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Abstract
In this review, we focus on new approaches that could lead to the regeneration of heart muscle and the restoration of cardiac muscle function derived from newly-formed cardiomyocytes. Various strategies for the production of cardiomyocytes from embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, adult bone marrow stem cells and cardiac spheres from human heart biopsies are described. Pathological conditions which lead to atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease often are followed by myocardial infarction causing myocardial cell death. After cell death, there is very little self-regeneration of the cardiac muscle tissue, which is replaced by non-contractile connective tissue, thus weakening the ability of the heart muscle to contract fully and leading to heart failure. A number of experimental research approaches to stimulate heart muscle regeneration with the hope of regaining normal or near normal heart function in the damaged heart muscle have been attempted. Some of these very interesting studies have used a variety of stem cell types in combination with potential cardiogenic differentiation factors in an attempt to promote differentiation of new cardiac muscle for possible future use in the clinical treatment of patients who have suffered heart muscle damage from acute myocardial infarctions or related cardiovascular diseases. Although progress has been made in recent years relative to promoting the differentiation of cardiac muscle tissue from non-muscle cells, much work remains to be done for this technology to be used routinely in translational clinical medicine to treat patients with damaged heart muscle tissue and return such individuals to pre-heart-attack activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Kochegarov
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas, USA
| | - Larry F Lemanski
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, Texas, USA
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152
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Brunner R, Lai HL, Deliu Z, Melman E, Geenen DL, Wang QT. Asxl2 -/- Mice Exhibit De Novo Cardiomyocyte Production during Adulthood. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4040032. [PMID: 29615595 PMCID: PMC5831801 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart attacks affect more than seven million people worldwide each year. A heart attack, or myocardial infarction, may result in the death of a billion cardiomyocytes within hours. The adult mammalian heart does not have an effective mechanism to replace lost cardiomyocytes. Instead, lost muscle is replaced with scar tissue, which decreases blood pumping ability and leads to heart failure over time. Here, we report that the loss of the chromatin factor ASXL2 results in spontaneous proliferation and cardiogenic differentiation of a subset of interstitial non-cardiomyocytes. The adult Asxl2-/- heart displays spontaneous overgrowth without cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Thymidine analog labeling and Ki67 staining of 12-week-old hearts revealed 3- and 5-fold increases of proliferation rate for vimentin⁺ non-cardiomyocytes in Asxl2-/- over age- and sex-matched wildtype controls, respectively. Approximately 10% of proliferating non-cardiomyocytes in the Asxl2-/- heart express the cardiogenic marker NKX2-5, a frequency that is ~7-fold higher than that observed in the wildtype. EdU lineage tracing experiments showed that ~6% of pulsed-labeled non-cardiomyocytes in Asxl2-/- hearts differentiate into mature cardiomyocytes after a four-week chase, a phenomenon not observed for similarly pulse-chased wildtype controls. Taken together, these data indicate de novo cardiomyocyte production in the Asxl2-/- heart due to activation of a population of proliferative cardiogenic non-cardiomyocytes. Our study suggests the existence of an epigenetic barrier to cardiogenicity in the adult heart and raises the intriguing possibility of unlocking regenerative potential via transient modulation of epigenetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Brunner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Hsiao-Lei Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- PTM Biolabs Inc., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Zane Deliu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Elan Melman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- The School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
| | - David L Geenen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Physician Assistant Studies, Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
| | - Q Tian Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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153
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Zlatanova I, Pinto C, Silvestre JS. Immune Modulation of Cardiac Repair and Regeneration: The Art of Mending Broken Hearts. Front Cardiovasc Med 2016; 3:40. [PMID: 27790620 PMCID: PMC5063859 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of immune cells is among the earliest responses that manifest in the cardiac tissue after injury. Both innate and adaptive immunity coordinate distinct and mutually non-exclusive events governing cardiac repair, including elimination of the cellular debris, compensatory growth of the remaining cardiac tissue, activation of resident or circulating precursor cells, quantitative and qualitative modifications of the vascular network, and formation of a fibrotic scar. The present review summarizes the mounting evidence suggesting that the inflammatory response also guides the regenerative process following cardiac damage. In particular, recent literature has reinforced the central role of monocytes/macrophages in poising the refreshment of cardiomyocytes in myocardial infarction- or apical resection-induced cardiac insult. Macrophages dictate cardiac myocyte renewal through stimulation of preexisting cardiomyocyte proliferation and/or neovascularization. Nevertheless, substantial efforts are required to identify the nature of these macrophage-derived factors as well as the molecular mechanisms engendered by the distinct subsets of macrophages pertaining in the cardiac tissue. Among the growing inflammatory intermediaries that have been recognized as essential player in heart regeneration, we will focus on the role of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-13. Finally, it is likely that within the mayhem of the injured cardiac tissue, additional types of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, will enter the dance to ignite and refresh the broken heart. However, the protective and detrimental inflammatory pathways have been mainly deciphered in animal models. Future research should be focused on understanding the cellular effectors and molecular signals regulating inflammation in human heart to pave the way for the development of factual therapies targeting the inflammatory compartment in cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Zlatanova
- UMRS-970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| | - Cristina Pinto
- UMRS-970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Silvestre
- UMRS-970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
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154
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Macrophages and regeneration: Lessons from the heart. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 58:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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155
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Heart-Derived Stem Cells in Miniature Swine with Coronary Microembolization: Novel Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Model to Assess the Efficacy of Cell-Based Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6940195. [PMID: 27738436 PMCID: PMC5055979 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6940195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A major problem in translating stem cell therapeutics is the difficulty of producing stable, long-term severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in a large animal model. For that purpose, extensive infarction was created in sinclair miniswine by injecting microspheres (1.5 × 106 microspheres, 45 μm diameter) in LAD. At 2 months after embolization, animals (n = 11) were randomized to receive allogeneic cardiosphere-derived cells derived from atrium (CDCs: 20 × 106, n = 5) or saline (untreated, n = 6). Four weeks after therapy myocardial function, myocyte proliferation (Ki67), mitosis (phosphor-Histone H3; pHH3), apoptosis, infarct size (TTC), myocyte nuclear density, and cell size were evaluated. CDCs injected into infarcted and remodeled remote myocardium (global infusion) increased regional function and global function contrasting no change in untreated animals. CDCs reduced infarct volume and stimulated Ki67 and pHH3 positive myocytes in infarct and remote regions. As a result, myocyte number (nuclear density) increased and myocyte cell diameter decreased in both infarct and remote regions. Coronary microembolization produces stable long-term ischemic cardiomyopathy. Global infusion of CDCs stimulates myocyte regeneration and improves left ventricular ejection fraction. Thus, global infusion of CDCs could become a new therapy to reverse LV dysfunction in patients with asymptomatic heart failure.
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156
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Chen X, Chakravarty T, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhong JF, Wang C. Single-cell transcriptome and epigenomic reprogramming of cardiomyocyte-derived cardiac progenitor cells. Sci Data 2016; 3:160079. [PMID: 27622691 PMCID: PMC5020870 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis underlying the dedifferentiation of mammalian adult cardiomyocytes (ACMs) into myocyte-derived cardiac progenitor cells (mCPCs) during cardiac tissue regeneration is poorly understood. We present data integrating single-cell transcriptome and whole-genome DNA methylome analyses of mouse mCPCs to understand the epigenomic reprogramming governing their intrinsic cellular plasticity. Compared to parental cardiomyocytes, mCPCs display epigenomic reprogramming with many differentially-methylated regions, both hypermethylated and hypomethylated, across the entire genome. Correlating well with the methylome, our single-cell transcriptomic data show that the genes encoding cardiac structure and function proteins are remarkably down-regulated in mCPCs, while those for cell cycle, proliferation, and stemness are significantly up-regulated. In addition, implanting mCPCs into infarcted mouse myocardium improves cardiac function with augmented left ventricular ejection fraction. This dataset suggests that the cellular plasticity of mammalian cardiomyocytes is the result of a well-orchestrated epigenomic reprogramming and a subsequent global transcriptomic alteration. Understanding cardiomyocyte epigenomic reprogramming may enable the design of future clinical therapies that induce cardiac regeneration, and prevent heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Center for Genomics & Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tushar Chakravarty
- Center for Genomics & Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiaojin Li
- CardioDx, Inc., 600 Saginaw Drive, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | - Jiang F. Zhong
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene & Biomedical Sciences, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, and Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics & Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA
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157
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Hamid T, Xu Y, Ismahil MA, Li Q, Jones SP, Bhatnagar A, Bolli R, Prabhu SD. TNF receptor signaling inhibits cardiomyogenic differentiation of cardiac stem cells and promotes a neuroadrenergic-like fate. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H1189-H1201. [PMID: 27591224 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00904.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite expansion of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs; c-kit+Lin-) after myocardial infarction, endogenous repair processes are insufficient to prevent adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure (HF). This suggests that the microenvironment in post-ischemic and failing hearts compromises CSC regenerative potential. Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), are increased after infarction and in HF; whether they modulate CSC function is unknown. As the effects of TNF are specific to its two receptors (TNFRs), we tested the hypothesis that TNF differentially modulates CSC function in a TNFR-specific manner. CSCs were isolated from wild-type (WT), TNFR1-/-, and TNFR2-/- adult mouse hearts, expanded and evaluated for cell competence and differentiation in vitro in the absence and presence of TNF. Our results indicate that TNF signaling in murine CSCs is constitutively related primarily to TNFR1, with TNFR2 inducible after stress. TNFR1 signaling modestly diminished CSC proliferation, but, along with TNFR2, augmented CSC resistance to oxidant stress. Deficiency of either TNFR1 or TNFR2 did not impact CSC telomerase activity. Importantly, TNF, primarily via TNFR1, inhibited cardiomyogenic commitment during CSC differentiation, and instead promoted smooth muscle and endothelial fates. Moreover, TNF, via both TNFR1 and TNFR2, channeled an alternate CSC neuroadrenergic-like fate (capable of catecholamine synthesis) during differentiation. Our results suggest that elevated TNF in the heart restrains cardiomyocyte differentiation of resident CSCs and may enhance adrenergic activation, both effects that would reduce the effectiveness of endogenous cardiac repair and the response to exogenous stem cell therapy, while promoting adverse cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hamid
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Mohamed Ameen Ismahil
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Qianhong Li
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Steven P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sumanth D Prabhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama; and
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158
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Rebouças JDS, Santos-Magalhães NS, Formiga FR. Cardiac Regeneration using Growth Factors: Advances and Challenges. Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 107:271-275. [PMID: 27355588 PMCID: PMC5053196 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20160097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is the most significant manifestation of ischemic heart disease and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Novel strategies targeting at regenerating the injured myocardium have been investigated, including gene therapy, cell therapy, and the use of growth factors. Growth factor therapy has aroused interest in cardiovascular medicine because of the regeneration mechanisms induced by these biomolecules, including angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, cardiomyocyte proliferation, stem-cell recruitment, and others. Together, these mechanisms promote myocardial repair and improvement of the cardiac function. This review aims to address the strategic role of growth factor therapy in cardiac regeneration, considering its innovative and multifactorial character in myocardial repair after ischemic injury. Different issues will be discussed, with emphasis on the regeneration mechanisms as a potential therapeutic resource mediated by growth factors, and the challenges to make these proteins therapeutically viable in the field of cardiology and regenerative medicine. Resumo O infarto do miocárdio representa a manifestação mais significativa da cardiopatia isquêmica e está associado a elevada morbimortalidade. Novas estratégias vêm sendo investigadas com o intuito de regenerar o miocárdio lesionado, incluindo a terapia gênica, a terapia celular e a utilização de fatores de crescimento. A terapia com fatores de crescimento despertou interesse em medicina cardiovascular, devido aos mecanismos de regeneração induzidos por essas biomoléculas, incluindo angiogênese, remodelamento da matriz extracelular, proliferação de cardiomiócitos e recrutamento de células-tronco, dentre outros. Em conjunto, tais mecanismos promovem a reparação do miocárdio e a melhora da função cardíaca. Esta revisão pretende abordar o papel estratégico da terapia, com fatores de crescimento, para a regeneração cardíaca, considerando seu caráter inovador e multifatorial sobre o reparo do miocárdio após dano isquêmico. Diferentes questões serão discutidas, destacando-se os mecanismos de regeneração como recurso terapêutico potencial mediado por fatores de crescimento e os desafios para tornar essas proteínas terapeuticamente viáveis no âmbito da cardiologia e da medicina regenerativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Souza Rebouças
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo-Asami - Universidade
Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE - Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Rocha Formiga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e
Molecular Aplicada - Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE - Brazil
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Patologia
(UFBA/FIOCRUZ) - Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação
Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA - Brazil
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159
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de Raaf MA, Herrmann FE, Schalij I, de Man FS, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Guignabert C, Wollin L, Bogaard HJ. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIBF1000 does not hamper right ventricular pressure adaptation in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H604-12. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00656.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BIBF1000 is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and is a powerful inhibitor of fibrogenesis. BIBF1000 is very similar to BIBF1120 (nintedanib), a drug recently approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). A safety concern pertaining to VEGFR, FGFR, and PDGFR inhibition is the possible interference with right ventricular (RV) responses to an increased afterload, which could adversely affect clinical outcome in patients with IPF who developed pulmonary hypertension. We tested the effect of BIBF1000 on the adaptation of the RV in rats subjected to mechanical pressure overload. BIBF1000 was administered for 35 days in pulmonary artery-banded (PAB) rats. RV adaptation was assessed by echocardiography, pressure volume loop analysis, histology, and determination of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) expression. BIBF1000 treatment resulted in growth attenuation but had no effects on RV function after PAB, given absence of changes in cardiac index, end-systolic elastance, connective tissue disposition, and capillary density. We conclude that, in this experimental model of increased afterload, combined VEGFR, FGFR, and PDGFR inhibition does not hamper RV adaptation to pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Alexander de Raaf
- Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- INSERM UMR-S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ingrid Schalij
- Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frances S. de Man
- Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Vonk-Noordegraaf
- Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM UMR-S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, School of Medicine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Lutz Wollin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Dept. Respiratory Diseases Research, Biberach, Germany
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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160
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Judd J, Lovas J, Huang GN. Isolation, Culture and Transduction of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27685811 DOI: 10.3791/54012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured cardiomyocytes can be used to study cardiomyocyte biology using techniques that are complementary to in vivo systems. For example, the purity and accessibility of in vitro culture enables fine control over biochemical analyses, live imaging, and electrophysiology. Long-term culture of cardiomyocytes offers access to additional experimental approaches that cannot be completed in short term cultures. For example, the in vitro investigation of dedifferentiation, cell cycle re-entry, and cell division has thus far largely been restricted to rat cardiomyocytes, which appear to be more robust in long-term culture. However, the availability of a rich toolset of transgenic mouse lines and well-developed disease models make mouse systems attractive for cardiac research. Although several reports exist of adult mouse cardiomyocyte isolation, few studies demonstrate their long-term culture. Presented here, is a step-by-step method for the isolation and long-term culture of adult mouse cardiomyocytes. First, retrograde Langendorff perfusion is used to efficiently digest the heart with proteases, followed by gravity sedimentation purification. After a period of dedifferentiation following isolation, the cells gradually attach to the culture and can be cultured for weeks. Adenovirus cell lysate is used to efficiently transduce the isolated cardiomyocytes. These methods provide a simple, yet powerful model system to study cardiac biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Judd
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jonathan Lovas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Guo N Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco;
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161
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Malliaras K, Vakrou S, Kapelios CJ, Nanas JN. Innate heart regeneration: endogenous cellular sources and exogenous therapeutic amplification. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:1341-1352. [PMID: 27484198 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1218846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The -once viewed as heretical- concept of the adult mammalian heart as a dynamic organ capable of endogenous regeneration has recently gained traction. However, estimated rates of myocyte turnover vary wildly and the underlying mechanisms of cardiac plasticity remain controversial. It is still unclear whether the adult mammalian heart gives birth to new myocytes through proliferation of resident myocytes, through cardiomyogenic differentiation of endogenous progenitors or through both mechanisms. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the cellular origins of postnatal mammalian cardiomyogenesis and touch upon therapeutic strategies that could potentially amplify innate cardiac regeneration. EXPERT OPINION The adult mammalian heart harbors a limited but detectable capacity for spontaneous endogenous regeneration. During normal aging, proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes is the dominant mechanism for generation of new cardiomyocytes. Following myocardial injury, myocyte proliferation increases modestly, but differentiation of endogenous progenitor cells appears to also contribute to cardiomyogenesis (although agreement on the latter point is not universal). Since cardiomyocyte deficiency underlies almost all types of heart disease, development of therapeutic strategies that amplify endogenous regeneration to a clinically-meaningful degree is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Malliaras
- a 3rd Department of Cardiology , University of Athens School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Styliani Vakrou
- a 3rd Department of Cardiology , University of Athens School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Chris J Kapelios
- a 3rd Department of Cardiology , University of Athens School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - John N Nanas
- a 3rd Department of Cardiology , University of Athens School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
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162
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Valiente-Alandi I, Albo-Castellanos C, Herrero D, Sanchez I, Bernad A. Bmi1 (+) cardiac progenitor cells contribute to myocardial repair following acute injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:100. [PMID: 27472922 PMCID: PMC4967328 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The inability of the adult mammalian heart to replace cells lost after severe cardiac injury compromises organ function. Although the heart is one of the least regenerative organs in the body, evidence accumulated in recent decades indicates a certain degree of renewal after injury. We have evaluated the role of cardiac Bmi1+ progenitor cells (Bmi1-CPC) following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods Bmi1Cre/+;Rosa26YFP/+ (Bmi1-YFP) mice were used for lineage tracing strategy. After tamoxifen (TM) induction, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) is expressed under the control of Rosa26 regulatory sequences in Bmi1+ cells. YFP+ cells were tracked following myocardial infarction. Additionally, whole transcriptome analysis of isolated YFP+ cells was performed in unchallenged hearts and after myocardial infarction. Results Deep-sequencing analysis of Bmi1-CPC from unchallenged hearts suggests that this population expresses high levels of pluripotency markers. Conversely, transcriptome evaluation of Bmi1-CPC following AMI shows a rich representation of genes related to cell proliferation, movement, and cell cycle. Lineage-tracing studies after cardiac infarction show that the progeny of Bmi1-expressing cells contribute to de novo cardiomyocytes (CM) (13.8 ± 5 % new YFP+ CM compared to 4.7 ± 0.9 % in age-paired non-infarcted hearts). However, apical resection of TM-induced day 1 Bmi1-YFP pups indicated a very minor contribution of Bmi1-derived cells to de novo CM. Conclusions Cardiac Bmi1 progenitor cells respond to cardiac injury, contributing to the generation of de novo CM in the adult mouse heart. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0355-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Valiente-Alandi
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Current address: The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carmen Albo-Castellanos
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Current address: Vivebiotech, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Diego Herrero
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Immunology and Oncology Department, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iria Sanchez
- Unidad de Medicina Comparada, Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Bernad
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain. .,Immunology and Oncology Department, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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163
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Vivien CJ, Hudson JE, Porrello ER. Evolution, comparative biology and ontogeny of vertebrate heart regeneration. NPJ Regen Med 2016; 1:16012. [PMID: 29302337 PMCID: PMC5744704 DOI: 10.1038/npjregenmed.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 64,000 living species of vertebrates on our planet and all of them have a heart. Comparative analyses devoted to understanding the regenerative potential of the myocardium have been performed in a dozen vertebrate species with the aim of developing regenerative therapies for human heart disease. Based on this relatively small selection of animal models, important insights into the evolutionary conservation of regenerative mechanisms have been gained. In this review, we survey cardiac regeneration studies in diverse species to provide an evolutionary context for the lack of regenerative capacity in the adult mammalian heart. Our analyses highlight the importance of cardiac adaptations that have occurred over hundreds of millions of years during the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life, as well as during the transition from the womb to an oxygen-rich environment at birth. We also discuss the evolution and ontogeny of cardiac morphological, physiological and metabolic adaptations in the context of heart regeneration. Taken together, our findings suggest that cardiac regenerative potential correlates with a low-metabolic state, the inability to regulate body temperature, low heart pressure, hypoxia, immature cardiomyocyte structure and an immature immune system. A more complete understanding of the evolutionary context and developmental mechanisms governing cardiac regenerative capacity would provide stronger scientific foundations for the translation of cardiac regeneration therapies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine J Vivien
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Cardiac and Vascular Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James E Hudson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Cardiac and Vascular Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Enzo R Porrello
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Cardiac and Vascular Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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164
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Wallner M, Duran JM, Mohsin S, Troupes CD, Vanhoutte D, Borghetti G, Vagnozzi RJ, Gross P, Yu D, Trappanese DM, Kubo H, Toib A, Sharp TE, Harper SC, Volkert MA, Starosta T, Feldsott EA, Berretta RM, Wang T, Barbe MF, Molkentin JD, Houser SR. Acute Catecholamine Exposure Causes Reversible Myocyte Injury Without Cardiac Regeneration. Circ Res 2016; 119:865-79. [PMID: 27461939 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Catecholamines increase cardiac contractility, but exposure to high concentrations or prolonged exposures can cause cardiac injury. A recent study demonstrated that a single subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO; 200 mg/kg) in mice causes acute myocyte death (8%-10%) with complete cardiac repair within a month. Cardiac regeneration was via endogenous cKit(+) cardiac stem cell-mediated new myocyte formation. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to validate this simple injury/regeneration system and use it to study the biology of newly forming adult cardiac myocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice (n=173) were treated with single injections of vehicle, 200 or 300 mg/kg ISO, or 2 daily doses of 200 mg/kg ISO for 6 days. Echocardiography revealed transiently increased systolic function and unaltered diastolic function 1 day after single ISO injection. Single ISO injections also caused membrane injury in ≈10% of myocytes, but few of these myocytes appeared to be necrotic. Circulating troponin I levels after ISO were elevated, further documenting myocyte damage. However, myocyte apoptosis was not increased after ISO injury. Heart weight to body weight ratio and fibrosis were also not altered 28 days after ISO injection. Single- or multiple-dose ISO injury was not associated with an increase in the percentage of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine-labeled myocytes. Furthermore, ISO injections did not increase new myocytes in cKit(+/Cre)×R-GFP transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of ISO causes injury in ≈10% of the cardiomyocytes. However, most of these myocytes seem to recover and do not elicit cKit(+) cardiac stem cell-derived myocyte regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wallner
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Jason M Duran
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Sadia Mohsin
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Constantine D Troupes
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Davy Vanhoutte
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Giulia Borghetti
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Ronald J Vagnozzi
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Polina Gross
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Daohai Yu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Danielle M Trappanese
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Hajime Kubo
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Amir Toib
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Thomas E Sharp
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Shavonn C Harper
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Michael A Volkert
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Timothy Starosta
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Eric A Feldsott
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Remus M Berretta
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Tao Wang
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Mary F Barbe
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Jeffrey D Molkentin
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.)
| | - Steven R Houser
- From the Cardiovascular Research Center (M.W., J.M.D., S.M., C.D.T., G.B., P.G., D.M.T., H.K., T.E.S., S.C.H., M.A.V., T.S., E.A.F., R.M.B., T.W., S.R.H.), Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (M.F.B.), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH (D.V., R.J.V., J.D.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (A.T.); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (J.D.M.); and Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA (J.M.D.).
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Le T, Chong J. Cardiac progenitor cells for heart repair. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16052. [PMID: 27551540 PMCID: PMC4979410 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is being investigated as an innovative and promising strategy to restore cardiac function in patients with heart failure. Several stem cell populations, including adult (multipotent) stem cells from developed organs and tissues, have been tested for cardiac repair with encouraging clinical and pre-clinical results. The heart has been traditionally considered a post-mitotic organ, however, this view has recently changed with the identification of stem/progenitor cells residing within the adult heart. Given their cardiac developmental origins, these endogenous cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) may represent better candidates for cardiac cell therapy compared with stem cells from other organs such as the bone marrow and adipose tissue. This brief review will outline current research into CPC populations and their cardiac repair/regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyl Le
- Centre of Heart Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wale 2145, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wale 2145, Australia
| | - Jjh Chong
- Centre of Heart Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wale 2145, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wale 2145, Australia; Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wale 2006, Australia
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166
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Xiang MSW, Kikuchi K. Endogenous Mechanisms of Cardiac Regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 326:67-131. [PMID: 27572127 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish possess a remarkable capacity for cardiac regeneration throughout their lifetime, providing a model for investigating endogenous cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating myocardial regeneration. By contrast, adult mammals have an extremely limited capacity for cardiac regeneration, contributing to mortality and morbidity from cardiac diseases such as myocardial infarction and heart failure. However, the viewpoint of the mammalian heart as a postmitotic organ was recently revised based on findings that the mammalian heart contains multiple undifferentiated cell types with cardiogenic potential as well as a robust regenerative capacity during a short period early in life. Although it occurs at an extremely low level, continuous cardiomyocyte turnover has been detected in adult mouse and human hearts, which could potentially be enhanced to restore lost myocardium in damaged human hearts. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in the understanding of endogenous mechanisms of cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S W Xiang
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst NSW, Australia
| | - K Kikuchi
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington NSW, Australia.
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167
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Díaz-Trelles R, Scimia MC, Bushway P, Tran D, Monosov A, Monosov E, Peterson K, Rentschler S, Cabrales P, Ruiz-Lozano P, Mercola M. Notch-independent RBPJ controls angiogenesis in the adult heart. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12088. [PMID: 27357444 PMCID: PMC4931341 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing angiogenesis has long been considered a therapeutic target for improving heart function after injury such as acute myocardial infarction. However, gene, protein and cell therapies to increase microvascularization have not been successful, most likely because the studies failed to achieve regulated and concerted expression of pro-angiogenic and angiostatic factors needed to produce functional microvasculature. Here, we report that the transcription factor RBPJ is a homoeostatic repressor of multiple pro-angiogenic and angiostatic factor genes in cardiomyocytes. RBPJ controls angiogenic factor gene expression independently of Notch by antagonizing the activity of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). In contrast to previous strategies, the cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of Rbpj increased microvascularization of the heart without adversely affecting cardiac structure or function even into old age. Furthermore, the loss of RBPJ in cardiomyocytes increased hypoxia tolerance, improved heart function and decreased pathological remodelling after myocardial infarction, suggesting that inhibiting RBPJ might be therapeutic for ischaemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Díaz-Trelles
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Maria Cecilia Scimia
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Paul Bushway
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Danh Tran
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Anna Monosov
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Edward Monosov
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kirk Peterson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Stacey Rentschler
- Departments of Medicine, Developmental Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri 63110 USA
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Pilar Ruiz-Lozano
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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168
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Tokita Y, Tang XL, Li Q, Wysoczynski M, Hong KU, Nakamura S, Wu WJ, Xie W, Li D, Hunt G, Ou Q, Stowers H, Bolli R. Repeated Administrations of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Are Markedly More Effective Than a Single Administration: A New Paradigm in Cell Therapy. Circ Res 2016; 119:635-51. [PMID: 27364016 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The effects of c-kit(POS) cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs, and adult cell therapy in general) on left ventricular (LV) function have been regarded as modest or inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To determine whether 3 CPC infusions have greater efficacy than 1 infusion. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats with a 30-day-old myocardial infarction received 1 or 3 CPC infusions into the LV cavity, 35 days apart. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, the single-dose group exhibited improved LV function after the first infusion (consisting of CPCs) but not after the second and third (vehicle). In contrast, in the multiple-dose group, regional and global LV function improved by a similar degree after each CPC infusion, resulting in greater cumulative effects. For example, the total increase in LV ejection fraction was approximately triple in the multiple-dose group versus the single-dose group (P<0.01). The multiple-dose group also exhibited more viable tissue and less scar, less collagen in the risk and noninfarcted regions, and greater myocyte density in the risk region. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration that repeated CPC administrations are markedly more effective than a single administration. The concept that the full effects of CPCs require repeated doses has significant implications for both preclinical and clinical studies; it suggests that the benefits of cell therapy may be underestimated or even overlooked if they are measured after a single dose, and that repeated administrations are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of a cell product properly. In addition, we describe a new method that enables studies of repeated cell administrations in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukichi Tokita
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Xian-Liang Tang
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Qianhong Li
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Marcin Wysoczynski
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Kyung U Hong
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Shunichi Nakamura
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Wen-Jian Wu
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Wei Xie
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Ding Li
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Greg Hunt
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Qinghui Ou
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Heather Stowers
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Roberto Bolli
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY.
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169
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Hatzistergos KE, Hare JM. Murine Models Demonstrate Distinct Vasculogenic and Cardiomyogenic cKit+ Lineages in the Heart. Circ Res 2016; 118:382-7. [PMID: 26846638 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.308061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
After 2 recent genetic studies in mice addressing the developmental origins and regenerative activity of cardiac cKit+ cells, 2 additional reports by Sultana et al and Liu et al provide further information on the expression of cKit in the embryonic and adult hearts. Here, we synthesize the findings from the 4 distinct cKit models to gain insights into the biology of this important cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos E Hatzistergos
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (K.E.H.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (J.M.H.), Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL
| | - Joshua M Hare
- From the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute (K.E.H.), and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (J.M.H.), Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL.
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170
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In Situ Pluripotency Factor Expression Promotes Functional Recovery From Cerebral Ischemia. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1538-49. [PMID: 27455881 PMCID: PMC5113101 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery from ischemic tissue injury can be promoted by cell proliferation and neovascularization. Transient expression of four pluripotency factors (Pou5f1, Sox2, Myc, and Klf4) has been used to convert cell types but never been tested as a means to promote functional recovery from ischemic injury. Here we aimed to determine whether transient in situ pluripotency factor expression can improve neurobehavioral function. Cerebral ischemia was induced by transient bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, after which the four pluripotency factors were expressed through either doxycycline administration into the lateral ventricle in transgenic mice in which the four factors are expressed in a doxycycline-inducible manner. Histologic evaluation showed that this transient expression induced the proliferative generation of astrocytes and/or neural progenitors, but not neurons or glial scar, and increased neovascularization with upregulation of angiogenic factors. Furthermore, in vivo pluripotency factor expression caused neuroprotective effects such as increased numbers of mature neurons and levels of synaptic markers in the striatum. Dysplasia or tumor development was not observed. Importantly, neurobehavioral evaluations such as rotarod and ladder walking tests showed that the expression of the four factors dramatically promoted functional restoration from ischemic injury. These results provide a basis for novel therapeutic modality development for cerebral ischemia.
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171
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Kanda M, Nagai T, Takahashi T, Liu ML, Kondou N, Naito AT, Akazawa H, Sashida G, Iwama A, Komuro I, Kobayashi Y. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Enhances Endogenous Cardiomyocyte Regeneration after Myocardial Infarction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156562. [PMID: 27227407 PMCID: PMC4881916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac stem cells or precursor cells regenerate cardiomyocytes; however, the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. We generated CreLacZ mice in which more than 99.9% of the cardiomyocytes in the left ventricular field were positive for 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-galactoside (X-gal) staining immediately after tamoxifen injection. Three months after myocardial infarction (MI), the MI mice had more X-gal-negative (newly generated) cells than the control mice (3.04 ± 0.38/mm2, MI; 0.47 ± 0.16/mm2, sham; p < 0.05). The cardiac side population (CSP) cell fraction contained label-retaining cells, which differentiated into X-gal-negative cardiomyocytes after MI. We injected a leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-expression construct at the time of MI and identified a significant functional improvement in the LIF-treated group. At 1 month after MI, in the MI border and scar area, the LIF-injected mice had 31.41 ± 5.83 X-gal-negative cardiomyocytes/mm2, whereas the control mice had 12.34 ± 2.56 X-gal-negative cardiomyocytes/mm2 (p < 0.05). Using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyurinide (EdU) administration after MI, the percentages of EdU-positive CSP cells in the LIF-treated and control mice were 29.4 ± 2.7% and 10.6 ± 3.7%, respectively, which suggests that LIF influenced CSP proliferation. Moreover, LIF activated the Janus kinase (JAK)signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated (MEK)extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)–AKT pathways in CSPs in vivo and in vitro. The enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-bone marrow-chimeric CreLacZ mouse results indicated that LIF did not stimulate cardiogenesis via circulating bone marrow-derived cells during the 4 weeks following MI. Thus, LIF stimulates, in part, stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte regeneration by activating cardiac stem or precursor cells. This approach may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kanda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshio Nagai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshinao Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mei Lan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naomichi Kondou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko T. Naito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goro Sashida
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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172
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Richardson GD. Simultaneous Assessment of Cardiomyocyte DNA Synthesis and Ploidy: A Method to Assist Quantification of Cardiomyocyte Regeneration and Turnover. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27285379 PMCID: PMC4927713 DOI: 10.3791/53979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is accepted that the heart has a limited potential to regenerate cardiomyocytes following injury and that low levels of cardiomyocyte turnover occur during normal ageing, quantification of these events remains challenging. This is in part due to the rarity of the process and the fact that multiple cellular sources contribute to myocardial maintenance. Furthermore, DNA duplication within cardiomyocytes often leads to a polyploid cardiomyocyte and only rarely leads to new cardiomyocytes by cellular division. In order to accurately quantify cardiomyocyte turnover discrimination between these processes is essential. The protocol described here employs long term nucleoside labeling in order to label all nuclei which have arisen as a result of DNA replication and cardiomyocyte nuclei identified by utilizing nuclei isolation and subsequent PCM1 immunolabeling. Together this allows the accurate and sensitive identification of the nucleoside labeling of the cardiomyocyte nuclei population. Furthermore, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole labeling and analysis of nuclei ploidy, enables the discrimination of neo-cardiomyocyte nuclei from nuclei which have incorporated nucleoside during polyploidization. Although this method cannot control for cardiomyocyte binucleation, it allows a rapid and robust quantification of neo-cardiomyocyte nuclei while accounting for polyploidization. This method has a number of downstream applications including assessing the potential therapeutics to enhance cardiomyocyte regeneration or investigating the effects of cardiac disease on cardiomyocyte turnover and ploidy. This technique is also compatible with additional downstream immunohistological techniques, allowing quantification of nucleoside incorporation in all cardiac cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Richardson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University;
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173
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Developmental origin of postnatal cardiomyogenic progenitor cells. Future Sci OA 2016; 2:FSO120. [PMID: 28031967 PMCID: PMC5138010 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To trace the cell origin of the cells involved in postnatal cardiomyogenesis. Materials & methods: Nkx2.5 enhancer-eGFP (Nkx2.5 enh-eGFP) mice were used to test the cardiomyogenic potential of Nkx2.5 enhancer-expressing cells. By analyzing Cre excision of activated Nkx2.5-eGFP+ cells from different lineage-Cre/Nkx2.5 enh-eGFP/ROSA26 reporter mice, we traced the developmental origin of Nkx2.5 enhancer-expressing cells. Results: Nkx2.5 enhancer-expressing cells could differentiate into striated cardiomyocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Nkx2.5-eGFP+ cells increased remarkably after experimental myocardial infarction (MI). The post-MI Nkx2.5-eGFP+ cells originated from the embryonic epicardial cells, not from the pre-existing cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, cardiac neural crest cells or perinatal/postnatal epicardial cells. Conclusion: Postnatal Nkx2.5 enhancer-expressing cells are cardiomyogenic progenitor cells and originate from embryonic epicardium-derived cells. Lay abstract: Recent studies report that postnatal mammalian hearts undergo cardiomyocyte refreshment; however, evidence is lacking for the cell origin of the cells involved in postnatal cardiomyogenesis. In this study, we confirmed that Nkx2.5 cardiac progenitor cells existed in the postnatal mouse heart and could differentiate into striated cardiomyocytes both in vitro and in vivo. The developmental origin of these postnatal Nkx2.5 cardiac progenitor cells are from the embryonic epicardial cells.
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174
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Lambers E, Kume T. Navigating the labyrinth of cardiac regeneration. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:751-61. [PMID: 26890576 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and is a major health and economic burden, costing the United States Health Care System more than $200 billion annually. A major cause of heart disease is the massive loss or dysfunction of cardiomyocytes caused by myocardial infarctions and hypertension. Due to the limited regenerative capacity of the heart, much research has focused on better understanding the process of differentiation toward cardiomyocytes. This review will highlight what is currently known about cardiac cell specification during mammalian development, areas of controversy, cellular sources of cardiomyocytes, and current and potential uses of stem cell derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac therapies. Developmental Dynamics 245:751-761, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Lambers
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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175
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Górnikiewicz B, Ronowicz A, Krzemiński M, Sachadyn P. Changes in gene methylation patterns in neonatal murine hearts: Implications for the regenerative potential. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:231. [PMID: 26979619 PMCID: PMC4791959 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neonatal murine heart is able to regenerate after severe injury; this capacity however, quickly diminishes and it is lost within the first week of life. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism which plays a crucial role in development and gene expression regulation. Under investigation here are the changes in DNA methylation and gene expression patterns which accompany the loss of regenerative potential. Results The MeDIP-chip (methylated DNA immunoprecipitation microarray) approach was used in order to compare global DNA methylation profiles in whole murine hearts at day 1, 7, 14 and 56 complemented with microarray transcriptome profiling. We found that the methylome transition from day 1 to day 7 is characterized by the excess of genomic regions which gain over those that lose DNA methylation. A number of these changes were retained until adulthood. The promoter genomic regions exhibiting increased DNA methylation at day 7 as compared to day 1 are significantly enriched in the genes critical for heart maturation and muscle development. Also, the promoter genomic regions showing an increase in DNA methylation at day 7 relative to day 1 are significantly enriched with a number of transcription factors binding motifs including those of Mfsd6l, Mef2c, Meis3, Tead4, and Runx1. Conclusions The results indicate that the extensive alterations in DNA methylation patterns along the development of neonatal murine hearts are likely to contribute to the decline of regenerative capabilities observed shortly after birth. This conclusion is supported by the evidence that an increase in DNA methylation in the neonatal murine heart from day 1 to day 7 occurs in the promoter regions of genes playing important roles in cardiovascular system development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2545-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Górnikiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Ronowicz
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Krzemiński
- Department of Probability and Biomathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Sachadyn
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
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176
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Silva-Palacios A, Königsberg M, Zazueta C. Nrf2 signaling and redox homeostasis in the aging heart: A potential target to prevent cardiovascular diseases? Ageing Res Rev 2016; 26:81-95. [PMID: 26732035 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging process is often accompanied with a high incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) due to the synergistic effects of age-related changes in heart morphology/function and prolonged exposure to injurious effects of CVD risk factors. Oxidative stress, considered a hallmark of aging, is also an important feature in pathologies that predispose to CVD development, like hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Approaches directed to prevent the occurrence of CVD during aging have been explored both in experimental models and in controlled clinical trials, in order to improve health span, reduce hospitalizations and increase life quality during elderly. In this review we discuss oxidative stress role as a main risk factor that relates CVD with aging. As well as interventions that aim to reduce oxidative stress by supplementing with exogenous antioxidants. In particular, strategies of improving the endogenous antioxidant defenses through activating the nuclear factor related-2 factor (Nrf2) pathway; one of the best studied molecules in cellular redox homeostasis and a master regulator of the antioxidant and phase II detoxification response.
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177
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Awada HK, Hwang MP, Wang Y. Towards comprehensive cardiac repair and regeneration after myocardial infarction: Aspects to consider and proteins to deliver. Biomaterials 2016; 82:94-112. [PMID: 26757257 PMCID: PMC4872516 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. After the onset of myocardial infarction, many pathological changes take place and progress the disease towards heart failure. Pathologies such as ischemia, inflammation, cardiomyocyte death, ventricular remodeling and dilation, and interstitial fibrosis, develop and involve the signaling of many proteins. Proteins can play important roles in limiting or countering pathological changes after infarction. However, they typically have short half-lives in vivo in their free form and can benefit from the advantages offered by controlled release systems to overcome their challenges. The controlled delivery of an optimal combination of proteins per their physiologic spatiotemporal cues to the infarcted myocardium holds great potential to repair and regenerate the heart. The effectiveness of therapeutic interventions depends on the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of the cargo proteins and the spatiotemporal control of their release. It is likely that multiple proteins will provide a more comprehensive and functional recovery of the heart in a controlled release strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan K Awada
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Mintai P Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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178
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Wang L, Zhu ZM, Zhang NK, Fang ZR, Xu XH, Zheng N, Gao LR. Apelin: an endogenous peptide essential for cardiomyogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and 5. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:501-14. [PMID: 26787000 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has shown that apelin/APJ system functions as a critical mediator of cardiac development as well as cardiovascular function. Here, we investigated the role of apelin in the cardiomyogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cord in vitro. In this research, we used RNA interference methodology and gene transfection technique to regulate the expression of apelin in Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells and induced cells with a effective cardiac differentiation protocol including 5-azacytidine and bFGF. Four weeks after induction, induced cells assumed a stick-like morphology and myotube-like structures except apelin-silenced cells and the control group. The silencing expression of apelin in Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells decreased the expression of several critical cardiac progenitor transcription factors (Mesp1, Mef2c, NKX2.5) and cardiac phenotypes (cardiac α-actin, β-MHC, cTnT, and connexin-43). Meanwhile, endogenous compensation of apelin contributed to differentiating into cells with characteristics of cardiomyocytes in vitro. Further experiment showed that exogenous apelin peptide rescued the cardiomyogenic differentiation of apelin-silenced mesenchymal stem cells in the early stage (1-4 days) of induction. Remarkably, our experiment indicated that apelin up-regulated cardiac specific genes in Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells via activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, The 413th Hospital of P. L. A., Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316000, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhu
- Cardiovascular Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ning-Kun Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The 413th Hospital of P. L. A., Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316000, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Cardiovascular Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Cardiovascular Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Lian-Ru Gao
- Cardiovascular Center, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
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179
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Harnessing the secretome of cardiac stem cells as therapy for ischemic heart disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 113:1-11. [PMID: 26903387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells continue to promise opportunities to repair damaged cardiac tissue. However, precisely how adult stem cells accomplish cardiac repair, especially after ischemic damage, remains controversial. It has been postulated that the clinical benefit of adult stem cells for cardiovascular disease results from the release of cytokines and growth factors by the transplanted cells. Studies in animal models of myocardial infarction have reported that such paracrine factors released from transplanted adult stem cells contribute to improved cardiac function by several processes. These include promoting neovascularization of damaged tissue, reducing inflammation, reducing fibrosis and scar formation, as well as protecting cardiomyocytes from apoptosis. In addition, these factors might also stimulate endogenous repair by activating cardiac stem cells. Interestingly, stem cells discovered to be resident in the heart appear to be functionally superior to extra-cardiac adult stem cells when transplanted for cardiac repair and regeneration. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of cardiac stem cells and how the proteins secreted from these cells might be harnessed to promote repair and regeneration of damaged cardiac tissue. We also highlight how recent controversies about the efficacy of adult stem cells in clinical trials of ischemic heart disease have not dampened enthusiasm for the application of cardiac stem cells and their paracrine factors for cardiac repair: the latter have proved superior to the mesenchymal stem cells used in most clinical trials in the past, some of which appear to have been conducted with sub-optimal rigor.
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180
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Kervadec A, Bellamy V, El Harane N, Arakélian L, Vanneaux V, Cacciapuoti I, Nemetalla H, Périer MC, Toeg HD, Richart A, Lemitre M, Yin M, Loyer X, Larghero J, Hagège A, Ruel M, Boulanger CM, Silvestre JS, Menasché P, Renault NKE. Cardiovascular progenitor-derived extracellular vesicles recapitulate the beneficial effects of their parent cells in the treatment of chronic heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016; 35:795-807. [PMID: 27041495 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-based therapies are being explored as a therapeutic option for patients with chronic heart failure following myocardial infarction. Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes and microparticles, secreted by transplanted cells may orchestrate their paracrine therapeutic effects. We assessed whether post-infarction administration of EV released by human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiovascular progenitors (hESC-Pg) can provide equivalent benefits to administered hESC-Pg and whether hESC-Pg and EV treatments activate similar endogenous pathways. METHODS Mice underwent surgical occlusion of their left coronary arteries. After 2-3 weeks, 95 mice included in the study were treated with hESC-Pg, EV, or Minimal Essential Medium Alpha Medium (alpha-MEM; vehicle control) delivered by percutaneous injections under echocardiographic guidance into the peri-infarct myocardium. functional and histologic end-points were blindly assessed 6 weeks later, and hearts were processed for gene profiling. Genes differentially expressed between control hearts and hESC-Pg-treated and EV-treated hearts were clustered into functionally relevant pathways. RESULTS At 6 weeks after hESC-Pg administration, treated mice had significantly reduced left ventricular end-systolic (-4.20 ± 0.96 µl or -7.5%, p = 0.0007) and end-diastolic (-4.48 ± 1.47 µl or -4.4%, p = 0.009) volumes compared with baseline values despite the absence of any transplanted hESC-Pg or human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in the treated mouse hearts. Equal benefits were seen with the injection of hESC-Pg-derived EV, whereas animals injected with alpha-MEM (vehicle control) did not improve significantly. Histologic examination suggested a slight reduction in infarct size in hESC-Pg-treated animals and EV-treated animals compared with alpha-MEM-treated control animals. In the hESC-Pg-treated and EV-treated groups, heart gene profiling identified 927 genes that were similarly upregulated compared with the control group. Among the 49 enriched pathways associated with these up-regulated genes that could be related to cardiac function or regeneration, 78% were predicted to improve cardiac function through increased cell survival and/or proliferation or DNA repair as well as pathways related to decreased fibrosis and heart failure. CONCLUSIONS In this post-infarct heart failure model, either hESC-Pg or their secreted EV enhance recovery of cardiac function and similarly affect cardiac gene expression patterns that could be related to this recovery. Although the mechanisms by which EV improve cardiac function remain to be determined, these results support the idea that a paracrine mechanism is sufficient to effect functional recovery in cell-based therapies for post-infarction-related chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Kervadec
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Bellamy
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
| | - Nadia El Harane
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
| | - Lousineh Arakélian
- Cell Therapy Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; INSERM, CIC de Biothérapies (CBT-501) and U1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Vanneaux
- Cell Therapy Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; INSERM, CIC de Biothérapies (CBT-501) and U1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cacciapuoti
- Cell Therapy Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; INSERM, CIC de Biothérapies (CBT-501) and U1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Hany Nemetalla
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiology, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Périer
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
| | - Hadi D Toeg
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adèle Richart
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Lemitre
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
| | - Min Yin
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Loyer
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Larghero
- Cell Therapy Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; INSERM, CIC de Biothérapies (CBT-501) and U1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Albert Hagège
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiology, Paris, France
| | - Marc Ruel
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chantal M Boulanger
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Silvestre
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Menasché
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Paris, France.
| | - Nisa K E Renault
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S970, Paris, France
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Capulli AK, MacQueen LA, Sheehy SP, Parker KK. Fibrous scaffolds for building hearts and heart parts. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:83-102. [PMID: 26656602 PMCID: PMC4807693 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and biochemistry provide cell-instructive cues that promote and regulate tissue growth, function, and repair. From a structural perspective, the ECM is a scaffold that guides the self-assembly of cells into distinct functional tissues. The ECM promotes the interaction between individual cells and between different cell types, and increases the strength and resilience of the tissue in mechanically dynamic environments. From a biochemical perspective, factors regulating cell-ECM adhesion have been described and diverse aspects of cell-ECM interactions in health and disease continue to be clarified. Natural ECMs therefore provide excellent design rules for tissue engineering scaffolds. The design of regenerative three-dimensional (3D) engineered scaffolds is informed by the target ECM structure, chemistry, and mechanics, to encourage cell infiltration and tissue genesis. This can be achieved using nanofibrous scaffolds composed of polymers that simultaneously recapitulate 3D ECM architecture, high-fidelity nanoscale topography, and bio-activity. Their high porosity, structural anisotropy, and bio-activity present unique advantages for engineering 3D anisotropic tissues. Here, we use the heart as a case study and examine the potential of ECM-inspired nanofibrous scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. We asked: Do we know enough to build a heart? To answer this question, we tabulated structural and functional properties of myocardial and valvular tissues for use as design criteria, reviewed nanofiber manufacturing platforms and assessed their capabilities to produce scaffolds that meet our design criteria. Our knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the heart, as well as our ability to create synthetic ECM scaffolds have advanced to the point that valve replacement with nanofibrous scaffolds may be achieved in the short term, while myocardial repair requires further study in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Capulli
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L A MacQueen
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sean P Sheehy
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K K Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Pharmacological Therapy in the Heart as an Alternative to Cellular Therapy: A Place for the Brain Natriuretic Peptide? Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:5961342. [PMID: 26880973 PMCID: PMC4735943 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5961342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that stem cells isolated from different organs have the ability to differentiate into mature beating cardiomyocytes has fostered considerable interest in developing cellular regenerative therapies to treat cardiac diseases associated with the loss of viable myocardium. Clinical studies evaluating the potential of stem cells (from heart, blood, bone marrow, skeletal muscle, and fat) to regenerate the myocardium and improve its functional status indicated that although the method appeared generally safe, its overall efficacy has remained modest. Several issues raised by these studies were notably related to the nature and number of injected cells, as well as the route and timing of their administration, to cite only a few. Besides the direct administration of cardiac precursor cells, a distinct approach to cardiac regeneration could be based upon the stimulation of the heart's natural ability to regenerate, using pharmacological approaches. Indeed, differentiation and/or proliferation of cardiac precursor cells is controlled by various endogenous mediators, such as growth factors and cytokines, which could thus be used as pharmacological agents to promote regeneration. To illustrate such approach, we present recent results showing that the exogenous administration of the natriuretic peptide BNP triggers “endogenous” cardiac regeneration, following experimental myocardial infarction.
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183
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Stem Cell Banking and Its Impact on Cardiac Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 951:163-178. [PMID: 27837563 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45457-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, are the most frequent cause of death annually, even higher than any other pathologies. Specifically, patients who suffer from myocardial infarction may encounter adverse remodeling processes of the heart that can ultimately lead to heart failure. Prognosis of patients affected by heart failure is very poor with 5-year mortality close to 50 %. Despite the impressive progress in the clinical treatment of heart failure in recent years, heart transplantation is still required to avoid death as the result of the inexorable decline in cardiac function. Unfortunately, the availability of donor human hearts for transplantation largely fails to cover the number of potential recipient requests. From this urgent unmet clinical need the interest in stem cell applications for heart regeneration made its start, and has rapidly grown in the last decades. Indeed, the discovery and application of stem and progenitor cells as therapeutic agents has raised substantial interest with the objective of reversing these processes, and ultimately inducing cardiac regeneration. In this scenario, the role of biobanking may play a remarkable role to provide cells at the right time according to the patient's clinical needs, mostly for autologous use in the acute setting of myocardial infarction, largely reducing the time needed for cell preparation and expansion before administration.
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184
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JUDD J, XUAN W, HUANG GN. Cellular and molecular basis of cardiac regeneration. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1504-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Zhao YT, Du J, Chen Y, Tang Y, Qin G, Lv G, Zhuang S, Zhao TC. Inhibition of Oct 3/4 mitigates the cardiac progenitor-derived myocardial repair in infarcted myocardium. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:259. [PMID: 26704423 PMCID: PMC4690244 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence has demonstrated that cardiac progenitor cells play an essential role in the induction of angiomyogenesis in infarcted myocardium. We and others have shown that engraftment of c-kit+ cardiac stem cells (CSCs) into infarcted hearts led to myocardium regeneration and neovascularization, which was associated with an improvement of ventricular function. The purpose of this study is aimed at investigating the functional role of transcription factor (TF) Oct3/4 in facilitating CSCs to promote myocardium regeneration and preserve cardiac performance in the post-MI heart. Methods c-kit+ CSCs were isolated from adult hearts and re-introduced into the infarcted myocardium in which the mouse MI model was created by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). The Oct3/4 of CSCs was inhibited by transfection of Oct3/4 siRNA, and transfection of CSCs with control siRNA serves as control groups. Myocardial functions were evaluated by echocardiographic measurement. Histological analysis was employed to assess newly formed cardiogenesis, neovascularization, and cell proliferations. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) was carried out to assess apoptotic cardiomyocytes. Real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were carried out to evaluate the level of Oct 3/4 in CSCs. Results Two weeks after engraftment, CSCs increased ventricular functional recovery as shown by a serial echocardiographic measurement, which is concomitant with the suppression of cardiac hypertrophy and attenuation of myocardial interstitial fibrosis. Suppression of Oct 3/4 of CSCs abrogated functional improvements and mitigated the hypertrophic response and cardiac remodeling. Transplantation of c-kit+ CSCs into MI hearts promoted cardiac regeneration and neovascularization, which were abolished with the knockdown of Oct3/4. Additionally, suppression of Oct3/4 abrogated myocyte proliferation in the CSC-engrafted myocardium. Conclusion Our results indicate that CSCs-derived cardiac regeneration improves the restoration of cardiac function and is mediated through Oct 3/4. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0252-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tina Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University Medical School, 50 Maude Street, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.
| | - Jianfeng Du
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University Medical School, 50 Maude Street, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.
| | - Youfang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University Medical School, 50 Maude Street, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.
| | - Yaoliang Tang
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, 30912, GA, USA.
| | - Gangjian Qin
- c, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Tarry 14-725, Chicago, 60611, IL, USA.
| | - Guorong Lv
- Department of Ultrasound, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 40 Zhongshan N Road, Licheng, Quanzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, 593 Eddy St, Providence, 02903, RI, USA.
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University Medical School, 50 Maude Street, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.
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Kalyva A, Marketou ME, Parthenakis FI, Pontikoglou C, Kontaraki JE, Maragkoudakis S, Petousis S, Chlouverakis G, Papadaki HA, Vardas PE. Endothelial progenitor cells as markers of severity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 2015; 18:179-84. [PMID: 26696595 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are bone marrow-derived cells that are mobilized into the circulation to migrate and differentiate into mature endothelial cells contributing to post-natal physiological and pathological neovascularization. In this study, we evaluated circulating EPCs in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and examined a potential association with clinical parameters of the disease. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 40 HCM patients and 23 healthy individuals. Using flow cytometry we measured EPCs in peripheral blood as two subpopulations of CD45-/CD34+/VEGFR2+ and CD45-/CD34+/CD133+ cells. Circulating CD45-/CD34+/VEGFR2+ cells were significantly increased in HCM patients in comparison with the controls (0.000238 ± 0.0003136 vs. 0.000057 ± 0.0001316, respectively, P = 0.002). However, there was no significant difference in the number of circulating CD45-/CD34+/CD133+ cells (0.003079 ± 0.0033288 vs. 0.002065 ± 0.0022173, respectively, P = 0.153). The CD45-/CD34+/VEGFR2+ subpopulation revealed a moderate correlation with LV mass index (r = 0.35, P = 0.026), while both EPC subpopulation levels showed strong positive correlations with th E/e' ratio (r = 0.423, P = 0.007 for CD45-/CD34+/VEGFR2+ and r = 0.572, P < 0.001 for CD45-/CD34+/CD133+). CONCLUSION HCM patients showed an increased mobilization of EPCs compared with healthy individuals that correlated with diastolic dysfunction. Our findings may open up new dimensions in the pathophysiology, prognostication, and treatment of HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Kalyva
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Maria E Marketou
- Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | - Joanna E Kontaraki
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Helen A Papadaki
- Department of Haematology, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
| | - Panos E Vardas
- Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
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Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Rajabi-Zeleti S, Marsano A, Aghdami N, Baharvand H. Influence of decellularized pericardium matrix on the behavior of cardiac progenitors. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Basel CH-4031 Switzerland
| | - Sareh Rajabi-Zeleti
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - Anna Marsano
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedicine; University Hospital Basel, University of Basel; Basel CH-4031 Switzerland
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR; Tehran Iran
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188
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Tao L, Bei Y, Zhou Y, Xiao J, Li X. Non-coding RNAs in cardiac regeneration. Oncotarget 2015; 6:42613-22. [PMID: 26462179 PMCID: PMC4767457 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing new therapeutic strategies which could enhance cardiomyocyte regenerative capacity is of significant clinical importance. Though promising, methods to promote cardiac regeneration have had limited success due to the weak regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian heart. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are functional RNA molecules without a protein coding function that have been reported to engage in cardiac regeneration and repair. In light of current regenerative strategies, the regulatory effects of ncRNAs can be categorized as follows: cardiac proliferation, cardiac differentiation, cardiac survival and cardiac reprogramming. miR-590, miR-199a, miR-17-92 cluster, miR302-367 cluster and miR-222 have been reported to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation while miR-1 and miR-133 suppress that. miR-499 and miR-1 promote the differentiation of cardiac progenitors into cardiomyocyte while miR-133 and H19 inhibit that. miR-21, miR-24, miR-221, miR-199a and miR-155 improve cardiac survival while miR-34a, miR-1 and miR-320 exhibit opposite effects. miR-1, miR-133, miR-208 and miR-499 are capable of reprogramming fibroblasts to cardiomyocyte-like cells and miR-284, miR-302, miR-93 , miR-106b and lncRNA-ST8SIA3 are able to enhace cardiac reprogramming. Exploring non-coding RNA-based methods to enhance cardiac regeneration would be instrumental for devising new effective therapies against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichan Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihua Bei
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Epigenomic Reprogramming of Adult Cardiomyocyte-Derived Cardiac Progenitor Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17686. [PMID: 26657817 PMCID: PMC4677315 DOI: 10.1038/srep17686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been believed that mammalian adult cardiomyocytes (ACMs) are terminally-differentiated and are unable to proliferate. Recently, using a bi-transgenic ACM fate mapping mouse model and an in vitro culture system, we demonstrated that adult mouse cardiomyocytes were able to dedifferentiate into cardiac progenitor-like cells (CPCs). However, little is known about the molecular basis of their intrinsic cellular plasticity. Here we integrate single-cell transcriptome and whole-genome DNA methylation analyses to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the dedifferentiation and cell cycle reentry of mouse ACMs. Compared to parental cardiomyocytes, dedifferentiated mouse cardiomyocyte-derived CPCs (mCPCs) display epigenomic reprogramming with many differentially-methylated regions, both hypermethylated and hypomethylated, across the entire genome. Correlated well with the methylome, our transcriptomic data showed that the genes encoding cardiac structure and function proteins are remarkably down-regulated in mCPCs, while those for cell cycle, proliferation, and stemness are significantly up-regulated. In addition, implantation of mCPCs into infarcted mouse myocardium improves cardiac function with augmented left ventricular ejection fraction. Our study demonstrates that the cellular plasticity of mammalian cardiomyocytes is the result of a well-orchestrated epigenomic reprogramming and a subsequent global transcriptomic alteration.
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190
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Zafiriou MP, Noack C, Unsöld B, Didie M, Pavlova E, Fischer HJ, Reichardt HM, Bergmann MW, El-Armouche A, Zimmermann WH, Zelarayan LC. Erythropoietin responsive cardiomyogenic cells contribute to heart repair post myocardial infarction. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2480-91. [PMID: 24806289 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The role of erythropoietin (Epo) in myocardial repair after infarction remains inconclusive. We observed high Epo receptor (EPOR) expression in cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). Therefore, we aimed to characterize these cells and elucidate their contribution to myocardial regeneration on Epo stimulation. High EPOR expression was detected during murine embryonic heart development followed by a marked decrease until adulthood. EPOR-positive cells in the adult heart were identified in a CPC-enriched cell population and showed coexpression of stem, mesenchymal, endothelial, and cardiomyogenic cell markers. We focused on the population coexpressing early (TBX5, NKX2.5) and definitive (myosin heavy chain [MHC], cardiac Troponin T [cTNT]) cardiomyocyte markers. Epo increased their proliferation and thus were designated as Epo-responsive MHC expressing cells (EMCs). In vitro, EMCs proliferated and partially differentiated toward cardiomyocyte-like cells. Repetitive Epo administration in mice with myocardial infarction (cumulative dose 4 IU/g) resulted in an increase in cardiac EMCs and cTNT-positive cells in the infarcted area. This was further accompanied by a significant preservation of cardiac function when compared with control mice. Our study characterized an EPO-responsive MHC-expressing cell population in the adult heart. Repetitive, moderate-dose Epo treatment enhanced the proliferation of EMCs resulting in preservation of post-ischemic cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Patapia Zafiriou
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Breckwoldt K, Weinberger F, Eschenhagen T. Heart regeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1749-59. [PMID: 26597703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Regenerating an injured heart holds great promise for millions of patients suffering from heart diseases. Since the human heart has very limited regenerative capacity, this is a challenging task. Numerous strategies aiming to improve heart function have been developed. In this review we focus on approaches intending to replace damaged heart muscle by new cardiomyocytes. Different strategies for the production of cardiomyocytes from human embryonic stem cells or human induced pluripotent stem cells, by direct reprogramming and induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation are discussed regarding their therapeutic potential and respective advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, different methods for the transplantation of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes are described and their clinical perspectives are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Breckwoldt
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Weinberger
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany.
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192
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Mayorga M, Kiedrowski M, Shamhart P, Forudi F, Weber K, Chilian WM, Penn MS, Dong F. Early upregulation of myocardial CXCR4 expression is critical for dimethyloxalylglycine-induced cardiac improvement in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H20-8. [PMID: 26519029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00449.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1):CXCR4 is important in myocardial repair. In this study we tested the hypothesis that early upregulation of cardiomyocyte CXCR4 (CM-CXCR4) at a time of high myocardial SDF-1 expression could be a strategy to engage the SDF-1:CXCR4 axis and improve cardiac repair. The effects of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) on CXCR4 expression was tested on H9c2 cells. In mice a myocardial infarction (MI) was produced in CM-CXCR4 null and wild-type controls. Mice were randomized to receive injection of DMOG (DMOG group) or saline (Saline group) into the border zone after MI. Protein and mRNA expression of CM-CXCR4 were quantified. Echocardiography was used to assess cardiac function. During hypoxia, DMOG treatment increased CXCR4 expression of H9c2 cells by 29 and 42% at 15 and 24 h, respectively. In vivo DMOG treatment increased CM-CXCR4 expression at 15 h post-MI in control mice but not in CM-CXCR4 null mice. DMOG resulted in increased ejection fraction in control mice but not in CM-CXCR4 null mice 21 days after MI. Consistent with greater cardiomyocyte survival with DMOG treatment, we observed a significant increase in cardiac myosin-positive area within the infarct zone after DMOG treatment in control mice, but no increase in CM-CXCR4 null mice. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte death in MI through the stabilization of HIF-1α requires downstream CM-CXCR4 expression. These data suggest that engagement of the SDF-1:CXCR4 axis through the early upregulation of CM-CXCR4 is a strategy for improving cardiac repair after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Mayorga
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| | - Matthew Kiedrowski
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| | - Patricia Shamhart
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| | - Farhad Forudi
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| | - Kristal Weber
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| | - Marc S Penn
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and Summa Cardiovascular Institute, Summa Health System, Akron, Ohio
| | - Feng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
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193
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Sultana N, Zhang L, Yan J, Chen J, Cai W, Razzaque S, Jeong D, Sheng W, Bu L, Xu M, Huang GY, Hajjar RJ, Zhou B, Moon A, Cai CL. Resident c-kit(+) cells in the heart are not cardiac stem cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8701. [PMID: 26515110 PMCID: PMC4846318 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying a bona fide population of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) is a critical step for developing cell-based therapies for heart failure patients. Previously, cardiac c-kit+ cells were reported to be CSCs with a potential to become myocardial, endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro and after cardiac injury. Here we provide further insights into the nature of cardiac c-kit+ cells. By targeting the c-kit locus with multiple reporter genes in mice, we find that c-kit expression rarely co-localizes with the expression of the cardiac progenitor and myogenic marker Nkx2.5, or that of the myocardial marker, cardiac troponin T (cTnT). Instead, c-kit predominantly labels a cardiac endothelial cell population in developing and adult hearts. After acute cardiac injury, c-kit+ cells retain their endothelial identity and do not become myogenic progenitors or cardiomyocytes. Thus, our work strongly suggests that c-kit+ cells in the murine heart are endothelial cells and not CSCs. The issue whether the cell surface protein c-kit identifies resident cardiac stem cells (CSC) is controversial. By using novel reporter mouse models, Sultana et al. show that c-kit+ cells represent a subpopulation of endothelial cells in the developing and adult heart and do not exhibit CSC traits in health or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Sultana
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Jianyun Yan
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Jiqiu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Weibin Cai
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Shegufta Razzaque
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Dongtak Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Wei Sheng
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Lei Bu
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Guo-Ying Huang
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Anne Moon
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822, USA
| | - Chen-Leng Cai
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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194
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Abstract
After decades of believing the heart loses the ability to regenerate soon after birth, numerous studies are now reporting that the adult heart may indeed be capable of regeneration, although the magnitude of new cardiac myocyte formation varies greatly. While this debate has energized the field of cardiac regeneration and led to a dramatic increase in our understanding of cardiac growth and repair, it has left much confusion in the field as to the prospects of regenerating the heart. Studies applying modern techniques of genetic lineage tracing and carbon-14 dating have begun to establish limits on the amount of endogenous regeneration after cardiac injury, but the underlying cellular mechanisms of this regeneration remained unclear. These same studies have also revealed an astonishing capacity for cardiac repair early in life that is largely lost with adult differentiation and maturation. Regardless, this renewed focus on cardiac regeneration as a therapeutic goal holds great promise as a novel strategy to address the leading cause of death in the developed world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Research and Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John Mignone
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Research and Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - W Robb MacLellan
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Research and Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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195
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Lee J, Cao H, Kang BJ, Jen N, Yu F, Lee CA, Fei P, Park J, Bohlool S, Lash-Rosenberg L, Shung KK, Hsiai TK. Hemodynamics and ventricular function in a zebrafish model of injury and repair. Zebrafish 2015; 11:447-54. [PMID: 25237983 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2014.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction results in scar tissue and irreversible loss of ventricular function. Unlike humans, zebrafish has the capacity to remove scar tissue after injury. To assess ventricular function during repair, we synchronized microelectrocardiogram (μECG) signals with a high-frequency ultrasound pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler to interrogate cardiac hemodynamics. μECG signals allowed for identification of PW Doppler signals for passive (early [E]-wave velocity) and active ventricular filling (atrial [A]-wave velocity) during diastole. The A wave (9.0±1.2 cm·s(-1)) is greater than the E wave (1.1±0.4 cm·s(-1)), resulting in an E/A ratio <1 (0.12±0.05, n=6). In response to cryocauterization to the ventricular epicardium, the E-wave velocity increased, accompanied by a rise in the E/A ratio at 3 days postcryocauterization (dpc) (0.55±0.13, n=6, p<0.001 vs. sham). The E waves normalize toward the baseline, along with a reduction in the E/A ratio at 35 dpc (0.36±0.06, n=6, p<0.001 vs. sham) and 65 dpc (0.2±0.16, n=6, p<0.001 vs. sham). In zebrafish, E/A<1 at baseline is observed, suggesting the distinct two-chamber system in which the pressure gradient across the atrioventricular valve is higher compared with the ventriculobulbar valve. The initial rise and subsequent normalization of E/A ratios support recovery in the ventricular diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Lee
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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196
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Finan A, Richard S. Stimulating endogenous cardiac repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:57. [PMID: 26484341 PMCID: PMC4586501 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The healthy adult heart has a low turnover of cardiac myocytes. The renewal capacity, however, is augmented after cardiac injury. Participants in cardiac regeneration include cardiac myocytes themselves, cardiac progenitor cells, and peripheral stem cells, particularly from the bone marrow compartment. Cardiac progenitor cells and bone marrow stem cells are augmented after cardiac injury, migrate to the myocardium, and support regeneration. Depletion studies of these populations have demonstrated their necessary role in cardiac repair. However, the potential of these cells to completely regenerate the heart is limited. Efforts are now being focused on ways to augment these natural pathways to improve cardiac healing, primarily after ischemic injury but in other cardiac pathologies as well. Cell and gene therapy or pharmacological interventions are proposed mechanisms. Cell therapy has demonstrated modest results and has passed into clinical trials. However, the beneficial effects of cell therapy have primarily been their ability to produce paracrine effects on the cardiac tissue and recruit endogenous stem cell populations as opposed to direct cardiac regeneration. Gene therapy efforts have focused on prolonging or reactivating natural signaling pathways. Positive results have been demonstrated to activate the endogenous stem cell populations and are currently being tested in clinical trials. A potential new avenue may be to refine pharmacological treatments that are currently in place in the clinic. Evidence is mounting that drugs such as statins or beta blockers may alter endogenous stem cell activity. Understanding the effects of these drugs on stem cell repair while keeping in mind their primary function may strike a balance in myocardial healing. To maximize endogenous cardiac regeneration, a combination of these approaches could ameliorate the overall repair process to incorporate the participation of multiple cellular players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Finan
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique United Medical Resource 9214, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1046, Physiology and Experimental Medicine of the Heart and Muscles, University of Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Richard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique United Medical Resource 9214, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1046, Physiology and Experimental Medicine of the Heart and Muscles, University of Montpellier Montpellier, France
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197
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Klyachkin YM, Nagareddy PR, Ye S, Wysoczynski M, Asfour A, Gao E, Sunkara M, Brandon JA, Annabathula R, Ponnapureddy R, Solanki M, Pervaiz ZH, Smyth SS, Ratajczak MZ, Morris AJ, Abdel-Latif A. Pharmacological Elevation of Circulating Bioactive Phosphosphingolipids Enhances Myocardial Recovery After Acute Infarction. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1333-43. [PMID: 26371341 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) triggers mobilization of bone marrow (BM)-derived stem/progenitor cells (BMSPCs) through poorly understood processes. Recently, we postulated a major role for bioactive lipids such as sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) in mobilization of BMSPCs into the peripheral blood (PB). We hypothesized that elevating S1P levels after AMI could augment BMSPC mobilization and enhance cardiac recovery after AMI. After AMI, elevating bioactive lipid levels was achieved by treating mice with the S1P lyase inhibitor tetrahydroxybutylimidazole (THI) for 3 days (starting at day 4 after AMI) to differentiate between stem cell mobilization and the known effects of S1P on myocardial ischemic pre- and postconditioning. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography, and myocardial scar size evolution was examined using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. PB S1P and BMSPCs peaked at 5 days after AMI and returned to baseline levels within 10 days (p < .05 for 5 days vs. baseline). Elevated S1P paralleled a significant increase in circulating BMSPCs (p < .05 vs. controls). We observed a greater than twofold increase in plasma S1P and circulating BMSPCs after THI treatment. Mechanistically, enhanced BMSPC mobilization was associated with significant increases in angiogenesis, BM cell homing, cardiomyocytes, and c-Kit cell proliferation in THI-treated mice. Mice treated with THI demonstrated better recovery of cardiac functional parameters and a reduction in scar size. Pharmacological elevation of plasma bioactive lipids after AMI could contribute to BMSPC mobilization and could represent an attractive strategy for enhancing myocardial recovery and improving BMSC targeting. SIGNIFICANCE Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) initiates innate immune and reparatory mechanisms through which bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells (BMSPCs) are mobilized toward the ischemic myocardium and contribute to myocardial regeneration. Although it is clear that the magnitude of BMSPC mobilization after AMI correlates with cardiac recovery, the molecular events driving BMSPC mobilization and homing are poorly understood. The present study confirms the role of bioactive lipids in BMSPC mobilization after AMI and proposes a new strategy that improves cardiac recovery. Inhibiting sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) lyase (SPL) allows for the augmentation of the plasma levels of S1P and stem cell mobilization. These findings demonstrate that early transient SPL inhibition after MI correlates with increased stem cell mobilization and their homing to the infarct border zones. Augmenting BMSPC mobilization correlated with the formation of new blood vessels and cardiomyocytes and c-Kit cell proliferation. These novel findings on the cellular level were associated with functional cardiac recovery, reduced adverse remodeling, and a decrease in scar size. Taken together, these data indicate that pharmacological elevation of bioactive lipid levels can be beneficial in the early phase after cardiac ischemic injury. These findings provide the first evidence that a carefully timed transient pharmacological upregulation of bioactive lipids after AMI could be therapeutic, because it results in significant cardiac structural and functional improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M Klyachkin
- Gill Heart Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Prabakara R Nagareddy
- Gill Heart Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Shaojing Ye
- Gill Heart Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Marcin Wysoczynski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ahmed Asfour
- Gill Heart Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manjula Sunkara
- Gill Heart Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ja A Brandon
- Gill Heart Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rahul Annabathula
- Gill Heart Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rakesh Ponnapureddy
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Matesh Solanki
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zahida H Pervaiz
- Gill Heart Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Susan S Smyth
- Gill Heart Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Biology Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Gill Heart Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Latif
- Gill Heart Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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198
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Dynamic Support Culture of Murine Skeletal Muscle-Derived Stem Cells Improves Their Cardiogenic Potential In Vitro. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:247091. [PMID: 26357517 PMCID: PMC4556334 DOI: 10.1155/2015/247091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of death in western countries and its burden is increasing worldwide. It typically involves irreversible degeneration and loss of myocardial tissue leading to poor prognosis and fatal outcome. Autologous cells with the potential to regenerate damaged heart tissue would be an ideal source for cell therapeutic approaches. Here, we compared different methods of conditional culture for increasing the yield and cardiogenic potential of murine skeletal muscle-derived stem cells. A subpopulation of nonadherent cells was isolated from skeletal muscle by preplating and applying cell culture conditions differing in support of cluster formation. In contrast to static culture conditions, dynamic culture with or without previous hanging drop preculture led to significantly increased cluster diameters and the expression of cardiac specific markers on the protein and mRNA level. Whole-cell patch-clamp studies revealed similarities to pacemaker action potentials and responsiveness to cardiac specific pharmacological stimuli. This data indicates that skeletal muscle-derived stem cells are capable of adopting enhanced cardiac muscle cell-like properties by applying specific culture conditions. Choosing this route for the establishment of a sustainable, autologous source of cells for cardiac therapies holds the potential of being clinically more acceptable than transgenic manipulation of cells.
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199
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Bulatovic I, Månsson-Broberg A, Sylvén C, Grinnemo KH. Human fetal cardiac progenitors: The role of stem cells and progenitors in the fetal and adult heart. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 31:58-68. [PMID: 26421632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human fetal heart is formed early during embryogenesis as a result of cell migrations, differentiation, and formative blood flow. It begins to beat around gestation day 22. Progenitor cells are derived from mesoderm (endocardium and myocardium), proepicardium (epicardium and coronary vessels), and neural crest (heart valves, outflow tract septation, and parasympathetic innervation). A variety of molecular disturbances in the factors regulating the specification and differentiation of these cells can cause congenital heart disease. This review explores the contribution of different cardiac progenitors to the embryonic heart development; the pathways and transcription factors guiding their expansion, migration, and functional differentiation; and the endogenous regenerative capacity of the adult heart including the plasticity of cardiomyocytes. Unfolding these mechanisms will become the basis for understanding the dynamics of specific congenital heart disease as well as a means to develop therapy for fetal as well as postnatal cardiac defects and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bulatovic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Agneta Månsson-Broberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Sylvén
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Henrik Grinnemo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Diseases of Aging (CDA) at Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute (VGTI), Port St Lucie, FL, USA
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200
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schade
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse
6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alleyn T. Plowright
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative
Medicines, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183, Sweden
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