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Limited Clinical and Diagnostic Utility of Circulating Tumor DNA Detection in Patients with Early-Stage Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Comparison with Benign Thyroid Nodules and Healthy Individuals. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9040386. [PMID: 33915745 PMCID: PMC8065614 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited data are available on the diagnostic utility of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in early-stage thyroid cancers for BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, and TERT promoter mutations, which are known detectable markers for thyroid cancers. Here, we analyzed the above driver mutations in ctDNA and matched neoplastic tissues from patients with early-stage thyroid cancers in order to investigate diagnostic utility of circulating markers in distinguishing from other mimicking thyroid lesions and healthy individuals. In total, 73 matched neoplastic tissue and plasma samples [thyroid cancers (n = 62), benign thyroid disorders (n = 8), and parathyroid lesions (n = 3)] and 54 plasma samples from healthy individuals (as controls) were analyzed for BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, and TERT promoter mutations using peptide nucleic acid clamp real-time PCR. Although only one patient with an indeterminate lesion on thyroid cytology showed KRAS mutation (codon 146) in the preoperative plasma, that KRAS mutation was not identified in the stage I papillary thyroid carcinoma tissue. In the remaining 72 plasma samples, no other mutations were identified in BRAF, NRAS, and TERT promoter genes. The concordance rates of mutational results between the plasma and tumor tissue or metastatic lymph node were very low. One (1.9%) of the 54 healthy individuals harbored a KRAS mutation in the plasma samples. The ctDNA results did not represent the mutational profile of primary or metastatic thyroid cancers, warranting a caution for interpretation. The clinical utility of BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, and TERT promoter mutation analysis on ctDNA appears to be limited to early-stage thyroid cancers.
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152
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Eszlinger M, Khalil M, Gillmor AH, Huang H, Stewardson P, McIntyre JB, Morrissy S, Paschke R. Histology-based molecular profiling improves mutation detection for advanced thyroid cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2021; 60:531-545. [PMID: 33749950 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced cancers frequently show histologic and molecular intratumoral heterogeneity. Therefore, we comprehensively characterized advanced, metastatic, radioiodine-resistant (RAIR) thyroid carcinomas at the molecular level in the context of histologic heterogeneity with the aim to identify potentially actionable mutations that may guide the use of specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was applied to 29 macrodissected tissue samples of histologically heterogeneous and homogeneous areas, lymph node and lung metastases from six clinically and histologically well-characterized metastatic RAIR thyroid cancer patients with structural incomplete response to treatment. WES data were analyzed to identify potential driver mutations in oncogenic pathways, copy number alterations, microsatellite instability, mutant-allele tumor heterogeneity, and the relevance of histologic heterogeneity to molecular profiling. In addition to known driver mutations in BRAF, NRAS, EIF1AX, NCOA4-RET, and TERT, further potentially actionable drivers were identified in AKT1, ATM, E2F1, HTR2A, and MLH3. The analysis of the evolutionary history of the mutations and the reconstruction of the molecular phylogeny of the cancers show a remarkable association between histologic and molecular heterogeneity. A comprehensive molecular analysis of the primary tumor guided by histologic analysis may help to better stratify patients for precision medicine approaches. Given the association between the molecular and the histologic heterogeneity, the selection of tumor samples for molecular analysis should be based on meticulous histologic evaluation of the entire tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eszlinger
- Departments of Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Moosa Khalil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aaron Hill Gillmor
- Department of Graduate Sciences and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Helen Huang
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Stewardson
- Department of Medical Science and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John B McIntyre
- Precision Oncology Hub Laboratory, Alberta Health Services, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sorana Morrissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ralf Paschke
- Departments of Medicine, Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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153
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Identification of key genes of papillary thyroid carcinoma by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226004. [PMID: 32766727 PMCID: PMC7433002 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is one of the fastest-growing malignant tumor types of thyroid cancer. Therefore, identifying the interaction of genes in PTC is crucial for elucidating its pathogenesis and finding more specific molecular biomarkers. METHODS Four pairs of PTC tissues and adjacent tissues were sequenced using RNA-Seq, and 3745 differentially expressed genes were screened (P<0.05, |logFC|>1). The enrichment analysis indicated that the vast majority of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) may play a positive role in the development of cancer. Then, the significant modules were analyzed using Cytoscape software in the protein-protein interaction network. Survival analysis, TNM analysis, and immune infiltration analysis of key genes were analyzed. And the expression of ADORA1, APOE, and LPAR5 genes were verified by qPCR in PTC compared with matching adjacent tissues. RESULTS Twenty-five genes were identified as hub genes with nodes greater than 10. The expression of 25 genes were verified by the GEPIA database, and the overall survival and disease-free survival analyses were conducted with Kaplan-Meier plotter. We found only three genes were confirmed with our validation and were statistically significant in PTC, namely ADORA1, APOE, and LPAR5. Further analysis found that the mRNA levels and methylation degree of these three genes were significantly correlated with the TNM staging of PTC. And these three genes were related to PTC immune infiltration. Verification of the expression of these three genes by RT-qPCR and Western blot further confirmed the reliability of our results. CONCLUSION Our study identified three genes that may play key regulatory roles in the development, metastasis, and immune infiltration of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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154
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Zhu CY, Donangelo I, Gupta D, Nguyen DT, Ochoa JE, Yeh MW, Livhits MJ. Outcomes of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules Managed Nonoperatively after Molecular Testing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e1240-e1247. [PMID: 33394039 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Molecular testing to refine the diagnosis of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules has become increasingly popular, but data on long-term durability of test results and the rate of delayed operation are limited. OBJECTIVE Determine the delayed rate of surgical resection in indeterminate nodules with benign/negative molecular testing and the risk of false-negative molecular test results. DESIGN Prospective follow-up of the Gene Expression Classifier vs Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing in the Management of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules randomized controlled trial comparing the diagnostic test performance of Afirma Gene Expression Classifier and ThyroSeq v2. SETTING University of California, Los Angeles. PARTICIPANTS Patients who underwent thyroid biopsy with indeterminate (Bethesda III/IV) cytology (April 2016 to July 2017). INTERVENTION Ultrasound surveillance. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE False-negative rate of molecular testing. RESULTS Of 95 indeterminate nodules with negative/benign molecular test results, 12 nodules underwent immediate resection (11 benign nodules, 1 noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm nodule with papillary-like nuclear features). Nonoperative management was pursued for 83 (87.4%) nodules. The median surveillance was 26.7 months. Ten nodules were resected during surveillance and malignancy was identified in 4 nodules (overall false-negative rate of 5.8%). In the 4 malignant nodules that underwent delayed operation, surgery was prompted by sonographic changes during surveillance. CONCLUSIONS The majority of indeterminate nodules with negative molecular testing have a stable clinical course over 3 years of follow-up, but our finding of a 6% false-negative rate highlights the importance of continuing sonographic surveillance. Long-term studies are needed to determine the optimal length of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Y Zhu
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ines Donangelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Deepashree Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dalena T Nguyen
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joana E Ochoa
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Yeh
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Masha J Livhits
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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155
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Zhao WJ, Zhu LL, Yang WQ, Xu SJ, Chen J, Ding XF, Liang Y, Chen G. LPAR5 promotes thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation and migration by activating class IA PI3K catalytic subunit p110β. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:1624-1632. [PMID: 33540491 PMCID: PMC8019227 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 (LPAR5) is involved in mediating thyroid cancer progression, but the underlying mechanism needs to be further revealed. In this study, we confirmed that LPAR5 is upregulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), especially in BRAF‐like PTC, by analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and performing immunohistochemistry assay in human thyroid cancer tissues. LPAR5‐specific antagonist TC LPA5 4 treatment inhibited CGTH‐W3, TPC‐1, B‐CPAP, and BHT‐101 cell proliferation, CGTH‐W3 and TPC‐1 cell migration significantly. In vivo, TC LPA5 4 treatment could delay CGTH‐W3 xenograft growth in nude mice. We also found that LPAR5‐specific antagonist TC LPA5 4, PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, or mTOR inhibitor rapamycin pretreatment abrogated phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K1 stimulated by LPA in CGTH‐W3 and TPC‐1 cells. Stimulating CGTH‐W3 cells transfected with pEGFPC1‐Grp1‐PH fusion protein with LPA resulted in the generation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)‐triphosphate, which indicates that PI3K was activated by LPA directly. The p110β‐siRNA instead of p110α‐siRNA transfection abrogated the increase of levels of phosphorylated Akt and S6K1 stimulated by LPA. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation assay confirmed an interaction between LPAR5 and p110β. Overall, we provide new insights that the downregulation of LPAR5 decreased the proliferation and migration phenotype via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Inhibition of LPAR5 or the PI3K/Akt signal may be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China.,Graduate School of Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Liu-Lian Zhu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China.,Graduate School of Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China.,Graduate School of Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Shuai-Jun Xu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China.,Graduate School of Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Ding
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
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156
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Thyroid Carcinoma: Phenotypic Features, Underlying Biology and Potential Relevance for Targeting Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041950. [PMID: 33669363 PMCID: PMC7920269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma consists a group of phenotypically heterogeneous cancers. Recent advances in biological technologies have been advancing the delineation of genetic, epigenetic, and non-genetic factors that contribute to the heterogeneities of these cancers. In this review article, we discuss new findings that are greatly improving the understanding of thyroid cancer biology and facilitating the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention. We review the phenotypic features of different subtypes of thyroid cancers and their underlying biology. We discuss recent discoveries in thyroid cancer heterogeneities and the critical mechanisms contributing to the heterogeneity with emphases on genetic and epigenetic factors, cancer stemness traits, and tumor microenvironments. We also discuss the potential relevance of the intratumor heterogeneity in understanding therapeutic resistance and how new findings in tumor biology can facilitate designing novel targeting therapies for thyroid cancer.
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157
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Yu PC, Tan LC, Zhu XL, Shi X, Chernikov R, Semenov A, Zhang L, Ma B, Wang Y, Zhou XY, Ji QH, Wei WJ, Wang YL. Arms-qPCR Improves Detection Sensitivity of Earlier Diagnosis of Papillary Thyroid Cancers With Worse Prognosis Determined by Coexisting BRAF V600E and Tert Promoter Mutations. Endocr Pract 2021; 27:698-705. [PMID: 33515759 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The coexistence of BRAF V600E and the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation C228T/C250T is extensively associated with thyroid cancer prognosis. Our study aimed to establish a sensitive method for mutation detection and explore the correlation in detail. METHODS The BRAF and TERT promoter mutation status of 250 papillary thyroid cancers was determined using amplification-refractory mutation system quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-qPCR) and Sanger sequencing to compare the sensitivity of the 2 methods. Associations between the mutation status and clinicopathological features were then analyzed. RESULTS ARMS-qPCR was more sensitive than Sanger sequencing (BRAF V600E: 75.2% [188 of 250] vs 52.4% [131 of 250], P < .001; TERT promoter C228T/C250T mutation: 12.0% [30 of 250] vs 3.6% [9 of 250], P = .001; comutation: 9.6% [24 of 250] vs 3.2% [8 of 250], P = .005). Both ARMS-qPCR and Sanger sequencing indicated that patients with coexisting BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations had an older diagnosis age, higher recurrence rate, and were associated with a more advanced TNM stage and higher metastasis, age, completeness of resection, invasion, and size score. Moreover, ARMS-qPCR helped identify an earlier group stage, which was younger and had smaller tumors and a lower recurrence rate, compared with the group with coexisting BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations identified by Sanger sequencing. The newly identified group had a lower metastasis, age, completeness of resection, invasion, and size score and TNM stage. CONCLUSION Patients with coexisting BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations had a worse prognosis. ARMS-qPCR, the more sensitive method, can be used to identify patients who have a potentially worse prognosis earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Yu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Cheng Tan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Shi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Roman Chernikov
- Endocrine Surgery Department, N.I. Pirogov Clinic of High Medical Technologies, Saint-Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - Arseny Semenov
- Endocrine Surgery Department, N.I. Pirogov Clinic of High Medical Technologies, Saint-Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Ma
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hai Ji
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Wei
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Long Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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158
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Chu J, Tao L, Yao T, Chen Z, Lu X, Gao L, Fang L, Chen J, He G, Shen S, Zhang D. Circular RNA circRUNX1 promotes papillary thyroid cancer progression and metastasis by sponging MiR-296-3p and regulating DDHD2 expression. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:112. [PMID: 33479208 PMCID: PMC7819993 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has a continuously increasing incidence and imposes a heavy medical burden to individuals and society due to its high proportion of lymph node metastasis and recurrence in recent years. Circular RNAs, a class of noncoding RNAs, participate in the progression of many cancers, but the role of circRNAs in PTC is still rarely reported. In this study, circRNA deep sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed circRNAs in PTC. CircRUNX1 was selected for its high expression in PTC, and circRUNX1 silencing was directly associated with the week potential for migration, invasion and proliferation of PTC in vivo and in vitro. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was further used to confirm the cytoplasmic localization of circRUNX1, indicating the possible function of circRUNX1 as a ceRNAs in PTC progression through miRNA binding. MiR-296-3p was then confirmed to be regulated by circRUNX1 and to target DDHD domain containing 2 (DDHD2) by luciferase reporter assays. The strong antitumor effect of miR-296-3p and the tumor-promoting effect of DDHD2 were further investigated in PTC, indicating that circRUNX1 modulates PTC progression through the miR-296-3p/DDHD2 pathway. Overall, circRUNX1 plays an oncogenic role in PTC and provides a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for PTC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Chu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, 3 east Qingchun road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zizheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, 3 east Qingchun road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaofei He
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuying Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, 3 east Qingchun road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Deguang Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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159
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Wang Y, Deng C, Shu X, Yu P, Wang H, Su X, Tan J. Risk Factors and a Prediction Model of Lateral Lymph Node Metastasis in CN0 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients With 1-2 Central Lymph Node Metastases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:716728. [PMID: 34721289 PMCID: PMC8555630 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.716728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in clinically lymph node-negative (cN0) patients is prone toward lymph node metastasis. As a risk factor for tumor persistence and local recurrence, lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM) is related to the number of central lymph node metastases (CLNMs). METHODS We performed LLNM risk stratification based on the number of CLNMs for cN0 PTC patients who underwent thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection between January 2013 and December 2018. A retrospective analysis was applied to the 274 collected patients with 1-2 CLNMs. We examined the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients and constructed a LASSO model. RESULTS In the 1-2 CLNM group, tumors >10 mm located in the upper region and nodular goiters were independent risk factors for LLNM. Specifically, tumors >20 mm and located in the upper region contributed to metastasis risk at level II. Hashimoto's thyroiditis reduced this risk (p = 0.045, OR = 0.280). Age ≤ 30 years and calcification (microcalcification within thyroid nodules) correlated with LLNM. The LASSO model divided the population into low- (25.74%) and high-risk (57.25%) groups for LLNM, with an AUC of 0.715. CONCLUSIONS For patients with 1-2 CLNMs, young age, calcification, nodular goiter, tumor >10 mm, and tumor in the upper region should alert clinicians to considering a higher occult LLNM burden. Close follow-up and therapy adjustment may be warranted for high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Deng
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiujie Shu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huaqiang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Nanchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinliang Su
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xinliang Su, ; Jinxiang Tan,
| | - Jinxiang Tan
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xinliang Su, ; Jinxiang Tan,
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160
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Liu N, Lv B, Zeng Q. Hirsutenone selectively induces cytotoxic effects in human thyroid cancer cells by inhibiting cell migration and invasion, inducing apoptosis and targeting Wnt/beta-catenin signalling pathway. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1946432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingdong Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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161
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Deng C, Li S, Yang Z, Dou Y, Hu D, Zhu J, Wang D, Su X. Multi-gene assay and clinical characteristics research in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Gland Surg 2021; 10:242-251. [PMID: 33633980 DOI: 10.21037/gs-20-589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate the significance of multi-gene assay in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients in clinical practice. Methods From April to December 2019, medical records of 68 patients with PTC after the initial surgery were retrospectively collected and analyzed in terms of the relations between gene mutations and clinicopathological characteristics. Results RET/PTC rearrangement was not detected in BRAF V600E mutation patients (P<0.001). Besides, compared with wild-type patients, BRAF V600E mutation was associated with significantly older age (P=0.001) and a higher rate of extrathyroid invasion (P=0.023). Significantly higher BRAF V600E mutation rates were found in clinical lymph node-negative (P=0.041) and non-metastatic lateral lymph nodes (P=0.027) patients as RET/PTC rearrangement was associated with younger age (P=0.001) and the increasing metastatic number of lymph nodes (P=0.020). Compared to other gene mutations, the multivariate analysis showed that larger tumor size [odds ratio (OR), 8.831; 95% CI: 1.971-35.578; P=0.004], the BRAF V600E mutation alone(OR, 10.567; 95% CI: 1.748-63.873; P=0.010) or in combination with one additional gene mutation (OR, 8.654; 95% CI: 1.453-68.603; P=0.041), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (OR, 0.112; 95% CI: 0.025-0.499; P=0.004) were all independent predictors for the prevalence of ETE. Conclusions BRAF V600E mutation was associated with older age and the aggressiveness of PTC but was independent of lymph node metastasis (LNM). RET/PTC rearrangement suggested more LNM in young patients with PTC. BRAF V600E mutation combined with other gene mutations, namely, multi-gene mutations, could indicate a higher aggressiveness in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Deng
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixin Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Dou
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daixing Hu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Denghui Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinliang Su
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Thyroid Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Features. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010026. [PMID: 33374707 PMCID: PMC7793513 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) represents 3–4% of thyroid carcinoma cases. It is characterized by its large, granular and eosinophilic cytoplasm, due to an excessive number of mitochondria. Hürthle cells can be identified only after fine needle aspiration cytology biopsy or by histological diagnosis after the surgical operation. Published studies on HCC indicate its putative high aggressiveness. In this article, current knowledge of HCC focusing on clinical features, cytopathological features, genetic changes, as well as pitfalls in diagnosis are reviewed in order to improve clinical management. Abstract Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) represents 3–4% of thyroid carcinoma cases. It is considered to be more aggressive than non-oncocytic thyroid carcinomas. However, due to its rarity, the pathological characteristics and biological behavior of HCC remain to be elucidated. The Hürthle cell is characterized cytologically as a large cell with abundant eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm, and a large hyperchromatic nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Cytoplasmic granularity is due to the presence of numerous mitochondria. These mitochondria display packed stacking cristae and are arranged in the center. HCC is more often observed in females in their 50–60s. Preoperative diagnosis is challenging, but indicators of malignancy are male, older age, tumor size > 4 cm, a solid nodule with an irregular border, or the presence of psammoma calcifications according to ultrasound. Thyroid lobectomy alone is sufficient treatment for small, unifocal, intrathyroidal carcinomas, or clinically detectable cervical nodal metastases, but total thyroidectomy is recommended for tumors larger than 4 cm. The effectiveness of radioactive iodine is still debated. Molecular changes involve cellular signaling pathways and mitochondria-related DNA. Current knowledge of Hürthle cell carcinoma, including clinical, pathological, and molecular features, with the aim of improving clinical management, is reviewed.
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Bangaraiahgari R, Panchangam RB, Puthenveetil P, Mayilvaganan S, Bangaraiahgari R, Banala RR, Karunakaran P, Md R. Is there adenoma-carcinoma sequence between benign adenoma and papillary cancer of thyroid: A genomic linkage study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 60:695-700. [PMID: 33318795 PMCID: PMC7726453 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adenoma-carcinoma sequence in thyroid nodules is an enigmatic phenomenon. Genomics is the only definitive modality to resolve this hypothesis. Adenomas and papillary carcinomas tend to have mutations in RAS and highly specific BRAF gene respectively. In this context, we set out study the prevalence and clinical significance of these somatic mutations in surgical tissue samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective study was conducted on surgically managed thyroid nodule patients. Institutional ethical committee approval was obtained. Diagnosis was based on biochemical confirmation, imaging, fine needle aspiration cytology and later confirmed by histopathology. We selected 100 benign thyroid adenomas (BTA) and 100 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cases. Archived tumour tissue samples of selected cases were retrieved. After appropriate processing of samples, DNA extraction, cDNA preparation, PCR amplification, application of 4 sets of Primers were performed as part of mutational analysis of RAS (H-,K-,N-) and BRAF genes. RESULTS Homozygous mutations in N-RAS were found in 36/100 (36%) of BTA and 7/100 (7%) of PTC cases. No H-RAS or K-RAS mutations were found in both groups. Homozygous mutations were found in BRAF gene in 4/100 (4%) of BTA cases and 52/100 (52%) of PTC cases. The differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Similar N-RAS and BRAF mutations were prevalent in both benign and malignant thyroid nodules giving some evidence for linkage between them. Though not robust, we opine that there is possibility of adenoma-carcinoma sequence in thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramakanth Bhargav Panchangam
- Endocare Hospital, Suryaraopeta, Vijayawada, AP, 520002, India
- Corresponding author. Endocare Hospital, Vijayawada, AP, India.
| | | | | | | | | | - Poongkodi Karunakaran
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem, TN, India
| | - Rafi Md
- Department of Biochemistry, Surabhi Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Kaabouch M, Chahdi H, Azouzi N, Oukabli M, Rharrassi I, Boudhas A, Jaddi H, Ababou M, Dakka N, Boichard A, Bakri Y, Dupuy C, Al Bouzidi A, El Hassani RA. BRAF V600E hot spot mutation in thyroid carcinomas: first Moroccan experience from a single-institution retrospective study. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:1849-1856. [PMID: 34394248 PMCID: PMC8351865 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i4.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. BRAFV600E mutation is described to be associated with a worse prognostic of thyroid carcinomas, as well as extrathyroidal invasion and increased mortality. OBJECTIVE To our knowledge, there are no reported studies neither from Morocco nor from other Maghreb countries regarding the prevalence of BRAFV600E mutation in thyroid carcinomas. Here we aim to evaluate the frequency of BRAFV600E oncogene in Moroccan thyroid carcinomas. METHODS In this Single-Institution retrospective study realized in the Anatomic Pathology and Histology Service in the Military Hospital of Instruction Mohammed V 'HMIMV' in Rabat, we report, using direct genomic sequencing, the assessment of BRAFV600E in 37 thyroid tumors. RESULTS We detected BRAFV600E mutation exclusively in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas 'PTC' with a prevalence of 28% (8 PTC out 29 PTC). Like international trends, Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas 'PTC' is more frequent than Follicular Thyroid Carcinomas 'FTC' and Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinomas 'ATC' (29 PTC, 7 FTC and 1 ATC). CONCLUSION Our finding gives to the international community the first estimated incidence of this oncogene in Morocco showing that this prevalence falls within the range of international trends (30% to 90%) reported in distinct worldwide geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Kaabouch
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies "BioPatH", Center for Genomics of Human Pathologies "GenoPatH". Faculty of Science in Rabat. Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology Service, Military Hospital Mohammed V of Rabat, Morocco. Equipe de Recherche en PathologieTumorale. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V of Rabat
- Faculty of Sciences in Rabat. Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hafsa Chahdi
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology Service, Military Hospital Mohammed V of Rabat, Morocco. Equipe de Recherche en PathologieTumorale. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V of Rabat
| | - Naima Azouzi
- UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mohammed Oukabli
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology Service, Military Hospital Mohammed V of Rabat, Morocco. Equipe de Recherche en PathologieTumorale. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V of Rabat
| | - Issam Rharrassi
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology Service, Military Hospital Mohammed V of Rabat, Morocco. Equipe de Recherche en PathologieTumorale. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V of Rabat
| | - Adil Boudhas
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology Service, Military Hospital Mohammed V of Rabat, Morocco. Equipe de Recherche en PathologieTumorale. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V of Rabat
| | - Hassan Jaddi
- Faculty of Sciences in Rabat. Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mouna Ababou
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies "BioPatH", Center for Genomics of Human Pathologies "GenoPatH". Faculty of Science in Rabat. Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nadia Dakka
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies "BioPatH", Center for Genomics of Human Pathologies "GenoPatH". Faculty of Science in Rabat. Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Amélie Boichard
- UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy. UCSD Moores Cancer Center. 3855 Health Sciences Drive. La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies "BioPatH", Center for Genomics of Human Pathologies "GenoPatH". Faculty of Science in Rabat. Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Corinne Dupuy
- UMR 8200 CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Abderrahmane Al Bouzidi
- Anatomic Pathology and Histology Service, Military Hospital Mohammed V of Rabat, Morocco. Equipe de Recherche en PathologieTumorale. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, University Mohammed V of Rabat
| | - Rabii Ameziane El Hassani
- Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies "BioPatH", Center for Genomics of Human Pathologies "GenoPatH". Faculty of Science in Rabat. Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
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Fozzatti L, Cheng SY. Tumor Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: A Synergistic Crosstalk to Promote Thyroid Cancer. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:673-680. [PMID: 33161690 PMCID: PMC7803596 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Although most thyroid cancer patients are successfully treated and have an excellent prognosis, a percentage of these patients will develop aggressive disease and, eventually, progress to anaplastic thyroid cancer. Since most patients with this type of aggressive thyroid carcinoma will die from the disease, new treatment strategies are urgently needed. Tumor cells live in a complex and dynamic tumor microenvironment composed of different types of stromal cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most important cell components in the tumor microenvironment of most solid tumors, including thyroid cancer. CAFs originate mainly from mesenchymal cells and resident fibroblasts that are activated and reprogrammed in response to paracrine factors and cytokines produced and released by tumor cells. Upon reprogramming, which is distinguished by the expression of different marker proteins, CAFs synthesize and secret soluble factors. The secretome of CAFs directly impacts different functions of tumor cells. This bi-directional interplay between CAFs and tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment ends up fostering tumor cancer progression. CAFs are therefore key regulators of tumor progression and represent an under-explored therapeutic target in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fozzatti
- Center for Research in Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology (CIBICI)-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), School of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Argentina
- Corresponding authors: Laura Fozzatti, Center for Research in Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology (CIBICI)-National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, X5000HUA, Cordoba, Argentina, Tel: +54-351-535-3851, Fax: +54-351-433-3048, E-mail:
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Sheue-yann Cheng, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. 37 Convent Drive, Building 37, Room 5128, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA, Tel: +1-240-760-7828, Fax: +1-240-541-4498, E-mail:
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166
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Pisapia P, Pepe F, Iaccarino A, Sgariglia R, Nacchio M, Russo G, Gragnano G, Malapelle U, Troncone G. BRAF: A Two-Faced Janus. Cells 2020; 9:E2549. [PMID: 33260892 PMCID: PMC7760616 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function of V-Raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B (BRAF) is one of the most frequent oncogenic mutations in numerous cancers, including thyroid papillary carcinoma, melanoma, colon, and lung carcinomas, and to a lesser extent, ovarian and glioblastoma multiforme. This mutation aberrantly activates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, thereby eliciting metastatic processes. The relevance of BRAF mutations stems from its prognostic value and, equally important, from its relevant therapeutic utility as an actionable target for personalized treatment. Here, we discuss the double facets of BRAF. In particular, we argue the need to implement diagnostic molecular algorithms that are able to detect this biomarker in order to streamline and refine diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.P.); (F.P.); (A.I.); (R.S.); (M.N.); (G.R.); (G.G.); (U.M.)
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167
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Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Galdiero MR, Varricchi G, Elia G, Ragusa F, Paparo SR, Benvenga S, Antonelli A. Molecular targets of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 79:180-196. [PMID: 33249201 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the eighth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide with a rising incidence in the past 20 years. Surgery is the primary strategy of therapy for patients with medullary TC (MTC) and differentiated TC (DTC). In DTC patients, radioactive iodine (RAI) is administered after thyroidectomy. Neck ultrasound, basal and thyroid-stimulating hormone-stimulated thyroglobulin are generally performed every three to six months for the first year, with subsequent intervals depending on initial risk assessment, for the detection of possible persistent/recurrent disease during the follow up. Distant metastases are present at the diagnosis in ∼5 % of DTC patients; up to 15 % of patients have recurrences during the follow up, with a survival reduction (70 %-50 %) at 10-year. During tumor progression, the iodide uptake capability of DTC cancer cells can be lost, making them refractory to RAI, with a negative impact on the prognosis. Significant advances have been done recently in our understanding of the molecular pathways implicated in the progression of TCs. Several drugs have been developed, which inhibit signaling kinases or oncogenic kinases (BRAFV600E, RET/PTC), such as those associated with Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor. Tyrosine kinase receptors are involved in cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are emerging as new treatments for DTC, MTC and anaplastic TC (ATC), and can induce a clinical response and stabilize the disease. Lenvatinib and sorafenib reached the approval for RAI-refractory DTC, whereas cabozantinib and vandetanib for MTC. These TKIs extend median progression-free survival, but do not increase the overall survival. Severe side effects and drug resistance can develop in TC patients treated with TKIs. Additional studies are needed to identify a potential effective targeted therapy for aggressive TCs, according to their molecular characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giusy Elia
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragusa
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rosaria Paparo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Interdepartmental Program on Molecular & Clinical Endocrinology, and Women's Endocrine Health, University Hospital, A.O.U. Policlinico Gaetano Martino, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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168
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Dudley JC, Diehn M. Detection and Diagnostic Utilization of Cellular and Cell-Free Tumor DNA. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2020; 16:199-222. [PMID: 33228464 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Because cancer is caused by an accumulation of genetic mutations, mutant DNA released by tumors can be used as a highly specific biomarker for cancer. Although this principle was described decades ago, the advent and falling costs of next-generation sequencing have made the use of tumor DNA as a biomarker increasingly practical. This review surveys the use of cellular and cell-free DNA for the detection of cancer, with a focus on recent technological developments and applications to solid tumors. It covers (a) key principles and technology enabling the highly sensitive detection of tumor DNA; (b) assessment of tumor DNA in plasma, including for genotyping, minimal residual disease detection, and early detection of localized cancer; (c) detection of tumor DNA in body cavity fluids, such as urine or cerebrospinal fluid; and (d) challenges posed to the use of tumor DNA as a biomarker by the phenomenon of benign clonal expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Dudley
- Ludwig Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Maximilian Diehn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
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Perdana AB, Putri RI, Rachmawati R, Andinata B, Brahma B. Clinical Utility of BRAF, NRAS, and TERT Promoter Mutation in Preoperative Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy: A Diagnostic Study From Dharmais Cancer Hospital. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:3267-3277. [PMID: 33247684 PMCID: PMC8033131 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.11.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Molecular testing of thyroid nodules becomes important for improving the accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic utility of BRAF, NRAS, and TERT promoter mutation in thyroid nodules at Dharmais Cancer Hospital. Methods: We performed a prospective diagnostic study involving 50 patients with thyroid nodules who needed surgery between September 2013 and August 2014. Mutational hotspots in BRAF exon 15, NRAS exon 3, and TERT promoter region were analyzed by Sanger sequencing from FNAB specimens. Cytology and molecular data were compared to histopathology results. Results: Of the 50 cases included in the analysis, 39 cases (78%) were thyroid malignancies. Mutations of BRAF, NRAS, and TERT promoter were detected in 31% (12/39), 18% (7/39), and 13% (5/39) cases, respectively. BRAF and NRAS mutations were found mutually exclusive, while all of TERT promoter mutation was found coexistent either with BRAF (40%) or NRAS (60%). The combination of FNAB cytology and molecular testing resulted in 69% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, 48% negative predictive value, and 76% accuracy. Conclusion: Molecular testing of BRAF, NRAS, and TERT mutations improve the sensitivity of thyroid FNAB and is beneficial for more definitive treatment in selective cases. However, the NPV is relatively low to avoid the need for diagnostic surgery. Therefore, further studies to identify more sensitive methods and more comprehensive molecular markers in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhitya Bayu Perdana
- Department of Research and Development, Dharmais Cancer Hospital - National Cancer Center, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rizky Ifandriani Putri
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Dharmais Cancer Hospital - National Cancer Center, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rachmawati Rachmawati
- Surgical Oncology Study Program, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bob Andinata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Dharmais Cancer Hospital - National Cancer Center, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bayu Brahma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Dharmais Cancer Hospital - National Cancer Center, Jakarta, Indonesia
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170
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Ding S, Wang R, Peng S, Luo X, Zhong L, Yang H, Ma Y, Chen S, Wang W. Targeted therapies for RET-fusion cancer: Dilemmas and breakthrough. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110901. [PMID: 33125973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic profiling has revolutionized treatment options for patients with oncogene-driven cancers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant carcinoma. Rearranged during transfection (RET) rearrangement, as one of the main activated oncogenes, has been well studied and found to be involved in the malignant behavior of carcinogenesis, resulting in acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and inducing an intrinsic resistance to immunotherapy. Thus, targeted therapies have been investigated against RET arrangement cancers, including several multi-kinase inhibitors and selective RET inhibitors. However, modest efficacy, a relatively high rate of toxicity, and poor effectiveness against brain metastasis are common limitations of multi-targeted novel molecular inhibitors. A promising prospect was shown recently in selective RET inhibitors in several ongoing clinical trials. In this review, we reviewed the concurrent dilemmas of targeted therapies against RET arrangement cancer from preclinical and clinical studies and proposed several clinical considerations for clinical practice prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- SiJie Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - ShunLi Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - LongHui Zhong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Oncology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - YueYun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - ShiYu Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Rangel-Pozzo A, Sisdelli L, Cordioli MIV, Vaisman F, Caria P, Mai S, Cerutti JM. Genetic Landscape of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Nuclear Architecture: An Overview Comparing Pediatric and Adult Populations. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3146. [PMID: 33120984 PMCID: PMC7693829 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is a rare malignancy in the pediatric population that is highly associated with disease aggressiveness and advanced disease stages when compared to adult population. The biological and molecular features underlying pediatric and adult thyroid cancer pathogenesis could be responsible for differences in the clinical presentation and prognosis. Despite this, the clinical assessment and treatments used in pediatric thyroid cancer are the same as those implemented for adults and specific personalized target treatments are not used in clinical practice. In this review, we focus on papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), which represents 80-90% of all differentiated thyroid carcinomas. PTC has a high rate of gene fusions and mutations, which can influence the histologic subtypes in both children and adults. This review also highlights telomere-related genomic instability and changes in nuclear organization as novel biomarkers for thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Rangel-Pozzo
- Cell Biology, Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
| | - Luiza Sisdelli
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/EPM, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; (L.S.); (M.I.V.C.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Maria Isabel V. Cordioli
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/EPM, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; (L.S.); (M.I.V.C.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Fernanda Vaisman
- Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22451-000, Brazil;
| | - Paola Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sabine Mai
- Cell Biology, Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
| | - Janete M. Cerutti
- Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/EPM, São Paulo, SP 04039-032, Brazil; (L.S.); (M.I.V.C.); (J.M.C.)
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172
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Malaguarnera R, Ledda C, Filippello A, Frasca F, Francavilla VC, Ramaci T, Parisi MC, Rapisarda V, Piro S. Thyroid Cancer and Circadian Clock Disruption. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3109. [PMID: 33114365 PMCID: PMC7690860 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) represents the most common malignancy of the endocrine system, with an increased incidence across continents attributable to both improvement of diagnostic procedures and environmental factors. Among the modifiable risk factors, insulin resistance might influence the development of TC. A relationship between circadian clock machinery disfunction and TC has recently been proposed. The circadian clock machinery comprises a set of rhythmically expressed genes responsible for circadian rhythms. Perturbation of this system contributes to the development of pathological states such as cancer. Several clock genes have been found deregulated upon thyroid nodule malignant transformation. The molecular mechanisms linking circadian clock disruption and TC are still unknown but could include insulin resistance. Circadian misalignment occurring during shift work, jet lag, high fat food intake, is associated with increased insulin resistance. This metabolic alteration, in turn, is associated with a well-known risk factor for TC i.e., hyperthyrotropinemia, which could also be induced by sleep disturbances. In this review, we describe the mechanisms controlling the circadian clock function and its involvement in the cell cycle, stemness and cancer. Moreover, we discuss the evidence supporting the link between circadian clockwork disruption and TC development/progression, highlighting its potential implications for TC prevention, diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Malaguarnera
- School of Human and Social Sciences, “Kore” University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; (R.M.); (V.C.F.); (T.R.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Caterina Ledda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy;
| | - Agnese Filippello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (A.F.); (S.P.)
| | - Francesco Frasca
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Cristian Francavilla
- School of Human and Social Sciences, “Kore” University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; (R.M.); (V.C.F.); (T.R.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Tiziana Ramaci
- School of Human and Social Sciences, “Kore” University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; (R.M.); (V.C.F.); (T.R.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Maria Chiara Parisi
- School of Human and Social Sciences, “Kore” University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; (R.M.); (V.C.F.); (T.R.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy; (A.F.); (S.P.)
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173
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Jia M, Li Z, Pan M, Tao M, Lu X, Liu Y. Evaluation of immune infiltrating of thyroid cancer based on the intrinsic correlation between pair-wise immune genes. Life Sci 2020; 259:118248. [PMID: 32791153 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unlike most mutation-driven cancers, thyroid cancer is thought to be highly dependent on changes in human hormone levels. It has become research hotspot using the change of gene expression level as a detection and diagnostic marker. The internal relationship between two genes and disease development is used to avoid the instability caused by single gene fluctuation. Aim It is possible to achieve early diagnosis in thyroid cancer during tumorigenesis and recurrence using IGPS (immune gene pairs). METHODS We extracted thyroid cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), using CIBERSORT algorithm to infiltrate out 22 immune cells types. We screened out IGPS that differ significantly between different groups, then used LinearSVC model to learn and screen features, combined with deep learning neural network model to predict benign and malignant cancer as well as patients at different groups. KEY FINDINGS There are significant differences of immune cell ratio in tumor stages and relapse samples. We screen out 42 and 64 IGPS for in normal-tumor and non-relapsed groups respectively, for example ASCC3-MAP3K7 and ATF2-SOCS5, have significant correlation in IGPS expression. Then we use the IGPS to train the tumor diagnostic classifier, obtain average AUC are both 0.99 after ten times cross-validation. SIGNIFICANCE The IGPS gives us new insight to explore immune cell infiltration of thyroid cancer, deep learning model can be further used in early diagnosis of thyroid cancer and estimation of the risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jia
- Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuyao Li
- Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengjiao Pan
- Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mei Tao
- Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450052 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiubo Lu
- Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450052 Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Henan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China.
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Somatic Genomic Changes in the Formation of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/amb-2020-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Globally, the diffuse goiter affects more than 10% of the population and in some regions is endemic. Thyroid nodules are found in approximately 5% of the population using the oldest method for thyroid examination – palpation. When performing ultrasound screening, this percentage increases significantly and reaches between 20 and 75% of the total population. Thyroid carcinoma is a rare malignancy and accounts for up to 1% of all malignant tumors. It is the most common endocrine cancer and is clinically manifested as a thyroid nodule. Somatic mutations play an important role in its development. Differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules is of great importance due to the different therapeutic approach. Therefore, new diagnostic tools are sought to help distinguish the two. Despite the progress in our knowledge of carcinogenesis in recent years, a number of key issues still remain unanswered. The establishment of new rare somatic mutations can improve pre-surgical diagnosis and optimize post-operative strategies for the treatment of thyroid carcinoma. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows for extensive mutation and genome rearrangements tracking. The results obtained with NGS provide the basis for the development of new approach for systematic genetic screening, at prevention, early diagnosis, accurate prognosis, and targeted therapy of this disorder.
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175
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Gilani SM, Ross JA, Prasad ML, Hammers L, Cai G, Adeniran AJ. Molecular alterations in Hürthle cell neoplasms of thyroid: A fine needle aspiration cytology study with cytology-histology correlation. Cancer Cytopathol 2020; 129:363-373. [PMID: 33045146 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hürthle cell features are frequently observed on the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of thyroid nodules and often pose a diagnostic challenge because of a significant overlap between cytomorphologic features seen in benign and malignant lesions. Molecular alterations (MAs) associated with these lesions are not well described. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the molecular profile of Hürthle cell lesions classified as Hürthle cell neoplasm (HCN) on cytologic evaluation. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed their electronic database for cytologic diagnoses of HCN from January 1, 2017 to March 31, 2020. RESULTS In total, 279 cases from 275 patients who had a diagnosis of HCN were included in the study. Molecular testing results were available in 85 cases (51 with MAs and 34 without MAs) and, of those, 42 had histologic follow-up available. Eight of 10 malignant cases had MAs, whereas the remaining 2 cases were negative for MAs. The most frequently encountered predominant genetic alterations or classifier findings were chromosome copy number alterations (n = 15), followed by NRAS (n = 8), KRAS (n = 7), suspicious (n = 6), EIF1AX (n = 4), TSHR (n = 3), gene overexpression (n = 3), positive microRNA classifier (n = 2), and 1 each of BRAF K601E, TERT, and HRAS mutations. One hundred thirty-seven cases had histologic follow-up available; of those, 28 were classified as malignant, and 109 were classified as benign (neoplastic and nonneoplastic). The overall risk of malignancy associated with HCN was 20%, and the risk of HCN with MAs was 25%. CONCLUSIONS The cytologic diagnosis of HCN includes various MAs without any obvious trend, and most malignant cases (80%) have some type of MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Gilani
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Julia A Ross
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Manju L Prasad
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lynwood Hammers
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Guoping Cai
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Zhao G, Kang J, Xu G, Wei J, Wang X, Jing X, Zhang L, Yang A, Wang K, Wang J, Wang L, Hou J, Liu Q, Jiao K, Gao B. Tunicamycin promotes metastasis through upregulating endoplasmic reticulum stress induced GRP78 expression in thyroid carcinoma. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:115. [PMID: 33014334 PMCID: PMC7528585 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common type of endocrine malignancy and its incidence is increasing over years. Conventional surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are difficult to improve the significant effects of it due to aggression and metastasis of poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), and these are regarded as the most malignant types of TC. Glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is the key molecule of tumor growth, apoptosis and metastasis. However, the underlying mechanisms of GRP78 in TC still require discussion. This study aimed to explore the role of GRP78 and its potential mechanism in TC. Results GRP78 expression was increased in TC tissues when compared with adjacent normal tissues. Besides, down-regulation of GRP78 significantly inhibited the metastatic and proliferative ability of ATC cells in in vitro studies. In addition, tunicamycin-induced ER stress up-regulated the expression of GRP78, PERK and XBP1 as well as reversed the metastatic ability of GRP78 in ATC cells. Bioinformatics and statistical analysis of gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways for RNA-sequencing data with regard to si-GRP78 and si-control showed that GRP78 might regulate the ability of metastasis through extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in ATC cells, as well as the expression of ECM components such as COL1A1 and MMP13, which were highly relevant to ATC cells. The analysis of GEPIA database confirmed that high genomic amplification of MMP13 and COL1A1 in TC tissues showed correlation with TNM stage. Further western blotting analysis showed that MMP13 might be the target of GRP78 in ATC cells and ER stress could activate the expression of MMP13 that is suppressed by GRP78 depletion. Conclusions GRP78 acts as an important regulator of metastasis under ER stress. In addition, the function of GRP78 might be mediated by ECM remodeling in ATC cells, implicating it as a therapeutic target in TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Jianqin Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Xiaorui Jing
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Aili Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Junfeng Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038 Shanxi China
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Rahman ST, Pandeya N, Neale RE, McLeod DSA, Bain CJ, Baade PD, Youl PH, Allison R, Leonard S, Jordan SJ. Obesity Is Associated with BRAFV600E-Mutated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2020; 30:1518-1527. [PMID: 32228152 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid cancer incidence has increased in many parts of the world since the 1980s, as has the prevalence of obesity. Evidence suggests that people with greater body size have higher thyroid cancer risk. However, it is unclear whether this association is causal or is driven by over-diagnosis of indolent cancers, because overweight/obese people use health services more frequently than those of normal weight, thus conferring greater opportunity for incidental diagnosis. Assessing whether obesity is associated with higher-risk thyroid cancers might help clarify this issue. Methods: We recruited 1013 people diagnosed with thyroid cancer between 2013 and 2016 and 1057 population controls, frequency matched by sex and age group. We used logistic regression to assess the association between body mass index (BMI) and overall thyroid cancer risk as well as by tumor BRAF mutational status as a marker of potentially higher-risk cancer. Results: Overall, obesity was associated with greater risk of thyroid cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI 1.37-2.16] for obese vs. normal BMI). The association with obesity was significantly stronger for BRAF-mutation positive than BRAF-negative papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs; OR = 1.71 [CI 1.17-2.50] for BRAF-positive vs. BRAF-negative cancers). The increased risks associated with overweight/obesity did not vary by histological subtypes or presence/absence of adverse tumor histologic features. Conclusions: Greater risk of BRAF-mutated PTCs among those with high BMI suggests that the association may not merely reflect greater health care service use and indicates an independent relationship between obesity and clinically important thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabbir T Rahman
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nirmala Pandeya
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rachel E Neale
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald S A McLeod
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chris J Bain
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter D Baade
- Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | | | - Roger Allison
- Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susan Leonard
- Cancer Care Services, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susan J Jordan
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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178
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Hernandez BY, Rahman M, Loo LWM, Chan OTM, Horio D, Morita S, Bryant-Greenwood G. BRAF V600E, hypothyroidism, and human relaxin in thyroid carcinogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 147:183-194. [PMID: 32995956 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BRAFV600E, a major driver of thyroid cancer, evaluated in the context of thyroid hormones and human relaxin. METHODS Immunohistochemical expressions of BRAFV600E, TSH, TSH receptor (TSHR), T4, T3 receptor (T3R), RLNH2, and its receptor, RXFP1, were evaluated in thyroid tumors from a retrospective U.S. population of 481 cancer cases diagnosed in 1983-2004. RESULTS BRAFV600E was expressed in 52% of all thyroid tumors; expression of other markers ranged from 25% for T4 to 98% for RLNH2. Tumors predominantly exhibited hypothyroid-like conditions characterized by elevated TSH and TSHR and reduced T4. BRAFV600E prevalence was significantly higher in tumors expressing TSH, TSHR, T3R, and RXFP1 and lower in tumors expressing T4. The proportion of BRAFV600E mutation in classic papillary tumors significantly increased from 56 to 72% over the 21-year period of diagnoses, while expression of RXFP1, TSH, TSHR, and T3R decreased in non-tumor. Racial/ethnic differences were observed in thyroid hormone marker expression. Non-tumor expression of TSH, TSHR, and T3R were each associated with shorter overall survival, but did not remain significant after adjustment for demographic and clinical factors. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first evidence of the potential interaction of BRAFV600E mutation, relaxin, and thyroid hormones in thyroid carcinogenesis. Moreover, our results suggest that hypothyroidism, influenced by RLNH2 activity, may underlie the development of the majority of thyroid cancers and mediate the role of BRAFV600E in thyroid carcinogenesis. BRAFV600E mutation is increasing in papillary thyroid cancers and may be contributing to the rising incidence of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y Hernandez
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA.
| | - Mobeen Rahman
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Lenora W M Loo
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| | - Owen T M Chan
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| | - David Horio
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| | - Shane Morita
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
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179
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Pinto N, Prokopec SD, Ghasemi F, Meens J, Ruicci KM, Khan IM, Mundi N, Patel K, Han MW, Yoo J, Fung K, MacNeil D, Mymryk JS, Datti A, Barrett JW, Boutros PC, Ailles L, Nichols AC. Flavopiridol causes cell cycle inhibition and demonstrates anti-cancer activity in anaplastic thyroid cancer models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239315. [PMID: 32970704 PMCID: PMC7514001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare, but nearly uniformly fatal disease that is typically resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. Alternative strategies to target this cancer at a molecular level are necessary in order to improve dismal outcomes for ATC patients. We examined the effects of flavopiridol, a CDK inhibitor, in a panel of ATC cell lines. When cell lines were treated over a ten-point concentration range, CAL62, KMH2 and BHT-101 cell lines had a sub micromolar half-maximal inhibitory concentration, while no effect was seen in the non-cancerous cell line IMR-90. Flavopiridol treatment resulted in decreased levels of the cell cycle proteins CDK9 and MCL1, and induced cell cycle arrest. Flavopiridol also decreased the in vitro ability of ATC cells to form colonies and impeded migration using a transwell migration assay. In vivo, flavopiridol decreased tumor weight and tumor volume over time in a patient-derived xenograft model of ATC. Given the observed in vitro and in vivo activity, flavopiridol warrants further investigation for treatment of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pinto
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Farhad Ghasemi
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jalna Meens
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kara M. Ruicci
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Imran M. Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Mundi
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Krupal Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myung W. Han
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Yoo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Fung
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle MacNeil
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Network Biology Collaborative Centre, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - John W. Barrett
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul C. Boutros
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Laurie Ailles
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony C. Nichols
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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180
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Abdelhakam DA, Mojica RE, Huenerberg KA, Nassar A. Impact of a genomic classifier on indeterminate thyroid nodules: an institutional experience. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2020; 10:155-163. [PMID: 33067175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indeterminate thyroid cytology (ITC) occurs in 20% to 25% of cases, and the associated risk of malignancy ranges from 5% to 30%. The genomic classifier ThyroSeq (CBLPath/UPMC, Rye Brook, NY), a targeted next-generation sequencing technology, could classify ITC nodules as malignant and nonmalignant. We sought to characterize our institutional experience with ThyroSeq testing. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified all patients seen from January 2015 through November 2019 who had ITC nodules analyzed with ThyroSeq. Relevant clinical, pathologic, and resection data were reviewed. RESULTS Of the 133 cases identified, diagnostic categories included atypia (or follicular lesion) of undetermined significance) (n = 65 [48.9%]), suspicious for follicular neoplasm (SFN) (n = 48 [36.1%]), and suspicious for Hürthle cell neoplasm (n = 20 [15.0%]). About half of the papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cases (n = 9 [56.3%]) and more than one-third of the noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) cases (n = 3/8 [37.5%]) were classified as SFN. Most patients (n = 87 [65.4%]) did not undergo resection; of these, 73 (83.9%) were negative for all molecular alterations. Of the 54 cases with molecular alterations, isolated RAS or RAS-like variants were most common (n = 35 [64.8%]); 9 (25.7%) were identified in PTC and 8 (22.9%) in NIFTP. NRAS was the most common alteration (n = 20 [37.0%]), followed by HRAS (n = 6 [11.1%]), which was mostly detected in NIFTP cases (n = 4 of 6 [66.7%]). CONCLUSION Resection was avoided in 73 patients (54.9%) because of negative ThyroSeq results. ThyroSeq v2 and v3 offered a more accurate categorization of ITC nodules, improved patient management, and reduced unnecessary surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A Abdelhakam
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Rafael E Mojica
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Spartanburg, South Carolina
| | | | - Aziza Nassar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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Cao J, Zhang M, Zhang L, Lou J, Zhou F, Fang M. Non-coding RNA in thyroid cancer - Functions and mechanisms. Cancer Lett 2020; 496:117-126. [PMID: 32949678 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignant tumor, and its incidence has increased significantly in the past few years. A growing number of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have shown abnormal expression patterns in human thyroid cancer in recent studies. Depending on size, ncRNAs are usually subdivided into two categories: short ncRNAs and long ncRNAs (longer than 200 nucleotides). Short ncRNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, and endogenous small interfering RNAs, which have been extensively studied due to their roles in developmental and tumor biology. Compared to that of short ncRNAs, the involvement of lncRNAs in human cancers, especially in thyroid cancer, is not as well studied. Here, we reviewed the roles and clinical significance of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circular RNA in thyroid development, tumorigenesis, and metastasis to offer a new approach to thyroid cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Department of Rare and Head and Neck Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianlin Lou
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Meiyu Fang
- Department of Rare and Head and Neck Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China.
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182
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Kachko VA, Platonova NM, Vanushko VE, Shifman BM. [The role of molecular testing in thyroid tumors]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 66:33-46. [PMID: 33351337 DOI: 10.14341/probl12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
¹I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; ²Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, Russia Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine gland cancer. In the last few decades, the molecular diagnostics for thyroid tumors have been widely researched. It is one of the few cancers whose incidence has increased in recent years from microcarcinomas to common, large forms, in all age groups, from children to the elder people. Most researches focus on the genetic basis, since our current knowledge of the genetic background of various forms of thyroid cancer is far from being complete. Molecular and genetic research has several main directions: firstly, differential diagnosis of thyroid tumors, secondly, the prognostic value of detected mutations in thyroid cancer, and thirdly, targeted therapy for aggressive or radioactive iodine-resistant forms of thyroid cancer. In this review, we wanted to update our understanding and describe the prevailing advances in molecular genetics of thyroid cancer, focusing on the main genes associated with the pathology and their potential application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A Kachko
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
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183
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Dettmer MS, Schmitt A, Komminoth P, Perren A. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma : An underdiagnosed entity. DER PATHOLOGE 2020; 41:1-8. [PMID: 31273418 PMCID: PMC7286943 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-019-0600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs) are a rare subtype of thyroid carcinomas that are biologically situated between well-differentiated papillary/follicular thyroid carcinomas and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (ATCs). The diagnosis of conventional as well as oncocytic poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma is difficult and often missed in daily routine. The current WHO criteria to allow the diagnosis of PDTCs are based on the results of a consensus meeting held in Turin in 2006. Even a minor poorly differentiated component of only 10%of a given carcinoma significantly affects patient prognosis and the oncocytic subtype may even have a worse outcome. Immunohistochemistry is not much help and is mostly used to exclude a medullary thyroid carcinoma with calcitonin and to establish a follicular cell of origin via thyroglobulin staining. Due to the concept of stepwise dedifferentiation, there is a vast overlap of different molecular alterations like BRAF, RAS, CTNNB1, TP53 and others between different thyroid carcinoma subtypes. A distinctive molecular tumor profile is therefore currently not available. PDTCs have a unique miRNA signature, which separates them from other thyroid carcinomas. The average relapse free survival is less than one year and about 50% of patients die of the disease. Modern tyrosine kinase inhibitors offer in conjunction with powerful molecular diagnostic new chances in these difficult to treat carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Dettmer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstraße 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - A Schmitt
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstraße 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - P Komminoth
- Institute of Pathology, City Hospital Triemli, 8063, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstraße 31, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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Vielh P, Balogh Z, Suciu V, Richon C, Job B, Meurice G, Valent A, Lacroix L, Marty V, Motte N, Dessen P, Caillou B, Ghuzlan AA, Bidart JM, Lazar V, Hofman P, Scoazec JY, El-Naggar AK, Schlumberger M. DNA FISH Diagnostic Assay on Cytological Samples of Thyroid Follicular Neoplasms. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092529. [PMID: 32899953 PMCID: PMC7564487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cytopathology cannot distinguish benign from malignant follicular lesions in 20–30% of cases. These indeterminate cases includes the so-called follicular neoplasms (FNs) according to The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Frozen samples from 66 classic follicular adenomas (cFAs) and carcinomas (cFTCs) studied by array-comparative genomic hybridization identified three specific alterations of cFTCs (losses of 1p36.33-35.1 and 22q13.2-13.31, and gain of whole chromosome X) confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in a second independent series of 60 touch preparations from frozen samples of cFAs and cFTCs. In a third independent set of 27 cases of already stained pre-operative fine-needle aspiration cytology samples diagnosed as FNs and histologically verified, FISH analysis using these three markers identified half of cFTCs. Specificity of our assay for identifying cFTCs is higher than 98% which might be comparable with BRAF600E testing in cases of suspicion of classic papillary thyroid carcinomas. Abstract Although fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is helpful in determining whether thyroid nodules are benign or malignant, this distinction remains a cytological challenge in follicular neoplasms. Identification of genomic alterations in cytological specimens with direct and routine techniques would therefore have great clinical value. A series of 153 cases consisting of 72 and 81 histopathologically confirmed classic follicular adenomas (cFAs) and classic follicular thyroid carcinomas (cFTCs), respectively, was studied by means of different molecular techniques in three different cohorts of patients (pts). In the first cohort (training set) of 66 pts, three specific alterations characterized by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) were exclusively found in half of cFTCs. These structural abnormalities corresponded to losses of 1p36.33-35.1 and 22q13.2-13.31, and gain of whole chromosome X. The second independent cohort (validation set) of 60 pts confirmed these data on touch preparations of frozen follicular neoplasms by triple DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization using selected commercially available probes. The third cohort, consisting of 27 archived cytological samples from an equal number of pts that had been obtained for preoperative FNAC and morphologically classified as and histologically verified to be follicular neoplasms, confirmed our previous findings and showed the feasibility of the DNA FISH (DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization) assay. All together, these data suggest that our triple DNA FISH diagnostic assay may detect 50% of cFTCs with a specificity higher than 98% and be useful as a low-cost adjunct to cytomorphology to help further classify follicular neoplasms on already routinely stained cytological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vielh
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Zsofia Balogh
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Voichita Suciu
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Catherine Richon
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Bastien Job
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Guillaume Meurice
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Alexander Valent
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Ludovic Lacroix
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Virginie Marty
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Nelly Motte
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Philippe Dessen
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Bernard Caillou
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Abir Al Ghuzlan
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Jean-Michel Bidart
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Vladimir Lazar
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology and Biobank, Pasteur Hospital, 06002 Nice, France;
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay and Experimental and Translational Pathology Platform, CNRS UMS3655-INSERM US23 AMMICA, 94805 Villejuif, France; (Z.B.); (V.S.); (C.R.); (B.J.); (G.M.); (A.V.); (L.L.); (V.M.); (N.M.); (P.D.); (B.C.); (A.A.G.); (J.-M.B.); (V.L.); (J.-Y.S.)
| | - Adel K. El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Martin Schlumberger
- Department of Endocrinology, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France;
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Bonjoc KJ, Young H, Warner S, Gernon T, Maghami E, Chaudhry A. Thyroid cancer diagnosis in the era of precision imaging. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:5128-5139. [PMID: 33145090 PMCID: PMC7578495 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.08.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer affects 1.3% of the population with increasing rates of incidence over the last decade (approximately 2% per year). Although the overall prognosis is good in the differentiated subtypes, there has been a slow but steady increase in rate of deaths associated with thyroid cancer (approximately 0.7% per year over the last decade). Thyroid cancer is usually detected when: (I) patients feel a lump in the neck; (II) a routine clinical exam is performed; (III) an incidental thyroid nodule is identified on diagnostic imaging (e.g., CT neck or chest, carotid ultrasound, PET scan acquired for non-thyroid pathology). Identification of suspicious thyroid nodules results in further diagnostic work-up including laboratory assessment, further imaging, and biopsy. Accurate diagnosis is required for clinical staging and optimal patient treatment design. In this review, we aim to discuss utility of various imaging modalities and their role in thyroid cancer diagnosis and management. Additionally, we aim to highlight emerging diagnostic techniques that aim to improve diagnostic specificity and accuracy in thyroid cancer, thus paving way for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley-Jane Bonjoc
- Department of Imaging Administration, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Young
- Department of Imaging Administration, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Susanne Warner
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Gernon
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ellie Maghami
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ammar Chaudhry
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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186
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Knyazeva M, Korobkina E, Karizky A, Sorokin M, Buzdin A, Vorobyev S, Malek A. Reciprocal Dysregulation of MiR-146b and MiR-451 Contributes in Malignant Phenotype of Follicular Thyroid Tumor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5950. [PMID: 32824921 PMCID: PMC7503510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, incidental thyroid nodules are being diagnosed with increasing frequency with the use of highly sensitive imaging techniques. The ultrasound thyroid gland examination, followed by the fine-needle aspiration cytology is the standard diagnostic approach. However, in cases of the follicular nature of nodules, cytological diagnosis is not enough. Analysis of miRNAs in the biopsy presents a promising approach. Increasing our knowledge of miRNA's role in follicular carcinogenesis, and development of the appropriate the miRNA analytical technologies are required to implement miRNA-based tests in clinical practice. We used material from follicular thyroid nodes (n.84), grouped in accordance with their invasive properties. The invasion-associated miRNAs expression alterations were assayed. Expression data were confirmed by highly sensitive two-tailed RT-qPCR. Reciprocally dysregulated miRNAs pair concentration ratios were explored as a diagnostic parameter using receiver operation curve (ROC) analysis. A new bioinformatics method (MiRImpact) was applied to evaluate the biological significance of the observed expression alterations. Coupled experimental and computational approaches identified reciprocal dysregulation of miR-146b and miR-451 as important attributes of follicular cell malignant transformation and follicular thyroid cancer progression. Thus, evaluation of combined dysregulation of miRNAs relevant to invasion and metastasis can help to distinguish truly malignant follicular thyroid cancer from indolent follicular adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Knyazeva
- Subcellular technology Lab., N. N. Petrov National Medical Center of Oncology, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.K.); (E.K.)
- Oncosystem Company Limited, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great Saint. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Korobkina
- Subcellular technology Lab., N. N. Petrov National Medical Center of Oncology, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.K.); (E.K.)
- Oncosystem Company Limited, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Karizky
- Information Technologies and Programming Faculty, Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO) University, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Maxim Sorokin
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (A.B.)
- Omicsway Corporation, Walnut, CA 91789, USA
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Buzdin
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119048 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (A.B.)
- Omicsway Corporation, Walnut, CA 91789, USA
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Vorobyev
- National Center of Clinical Morphological Diagnostics, 192283 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Anastasia Malek
- Subcellular technology Lab., N. N. Petrov National Medical Center of Oncology, 197758 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.K.); (E.K.)
- Oncosystem Company Limited, 121205 Moscow, Russia
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187
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Li H, Wu Y, Zhao R, Chen X, Ren W, Li H, Han P, Shao Y, Wang J. IL-1RN gene polymorphisms reduces thyroid cancer risk in Chinese Han population. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1140-1146. [PMID: 32790111 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of IL-1RN polymorphisms on thyroid cancer (TC) risk in Han population. Genotypes of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs17042888, rs928940, rs3181052, and rs452204) were analyzed by Agena MassARRAY. Meanwhile, we used the logistic regression to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and significant differences were evaluated by t test and χ2 test. Findings found that allele "G" of rs452204 and rs3181052 in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) reduced the risk of TC. (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.55-0.94, p = .017; OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.56-0.94, p = .017, respectively). Hierarchical analysis indicated that three SNPs (rs17042888, rs3181052, and rs452204) significantly reduced the risk of TC among females or individuals older than 48 years (p < .05). Our findings indicate that IL-1RN polymorphisms may contribute to a protective role against TC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajing Li
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Operation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruimin Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, Baoji Central Hospital, Baoji, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanli Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Honghui Li
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Han
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Shao
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiansheng Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Xu S, Cheng X, Wu L, Zheng J, Wang X, Wu J, Yu H, Bao J, Zhang L. Capsaicin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells via TRPV1-mediated mitochondrial calcium overload. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109733. [PMID: 32771398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare malignancy and has a poor prognosis due to its aggressive behavior and resistance to treatments. Calcium (Ca2+) serves as a ubiquitous cellular second messenger and influences several tumor behaviors. Therefore, Ca2+ modulation is expected to be a novel therapeutic target in cancers. However, whether Ca2+ modulation is effective in ATC therapy remains unknown. In this study, we reported that capsaicin (CAP), a transient receptor potential vanilloid type1 (TRPV1) agonist, inhibited the viability of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Capsaicin treatment triggered Ca2+ influx by TRPV1 activation, resulting in disequilibrium of intracellular calcium homeostasis. The rapidly increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration was mirrored in the mitochondria and caused a severe condition of mitochondrial calcium overload in ATC cells. In addition, the disruption of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis caused by capsaicin led to mitochondrial dysfunction in ATC cells, as evidenced by the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Next, the resulting release of cyt c into the cytosol triggered apoptosome assembly and subsequent caspase activation and apoptosis. It was worth noting that both TRPV1 antagonist (capsazepine) and calcium chelator (BAPTA) could attenuate aberrant Ca2+ homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis induced by capsaicin treatment. Thus, our study demonstrated that capsaicin induced mitochondrial calcium overload and apoptosis in ATC cells through a TRPV1-mediated pathway. The better understanding of the anti-cancer mechanisms of calcium modulation provides a potential target for the ATC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichen Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | - Xian Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | - Liying Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiangxia Zheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | - Huixin Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | - Jiandong Bao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China
| | - Li Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, China; Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; School of Life science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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189
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Qin Y, Sun W, Wang Z, Dong W, He L, Zhang T, Zhang H. Long Non-Coding Small Nucleolar RNA Host Genes (SNHGs) in Endocrine-Related Cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7699-7717. [PMID: 32848414 PMCID: PMC7417930 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s267140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging regulators of a diverse range of biological processes through various mechanisms. Genome-wide association studies of tumor samples have identified several lncRNAs, which act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors in various types of cancers. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are predominantly found in the nucleolus and function as guide RNAs for the processing of transcription. As the host genes of snoRNAs, lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host genes (SNHGs) have been shown to be abnormally expressed in multiple cancers and can participate in cell proliferation, tumor progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Here, we review the biological functions and emerging mechanisms of SNHGs involved in the development and progression of endocrine-related cancers including thyroid cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Dong
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang He
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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190
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Nylén C, Mechera R, Maréchal-Ross I, Tsang V, Chou A, Gill AJ, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Robinson BG, Sywak MS, Sidhu SB, Glover AR. Molecular Markers Guiding Thyroid Cancer Management. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082164. [PMID: 32759760 PMCID: PMC7466065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer is rapidly increasing, mostly due to the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (TC). The increasing use of potent preclinical models, high throughput molecular technologies, and gene expression microarrays have provided a deeper understanding of molecular characteristics in cancer. Hence, molecular markers have become a potent tool also in TC management to distinguish benign from malignant lesions, predict aggressive biology, prognosis, recurrence, as well as for identification of novel therapeutic targets. In differentiated TC, molecular markers are mainly used as an adjunct to guide management of indeterminate nodules on fine needle aspiration biopsies. In contrast, in advanced thyroid cancer, molecular markers enable targeted treatments of affected signalling pathways. Identification of the driver mutation of targetable kinases in advanced TC can select treatment with mutation targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) to slow growth and reverse adverse effects of the mutations, when traditional treatments fail. This review will outline the molecular landscape and discuss the impact of molecular markers on diagnosis, surveillance and treatment of differentiated, poorly differentiated and anaplastic follicular TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Nylén
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna L1:00, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Mechera
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Maréchal-Ross
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
| | - Venessa Tsang
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Angela Chou
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Gill
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Roderick J. Clifton-Bligh
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Bruce G. Robinson
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mark S. Sywak
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
| | - Stan B. Sidhu
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- Cancer Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anthony R. Glover
- Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; (C.N.); (R.M.); (M.S.S.); (S.B.S.)
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (I.M.-R.); (V.T.); (A.C.); (A.J.G.); (R.J.C.-B.); (B.G.R.)
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9463-1477
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Torrez M, Braunberger RC, Yilmaz E, Agarwal S. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid with a novel BRAF mutation and High PDL-1 expression: A case report with treatment implications and review of literature. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153146. [PMID: 32853962 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid (SCC-T) is an extremely rare, aggressive neoplasm with median survival of 9 months. Pure squamous morphology with absence of other cell types is required for diagnosis of SCC-T. Clinically, SCC-T behaves like anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) showing rapid growth, and extra thyroidal extension. We report a 91-year-old woman presenting with an enlarging thyroid mass and accompanying dysphagia and hoarseness. Fine needle aspiration revealed hypercellular specimen with large, pleomorphic, malignant cells. Intraoperative assessment revealed an inoperable tumor involving both thyroid lobes and extensively infiltrating surrounding soft tissues. A subtotal thyroidectomy was performed. Histology revealed squamous cell carcinoma replacing native thyroid tissue and infiltrating adjacent skeletal muscle. Lymphovascular and perineural invasion were present. Immunohistochemistry showed tumor cells positive for CK5-p40, Pax-8, TTF-1 and negative for thyroglobulin. P53 expression by IHC was high and Ki-67 proliferation index was > 90 %. (Next generation sequencing revealed a novel BRAF mutation (BRAF c.1799 T > A; 1801_1812del) along with TP53 and TERT mutations. PDL-1 immunohistochemistry showed positive expression in tumor cells (>80%), making patient also amenable to anti-PDL-1 immunotherapy. Patient was treated with BRAF inhibitor therapy with initial relief but eventually was put on hospice care due to increasing intolerance to therapy. This case represents a rare thyroid malignancy with a unique molecular signature consisting of a novel BRAF mutation [previously not described in SCC-T or ATC], associated with TERT-TP53 mutations. Further, importance of PDL-1 testing as a prognostic marker and as a guide to immunotherapy in refractory tumors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Torrez
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Ryan C Braunberger
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Emrullah Yilmaz
- Department of Oncology/ Hematology, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Shweta Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States.
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192
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Ebina A, Togashi Y, Baba S, Sato Y, Sakata S, Ishikawa M, Mitani H, Takeuchi K, Sugitani I. TERT Promoter Mutation and Extent of Thyroidectomy in Patients with 1-4 cm Intrathyroidal Papillary Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082115. [PMID: 32751594 PMCID: PMC7464551 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are concerns regarding overtreatment in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations play important roles in the development of PTC. However, initial surgical approaches for PTC based on genetic characteristics remain unclear. The present study aimed to identify genetic mutations as predictors of prognosis and to establish proper indications for lobectomy (LT) in patients with 1–4 cm intrathyroidal PTC. Prospectively accumulated data from 685 consecutive patients with PTC who underwent primary thyroid surgery at the Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, between 2001 and 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Of the 685 patients examined, 538 (78.5%) had BRAF V600E mutation and 133 (19.4%) had TERT promoter mutations. Patients with TERT promoter mutations displayed significantly worse outcomes than those without mutations (10-year cause-specific survival (CSS): 73.7% vs. 98.1%, p < 0.001; 10-year disease-free survival (DFS): 53.7% vs. 93.3%, p < 0.001). As for extent of thyroidectomy among TERT mutation-negative patients with 1–4 cm intrathyroidal PTC, patients who underwent LT showed no significant differences in 10-year CSS and 10-year DFS compared to patients who had total thyroidectomy (TT) under propensity score-matching. Avoiding TT for those patients indicates a possible pathway to prevent overtreatment and reduce postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ebina
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan;
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.B.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3822-2131
| | - Yuki Togashi
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.B.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (K.T.)
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Satoko Baba
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.B.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (K.T.)
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sato
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.B.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Seiji Sakata
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.B.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (K.T.)
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Masashi Ishikawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Mitani
- Division of Head and Neck, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan;
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan; (Y.T.); (S.B.); (Y.S.); (S.S.); (K.T.)
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
- Clinical Pathology Center, The Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Iwao Sugitani
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan;
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193
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Samimi H, Sajjadi-Jazi SM, Seifirad S, Atlasi R, Mahmoodzadeh H, Faghihi MA, Haghpanah V. Molecular mechanisms of long non-coding RNAs in anaplastic thyroid cancer: a systematic review. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:352. [PMID: 32760219 PMCID: PMC7392660 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal and aggressive cancers. Evidence has shown that the tumorigenesis of ATC is a multistep process involving the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes. Several studies have suggested that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may play an important role in the development and progression of ATC. In this article, we have collected the published reports about the role of lncRNAs in ATC. METHODS "Scopus", "Web of Science", "PubMed", "Embase", etc. were systematically searched for articles published since 1990 to 2020 in English language, using the predefined keywords. RESULTS 961 papers were reviewed and finally 33 papers which fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Based on this systematic review, among a lot of evidences on examining the function of lncRNAs in thyroid cancer, there are only a small number of studies about the role of lncRNAs and their molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of ATC. CONCLUSIONS lncRNAs play a crucial role in regulation of different processes involved in the development and progression of ATC. Currently, just a few lncRNAs have been identified in ATC that may serve as prognosis markers such as GAS5, MIR22HG, and CASC2. Also, because of the dysregulation of Klhl14-AS, HOTAIRM1, and PCA3 during ATC development and progression, they may act as therapeutic targets. However, for most lncRNAs, only a single experiment has evaluated the expression profile in ATC tissues/cells. Therefore, further functional studies and expression profiling is needed to resolve this limitation and identify novel and valid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Samimi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahmoud Sajjadi-Jazi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Seifirad
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, PERFUSE Study Group, Boston, MA USA
| | - Rasha Atlasi
- Evidence Based Practice Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibollah Mahmoodzadeh
- Department of Surgery, Iranian National Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faghihi
- Persian BayanGene Research and Training Center, Dr. Faghihi’s Medical Genetic Center, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Vahid Haghpanah
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Personalized Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave., Tehran, 14114 Iran
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194
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Liu R, Li Y, Chen W, Cong J, Zhang Z, Ma L, Chu L, Xiao H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu Y, Yu Q, Yang X, Sun C. Mutations of the TERT promoter are associated with aggressiveness and recurrence/distant metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:50. [PMID: 32802170 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several previous studies have shown that mutations in B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, whether mutations in BRAF and the TERT promoter may improve the accurate identification and risk stratification of high-risk patients in the early stage of PTC remains unclear and requires further investigation. In the present study, mutations in BRAF and the TERT promoter were examined in 205 patients using PCR and Sanger DNA sequencing. The potential association between mutations in these two genes and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with PTC was then analyzed. BRAF mutations were identified in 169/205 (82.4%) patients, whereas only 8/205 (3.9%) patients presented mutations in the TERT promoter, seven patients exhibited a C228T mutation, and the remaining one had a C250T mutation. There were 6/205 (2.9%) patients with mutations in both BRAF and the TERT promoter. Importantly, compared with patients with no mutations, patients with mutations in BRAF were more likely to exhibit mutations in the TERT promoter. A significant difference in lymph node metastasis was found between the BRAF V600E mutation group and the group without mutations in BRAF. Mutations in the TERT promoter were significantly correlated with older age, extrathyroidal invasion, tumor multifocality and advanced tumor/node/metastasis stage, which are associated with the aggressiveness of PTC. Moreover, compared with patients exhibiting mutations in BRAF, mutations in the TERT promoter were found to be significantly associated with aggressive clinicopathological features and higher risk of recurrence or distant metastasis. Collectively, mutations in the TERT promoter were not frequent, but were significantly correlated with more aggressive clinicopathological features of PTC. Therefore, mutations in the TERT promoter may be an important factor in the genetic background of PTC, and detection of such mutations may help the accurate identification and management of high-risk patients with recurrent or distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riming Liu
- Center for Laboratory Diagnosis, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
| | - Yulan Li
- Center for Laboratory Diagnosis, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
| | - Weixin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Qingpu, Shanghai 201700, P.R. China
| | - Jianglin Cong
- Department of Gynaecology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
| | - Zhengfang Zhang
- Center for Laboratory Diagnosis, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
| | - Li Ma
- Center for Laboratory Diagnosis, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
| | - Lina Chu
- Center for Laboratory Diagnosis, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Center for Laboratory Diagnosis, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Center for Laboratory Diagnosis, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
| | - Yongming Liu
- Center for Laboratory Diagnosis, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Xu
- Center for Laboratory Diagnosis, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yu
- Center for Laboratory Diagnosis, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Center for Laboratory Diagnosis, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
| | - Chengming Sun
- Center for Laboratory Diagnosis, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 370600, P.R. China
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195
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Lai WA, Liu CY, Lin SY, Chen CC, Hang JF. Characterization of Driver Mutations in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Identifies RAS and PIK3CA Mutations as Negative Survival Predictors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1973. [PMID: 32698386 PMCID: PMC7409295 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is rare but highly aggressive. We investigated the association of selected driver mutations, including BRAF, RAS, PIK3CA, TERT promoter, TP53, POLE, and mismatch repair deficiency (MMR-D) with the clinicopathological features of ATC to identify prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Thirty-nine retrospective cases from pathology archives were enrolled for clinicopathology analysis and immunohistochemistry, and 27 cases had sufficient specimens for further molecular testing using targeted next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry. BRAFV600E and RAS mutations were identified in 25.9% and 40.7% of ATC, respectively. BRAFV600E mutation was significantly associated with coexisting papillary thyroid carcinoma (p = 0.009) and RAS mutations with female gender (p = 0.012). In univariant analysis, the non-BRAF/RAS tumors were significantly associated with the presence of a sarcomatoid pattern (p = 0.045). PIK3CA, TERT promoter, and TP53 mutations were identified in 14.8%, 81.5%, and 70.4% of cases, respectively. No MMR-D or POLE mutations were detected. In survival analyses, RAS and PIK3CA mutations were significantly associated with inferior outcomes (p = 0.03 and p = 0.006, respectively). In conclusion, driver mutations in ATC are associated with distinct clinicopathological features. RAS and PIK3CA mutations were negative predictors for patient survival. Emerging therapeutic agents targeting BRAF, RAS, and PI3 kinase may benefit a substantial proportion of ATC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-An Lai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-A.L.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Chih-Yi Liu
- Division of Pathology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City 221, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Yao Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-A.L.); (S.-Y.L.)
- Department of Pathology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan;
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Fan Hang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (W.-A.L.); (S.-Y.L.)
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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196
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Chen CZ, Wen JL, Lin BY, Zheng C, Quan RD, Zhang XH, Qu JM. LOC389641 promotes papillary thyroid cancer progression by regulating the EMT pathway. Biomark Med 2020; 14:969-980. [PMID: 32940082 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Thyroid cancer (TC) is one of the most common types of endocrine malignancy and poses a significant challenge to human health. The long noncoding RNA 389641 (LOC389641) has been found to be associated with many types of cancer. However, the function of LOC389641 in papillary TC (PTC) remains unknown. Our aim is to explore LOC389641 expression and its role in TC. Materials & methods: The function of LOC389641 was determined by colony formation, migration and invasion assays in PTC. Western blot assays were performed to determine the biomarker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Results: In this study, we show that LOC389641 is involved in PTC, which suggests that it may be a target for TC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ze Chen
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jia-Liang Wen
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Bang-Yi Lin
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Rui-da Quan
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhang
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jin-Miao Qu
- Department of Thyroid & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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197
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Wang Q, Shang J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Tang L. MiR-451a restrains the growth and metastatic phenotypes of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells via inhibiting ZEB1. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:109901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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198
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Wen HL, Xu ZM, Wen D, Lin SY, Liang Y, Xie JP. Long noncoding RNAs SET-binding factor 2-antisense RNA1 promotes cell growth through targeting miR-431-5p/CDK14 axis in human papillary thyroid cancer. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2020; 36:808-816. [PMID: 32602632 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is a frequent thyroid malignancy. With the significant regulatory role in tumor progression, more attention has been employed to investigate mechanism of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in progression of PTC. We prospectively explored the mechanism whereby lncRNA SET-binding factor 2-antisense RNA1 (SBF2-AS1) is implicated in pathogenesis of PTC. First, differentially expressed SBF2-AS1 between PTC and normal adjacent thyroid tissues was determined, and result indicated a higher SBF2-AS1 expression in PTC tissues than adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, highly SBF2-AS1 expression predicted a poor prognosis in PTC patients. Second, SBF2-AS1 overexpression promoted cell viability and cycle of PTC, while inhibited cell apoptosis. However, SBF2-AS1 downregulation reduced viability and cycle, while promoted cell apoptosis. Moreover, SBF2-AS1 could bind with miR-431-5p and showed negative correlation with miR-431-5p in PTC patients. Furthermore, miR-431-5p bind with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 14 and showed negative correlation with CDK14 in PTC patients. Finally, overexpression of CDK14 counteracted with the inhibitory role of SBF2-AS1 downregulation on cell viability, cycle, and apoptosis of PTC. In conclusion, SBF2-AS1 exhibited oncogenic property in PTC, and knockdown of SBF2-AS1 could be a therapeutic strategy for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Ling Wen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng-Min Xu
- Institute of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Wen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Shi-Yu Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian-Ping Xie
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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199
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He L, Guo S, Zhu T, Chen C, Xu K. Down-Regulation of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway Mediates the Effects of the Paeonol-Platinum(II) Complex in Human Thyroid Carcinoma Cells and Mouse SW1736 Tumor Xenografts. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e922561. [PMID: 32594094 PMCID: PMC7341900 DOI: 10.12659/msm.922561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the effects of the paeonol-platinum(II) (PL-Pt[II]) complex on SW1736 human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line and the BHP7-13 human thyroid papillary carcinoma cell line in vitro and on mouse SW1736 tumor xenografts in vivo. Material/Methods The cytotoxic effects of the PL-Pt(II) complex on SW1736 cells and BHP7-13 cells was measured using the MTT assay. Western blot measured the expression levels of cyclins, cell apoptotic proteins, and signaling proteins. DNA content and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. SW1736 cell thyroid tumor xenografts were established in mice followed by treatment with the PL-Pt(II) complex. Results Treatment of the SW1736 and BHP7-13 cells with the PL-Pt(II) complex reduced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 1.25 μM and 1.0 μM, respectively, and increased the cell fraction in G0/G1phase, inhibited p53, cyclin D1, promoted p27 and p21 expression, and significantly increased the sub-G1 fraction. Treatment with the PL-Pt(II) complex increased caspase-3 degradation, reduced the expression of p-4EBP1, p-4E-BP1 and p-S6, and reduced the expression of p-ERK1/2 and p-AKT. Treatment with the PL-Pt(II) complex reduced the volume of the SW1736 mouse tumor xenografts on day 14 and day 21, and reduced AKT phosphorylation and S6 protein expression and increased degradation of caspase-3. Conclusions The cytotoxic effects of the PL-Pt(II) complex in human thyroid carcinoma cells, including activation of apoptosis and an increased sub-G1 cell fraction of the cell cycle, were mediated by down-regulation of the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling He
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Song Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Taiyang Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Kun Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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200
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Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Elia G, Ragusa F, Patrizio A, Paparo SR, Marone G, Galdiero MR, Guglielmi G, Foddis R, Cristaudo A, Antonelli A. Primary cell cultures for the personalized therapy in aggressive thyroid cancer of follicular origin. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 79:203-216. [PMID: 32569821 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy. More than 90 % of TC is represented by differentiated TC (DTC) arising from the follicular thyroid cells. DTC includes papillary TC (PTC), follicular TC (FTC), and Hürthle cell TC. Anaplastic TC (ATC) accounts for 1% of TC, and it represents 15-40 % of TC death. Current treatment strategies are not completely effective against aggressive DTC or ATC, and mortality is one of the most important challenges. Recently, progresses have been obtained in the understanding of the molecular/genetic basis of TC progression, and new drugs have been introduced [i.e. tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)], able to block the oncogenic or signaling kinases, associated with cellular growth. Thyroid cell lines, obtained from tumoral cells and chosen for high proliferation in vitro, have been used as preclinical models. Actually, these cells lose the characteristic features of the primary tumor, because they adapt to in vitro growth conditions. For these reasons, the use of these cell lines has important limitations, and more recently human primary cell cultures have been established as monolayer cultures, and investigated for their biological behavior. Moreover, in the past, primary TC cells could be collected only through surgical biopsies, while recently human primary cell cultures can be established also from samples of fine-needle aspiration citology from aggressive dedifferentiated DTC or ATC. Testing in vitro different TKIs in each patient can help to develop new personalized treatments, without using ineffective drugs. In conclusion, personalized medicine and precise oncology, which consider both patients and their disease features, represent the future of the treatment approach, and further progress is needed in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giusy Elia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ragusa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Patrizio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore", National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guglielmi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rudy Foddis
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfonso Cristaudo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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