151
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Parakh S, Jagaraj CJ, Vidal M, Ragagnin AMG, Perri ER, Konopka A, Toth RP, Galper J, Blair IP, Thomas CJ, Walker AK, Yang S, Spencer DM, Atkin JD. ERp57 is protective against mutant SOD1-induced cellular pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1311-1331. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Parakh
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Cyril J Jagaraj
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Marta Vidal
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Audrey M G Ragagnin
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Emma R Perri
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Anna Konopka
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Reka P Toth
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jasmin Galper
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ian P Blair
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Colleen J Thomas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Adam K Walker
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Shu Yang
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Damian M Spencer
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Centre for MND Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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152
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Higuchi-Sanabria R, Frankino PA, Paul JW, Tronnes SU, Dillin A. A Futile Battle? Protein Quality Control and the Stress of Aging. Dev Cell 2018; 44:139-163. [PMID: 29401418 PMCID: PMC5896312 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There exists a phenomenon in aging research whereby early life stress can have positive impacts on longevity. The mechanisms underlying these observations suggest a robust, long-lasting induction of cellular defense mechanisms. These include the various unfolded protein responses of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), cytosol, and mitochondria. Indeed, ectopic induction of these pathways, in the absence of stress, is sufficient to increase lifespan in organisms as diverse as yeast, worms, and flies. Here, we provide an overview of the protein quality control mechanisms that operate in the cytosol, mitochondria, and ER and discuss how they affect cellular health and viability during stress and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Higuchi-Sanabria
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Phillip Andrew Frankino
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joseph West Paul
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sarah Uhlein Tronnes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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153
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Ayers JI, Cashman NR. Prion-like mechanisms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 153:337-354. [PMID: 29887144 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63945-5.00018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prion hypothesis - a protein conformation capable of replicating without a nucleic acid genome - was heretical at the time of its discovery. However, the characteristics of the disease-misfolded prion protein and its ability to transmit disease, replicate, and spread are now widely accepted throughout the scientific community. In fact, in the last decade a wealth of evidence has emerged supporting similar properties observed for many of the misfolded proteins implicated in other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, tauopathies, and as described in this chapter, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Multiple studies have now demonstrated the ability for superoxide dismutase-1, 43-kDa transactive response (TAR) DNA-binding protein, fused-in sarcoma, and most recently, C9orf72-encoded polypeptides to display properties similar to those of prions. The majority of these are cell-free and in vitro assays, while superoxide dismutase-1 remains the only ALS-linked protein to demonstrate several prion-like properties in vivo. In this chapter, we provide an introduction to ALS and review the recent literature linking several proteins implicated in the familial forms of the disease to properties of the prion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob I Ayers
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Neil R Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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154
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Wang YW, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Qian QQ, Xu JW, Ni PF, Qian YN. Mild endoplasmic reticulum stress ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment via regulation of microglial polarization. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:233. [PMID: 29179727 PMCID: PMC5704515 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation, which ultimately leads to neuronal loss, is considered to play a crucial role in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. The neuroinflammatory process is characterized by the activation of glial cells such as microglia. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is commonly associated with impairments in neuronal function and cognition, but its relationship and role in neurodegeneration is still controversial. Recently, it was confirmed that nonharmful levels of ER stress protected against experimental Parkinson's disease. Here, we investigated mild ER stress-based regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-driven neuroinflammation in rats and in primary microglia. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received the intracerebroventricular injection of the ER stress activator tunicamycin (TM) with or without intraperitoneal injection of the ER stress stabilizer sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) 1 h before LPS administration. The levels of neuroinflammation and memory dysfunction were assessed 24 h after treatment. In addition, the effect of mild ER stress on microglia was determined in vitro. RESULTS Here, we found that low doses of TM led to mild ER stress without cell or organism lethality. We showed that mild ER stress preconditioning reduced microglia activation and neuronal death as well as improved LPS-induced memory impairment in rats. In addition, pre-exposure to nonlethal doses of TM in microglia showed significant protection against LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine production and M1/2b polarization. However, sodium 4-PBA, a compound that ameliorates ER stress, ablated this protective effect in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, we conclude that the mild ER stress not only limits the accumulation of misfolded proteins but also protects tissues from harmful endotoxemia insults. Therefore, ER stress preconditioning has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Qing Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Wen Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
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155
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Ciervo Y, Ning K, Jun X, Shaw PJ, Mead RJ. Advances, challenges and future directions for stem cell therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:85. [PMID: 29132389 PMCID: PMC5683324 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative condition where loss of motor neurons within the brain and spinal cord leads to muscle atrophy, weakness, paralysis and ultimately death within 3–5 years from onset of symptoms. The specific molecular mechanisms underlying the disease pathology are not fully understood and neuroprotective treatment options are minimally effective. In recent years, stem cell transplantation as a new therapy for ALS patients has been extensively investigated, becoming an intense and debated field of study. In several preclinical studies using the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, stem cells were demonstrated to be neuroprotective, effectively delayed disease onset and extended survival. Despite substantial improvements in stem cell technology and promising results in preclinical studies, several questions still remain unanswered, such as the identification of the most suitable and beneficial cell source, cell dose, route of delivery and therapeutic mechanisms. This review will cover publications in this field and comprehensively discuss advances, challenges and future direction regarding the therapeutic potential of stem cells in ALS, with a focus on mesenchymal stem cells. In summary, given their high proliferation activity, immunomodulation, multi-differentiation potential, and the capacity to secrete neuroprotective factors, adult mesenchymal stem cells represent a promising candidate for clinical translation. However, technical hurdles such as optimal dose, differentiation state, route of administration, and the underlying potential therapeutic mechanisms still need to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ciervo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd S10 2HQ, Sheffield, UK.,Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Rd, Yangpu Qu, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Ning
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd S10 2HQ, Sheffield, UK.,Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Rd, Yangpu Qu, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Jun
- Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Rd, Yangpu Qu, Shanghai, China
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd S10 2HQ, Sheffield, UK
| | - Richard J Mead
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Rd S10 2HQ, Sheffield, UK.
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156
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Martin-Jiménez CA, García-Vega Á, Cabezas R, Aliev G, Echeverria V, González J, Barreto GE. Astrocytes and endoplasmic reticulum stress: A bridge between obesity and neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 158:45-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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157
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Zeineddine R, Farrawell NE, Lambert-Smith IA, Yerbury JJ. Addition of exogenous SOD1 aggregates causes TDP-43 mislocalisation and aggregation. Cell Stress Chaperones 2017; 22:893-902. [PMID: 28560609 PMCID: PMC5655364 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ALS is characterised by a focal onset of motor neuron loss, followed by contiguous outward spreading of pathology throughout the nervous system, resulting in paralysis and death generally within a few years after diagnosis. The aberrant release and uptake of toxic proteins including SOD1 and TDP-43 and their subsequent propagation, accumulation and deposition in motor neurons may explain such a pattern of pathology. Previous work has suggested that the internalization of aggregates triggers stress granule formation. Given the close association of stress granules and TDP-43, we wondered whether internalisation of SOD1 aggregates stimulated TDP-43 cytosolic aggregate structures. Addition of recombinant mutant G93A SOD1 aggregates to NSC-34 cells was found to trigger a rapid shift of TDP-43 to the cytoplasm where it was still accumulated after 48 h. In addition, SOD1 aggregates also triggered cleavage of TDP-43 into fragments including a 25 kDa fragment. Collectively, this study suggests a role for protein aggregate uptake in TDP-43 pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaa Zeineddine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Science Medicine and Health Faculty, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie E Farrawell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Science Medicine and Health Faculty, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Isabella A Lambert-Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Science Medicine and Health Faculty, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin J Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- School of Biological Sciences, Science Medicine and Health Faculty, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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158
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Hong J, Wang L, Zhang T, Zhang B, Chen L. Sigma-1 receptor knockout increases α-synuclein aggregation and phosphorylation with loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 59:171-183. [PMID: 28870519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sigma-1 receptor (σ1R) is expressed in dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra. Here, we show that σ1R knockout (σ1R-/-) mice, at age 6-12 months, appeared with age-related loss of dopaminergic neurons and decline of motor coordination. Levels of α-synuclein (αSyn) oligomers and fibrillar αSyn in substantia nigra of σ1R-/- mice were age-dependently increased without the changes in αSyn monomers. The phosphorylation of αSyn monomers or oligomers in dopaminergic neurons was enhanced in σ1R-/- mice. Levels of phosphorylated eIF2a and C/EBP homologous protein expression were elevated in σ1R-/- mice with decline of proteasome activity. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress by salubrinal recovered the αSyn phosphorylation and proteasome activity and prevented early oligomerization of αSyn in σ1R-/- mice. Rifampicin reduced the late increase of αSyn oligomers in σ1R-/- mice. Rifampicin or salubrinal could reduce the loss of dopaminergic neurons in σ1R-/- mice and improved their motor coordination. The results indicate that the σ1R deficiency through enhanced aggregation and phosphorylation of αSyn causes the loss of dopaminergic neurons leading to the decline of motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hong
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baofeng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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159
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Lüningschrör P, Binotti B, Dombert B, Heimann P, Perez-Lara A, Slotta C, Thau-Habermann N, R von Collenberg C, Karl F, Damme M, Horowitz A, Maystadt I, Füchtbauer A, Füchtbauer EM, Jablonka S, Blum R, Üçeyler N, Petri S, Kaltschmidt B, Jahn R, Kaltschmidt C, Sendtner M. Plekhg5-regulated autophagy of synaptic vesicles reveals a pathogenic mechanism in motoneuron disease. Nat Commun 2017; 8:678. [PMID: 29084947 PMCID: PMC5662736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy-mediated degradation of synaptic components maintains synaptic homeostasis but also constitutes a mechanism of neurodegeneration. It is unclear how autophagy of synaptic vesicles and components of presynaptic active zones is regulated. Here, we show that Pleckstrin homology containing family member 5 (Plekhg5) modulates autophagy of synaptic vesicles in axon terminals of motoneurons via its function as a guanine exchange factor for Rab26, a small GTPase that specifically directs synaptic vesicles to preautophagosomal structures. Plekhg5 gene inactivation in mice results in a late-onset motoneuron disease, characterized by degeneration of axon terminals. Plekhg5-depleted cultured motoneurons show defective axon growth and impaired autophagy of synaptic vesicles, which can be rescued by constitutively active Rab26. These findings define a mechanism for regulating autophagy in neurons that specifically targets synaptic vesicles. Disruption of this mechanism may contribute to the pathophysiology of several forms of motoneuron disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that disruption of autophagy is associated with neurodegeneration. Here the authors show that Plekhg5 acts as a GEF for Rab26, a small GTPase that promotes the autophagy of synaptic vesicles in neurons; mice lacking Plekgh5 develop late-onset motoneuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lüningschrör
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beyenech Binotti
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dombert
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Heimann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Angel Perez-Lara
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Slotta
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Cora R von Collenberg
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Karl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arie Horowitz
- Cardeza Vascular Biology Center, Departments of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Annette Füchtbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Sibylle Jablonka
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Blum
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nurcan Üçeyler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx) Hannover, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
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160
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Doshi S, Gupta P, Kalb RG. Genetic induction of hypometabolism by ablation of MC4R does not suppress ALS-like phenotypes in the G93A mutant SOD1 mouse model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13150. [PMID: 29030576 PMCID: PMC5640619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction and death of motor neurons leads to progressive paralysis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recent studies have reported organism-level metabolic dysfunction as a prominent but poorly understood feature of the disease. ALS patients are hypermetabolic with increased resting energy expenditure, but if and how hypermetabolism contributes to disease pathology is unknown. We asked if decreasing metabolism in the mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mouse model of ALS (G93A SOD1) would alter motor function and survival. To address this, we generated mice with the G93A SOD1 mutation that also lacked the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R). MC4R is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis and food intake in the hypothalamus. Loss of MC4R is known to induce hyperphagia and hypometabolism in mice. In the MC4R null background, G93A SOD1 mice become markedly hypometabolic, overweight and less active. Decreased metabolic rate, however, did not reverse any ALS-related disease phenotypes such as motor dysfunction or decreased lifespan. While hypermetabolism remains an intriguing target for intervention in ALS patients and disease models, our data indicate that the melanocortin system is not a good target for manipulation. Investigating other pathways may reveal optimal targets for addressing metabolic dysfunction in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachee Doshi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, 140 John Morgan, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Preetika Gupta
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, 140 John Morgan, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert G Kalb
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, 140 John Morgan, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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161
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Zhou T, Ahmad TK, Gozda K, Truong J, Kong J, Namaka M. Implications of white matter damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4379-4392. [PMID: 28791401 PMCID: PMC5646997 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, which involves the progressive degeneration of motor neurons. ALS has long been considered a disease of the grey matter; however, pathological alterations of the white matter (WM), including axonal loss, axonal demyelination and oligodendrocyte death, have been reported in patients with ALS. The present review examined motor neuron death as the primary cause of ALS and evaluated the associated WM damage that is guided by neuronal‑glial interactions. Previous studies have suggested that WM damage may occur prior to the death of motor neurons, and thus may be considered an early indicator for the diagnosis and prognosis of ALS. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying early‑onset WM damage in ALS have yet to be elucidated. The present review explored the detailed anatomy of WM and identified several pathological mechanisms that may be implicated in WM damage in ALS. In addition, it associated the pathophysiological alterations of WM, which may contribute to motor neuron death in ALS, with similar mechanisms of WM damage that are involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). Furthermore, the early detection of WM damage in ALS, using neuroimaging techniques, may lead to earlier therapeutic intervention, using immunomodulatory treatment strategies similar to those used in relapsing‑remitting MS, aimed at delaying WM damage in ALS. Early therapeutic approaches may have the potential to delay motor neuron damage and thus prolong the survival of patients with ALS. The therapeutic interventions that are currently available for ALS are only marginally effective. However, early intervention with immunomodulatory drugs may slow the progression of WM damage in the early stages of ALS, thus delaying motor neuron death and increasing the life expectancy of patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Tina Khorshid Ahmad
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Kiana Gozda
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jessica Truong
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Michael Namaka
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 1R9, Canada
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162
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Tallon C, Farah MH. Beta secretase activity in peripheral nerve regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1565-1574. [PMID: 29171411 PMCID: PMC5696827 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the peripheral nervous system has the capacity to regenerate following a nerve injury, it is often at a slow rate and results in unsatisfactory recovery, leaving patients with reduced function. Many regeneration associated genes have been identified over the years, which may shed some insight into how we can manipulate this intrinsic regenerative ability to enhance repair following peripheral nerve injuries. Our lab has identified the membrane bound protease beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), or beta secretase, as a potential negative regulator of peripheral nerve regeneration. When beta secretase activity levels are abolished via a null mutation in mice, peripheral regeneration is enhanced following a sciatic nerve crush injury. Conversely, when activity levels are greatly increased by overexpressing beta secretase in mice, nerve regeneration and functional recovery are impaired after a sciatic nerve crush injury. In addition to our work, many substrates of beta secretase have been found to be involved in regulating neurite outgrowth and some have even been identified as regeneration associated genes. In this review, we set out to discuss BACE1 and its substrates with respect to axonal regeneration and speculate on the possibility of utilizing BACE1 inhibitors to enhance regeneration following acute nerve injury and potential uses in peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tallon
- Department of Neurology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohamed H. Farah
- Department of Neurology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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163
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Tadić V, Malci A, Goldhammer N, Stubendorff B, Sengupta S, Prell T, Keiner S, Liu J, Guenther M, Frahm C, Witte OW, Grosskreutz J. Sigma 1 receptor activation modifies intracellular calcium exchange in the G93A hSOD1 ALS model. Neuroscience 2017; 359:105-118. [PMID: 28723387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) have been well established within amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a severe motor neuron disease. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration is controlled in part through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mitochondria Ca2+ cycle (ERMCC). The ER supplies Ca2+ to the mitochondria at close contacts between the two organelles, i.e. the mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs). The Sigma 1 receptor (Sig1R) is enriched at MAMs, where it acts as an inter-organelle signaling modulator. However, its impact on intracellular Ca2+ at the cellular level remains to be thoroughly investigated. Here, we used cultured embryonic mice spinal neurons to investigate the influence of Sig1R activation on intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in the presence of G93AhSOD1 (G93A), an established ALS-causing mutation. Sig1R expression was increased in G93A motor neurons relative to non-transgenic (nontg) controls. Furthermore, we demonstrated significantly reduced bradykinin-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores in G93A spinal neurons, which were normalized by the Sig1R agonist SA4503. Moreover, SA4503 accelerated cytosolic Ca2+ clearance following a) AMPAR activation by kainate and b) IP3R-mediated ER Ca2+ release following bradykinin stimulation in both genotypes. PRE-084 (another Sig1R agonist) did not exert any significant effects on cytosolic Ca2+. Both Sig1R expression and functionality were altered by the G93A mutation, indicating the centrality of Sig1R in ALS pathology. Here, we showed that intracellular Ca2+ shuttling can be manipulated by Sig1R activation, thus demonstrating the value of using the pharmacological manipulation of Sig1R to understand Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Tadić
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ayse Malci
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Nadine Goldhammer
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Beatrice Stubendorff
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Saikata Sengupta
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Tino Prell
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Silke Keiner
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Madlen Guenther
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Christiane Frahm
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Julian Grosskreutz
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
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164
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Kalmar B, Greensmith L. Cellular Chaperones As Therapeutic Targets in ALS to Restore Protein Homeostasis and Improve Cellular Function. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:251. [PMID: 28943839 PMCID: PMC5596081 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are ubiquitously expressed chaperone proteins that enable cells to cope with environmental stresses that cause misfolding and denaturation of proteins. With aging this protein quality control machinery becomes less effective, reducing the ability of cells to cope with damaging environmental stresses and disease-causing mutations. In neurodegenerative disorders such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), such mutations are known to result in protein misfolding, which in turn results in the formation of intracellular aggregates cellular dysfunction and eventual neuronal death. The exact cellular pathology of ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases has been elusive and thus, hindering the development of effective therapies. However, a common scheme has emerged across these "protein misfolding" disorders, in that the mechanism of disease involves one or more aspects of proteostasis; from DNA transcription, RNA translation, to protein folding, transport and degradation via proteosomal and autophagic pathways. Interestingly, members of the Hsp family are involved in each of these steps facilitating normal protein folding, regulating the rate of protein synthesis and degradation. In this short review we summarize the evidence that suggests that ALS is a disease of protein dyshomeostasis in which Hsps may play a key role. Overwhelming evidence now indicates that enabling protein homeostasis to cope with disease-causing mutations might be a successful therapeutic strategy in ALS, as well as other neurodegenerative diseases. Novel small molecule co-inducers of Hsps appear to be able to achieve this aim. Arimoclomol, a hydroxylamine derivative, has shown promising results in cellular and animal models of ALS, as well as other protein misfolding diseases such as Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM). Initial clinical investigations of Arimoclomol have shown promising results. Therefore, it is possible that the long series of unsuccessful clinical trials for ALS may soon be reversed, as optimal targeting of proteostasis in ALS may now be possible, and may deliver clinical benefit to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Kalmar
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of NeurologyLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Greensmith
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of NeurologyLondon, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Institute of NeurologyLondon, United Kingdom
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165
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Halliday M, Hughes D, Mallucci GR. Fine-tuning PERK signaling for neuroprotection. J Neurochem 2017; 142:812-826. [PMID: 28643372 PMCID: PMC5601187 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein translation and folding are tightly controlled processes in all cells, by proteostasis, an important component of which is the unfolded protein response (UPR). During periods of endoplasmic reticulum stress because of protein misfolding, the UPR activates a coordinated response in which the PERK branch activation restricts translation, while a variety of genes involved with protein folding, degradation, chaperone expression and stress responses are induced through signaling of the other branches. Chronic overactivation of the UPR, particularly the PERK branch, is observed in the brains of patients in a number of protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases and the tauopathies. Recently, numerous genetic and pharmacological studies in mice have demonstrated the effectiveness of inhibiting the UPR for eliciting therapeutic benefit and boosting memory. In particular, fine-tuning the level of PERK inhibition to provide neuroprotection without adverse side effects has emerged as a safe, effective approach. This includes the recent discovery of licensed drugs that can now be repurposed in clinical trials for new human treatments for dementia. This review provides an overview of the links between UPR overactivation and neurodegeneration in protein misfolding disorders. It discusses recent therapeutic approaches targeting this pathway, with a focus on treatments that fine-tune PERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giovanna R. Mallucci
- MRC Toxicology UnitLeicesterUK
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of CambridgeIsland Research BuildingCambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
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166
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Bella ED, Tramacere I, Antonini G, Borghero G, Capasso M, Caponnetto C, Chiò A, Corbo M, Eleopra R, Filosto M, Giannini F, Granieri E, Bella VL, Lunetta C, Mandrioli J, Mazzini L, Messina S, Monsurrò MR, Mora G, Riva N, Rizzi R, Siciliano G, Silani V, Simone I, Sorarù G, Volanti P, Lauria G. Protein misfolding, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and guanabenz: protocol for a phase II RCT with futility design (ProMISe trial). BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015434. [PMID: 28801400 PMCID: PMC5724081 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies suggest that endoplasmic reticulum stress may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) through an altered regulation of the proteostasis, the cellular pathway-balancing protein synthesis and degradation. A key mechanism is thought to be the dephosphorylation of eIF2α, a factor involved in the initiation of protein translation. Guanabenz is an alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist safely used in past to treat mild hypertension and is now an orphan drug. A pharmacological action recently discovered is its ability to modulate the synthesis of proteins by the activation of translational factors preventing misfolded protein accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum overload. Guanabenz proved to rescue motoneurons from misfolding protein stress both in in vitro and in vivo ALS models, making it a potential disease-modifying drug in patients. It is conceivable investigating whether its neuroprotective effects based on the inhibition of eIF2α dephosphorylation can change the progression of ALS. METHODS AND ANALYSES Protocolised Management In Sepsis is a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial with futility design. We will investigate clinical outcomes, safety, tolerability and biomarkers of neurodegeneration in patients with ALS treated with guanabenz or riluzole alone for 6 months. The primary aim is to test if guanabenz can reduce the proportion of patients progressed to a higher stage of disease at 6 months compared with their baseline stage as measured by the ALS Milano-Torino Staging (ALS-MITOS) system and to the placebo group. Secondary aims are safety, tolerability and change in at least one biomarker of neurodegeneration in the guanabenz arm compared with the placebo group. Findings will provide reliable data on the likelihood that guanabenz can slow the course of ALS in a phase III trial. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of IRCCS 'Carlo Besta Foundation' of Milan (Eudract no. 2014-005367-32 Pre-results) based on the Helsinki declaration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Dalla Bella
- 3rd Neurology Unit and ALS Centre, IRCCS ‘Carlo Besta’ Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Tramacere
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS ‘Carlo Besta’ Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Neuromuscular Disease Unit, Sant’Andrea Hospital and University of Rome ‘Sapienza’, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borghero
- Neurologic Unit, Monserrato University Hospital, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Caponnetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitatioņ Ophthalmology, Genetics, Mother and Child Disease, IRCCS University Hospital San Martino IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- Department of Neurosciences, ALS Centre, ‘Rita Levi Montalcini’, University of Turin and Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Casa Cura Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Eleopra
- Neurology Unit, S Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Giannini
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Neurosciences, S Agostino-Estense Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- ALS Centre, Neurologic Clinic, Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Novara;, Italy
| | | | | | - Gabriele Mora
- ALS Center, ‘Salvatore Maugeri’ Clinical-Scientific Institutes, Milan, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- Department of Neurology IRCCS ‘San Raffaele’ Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Romana Rizzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuro-Motor Diseases, IRCCS Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano - Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Simone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianni Sorarù
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Volanti
- Intensive Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS ‘Salvatore Maugeri’ Foundation, Mistretta, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- 3rd Neurology Unit and ALS Centre, IRCCS ‘Carlo Besta’ Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
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167
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Yang X, Li S, Xing D, Li P, Li C, Qi L, Xu Y, Ren H. Lack of association between the P413L variant of chromogranin B and ALS risk or age at onset: a meta-analysis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2017; 19:80-86. [PMID: 28795874 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2017.1361444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common motor neuron disease, is thought to result from interaction of genetic and environmental risk factors. Whether the potentially functional exonic P413L variant in the chromogranin B gene influences ALS risk and age at onset is controversial. METHOD We meta-analysed or other studies assessing the association between the P413L variant and ALS risk or age at ALS onset indexed in Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and SinoMed databases. RESULTS Five case-control studies were analysed, involving 2639 patients with sporadic ALS, 201 with familial ALS and 3381 controls. No association was detected between risk of either ALS type and the CT + TT genotype or T-allele of the P413L variant. Age at ALS onset was similar between carriers and non-carriers of the T-allele. CONCLUSION The available evidence suggests that the P413L variant of chromogranin B is not associated with ALS risk or age at ALS onset. These results should be validated in large, well-designed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Yang
- a Department of Geriatric Neurology , First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunan Province , P.R. China.,b Department of Neurology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan Province , P.R. China
| | - Shimei Li
- c Department of Anesthesia , Kunming Xishan District People's Hospital , Kunming , Yunnan Province , P.R. China , and
| | - Dongmei Xing
- d Department of Neurology , The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming , Yunnan Province , P.R. China
| | - Peiyun Li
- d Department of Neurology , The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming , Yunnan Province , P.R. China
| | - Ci Li
- d Department of Neurology , The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming , Yunnan Province , P.R. China
| | - Ling Qi
- d Department of Neurology , The Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming , Yunnan Province , P.R. China
| | - Yanming Xu
- b Department of Neurology , West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan Province , P.R. China
| | - Hui Ren
- a Department of Geriatric Neurology , First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , Yunan Province , P.R. China
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168
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Opposite Synaptic Alterations at the Neuromuscular Junction in an ALS Mouse Model: When Motor Units Matter. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8901-8918. [PMID: 28821658 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3090-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Denervation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) precedes the loss of motor neurons (MNs) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is characterized by a motor unit (MU)-dependent vulnerability where MNs with fast-fatigable (FF) characteristics are lost first, followed by fast fatigue-resistant (FR) and slow (S) MNs. However, changes in NMJ properties as a function of MU types remain debated. We hypothesized that NMJ synaptic functions would be altered precociously in an MU-specific manner, before structural alterations of the NMJ. Synaptic transmission and morphological changes of NMJs have been explored in two nerve-muscle preparations of male SOD1G37R mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates: the soleus (S and FR MU); and the extensor digitorum longus (FF MU). S, FR, and FF NMJs of WT mice showed distinct synaptic properties from which we build an MU synaptic profile (MUSP) that reports MU-dependent NMJ synaptic properties. At postnatal day 180 (P180), FF and S NMJs of SOD1 already showed, respectively, lower and higher quantal content compared with WT mice, before signs of MN death and before NMJ morphological alterations. Changes persisted in both muscles until preonset (P380), while denervation was frequent in the mutant mouse. MN death was evident at this stage. Additional changes occurred at clinical disease onset (P450) for S and FR MU. As a whole, our results reveal a reversed MUSP in SOD1 mutants and highlight MU-specific synaptic changes occurring in a precise temporal sequence. Importantly, changes in synaptic properties appear to be good predictors of vulnerability to neurodegeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The inadequate excitability of motor neurons and their output, the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), has been considered a key factor in the detrimental outcome of the motor function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, a conundrum persists at the NMJ whereby persistent but incoherent opposite neurotransmission changes have been reported to take place. This article untangles this conundrum by systematically analyzing the changes in synaptic properties over the course of the disease progression as a function of the motor unit type. This temporal analysis reveals that early synaptic alterations evolve with disease progression but precede NMJ neurodegeneration. These data provide a novel framework of analysis and comparison of synaptic transmission alterations in neurodegenerative disorders.
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169
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Hedlund E, Deng Q. Single-cell RNA sequencing: Technical advancements and biological applications. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 59:36-46. [PMID: 28754496 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cells are the basic building blocks of organisms and each cell is unique. Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as an indispensable tool to dissect the cellular heterogeneity and decompose tissues into cell types and/or cell states, which offers enormous potential for de novo discovery. Single-cell transcriptomic atlases provide unprecedented resolution to reveal complex cellular events and deepen our understanding of biological systems. In this review, we summarize and compare single-cell RNA sequencing technologies, that were developed since 2009, to facilitate a well-informed choice of method. The applications of these methods in different biological contexts are also discussed. We anticipate an ever-increasing role of single-cell RNA sequencing in biology with further improvement in providing spatial information and coupling to other cellular modalities. In the future, such biological findings will greatly benefit medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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170
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Translating protein phosphatase research into treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:101-112. [PMID: 28202663 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many of the major neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the accumulation of intracellular protein aggregates in neurons and other cells in brain, suggesting that errors in protein quality control mechanisms associated with the aging process play a critical role in the onset and progression of disease. The increased understanding of the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling network and, more specifically, the structure and function of eIF2α phosphatases has enabled the development or discovery of small molecule inhibitors that show great promise in restoring protein homeostasis and ameliorating neuronal damage and death. While this review focuses attention on one or more eIF2α phosphatases, the wide range of UPR proteins that are currently being explored as potential drug targets bodes well for the successful future development of therapies to preserve neuronal function and treat neurodegenerative disease.
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171
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Abstract
The clinical manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases is initiated by the selective alteration in the functionality of distinct neuronal populations. The pathology of many neurodegenerative diseases includes accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain. In physiological conditions, the proteostasis network maintains normal protein folding, trafficking and degradation; alterations in this network - particularly disturbances to the function of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - are thought to contribute to abnormal protein aggregation. ER stress triggers a signalling reaction known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), which induces adaptive programmes that improve protein folding and promote quality control mechanisms and degradative pathways or can activate apoptosis when damage is irreversible. In this Review, we discuss the latest advances in defining the functional contribution of ER stress to brain diseases, including novel evidence that relates the UPR to synaptic function, which has implications for cognition and memory. A complex concept is emerging wherein the consequences of ER stress can differ drastically depending on the disease context and the UPR signalling pathway that is altered. Strategies to target specific components of the UPR using small molecules and gene therapy are in development, and promise interesting avenues for future interventions to delay or stop neurodegeneration.
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172
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Huang H, Miao L, Liang F, Liu X, Xu L, Teng X, Wang Q, Ridder WH, Shindler KS, Sun Y, Hu Y. Neuroprotection by eIF2α-CHOP inhibition and XBP-1 activation in EAE/optic neuritiss. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2936. [PMID: 28726788 PMCID: PMC5550873 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
No therapies exist to prevent neuronal deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS), because the molecular mechanism responsible for the progressive neurodegeneration is unknown. We previously showed that axon injury-induced neuronal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and optic nerve degeneration in traumatic and glaucomatous optic neuropathies. Optic neuritis, one of the most common clinical manifestations of MS, is readily modeled by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mouse. Using this in vivo model, we now show that ER stress is induced early in EAE and that modulation of ER stress by inhibition of eIF2α-CHOP and activation of XBP-1 in RGC specifically, protects RGC somata and axons and preserves visual function. This finding adds to the evidence that ER stress is a general upstream mechanism for neurodegeneration and suggests that targeting ER stress molecules is a promising therapeutic strategy for neuroprotection in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto CA 94304, USA
| | - Linqing Miao
- Shriners Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Feisi Liang
- Shriners Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Shriners Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Shriners Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiuyin Teng
- Shriners Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Qizhao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto CA 94304, USA
| | - William H Ridder
- Southern California College of Optometry, Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Kenneth S Shindler
- Scheie Eye Institute and F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto CA 94304, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto CA 94304, USA
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173
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Medinas DB, González JV, Falcon P, Hetz C. Fine-Tuning ER Stress Signal Transducers to Treat Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:216. [PMID: 28725179 PMCID: PMC5496948 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motoneurons and paralysis. The mechanisms underlying neuronal degeneration in ALS are starting to be elucidated, highlighting disturbances in motoneuron proteostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has emerged as an early pathogenic event underlying motoneuron vulnerability and denervation in ALS. Maintenance of ER proteostasis is controlled by a dynamic signaling network known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is an ER-located kinase and endoribonuclease that operates as a major ER stress transducer, mediating the establishment of adaptive and pro-apoptotic programs. Here we discuss current evidence supporting the role of ER stress in motoneuron demise in ALS and build the rational to target IRE1 to ameliorate neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo B Medinas
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of ChileSantiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and MetabolismSantiago, Chile
| | - Jose V González
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of ChileSantiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and MetabolismSantiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Falcon
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of ChileSantiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and MetabolismSantiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of ChileSantiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and MetabolismSantiago, Chile.,Buck Institute for Research on AgingNovato, CA, United States.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public HealthBoston, MA, United States
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174
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Rescue of Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration by Differentially Modulating Neuronal Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Molecules. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5891-903. [PMID: 27225776 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3709-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Axon injury is an early event in neurodegenerative diseases that often leads to retrograde neuronal cell death and progressive permanent loss of vital neuronal functions. The connection of these two obviously sequential degenerative events, however, is elusive. Deciphering the upstream signals that trigger the neurodegeneration cascades in both neuronal soma and axon would be a key step toward developing the effective neuroprotectants that are greatly needed in the clinic. We showed previously that optic nerve injury-induced neuronal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Using two in vivo mouse models of optic neuropathies (traumatic optic nerve injury and glaucoma) and adeno-associated virus-mediated RGC-specific gene targeting, we now show that differential manipulation of unfolded protein response pathways in opposite directions-inhibition of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α-C/EBP homologous protein and activation of X-box binding protein 1-promotes both RGC axons and somata survival and preserves visual function. Our results indicate that axon injury-induced neuronal ER stress plays an important role in both axon degeneration and neuron soma death. Neuronal ER stress is therefore a promising therapeutic target for glaucoma and potentially other types of neurodegeneration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuron soma and axon degeneration have distinct molecular mechanisms although they are clearly connected after axon injury. We previously demonstrated that axon injury induces neuronal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and that manipulation of ER stress molecules synergistically promotes neuron cell body survival. Here we investigated the possibility that ER stress also plays a role in axon degeneration and whether ER stress modulation preserves neuronal function in neurodegenerative diseases. Our results suggest that neuronal ER stress is a general mechanism of degeneration for both neuronal cell body and axon, and that therapeutic targeting of ER stress produces significant functional recovery.
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175
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Park JH, Jang HR, Lee IY, Oh HK, Choi EJ, Rhim H, Kang S. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-related mutant superoxide dismutase 1 aggregates inhibit 14-3-3-mediated cell survival by sequestration into the JUNQ compartment. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:3615-3629. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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176
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Remondelli P, Renna M. The Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Its Potential Therapeutic Significance. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:187. [PMID: 28670265 PMCID: PMC5472670 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the cell compartment involved in secretory protein translocation and quality control of secretory protein folding. Different conditions can alter ER function, resulting in the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins within the ER lumen. Such a condition, known as ER stress, elicits an integrated adaptive response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore proteostasis within the secretory pathway. Conversely, in prolonged cell stress or insufficient adaptive response, UPR signaling causes cell death. ER dysfunctions are involved and contribute to neuronal degeneration in several human diseases, including Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The correlations between ER stress and its signal transduction pathway known as the UPR with neuropathological changes are well established. In addition, much evidence suggests that genetic or pharmacological modulation of UPR could represent an effective strategy for minimizing the progressive neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review recent results describing the main cellular mechanisms linking ER stress and UPR to neurodegeneration. Furthermore, we provide an up-to-date panoramic view of the currently pursued strategies for ameliorating the toxic effects of protein unfolding in disease by targeting the ER UPR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Remondelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Università degli Studi di SalernoSalerno, Italy
| | - Maurizio Renna
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of CambridgeCambridge, United Kingdom
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177
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178
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Nijssen J, Comley LH, Hedlund E. Motor neuron vulnerability and resistance in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:863-885. [PMID: 28409282 PMCID: PMC5427160 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the fatal disease-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-upper (corticospinal) motor neurons (MNs) and lower somatic MNs, which innervate voluntary muscles, degenerate. Importantly, certain lower MN subgroups are relatively resistant to degeneration, even though pathogenic proteins are typically ubiquitously expressed. Ocular MNs (OMNs), including the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nuclei (CNIII, IV and VI), which regulate eye movement, persist throughout the disease. Consequently, eye-tracking devices are used to enable paralysed ALS patients (who can no longer speak) to communicate. Additionally, there is a gradient of vulnerability among spinal MNs. Those innervating fast-twitch muscle are most severely affected and degenerate first. MNs innervating slow-twitch muscle can compensate temporarily for the loss of their neighbours by re-innervating denervated muscle until later in disease these too degenerate. The resistant OMNs and the associated extraocular muscles (EOMs) are anatomically and functionally very different from other motor units. The EOMs have a unique set of myosin heavy chains, placing them outside the classical characterization spectrum of all skeletal muscle. Moreover, EOMs have multiple neuromuscular innervation sites per single myofibre. Spinal fast and slow motor units show differences in their dendritic arborisations and the number of myofibres they innervate. These motor units also differ in their functionality and excitability. Identifying the molecular basis of cell-intrinsic pathways that are differentially activated between resistant and vulnerable MNs could reveal mechanisms of selective neuronal resistance, degeneration and regeneration and lead to therapies preventing progressive MN loss in ALS. Illustrating this, overexpression of OMN-enriched genes in spinal MNs, as well as suppression of fast spinal MN-enriched genes can increase the lifespan of ALS mice. Here, we discuss the pattern of lower MN degeneration in ALS and review the current literature on OMN resistance in ALS and differential spinal MN vulnerability. We also reflect upon the non-cell autonomous components that are involved in lower MN degeneration in ALS.
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179
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Collier AE, Wek RC, Spandau DF. Human Keratinocyte Differentiation Requires Translational Control by the eIF2α Kinase GCN2. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1924-1934. [PMID: 28528168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate and sequential differentiation of keratinocytes is essential for all functions of the human epidermis. Although transcriptional regulation has proven to be important for keratinocyte differentiation, little is known about the role of translational control. A key mechanism for modulating translation is through phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). A family of different eIF2α kinases function in the integrative stress response to inhibit general protein synthesis coincident with preferential translation of select mRNAs that participate in stress alleviation. Here we demonstrate that translational control through eIF2α phosphorylation is required for normal keratinocyte differentiation. Analyses of polysome profiles revealed that key differentiation genes, including involucrin, are bound to heavy polysomes during differentiation, despite decreased general protein synthesis. Induced eIF2α phosphorylation by the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) protein kinase facilitated translational control and differentiation-specific protein expression during keratinocyte differentiation. Furthermore, loss of GCN2 thwarted translational control, normal epidermal differentiation, and differentiation gene expression in organotypic skin culture. These findings underscore a previously unknown function for GCN2 phosphorylation of eIF2α and translational control in the formation of an intact human epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Collier
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Dan F Spandau
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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180
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Webster CP, Smith EF, Shaw PJ, De Vos KJ. Protein Homeostasis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Therapeutic Opportunities? Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:123. [PMID: 28512398 PMCID: PMC5411428 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis), the correct balance between production and degradation of proteins, is essential for the health and survival of cells. Proteostasis requires an intricate network of protein quality control pathways (the proteostasis network) that work to prevent protein aggregation and maintain proteome health throughout the lifespan of the cell. Collapse of proteostasis has been implicated in the etiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common adult onset motor neuron disorder. Here, we review the evidence linking dysfunctional proteostasis to the etiology of ALS and discuss how ALS-associated insults affect the proteostasis network. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefit of proteostasis network modulation in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Webster
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Emma F Smith
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Kurt J De Vos
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
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181
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Bose S, Cho J. Targeting chaperones, heat shock factor-1, and unfolded protein response: Promising therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:155-175. [PMID: 27702699 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding, which is known to cause several serious diseases, is an emerging field that addresses multiple therapeutic areas. Misfolding of a disease-specific protein in the central nervous system ultimately results in the formation of toxic aggregates that may accumulate in the brain, leading to neuronal cell death and dysfunction, and associated clinical manifestations. A large number of neurodegenerative diseases in humans, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and prion diseases, are primarily caused by protein misfolding and aggregation. Notably, the cellular system is equipped with a protein quality control system encompassing chaperones, ubiquitin proteasome system, and autophagy, as a defense mechanism that monitors protein folding and eliminates inappropriately folded proteins. As the intrinsic molecular mechanisms of protein misfolding become more clearly understood, the novel therapeutic approaches in this arena are gaining considerable interest. The present review will describe the chaperones network and different approaches as the therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Current and emerging therapeutic approaches to combat neurodegenerative diseases, addressing the roles of molecular, chemical, and pharmacological chaperones, as well as heat shock factor-1 and the unfolded protein response, are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhunath Bose
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Republic of Korea.
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182
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Cabral-Miranda F, Hetz C. ER stress in neurodegenerative disease: from disease mechanisms to therapeutic interventions. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ersc-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe conception that protein aggregates composed by misfolded proteins underlies the occurrence of several neurodegenerative diseases suggests that this phenomenon may have a common origin, ultimately driven by disruption of proteostasis control. The unfolded protein response (UPR) embodies a major element of the proteostasis network, which is engaged by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Chronic ER stress may operate as a possible mechanism of neurodegeneration, contributing to synaptic alterations, neuroinflammation and neuronal loss. In this review we discuss most recent findings relating ER stress and the development of distinct neurodegenerative diseases, and the possible strategies for disease intervention.
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183
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Boyd PJ, Tu WY, Shorrock HK, Groen EJN, Carter RN, Powis RA, Thomson SR, Thomson D, Graham LC, Motyl AAL, Wishart TM, Highley JR, Morton NM, Becker T, Becker CG, Heath PR, Gillingwater TH. Bioenergetic status modulates motor neuron vulnerability and pathogenesis in a zebrafish model of spinal muscular atrophy. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006744. [PMID: 28426667 PMCID: PMC5417717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration and loss of lower motor neurons is the major pathological hallmark of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), resulting from low levels of ubiquitously-expressed survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. One remarkable, yet unresolved, feature of SMA is that not all motor neurons are equally affected, with some populations displaying a robust resistance to the disease. Here, we demonstrate that selective vulnerability of distinct motor neuron pools arises from fundamental modifications to their basal molecular profiles. Comparative gene expression profiling of motor neurons innervating the extensor digitorum longus (disease-resistant), gastrocnemius (intermediate vulnerability), and tibialis anterior (vulnerable) muscles in mice revealed that disease susceptibility correlates strongly with a modified bioenergetic profile. Targeting of identified bioenergetic pathways by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis rescued motor axon defects in SMA zebrafish. Moreover, targeting of a single bioenergetic protein, phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (Pgk1), was found to modulate motor neuron vulnerability in vivo. Knockdown of pgk1 alone was sufficient to partially mimic the SMA phenotype in wild-type zebrafish. Conversely, Pgk1 overexpression, or treatment with terazosin (an FDA-approved small molecule that binds and activates Pgk1), rescued motor axon phenotypes in SMA zebrafish. We conclude that global bioenergetics pathways can be therapeutically manipulated to ameliorate SMA motor neuron phenotypes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J. Boyd
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Wen-Yo Tu
- Sheffield Institute for Translation Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah K. Shorrock
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ewout J. N. Groen
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick N. Carter
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael A. Powis
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie R. Thomson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Thomson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura C. Graham
- Division of Neurobiology, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anna A. L. Motyl
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Wishart
- Division of Neurobiology, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J. Robin Highley
- Sheffield Institute for Translation Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Morton
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Becker
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherina G. Becker
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translation Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H. Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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184
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MicroRNA Metabolism and Dysregulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2617-2630. [PMID: 28421535 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a subset of endogenous, small, non-coding RNA molecules involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Dysregulation in miRNA-related pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with severe neuronal injury and cell death, which can lead to the development of neurodegenerative disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is a fatal adult onset disease characterized by the selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons. While the pathogenesis of ALS is still largely unknown, familial ALS forms linked to TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma (FUS) gene mutations, as well as sporadic forms, display changes in several steps of RNA metabolism, including miRNA processing. Here, we review the current knowledge about miRNA metabolism and biological functions and their crucial role in ALS pathogenesis with an in-depth analysis on different pathways. A more precise understanding of miRNA involvement in ALS could be useful not only to elucidate their role in the disease etiopathogenesis but also to investigate their potential as disease biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
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185
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Filareti M, Luotti S, Pasetto L, Pignataro M, Paolella K, Messina P, Pupillo E, Filosto M, Lunetta C, Mandrioli J, Fuda G, Calvo A, Chiò A, Corbo M, Bendotti C, Beghi E, Bonetto V. Decreased Levels of Foldase and Chaperone Proteins Are Associated with an Early-Onset Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:99. [PMID: 28428745 PMCID: PMC5382314 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive upper and lower motor neuron degeneration. One of the peculiar clinical characteristics of ALS is the wide distribution in age of onset, which is probably caused by different combinations of intrinsic and exogenous factors. We investigated whether these modifying factors are converging into common pathogenic pathways leading either to an early or a late disease onset. This would imply the identification of phenotypic biomarkers, that can distinguish the two populations of ALS patients, and of relevant pathways to consider in a therapeutic intervention. Toward this aim a differential proteomic analysis was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a group of 16 ALS patients with an age of onset ≤55 years and a group of 16 ALS patients with an age of onset ≥75 years, and matched healthy controls. We identified 43 differentially expressed proteins in the two groups of patients. Gene ontology analysis revealed that there was a significant enrichment in annotations associated with protein folding and response to stress. We next validated a selected number of proteins belonging to this functional group in 85 patients and 83 age- and sex-matched healthy controls using immunoassays. The results of the validation study confirmed that there was a decreased level of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A (also known as cyclophilin A), heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha, 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (also known as BiP) and protein deglycase DJ-1 in PBMC of ALS patients with an early onset. Similar results were obtained in PBMC and spinal cord from two SOD1G93A mouse models with an early and late disease onset. This study suggests that a different ability to upregulate proteins involved in proteostasis, such as foldase and chaperone proteins, may be at the basis of a different susceptibility to ALS, putting forward the development of therapeutic approaches aiming at boosting the protein quality control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Filareti
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura PoliclinicoMilan, Italy
| | - Silvia Luotti
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pasetto
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Pignataro
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Paolella
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Messina
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pupillo
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili and University of BresciaBrescia, Italy
| | | | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-EstenseModena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fuda
- ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura PoliclinicoMilan, Italy
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
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186
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Cestra G, Rossi S, Di Salvio M, Cozzolino M. Control of mRNA Translation in ALS Proteinopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:85. [PMID: 28386218 PMCID: PMC5362592 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells robustly reprogram gene expression during stress generated by protein misfolding and aggregation. In this condition, cells assemble the bulk of mRNAs into translationally silent stress granules (SGs), while they sustain the translation of specific mRNAs coding for proteins that are needed to overcome cellular stress. Alterations of this process are deeply associated to neurodegeneration. This is the case of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a selective loss of motor neurons. Indeed, impairment of protein homeostasis as well as alterations of RNA metabolism are now recognized as major players in the pathogenesis of ALS. In particular, evidence shows that defective mRNA transport and translation are implicated. Here, we provide a review of what is currently known about altered mRNA translation in ALS and how this impacts on the ability of affected cells to cope with proteotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Cestra
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Pathology (IBPM), CNRRome, Italy; Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, University of Rome "Sapienza"Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Rossi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Di Salvio
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Pathology (IBPM), CNRRome, Italy; Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, University of Rome "Sapienza"Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Cozzolino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR Rome, Italy
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187
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Gama-Carvalho M, L Garcia-Vaquero M, R Pinto F, Besse F, Weis J, Voigt A, Schulz JB, De Las Rivas J. Linking amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy through RNA-transcriptome homeostasis: a genomics perspective. J Neurochem 2017; 141:12-30. [PMID: 28054357 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we present our most recent understanding of key biomolecular processes that underlie two motor neuron degenerative disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and spinal muscular atrophy. We focus on the role of four multifunctional proteins involved in RNA metabolism (TDP-43, FUS, SMN, and Senataxin) that play a causal role in these diseases. Recent results have led to a novel scenario of intricate connections between these four proteins, bringing transcriptome homeostasis into the spotlight as a common theme in motor neuron degeneration. We review reported functional and physical interactions between these four proteins, highlighting their common association with nuclear bodies and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle biogenesis and function. We discuss how these interactions are turning out to be particularly relevant for the control of transcription and chromatin homeostasis, including the recent identification of an association between SMN and Senataxin required to ensure the resolution of DNA-RNA hybrid formation and proper termination by RNA polymerase II. These connections strongly support the existence of common pathways underlying the spinal muscular atrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis phenotype. We also discuss the potential of genome-wide expression profiling, in particular RNA sequencing derived data, to contribute to unravelling the underlying mechanisms. We provide a review of publicly available datasets that have addressed both diseases using these approaches, and highlight the value of investing in cross-disease studies to promote our understanding of the pathways leading to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marina L Garcia-Vaquero
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco R Pinto
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron Voigt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Javier De Las Rivas
- Cancer Research Center (CiC-IBMCC, CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad de Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
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188
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Ambrosi G, Milani P. Endoplasmic reticulum, oxidative stress and their complex crosstalk in neurodegeneration: proteostasis, signaling pathways and molecular chaperones. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.4.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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189
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Abstract
ALS is a relentless neurodegenerative disease in which motor neurons are the susceptible neuronal population. Their death results in progressive paresis of voluntary and respiratory muscles. The unprecedented rate of discoveries over the last two decades have broadened our knowledge of genetic causes and helped delineate molecular pathways. Here we critically review ALS epidemiology, genetics, pathogenic mechanisms, available animal models, and iPS cell technologies with a focus on their translational therapeutic potential. Despite limited clinical success in treatments to date, the new discoveries detailed here offer new models for uncovering disease mechanisms as well as novel strategies for intervention.
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190
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Rozas P, Bargsted L, Martínez F, Hetz C, Medinas DB. The ER proteostasis network in ALS: Determining the differential motoneuron vulnerability. Neurosci Lett 2017; 636:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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191
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Pathogenesis Converges on Defects in Protein Homeostasis Associated with TDP-43 Mislocalization and Proteasome-Mediated Degradation Overload. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 121:111-171. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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192
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Cabral-Miranda F, Hetz C. ER Stress and Neurodegenerative Disease: A Cause or Effect Relationship? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 414:131-157. [PMID: 28864830 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of protein aggregates has a fundamental role in the patophysiology of distinct neurodegenerative diseases. This phenomenon may have a common origin, where disruption of intracellular mechanisms related to protein homeostasis (here termed proteostasis) control during aging may result in abnormal protein aggregation. The unfolded protein response (UPR) embodies a major element of the proteostasis network triggered by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Chronic ER stress may operate as possible mechanism of neurodegenerative and synaptic dysfunction, and in addition contribute to the abnormal aggregation of key disease-related proteins. In this article we overview the most recent findings suggesting a causal role of ER stress in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Cabral-Miranda
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O.BOX 70086, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Faculty of Medicine, Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, P.O.BOX 70086, Santiago, Chile. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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193
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Mancuso R, Navarro X. Sigma-1 Receptor in Motoneuron Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 964:235-254. [PMID: 28315275 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50174-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS ) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting spinal cord and brain motoneurons , leading to paralysis and early death. Multiple etiopathogenic mechanisms appear to contribute in the development of ALS , including glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress , protein misfolding, mitochondrial defects, impaired axonal transport, inflammation and glial cell alterations. The Sigma-1 receptor is highly expressed in motoneurons of the spinal cord, particularly enriched in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) at postsynaptic cisternae of cholinergic C-terminals. Several evidences point to participation of Sigma-1R alterations in motoneuron degeneration. Thus, mutations of the transmembrane domain of the Sigma-1R have been described in familial ALS cases. Interestingly, Sigma-1R KO mice display muscle weakness and motoneuron loss. On the other hand, Sigma-1R agonists promote neuroprotection and neurite elongation through activation of protein kinase C on motoneurons in vitro and in vivo after ventral root avulsion. Remarkably, treatment of SOD1 mice, the most usual animal model of ALS , with Sigma-1R agonists resulted in significantly enhanced motoneuron function and preservation, and increased animal survival. Sigma-1R activation also reduced microglial reactivity and increased the glial expression of neurotrophic factors. Two main interconnected mechanisms seem to underlie the effects of Sigma-1R manipulation on motoneurons: modulation of neuronal excitability and regulation of calcium homeostasis. In addition, Sigma-1R also contributes to regulating protein degradation, and reducing oxidative stress. Therefore, the multi-functional nature of the Sigma-1R represents an attractive target for treating aspects of ALS and other motoneuron diseases .
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Mancuso
- Center for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
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194
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Enge TG, Ecroyd H, Jolley DF, Yerbury JJ, Dosseto A. Longitudinal assessment of metal concentrations and copper isotope ratios in the G93A SOD1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Metallomics 2017; 9:161-174. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00270f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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195
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Taylor JP, Brown RH, Cleveland DW. Decoding ALS: from genes to mechanism. Nature 2016; 539:197-206. [PMID: 27830784 DOI: 10.1038/nature20413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1350] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and uniformly fatal neurodegenerative disease. A plethora of genetic factors have been identified that drive the degeneration of motor neurons in ALS, increase susceptibility to the disease or influence the rate of its progression. Emerging themes include dysfunction in RNA metabolism and protein homeostasis, with specific defects in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, the induction of stress at the endoplasmic reticulum and impaired dynamics of ribonucleoprotein bodies such as RNA granules that assemble through liquid-liquid phase separation. Extraordinary progress in understanding the biology of ALS provides new reasons for optimism that meaningful therapies will be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Taylor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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196
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Arbour D, Vande Velde C, Robitaille R. New perspectives on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the role of glial cells at the neuromuscular junction. J Physiol 2016; 595:647-661. [PMID: 27633977 DOI: 10.1113/jp270213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease leading to the death of motor neurons (MNs). It is also recognized as a non-cell autonomous disease where glial cells in the CNS are involved in its pathogenesis and progression. However, although denervation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) represents an early and major event in ALS, the importance of glial cells at this synapse receives little attention. An interesting possibility is that altered relationships between glial cells and MNs in the spinal cord in ALS may also take place at the NMJ. Perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs), which are glial cells at the NMJ, show great morphological and functional adaptability to ensure NMJ stability, maintenance and repair. More specifically, PSCs change their properties according to the state of innervation. Hence, abnormal changes or lack of changes can have detrimental effects on NMJs in ALS. This review will provide an overview of known and hypothesized interactions between MN nerve terminals and PSCs at NMJs during development, aging and ALS-induced denervation. These neuron-PSC interactions may be crucial to the understanding of how degenerative changes begin and progress at NMJs in ALS, and represent a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Arbour
- Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7.,Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Christine Vande Velde
- Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7.,Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7.,Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2X 0A9
| | - Richard Robitaille
- Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7.,Groupe de recherche sur le système nerveux central, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
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197
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ER stress inhibitor attenuates hearing loss and hair cell death in Cdh23 erl/erl mutant mice. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2485. [PMID: 27882946 PMCID: PMC5260868 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hearing loss is one of the most common sensory impairments in humans. Mouse mutant models helped us to better understand the mechanisms of hearing loss. Recently, we have discovered that the erlong (erl) mutation of the cadherin23 (Cdh23) gene leads to hearing loss due to hair cell apoptosis. In this study, we aimed to reveal the molecular pathways upstream to apoptosis in hair cells to exploit more effective therapeutics than an anti-apoptosis strategy. Our results suggest that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is the earliest molecular event leading to the apoptosis of hair cells and hearing loss in erl mice. We also report that the ER stress inhibitor, Salubrinal (Sal), could delay the progression of hearing loss and preserve hair cells. Our results provide evidence that therapies targeting signaling pathways in ER stress development prevent hair cell apoptosis at an early stage and lead to better outcomes than those targeting downstream factors, such as tip-link degeneration and apoptosis.
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198
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Motor neuron disease, TDP-43 pathology, and memory deficits in mice expressing ALS-FTD-linked UBQLN2 mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7580-E7589. [PMID: 27834214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608432113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in ubiquilin 2 (UBQLN2) cause ALS with frontotemporal dementia (ALS-FTD). Animal models of ALS are useful for understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis and for preclinical investigations. However, previous rodent models carrying UBQLN2 mutations failed to manifest any sign of motor neuron disease. Here, we show that lines of mice expressing either the ALS-FTD-linked P497S or P506T UBQLN2 mutations have cognitive deficits, shortened lifespans, and develop motor neuron disease, mimicking the human disease. Neuropathologic analysis of the mice with end-stage disease revealed the accumulation of ubiquitinated inclusions in the brain and spinal cord, astrocytosis, a reduction in the number of hippocampal neurons, and reduced staining of TAR-DNA binding protein 43 in the nucleus, with concomitant formation of ubiquitin+ inclusions in the cytoplasm of spinal motor neurons. Moreover, both lines displayed denervation muscle atrophy and age-dependent loss of motor neurons that correlated with a reduction in the number of large-caliber axons. By contrast, two mouse lines expressing WT UBQLN2 were mostly devoid of clinical and pathological signs of disease. These UBQLN2 mouse models provide valuable tools for identifying the mechanisms underlying ALS-FTD pathogenesis and for investigating therapeutic strategies to halt disease.
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199
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200
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Monitoring peripheral nerve degeneration in ALS by label-free stimulated Raman scattering imaging. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13283. [PMID: 27796305 PMCID: PMC5095598 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and potential interventions would be facilitated if motor axon degeneration could be more readily visualized. Here we demonstrate that stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy could be used to sensitively monitor peripheral nerve degeneration in ALS mouse models and ALS autopsy materials. Three-dimensional imaging of pre-symptomatic SOD1 mouse models and data processing by a correlation-based algorithm revealed that significant degeneration of peripheral nerves could be detected coincidentally with the earliest detectable signs of muscle denervation and preceded physiologically measurable motor function decline. We also found that peripheral degeneration was an early event in FUS as well as C9ORF72 repeat expansion models of ALS, and that serial imaging allowed long-term observation of disease progression and drug effects in living animals. Our study demonstrates that SRS imaging is a sensitive and quantitative means of measuring disease progression, greatly facilitating future studies of disease mechanisms and candidate therapeutics.
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