Withey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
167
|
Abstract
Imatinib, a potent inhibitor of the oncogenic tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL, has shown remarkable clinical activity in patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). However, this drug does not completely eradicate BCR-ABL-expressing cells from the body, and resistance to imatinib emerges. Although BCR-ABL remains an attractive therapeutic target, it is important to identify other components involved in CML pathogenesis to overcome this resistance. What have clinical trials of imatinib and studies using mouse models for BCR-ABL leukaemogenesis taught us about the functions of BCR-ABL beyond its kinase activity, and how these functions contribute to CML pathogenesis?
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzamides
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, abl
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Mice
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruibao Ren
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, MS029, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
De Keersmaecker K, Graux C, Odero MD, Mentens N, Somers R, Maertens J, Wlodarska I, Vandenberghe P, Hagemeijer A, Marynen P, Cools J. Fusion of EML1 to ABL1 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with cryptic t(9;14)(q34;q32). Blood 2005; 105:4849-52. [PMID: 15713800 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-12-4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCR-ABL1 fusion kinase is frequently associated with chronic myeloid leukemia and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia but is rare in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). We recently identified NUP214-ABL1 as a variant ABL1 fusion gene in 6% of T-ALL patients. Here we describe the identification of another ABL1 fusion, EML1-ABL1, in a T-ALL patient with a cryptic t(9;14)(q34;q32) associated with deletion of CDKN2A (p16) and expression of TLX1 (HOX11). Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 1-Abelson 1 (EML1-ABL1) is a constitutively phosphorylated tyrosine kinase that transforms Ba/F3 cells to growth factor-independent growth through activation of survival and proliferation pathways, including extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2), signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (Stat5), and Lyn kinase. Deletion of the coiled-coil domain of EML1 abrogated the transforming properties of the fusion kinase. EML1-ABL1 and breakpoint cluster region (BCR)-ABL1 were equally sensitive to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib. These data further demonstrate the involvement of ABL1 fusions in the pathogenesis of T-ALL and identify EML1-ABL1 as a novel therapeutic target of imatinib.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Base Sequence
- Benzamides
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cell Survival
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/chemistry
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, abl
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, T-Cell/pathology
- Microtubules/metabolism
- Milk Proteins/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Open Reading Frames
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Retroviridae
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim De Keersmaecker
- Department of Human Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Abstract
The identification of the cellular targets of small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors is a significant hurdle to assessing their therapeutic potential for many diseases. Here we review several biochemical and genetics-based approaches to identifying inhibitor targets. We also describe a chemical-genomics approach to kinase-inhibitor target identification and validation that matches transcriptional signatures elicited by a drug of unknown specificity and those elicited by highly specific pharmacological inhibition of engineered candidate kinase targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kung
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Gumireddy K, Baker SJ, Cosenza SC, John P, Kang AD, Robell KA, Reddy MVR, Reddy EP. A non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of BCR-ABL overrides imatinib resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:1992-7. [PMID: 15677719 PMCID: PMC546016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0408283102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Imatinib, which is an inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, has been a remarkable success for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myelogenous leukemias (CMLs). However, a significant proportion of patients chronically treated with imatinib develop resistance because of the acquisition of mutations in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL. Mutations occur at residues directly implicated in imatinib binding or, more commonly, at residues important for the ability of the kinase to adopt the specific closed (inactive) conformation to which imatinib binds. In our quest to develop new BCR-ABL inhibitors, we chose to target regions outside the ATP-binding site of this enzyme because these compounds offer the potential to be unaffected by mutations that make CML cells resistant to imatinib. Here we describe the activity of one compound, ON012380, that can specifically inhibit BCR-ABL and induce cell death of Ph+ CML cells at a concentration of <10 nM. Kinetic studies demonstrate that this compound is not ATP-competitive but is substrate-competitive and works synergistically with imatinib in wild-type BCR-ABL inhibition. More importantly, ON012380 was found to induce apoptosis of all of the known imatinib-resistant mutants at concentrations of <10 nM concentration in vitro and cause regression of leukemias induced by i.v. injection of 32Dcl3 cells expressing the imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL isoform T315I. Daily i.v. dosing for up to 3 weeks with a >100 mg/kg concentration of this agent is well tolerated in rodents, without any hematotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiranmai Gumireddy
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
171
|
Park GB, Kim MJ, Vasileva EA, Mishchenko NP, Fedoreyev SA, Stonik VA, Han J, Lee HS, Kim D, Jeong JY. Comparison of two-stage epidermal carcinogenesis initiated by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in newborn and adult SENCAR and BALB/c mice. Cancer Res 1981; 17:md17090526. [PMID: 31505769 PMCID: PMC6780187 DOI: 10.3390/md17090526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to define factors which determine susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis, mice sensitive (SENCAR) and resistant (BALB/c) to epidermal carcinogenesis were studied under several treatment conditions for sensitivity to initiation by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. In newborns of both strains, topical application of initiator was much less effective than in adults. However, initiation by i.p. injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene is at least as effective in newborns as in adults, which may indicate that topically applied carcinogen is not delivered effectively to target cells in newborns. Thus, newborn epidermis can respond to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene as well as adult epidermis when the initiator is appropriately administered. SENCAR mice are much more sensitive than are BALB/c mice to both initiators, which suggests that enhanced metabolic activation of hydrocarbon carcinogens by SENCAR mice is unlikely to account for their sensitivity. Newborn male SENCAR's developed approximately 50% more papillomas than did females in all groups. BALB/c newborn mice developed so few tumors that a meaningful comparison of sensitivity of males and females could not be made. Thus, the increased sensitivity of SENCAR's was apparent regardless of route of administration of initiator or the age or sex of the mice. SENCAR mice also developed a significant number of papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate promotion in the absence of an exogenous initiator. Therefore, the skin of SENCAR mice may contain an initiated population of cells capable of responding to tumor promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Bin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
| | - Elena A Vasileva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Natalia P Mishchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Sergey A Fedoreyev
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Valentin A Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea.
| | - Ho Sup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea.
| | - Daejin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Korea.
| | - Jee-Yeong Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|