151
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[Genetic predisposition and children infectious disease]. Arch Pediatr 2006; 13:1342-6. [PMID: 16949261 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The classic primary immunodeficiencies confer predisposition to multiple infectious diseases. However since ten years severe pediatric infections which were idiopathic have now molecular explanation. Indeed, defects in several genes confer a predisposition to infection with specific pathogenes in otherwise healthy individuals. These children present a new kind of hereditary immunodeficiency with severe and/or recurrent infections caused by only one microorganisms family, in opposition of others patients with "classic" primary immunodeficiency.
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152
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Neyrolles O, Gicquel B, Quintana-Murci L. Towards a crucial role for DC-SIGN in tuberculosis and beyond. Trends Microbiol 2006; 14:383-7. [PMID: 16876999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The C-type lectin DC-SIGN has recently received considerable attention in the context of tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. Clinical investigations, together with genetic association studies, strongly support the notion that variation in the level of expression of DC-SIGN - but not changes in the structure of the protein - might have a strong impact on the susceptibility to and pathogenesis of several infectious diseases, including tuberculosis. In addition, efforts to decipher the evolutionary history of the gene encoding DC-SIGN clearly demonstrated that this gene is under strong selective constraints that have prevented the accumulation of amino acid changes over time. Altogether, these findings suggest that DC-SIGN might play a crucial part in host immunity to pathogens and possibly beyond, at an early stage of human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Neyrolles
- Unit of Mycobacterial Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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153
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Abel L, Casanova JL. Human genetics of infectious diseases: Fundamental insights from clinical studies. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:327-9. [PMID: 16920363 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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154
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Jönsson G, Oxelius VA, Truedsson L, Braconier JH, Sturfelt G, Sjöholm AG. Homozygosity for the IgG2 subclass allotype G2M(n) protects against severe infection in hereditary C2 deficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:722-8. [PMID: 16785571 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous C2 deficiency (C2D) is the most common deficiency of the classical complement pathway in Western countries. It is mostly found in patients with autoimmune disease or susceptibility to bacterial infections and in healthy persons. We wished to assess to what extent other immunological factors might explain differences of susceptibility to infections in C2D. For this reason, 44 Swedish patients with C2D were stratified with regard to the severity of documented infections. Investigations of IgG subclass levels, IgG subclass-specific GM allotypes, concentrations of factor B, properdin, and factor H, and polymorphisms of mannan-binding lectin and the Fc receptors FcgammaRIIa and FcgammaRIIIb were performed. Homozygosity for the G2M*n allele, which is known to promote Ab responses to polysaccharide Ags, was strongly associated with the absence of severe infections (p < 0.001) in the patients, suggesting a major protective role. The combination of mannan (or mannose)-binding lectin and C2 deficiency was found to be a minor susceptibility factor for invasive infection (p = 0.03). Low concentrations of IgG2 and factor B might sometimes contribute to susceptibility to infection. Other factors investigated did not appear to be important. In conclusion, the findings indicated that efficient Ab responses to polysaccharides are protective against severe infection in C2D. Implications with regard to vaccination should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Jönsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Lund, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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155
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Picard C, Casanova JL, Abel L. Mendelian traits that confer predisposition or resistance to specific infections in humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:383-90. [PMID: 16765581 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in human genes involved in immunity are increasingly recognised. Most are associated with conventional primary immunodeficiencies, which confer Mendelian predisposition to multiple infectious diseases. Recently, there has been much study of monogenic traits that do not confer such a broad vulnerability. Defects in several genes confer predisposition to infection with specific bacteria and viruses in otherwise healthy individuals. Mutations in other genes even confer resistance to specific pathogens, with no detectable decrease in fitness. These 'experiments of nature' reveal surprising specific interactions between certain human genes and microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Picard
- Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine des Maladies Infectieuses, Université de Paris René Descartes-INSERM U550, Faculté de Médecine Necker, France
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156
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Shaw MH, Freeman GJ, Scott MF, Fox BA, Bzik DJ, Belkaid Y, Yap GS. Tyk2 negatively regulates adaptive Th1 immunity by mediating IL-10 signaling and promoting IFN-gamma-dependent IL-10 reactivation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7263-71. [PMID: 16751369 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Jak, Tyk2, is activated in response to IL-12 and IFN-alphabeta and promotes IFN-gamma production by Th1-type CD4 cells. Mice deficient in Tyk2 function have been previously shown to be resistant to autoimmune arthritis and septic shock but are acutely susceptible to opportunistic pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii. In this study, we show that Tyk2, in addition to mediating the biological effects of IL-12 and IFN-alphabeta, is an important regulator for the signaling and expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. In the absence of Tyk2, Ag-reactive CD4 cells exhibit impaired IL-10 synthesis following rechallenge of T. gondii vaccine-primed mice. The impaired IL-10 reactivation leads to unopposed antimicrobial effector mechanisms which results in a paradoxically superior protection of immune Tyk2(-/-) mice against virulent T. gondii challenge. We further demonstrate that Tyk2 indirectly controls CD4 IL-10 reactivation by signaling for maximal IFN-gamma secretion. The unexpected role of IFN-gamma in mediating IL-10 reactivation by Th1 cells provides compelling evidence that conditions driving Th1 responses establish a negative feedback loop, which will ultimately lead to its autoregulation. Thus, Tyk2 can be viewed as a dual-function Jak, mediating both pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Shaw
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
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157
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Filipe-Santos O, Bustamante J, Haverkamp MH, Vinolo E, Ku CL, Puel A, Frucht DM, Christel K, von Bernuth H, Jouanguy E, Feinberg J, Durandy A, Senechal B, Chapgier A, Vogt G, de Beaucoudrey L, Fieschi C, Picard C, Garfa M, Chemli J, Bejaoui M, Tsolia MN, Kutukculer N, Plebani A, Notarangelo L, Bodemer C, Geissmann F, Israël A, Véron M, Knackstedt M, Barbouche R, Abel L, Magdorf K, Gendrel D, Agou F, Holland SM, Casanova JL. X-linked susceptibility to mycobacteria is caused by mutations in NEMO impairing CD40-dependent IL-12 production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:1745-59. [PMID: 16818673 PMCID: PMC2118353 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in five autosomal genes involved in interleukin (IL)-12–dependent, interferon (IFN)-γ–mediated immunity cause Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD). The molecular basis of X-linked recessive (XR)–MSMD remains unknown. We report here mutations in the leucine zipper (LZ) domain of the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) gene in three unrelated kindreds with XR-MSMD. The mutant proteins were produced in normal amounts in blood and fibroblastic cells. However, the patients' monocytes presented an intrinsic defect in T cell–dependent IL-12 production, resulting in defective IFN-γ secretion by T cells. IL-12 production was also impaired as the result of a specific defect in NEMO- and NF-κB/c-Rel–mediated CD40 signaling after the stimulation of monocytes and dendritic cells by CD40L-expressing T cells and fibroblasts, respectively. However, the CD40-dependent up-regulation of costimulatory molecules of dendritic cells and the proliferation and immunoglobulin class switch of B cells were normal. Moreover, the patients' blood and fibroblastic cells responded to other NF-κB activators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and lipopolysaccharide. These two mutations in the NEMO LZ domain provide the first genetic etiology of XR-MSMD. They also demonstrate the importance of the T cell– and CD40L-triggered, CD40-, and NEMO/NF-κB/c-Rel–mediated induction of IL-12 by monocyte-derived cells for protective immunity to mycobacteria in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orchidée Filipe-Santos
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
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158
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Baghdadi JE, Orlova M, Alter A, Ranque B, Chentoufi M, Lazrak F, Archane MI, Casanova JL, Benslimane A, Schurr E, Abel L. An autosomal dominant major gene confers predisposition to pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:1679-84. [PMID: 16801399 PMCID: PMC2118352 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20060269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of genetic predisposition to pulmonary tuberculosis in adults remains largely elusive. Few candidate genes have consistently been implicated in tuberculosis susceptibility, and no conclusive linkage was found in two previous genome-wide screens. We report here a genome-wide linkage study in a total sample of 96 Moroccan multiplex families, including 227 siblings with microbiologically and radiologically proven pulmonary tuberculosis. A genome-wide scan conducted in half the sample (48 families) identified five regions providing suggestive evidence (logarithm of the odds [LOD] score >1.17; P < 0.01) for linkage. These regions were then fine-mapped in the total sample of 96 families. A single region of chromosome 8q12-q13 was significantly linked to tuberculosis (LOD score = 3.49; P = 3 × 10−5), indicating the presence of a major tuberculosis susceptibility gene. Linkage was stronger (LOD score = 3.94; P = 10−5) in the subsample of 39 families in which one parent was also affected by tuberculosis, whereas it was much lower (LOD score = 0.79) in the 57 remaining families without affected parents, supporting a dominant mode of inheritance of the major susceptibility locus. These results provide direct molecular evidence that human pulmonary tuberculosis has a strong genetic basis, and indicate that the genetic component involves at least one major locus with a dominant susceptibility allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila El Baghdadi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Military Hospital Mohamed V, Hay Riad Rabat, Morocco
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159
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Tanir G, Dogu F, Tuygun N, Ikinciogullari A, Aytekin C, Aydemir C, Yuksek M, Boduroglu EC, de Beaucoudrey L, Fieschi C, Feinberg J, Casanova JL, Babacan E. Complete deficiency of the IL-12 receptor beta1 chain: three unrelated Turkish children with unusual clinical features. Eur J Pediatr 2006; 165:415-7. [PMID: 16501992 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-005-0078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonul Tanir
- Dr. Sami Ulus Children Health and Diseases Training and Research Center, Hosdere Caddesi 166/3, Yukari Ayranci, 06550 Ankara, Turkey.
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160
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Caron J, Larivière L, Nacache M, Tam M, Stevenson MM, McKerly C, Gros P, Malo D. Influence of Slc11a1 on the outcome of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection in mice is associated with Th polarization. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2787-802. [PMID: 16622216 PMCID: PMC1459719 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.5.2787-2802.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses identified Ses1 as a significant quantitative trait locus influencing the carrier state of 129S6 mice following a sublethal challenge with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Previous studies have determined that Slc11a1 was an excellent candidate gene for Ses1. Kinetics of infection in 129S6 mice and Slc11a1-deficient (129S6-Slc11a1(tm1Mcg)) mice demonstrated that the wild-type allele of Slc11a1 contributed to the S. enterica serovar Enteritidis carrier state as early as 7 days postinfection. Gene expression profiling demonstrated that 129S6 mice had a significant up-regulation of proinflammatory genes associated with macrophage activation at day 10 postinfection, followed by a gradual increase in immunoglobulin transcripts, whereas 129S6-Slc11a1(tm1Mcg) mice had higher levels of immunoglobulins earlier in the infection. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed an increase in Th1 cytokine (Ifng and Il12) and Th1-specific transcription factor Tbx21 expression during infection in both the 129S6 and 129S6-Slc11a1(tm1Mcg) strains. However, the expression of Gata3, a transcription factor involved in Th2 polarization, Cd28, and Il4 was markedly increased in Slc11a1-deficient mice during infection, suggesting a predominant Th2 phenotype in 129S6-Slc11a1(tm1Mcg) animals following S. enterica serovar Enteritidis infection. A strong immunoglobulin G2a response, reflecting Th1 activity, was observed only in 129S6 mice. All together, these results are consistent with an impact of Slc11a1 on Th cell differentiation during chronic S. enterica serovar Enteritidis infection. The presence of a Th2 bias in Slc11a1-deficient mice is associated with improved bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Caron
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3G 1A4
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161
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Vogt G, Chapgier A, Chuzhanova N, Feinberg J, Fieschi C, Boisson-Dupuis S, Alcaïs A, Abel L, Cooper DN, Casanova JL. [Gains of glycosylation mutations]. Med Sci (Paris) 2006; 22:480-2. [PMID: 16687113 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2006225480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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162
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Eidenschenk C, Dunne J, Jouanguy E, Fourlinnie C, Gineau L, Bacq D, McMahon C, Smith O, Casanova JL, Abel L, Feighery C. A novel primary immunodeficiency with specific natural-killer cell deficiency maps to the centromeric region of chromosome 8. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78:721-7. [PMID: 16532402 PMCID: PMC1424699 DOI: 10.1086/503269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe four children with a novel primary immunodeficiency consisting of specific natural-killer (NK) cell deficiency and susceptibility to viral diseases. One child developed an Epstein-Barr virus-driven lymphoproliferative disorder; two others developed severe respiratory illnesses of probable viral etiology. The four patients are related and belong to a large inbred kindred of Irish nomadic descent, which suggests autosomal recessive inheritance of this defect. A genomewide scan identified a single 12-Mb region on chromosome 8p11.23-q11.21 that was linked to this immunodeficiency (maximum LOD score 4.51). The mapping of the disease-causing genomic region paves the way for the identification of a novel pathway governing NK cell differentiation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Eidenschenk
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes–INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris; Department of Immunology, St. James’s Hospital, and Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin; and National Center for Genotyping, Evry, France
| | - Jean Dunne
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes–INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris; Department of Immunology, St. James’s Hospital, and Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin; and National Center for Genotyping, Evry, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes–INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris; Department of Immunology, St. James’s Hospital, and Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin; and National Center for Genotyping, Evry, France
| | - Claire Fourlinnie
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes–INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris; Department of Immunology, St. James’s Hospital, and Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin; and National Center for Genotyping, Evry, France
| | - Laure Gineau
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes–INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris; Department of Immunology, St. James’s Hospital, and Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin; and National Center for Genotyping, Evry, France
| | - Delphine Bacq
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes–INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris; Department of Immunology, St. James’s Hospital, and Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin; and National Center for Genotyping, Evry, France
| | - Corrina McMahon
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes–INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris; Department of Immunology, St. James’s Hospital, and Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin; and National Center for Genotyping, Evry, France
| | - Owen Smith
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes–INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris; Department of Immunology, St. James’s Hospital, and Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin; and National Center for Genotyping, Evry, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes–INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris; Department of Immunology, St. James’s Hospital, and Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin; and National Center for Genotyping, Evry, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes–INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris; Department of Immunology, St. James’s Hospital, and Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin; and National Center for Genotyping, Evry, France
| | - Conleth Feighery
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes–INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris; Department of Immunology, St. James’s Hospital, and Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin; and National Center for Genotyping, Evry, France
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163
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Lassnig C, Kolb A, Strobl B, Enjuanes L, Müller M. Studying human pathogens in animal models: fine tuning the humanized mouse. Transgenic Res 2006; 14:803-6. [PMID: 16315087 PMCID: PMC7088949 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-005-1676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Humanized mice are crucial tools for studying human pathogens in systemic situations. An animal model of human coronavirus infectious disease has been generated by gene transfer of the human receptor for virus-cell interaction (aminopeptidase N, APN, CD13) into mice. We showed that in vitro and in vivo infections across the species barrier differ in their requirements. Transgenic cells were susceptible to human coronavirus HCoV-229E infection demonstrating the requirement of hAPN for viral cell entry. Transgenic mice, however, could not be infected suggesting additional requirements for in vivo virus susceptibility. Crossing hAPN transgenic mice with interferon unresponsive Stat1−/− mice resulted in markedly enhanced virus replication in vitro but did not result in detectable virus replication in vivo. Adaptation of the human virus to murine cells led to successful infection of the humanized transgenic mice. Future genetic engineering approaches are suggested to provide animal models for the better understanding of human infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lassnig
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Biotechnology in Animal Production, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Austrian Center for Biomodels and Transgenetics (ÖZBT), University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Birgit Strobl
- Austrian Center for Biomodels and Transgenetics (ÖZBT), University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mathias Müller
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Biotechnology in Animal Production, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Austrian Center for Biomodels and Transgenetics (ÖZBT), University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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164
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165
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Yap GS, Shaw MH, Ling Y, Sher A. Genetic analysis of host resistance to intracellular pathogens: lessons from studies of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1174-8. [PMID: 16513380 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity to Toxoplasma gondii establishes and maintains a balanced host-pathogen relationship. Recent analyses using spontaneous and genetically engineered mouse mutants have yielded a clearer picture of factors positively and negatively regulating the host immune response and a better understanding of cytokine-inducible intracytoplasmic mechanisms that lead to intracellular pathogen suppression and demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Yap
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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166
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Sghiri R, Feinberg J, Thabet F, Dellagi K, Boukadida J, Ben Abdelaziz A, Casanova JL, Barbouche MR. Gamma interferon is dispensable for neopterin production in vivo. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:1437-41. [PMID: 16339068 PMCID: PMC1317069 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.12.1437-1441.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that neopterin is synthesized in vitro by human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells upon stimulation with gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Neopterin production under specific conditions in vitro has also been obtained upon stimulation with IFN-alpha and/or IFN-beta. However, it is unknown if any IFN-gamma-independent neopterin synthesis is possible in vivo. In the present study we investigated the serum neopterin concentrations in patients affected by the syndrome of Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD). Indeed, this syndrome is characterized by deeply impaired or absent IFN-gamma production or function due to severe mutations in molecules involved in IFN-gamma/interleukin-12 (IL-12)/IL-23-dependent pathway. Serum neopterin levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 27 patients with MSMD. We found that serum neopterin levels are elevated in the complete absence of IFN-gamma activity due either to a complete deficiency of its receptor or to deleterious mutations of IL-12 or its receptor. These data clearly indicate that, as reported from in vitro studies, other stimuli are able to induce neopterin synthesis in vivo. Consequently, neopterin cannot be used as means of diagnosis of MSMD due to IFN-gamma-, IL-12-, and IL-23-dependent pathway defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sghiri
- Laboratory of Microbiology-Immunology, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse 4000, Tunisia.
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167
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Yang K, Puel A, Zhang S, Eidenschenk C, Ku CL, Casrouge A, Picard C, von Bernuth H, Senechal B, Plancoulaine S, Al-Hajjar S, Al-Ghonaium A, Maródi L, Davidson D, Speert D, Roifman C, Garty BZ, Ozinsky A, Barrat FJ, Coffman RL, Miller RL, Li X, Lebon P, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Chapel H, Geissmann F, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL. Human TLR-7-, -8-, and -9-mediated induction of IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda Is IRAK-4 dependent and redundant for protective immunity to viruses. Immunity 2005; 23:465-78. [PMID: 16286015 PMCID: PMC7111074 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Five TLRs are thought to play an important role in antiviral immunity, sensing viral products and inducing IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda. Surprisingly, patients with a defect of IRAK-4, a critical kinase downstream from TLRs, are resistant to common viruses. We show here that IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda induction via TLR-7, TLR-8, and TLR-9 was abolished in IRAK-4-deficient blood cells. In contrast, IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda were induced normally by TLR-3 and TLR-4 agonists. Moreover, IFN-beta and -lambda were normally induced by TLR-3 agonists and viruses in IRAK-4-deficient fibroblasts. We further show that IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda production in response to 9 of 11 viruses tested was normal or weakly affected in IRAK-4-deficient blood cells. Thus, IRAK-4-deficient patients may control viral infections by TLR-3- and TLR-4-dependent and/or TLR-independent production of IFNs. The TLR-7-, TLR-8-, and TLR-9-dependent induction of IFN-alpha/beta and -lambda is strictly IRAK-4 dependent and paradoxically redundant for protective immunity to most viruses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- French-Chinese Laboratory of Genetics and Life Sciences, Rui Jin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Shenying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- French-Chinese Laboratory of Genetics and Life Sciences, Rui Jin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Céline Eidenschenk
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Cheng-Lung Ku
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Armanda Casrouge
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- Pediatric Immunology-Hematology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Horst von Bernuth
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Senechal
- Laboratory of Mononuclear Cell Biology, INSERM Avenir, IFR Necker, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sabine Plancoulaine
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sami Al-Hajjar
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Ghonaium
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - László Maródi
- Department of Infectiology and Pediatric Immunology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Donald Davidson
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, British Columbia Research Institute for Child and Family Health, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - David Speert
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, British Columbia Research Institute for Child and Family Health, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Chaim Roifman
- Divison of Immunology/Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ben-Zion Garty
- Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, 49202 Petah Tiqva, Israel
| | - Adrian Ozinsky
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98103
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Pierre Lebon
- Department of Virology, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, University of Paris René Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Gallego
- Department of Immunology, Gran Canaria Dr Negrin Hospital, 35020 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Helen Chapel
- Department of Immunology, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, John Radcliffe Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Geissmann
- Laboratory of Mononuclear Cell Biology, INSERM Avenir, IFR Necker, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- French-Chinese Laboratory of Genetics and Life Sciences, Rui Jin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France
- French-Chinese Laboratory of Genetics and Life Sciences, Rui Jin Hospital, Medical School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200025 Shanghai, China
- Pediatric Immunology-Hematology, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
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168
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Beutler B, Casanova JL. New frontiers in immunology. Workshop on the road ahead: future directions in fundamental and clinical immunology. EMBO Rep 2005; 6:620-3. [PMID: 15976818 PMCID: PMC1369116 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Beutler
- Department of Immunology, IMM-31, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Tel: +1 858 784 8610; Fax: +1 858 784 8444;
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes—INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 156 Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
- Tel: +1 33 1 40 61 56 87; Fax: +1 33 1 40 61 56 88;
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169
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Caron J, Loredo-Osti JC, Morgan K, Malo D. Mapping of interactions and mouse congenic strains identified novel epistatic QTLs controlling the persistence of Salmonella Enteritidis in mice. Genes Immun 2005; 6:500-8. [PMID: 15973461 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The host response to infection in humans is multifactorial and involves the complex interaction between two genomes (the host and the pathogen) and the environment. Using an experimental mouse model of chronic infection, we have previously identified the individual effect of three significant and one suggestive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) (Ses1, Ses2, Ses3 and Ses1.1) on Salmonella Enteritidis persistence in target organs of 129S6/SvEvTac mice. Congenic strain construction was performed by transferring each of these QTLs from C57BL/6J onto the 129S6/SvEvTac background, and phenotypic analysis confirmed that Ses1 and Ses1.1 contribute to bacterial clearance. Additional QTLs regulating Salmonella carriage in 129S6/SvEvTac mice were identified using a two-locus epistasis QTL linkage mapping approach conducted separately in females and males. The epistatic model for females included the individual effect of Ses3 and two significant interactions (Ses1-D7Mit267 and Ses1-DXMit48) accounting for 47% of the total phenotypic variance. The model for males included the individual effect of Ses1.1, three interactions (Ses1-D9Mit218, D2Mit197-D4Mit2 and D3Mit256-D13Mit36) and explained 47% of the phenotypic variance. Our results suggest that the oligogenic nature of Salmonella persistence and epistasis are important constituents of the genetic architecture of the host response to chronic Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caron
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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170
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Tso HW, Ip WK, Chong WP, Tam CM, Chiang AKS, Lau YL. Association of interferon gamma and interleukin 10 genes with tuberculosis in Hong Kong Chinese. Genes Immun 2005; 6:358-63. [PMID: 15815688 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) are believed to play opposing roles in host immunity against mycobacterial infection. IFN-gamma activates macrophages, while IL-10 downregulates the expression of T helper type 1 cytokines, MHC class II antigens and costimulatory molecules on macrophages. Associations of IFN-gamma -179 (G/T), +874 (A/T), +875 miscrosatellite CA repeats and +4766 (C/T), and IL-10 -1082 (A/G), -819 (C/T) and -592 (C/A) with tuberculosis (TB) were investigated in 385 HIV-negative patients and 451 controls in a Hong Kong Chinese population. The frequency of a low IFN-gamma-producing +874 A/A genotype was significantly over-represented in the patient group (P<0.001, OR=3.79, 95% CI=1.93-7.45). We identified 10 alleles in the IFN-gamma CA repeats and observed a significant difference in allele frequency distribution between patients and controls (P<0.001). By grouping alleles into 12 and non-12 CA repeats, the non-12/non-12 genotype yielded a similar significant result (P<0.001, OR=4.56, 95% CI=2.21-9.43) as observed in +874 A/A genotype. Weak associations of the IL-10 GCC/- genotype (P=0.04) and the low IFN-gamma-producing A/A genotype (P=0.06) with TB relapse/extrapulmonary cases were found. This study suggests the possible role of interferon gamma in TB susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Tso
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Jockey Club Clinical Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
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171
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Hunter CA. New IL-12-family members: IL-23 and IL-27, cytokines with divergent functions. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:521-31. [PMID: 15999093 DOI: 10.1038/nri1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence T helper 1 (T(H)1)- and T(H)2-cell responses has been one of the main focuses of immunology for almost 20 years. Whereas the central role of interleukin-12 (IL-12) in the generation of T(H)1 cells has long been appreciated, subsequent studies indicated that IL-23 and IL-27, two cytokines that are closely related to IL-12, also regulate T(H)1-cell responses. However, as discussed in this article, it is now recognized that the ability of IL-23 to stimulate a unique T-cell subset to produce IL-17 has a dominant role in autoimmune inflammation. By contrast, IL-27 has a role in limiting the intensity and duration of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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172
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Moraes-Vasconcelos DD, Grumach AS, Yamaguti A, Andrade MEB, Fieschi C, de Beaucoudrey L, Casanova JL, Duarte AJS. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Disseminated Disease in a Patient with Inherited Deficiency in the 1 Subunit of the Interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23 Receptor. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:e31-7. [PMID: 16028144 DOI: 10.1086/432119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a facultative intracellular dimorphic fungus that causes paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most important deep mycosis in Latin America. Only a small percentage of individuals infected by P. brasiliensis develop clinical PCM, possibly in part because of genetically determined interindividual variability of host immunity. However, no primary immunodeficiency has ever been associated with PCM. METHODS We describe the first patient, to our knowledge, with PCM and a well-defined primary immunodeficiency in the beta 1 subunit of the interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23 receptor, a disorder previously shown to be specifically associated with impaired interferon (IFN)-gamma production, mycobacteriosis, and salmonellosis. RESULTS Our patient had a childhood history of bacille Calmette-Guérin disease and nontyphoid salmonellosis and, at the age of 20 years, presented to our clinic with a disseminated (acute) form of PCM. He responded well to antifungal treatment and is now doing well at 24 years of age. CONCLUSIONS This unique observation supports previous studies of PCM suggesting that IL-12, IL-23, and IFN-gamma play an important role in protective immunity to P. brasiliensis. Tuberculosis and PCM are thus not only related clinically and pathologically, but also by their immunological pathogenesis. Our study further expands the spectrum of clinical manifestations of inherited defects of the IL-12/IL-23-IFN-gamma axis. Patients with unexplained deep fungal infections, such as PCM, should be tested for defects in the IL-12/IL-23-IFN- gamma axis.
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173
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Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the most common mycobacterial disease in the world and remains a leading public health problem. Numerous other mycobacterial species are present in the environment and are most often termed atypical or nontuberculous mycobacteria. Like the attenuated vaccine Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) they are generally poorly virulent, even so they can be at the origin of severe infections if the host immune response is impaired. It has been clearly demonstrated that the intrinsic virulence of a mycobacterial species is not the only factor determining disease severity, which is illustrated by the observation that the majority of individuals infected with M. tuberculosis do not develop clinical disease. Numerous arguments suggest that disease severity depends largely on susceptibility/resistance determined by the host genetic make up. In the following review we will discuss the studies on the genes implicated in complex predisposition to tuberculosis and Mendelian predisposition to disease caused by less virulent mycobacteria, proposing a continuous spectrum between those two types of predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Remus
- Laboratoire de génétique humaine des maladies infectieuse, faculté de médecine Necker-Enfants-Malades, université Paris-René-Descartes, Inserm U550, 75015 Paris, France
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174
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Abstract
The immune system's function is to protect against microorganisms, but infection is nonetheless the most frequent cause of death in human history. Until the last century, life expectancy was only approximately 25 years. Recent increases in human life span primarily reflect the development of hygiene, vaccines, and anti-infectious drugs, rather than the adjustment of our immune system to coevolving microbes by natural selection. We argue here that most individuals retain a natural vulnerability to infectious diseases, reflecting a great diversity of inborn errors of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes-INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France.
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175
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Doffinger R, Patel S, Kumararatne DS. Human immunodeficiencies that predispose to intracellular bacterial infections. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005; 17:440-6. [PMID: 15956841 DOI: 10.1097/01.bor.0000166387.70475.dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor agents have an increased risk of active tuberculosis. Mycobacteria are bacterial pathogens capable of surviving and multiplying within macrophages; these infections are characterised by granulomatous inflammation. This review addresses the effects of inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies on the susceptibility to the development of intracellular bacterial infections. RECENT FINDINGS Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies that result in severely impaired T cell function or macrophage activation result in an increased risk of mycobacterial and Salmonella infection. Conversely, inherited or acquired antibody or complement deficiency does not lead to increased susceptibility to these pathogens. Inherited defects in the interleukin-12/interleukin-23-dependent interferon-gamma pathway due to mutations in genes encoding the p40 chain common to interleukin-12 and interleukin-23, the beta1 chain shared by interleukin-12 and interleukin-23 receptors, interferon-gamma receptor chains 1 or 2, or signal transducer and activator of transcription, predispose to severe infections caused by poorly pathogenic mycobacteria and Salmonella species. Acquired defects of cytokine function causing increased susceptibility to these pathogens include anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and the generation of interferon-gamma-neutralising autoantibodies. Defective nuclear factor kappaB activation caused by hypomorphic mutations of the nuclear factor kappaB essential modulator gene, which compromises the function of Toll receptors, interleukin-IL receptors, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors, also increases susceptibility to severe mycobacterial infections. Patients with inherited defects in the phagocyte nicotine-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase system are highly susceptible to Salmonella infections but only exhibit slightly increased susceptibility to mycobacteria. SUMMARY Collectively, these observations highlight immune mechanisms that are essential for protection against intracellular bacteria. This information provides clinicians with a framework for investigating patients with potentially life-threatening intracellular bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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176
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Ku CL, Yang K, Bustamante J, Puel A, von Bernuth H, Santos OF, Lawrence T, Chang HH, Al-Mousa H, Picard C, Casanova JL. Inherited disorders of human Toll-like receptor signaling: immunological implications. Immunol Rev 2005; 203:10-20. [PMID: 15661018 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro nine of 10 known human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are engaged by well-defined chemical agonists that mimic microbial compounds, raising the possibility that human TLRs play a critical role in protective immunity in vivo. We thus review here the recently described human primary immunodeficiencies caused by germline mutations in genes encoding molecules involved in cell signaling downstream from TLRs. Subjects with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID) carry either X-linked recessive hypomorphic mutations in NEMO or autosomal dominant hypermorphic mutations in IKBA. Their cells show a broad defect in nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, with an impaired, but not abolished response to a large variety of stimuli including TLR agonists. EDA-ID patients show developmental anomalies of skin appendages and a broad spectrum of infectious diseases. Patients with autosomal recessive amorphic mutations in IRAK4 present a purely immunological syndrome and more restricted defects, with specific impairment of the Toll and interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) signaling pathway. In these subjects, the NF-kappaB- and mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated induction of inflammatory cytokines in response to TIR agonists is impaired. The patients present a narrow range of pyogenic bacterial infections that become increasingly rare with age. Altogether, these data suggest that human TLRs play a critical role in host defense. However, they do not provide compelling evidence, as even the infectious phenotype of patients with mutations in IRAK4 may result from impaired signaling via receptors other than TLRs. Paradoxically, these experiments of nature raise the possibility that the entire set of human TLRs is largely redundant in protective immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lung Ku
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
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177
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Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that affects an estimated 700,000 new individuals each year. A strong contribution of host genetics to susceptibility to leprosy has long been suggested to account for the considerable variability observed between individuals exposed to M. leprae. As there is no relevant animal model for human leprosy, forward genetics is the main strategy used to identify the genes and, consequently, the immunological pathways involved in protective immunity to M. leprae. With respect to genome-wide screens, a major breakthrough has been reported this year; variants in the regulatory region shared by PARK2 and PACRG have been identified as being common risk factors for leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine des Maladies Infectieuses, Université de Paris René Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale U.550, Faculté de Médecine Necker, Paris, France, European Union
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178
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Vogt G, Chapgier A, Yang K, Chuzhanova N, Feinberg J, Fieschi C, Boisson-Dupuis S, Alcais A, Filipe-Santos O, Bustamante J, de Beaucoudrey L, Al-Mohsen I, Al-Hajjar S, Al-Ghonaium A, Adimi P, Mirsaeidi M, Khalilzadeh S, Rosenzweig S, de la Calle Martin O, Bauer TR, Puck JM, Ochs HD, Furthner D, Engelhorn C, Belohradsky B, Mansouri D, Holland SM, Schreiber RD, Abel L, Cooper DN, Soudais C, Casanova JL. Gains of glycosylation comprise an unexpectedly large group of pathogenic mutations. Nat Genet 2005; 37:692-700. [PMID: 15924140 DOI: 10.1038/ng1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations involving gains of glycosylation have been considered rare, and the pathogenic role of the new carbohydrate chains has never been formally established. We identified three children with mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease who were homozygous with respect to a missense mutation in IFNGR2 creating a new N-glycosylation site in the IFNgammaR2 chain. The resulting additional carbohydrate moiety was both necessary and sufficient to abolish the cellular response to IFNgamma. We then searched the Human Gene Mutation Database for potential gain-of-N-glycosylation missense mutations; of 10,047 mutations in 577 genes encoding proteins trafficked through the secretory pathway, we identified 142 candidate mutations ( approximately 1.4%) in 77 genes ( approximately 13.3%). Six mutant proteins bore new N-linked carbohydrate moieties. Thus, an unexpectedly high proportion of mutations that cause human genetic disease might lead to the creation of new N-glycosylation sites. Their pathogenic effects may be a direct consequence of the addition of N-linked carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Vogt
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, 156 rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
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179
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Lassnig C, Sanchez CM, Egerbacher M, Walter I, Majer S, Kolbe T, Pallares P, Enjuanes L, Müller M. Development of a transgenic mouse model susceptible to human coronavirus 229E. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:8275-80. [PMID: 15919828 PMCID: PMC1140478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0408589102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E is a group 1 coronavirus and is specific to humans. So far, no animal model is available to study the pathogenesis of infection by HCoV-229E. We show here that the expression of aminopeptidase N (APN, also termed CD13), the receptor for HCoV-229E, is required but not sufficient to confer susceptibility in vivo. HCoV-229E infection was facilitated by crossing APN transgenic mice into signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) 1 null mice and by adaptation of HCoV-229E to grow in primary APN transgenic, Stat1 null fibroblasts. Double transgenic mice allow the study of human coronavirus group 1 infections in an animal model, in particular, viral tropism, replication, recombination, and spread in an immunocompromised situation. Furthermore, these mice provide an important tool for the evaluation of biosafety and efficacy of coronavirus-based vectors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD13 Antigens/genetics
- CD13 Antigens/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/genetics
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/pathogenicity
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Fibroblasts
- Genotype
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic/genetics
- Species Specificity
- Transgenes/genetics
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lassnig
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Immunogenetic, Cytogenetic, and Molecular Genetic Research, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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180
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Abstract
IL-12, IL-23 and IFN-γ form a loop and have been thought to play a crucial role against infectious viruses, which are the prototype of “intracellular” pathogens. In the last 10 years, the generation of knock-out (KO) mice for genes that control IL-12/IL-23-dependent IFN-γ-dependent mediated immunity (STAT1, IFN-γR1, IFNγR2, IL-12p40 and IL-12Rβ1) and the identification of patients with spontaneous germline mutations in these genes has led to a re-examination of the role of these cytokines in anti-viral immunity. We here review viral infections in mice and humans with genetic defects in the IL-12/IL-23-IFN-γ axis. A comparison of the phenotypes observed in KO mice and deficient patients suggests that the human IL-12/IL-23-IFN-γ axis plays a redundant role in immunity to most viruses, whereas its mouse counterparts play a more important role against several viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Novelli
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Medical School, René Descartes University of Paris, INSERM U550, 156 Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France.
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181
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Dallot N, de Pontual L, Guilbert J, Maury-Tisseron B, Nathanson M, Gaudelus J. Myélite aiguë transverse a Mycoplasma pneumoniae chez un enfant de huit ans. Med Mal Infect 2005; 35:170-2. [PMID: 15878818 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2005.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many Mycoplasma pneumoniae extra respiratory infections have already been reported. The authors report the case of an eight year old child, presenting with acute transverse myelitis, with a PCR proven involvement of M. pneumoniae in CSF as well as the presence of specific IgM in blood. Acute transverse myelitis may have many causes, most of the time viral. The mechanisms of neurological involvement in M. pneumoniae infections are still unclear, but several points indicate an immune reaction. Corticotherapy first i.v. then per os has proved to be an efficient treatment for acute myelitis. Antibiotherapy is discussed because of the undocumented mechanisms of neurological involvement related to the mycoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dallot
- Service de pédiatrie, hôpital Jean-Verdier, avenue du 14-Juillet, 93143, Bondy cedex, France.
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Fortier A, Min-Oo G, Forbes J, Lam-Yuk-Tseung S, Gros P. Single gene effects in mouse models of host: pathogen interactions. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 77:868-77. [PMID: 15653750 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1004616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inbred mouse strains have been known for many years to vary in their degree of susceptibility to different types of infectious diseases. The genetic basis of these interstrain differences is sometimes simple but often complex. In a few cases, positional cloning has been used successfully to identify single gene effects. The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) gene (Slc11a1) codes for a metal transporter active at the phagosomal membrane of macrophages, and Nramp1 mutations cause susceptibility to Mycobacterium, Salmonella, and Leishmania. Furthermore, recent advances in gene transfer technologies in transgenic mice have enabled the functional dissection of gene effects mapping to complex, repeated parts of the genome, such as the Lgn1 locus, causing susceptibility to Legionella pneumophila in macrophages. Finally, complex traits such as the genetically determined susceptibility to malaria can sometimes be broken down into multiple single gene effects. One such example is the case of pyruvate kinase, where a loss-of-function mutation was recently shown by our group to be protective against blood-stage infection with Plasmodium chabaudi. In all three cases reviewed, the characterization of the noted gene effect(s) has shed considerable light on the pathophysiology of the infection, including host response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fortier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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183
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Lawrence T, Puel A, Reichenbach J, Ku CL, Chapgier A, Renner E, Minard-Colin V, Ouachée M, Casanova JL. Autosomal-dominant primary immunodeficiencies. Curr Opin Hematol 2005; 12:22-30. [PMID: 15604887 DOI: 10.1097/01.moh.0000149609.37309.0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of known primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are autosomal or X-linked recessive Mendelian traits. Only four classical primary immunodeficiencies are thought to be autosomal-dominant, three of which still lack a well-defined genetic etiology: isolated congenital asplenia, isolated chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and hyper IgE syndrome. The large deletions on chromosome 22q11.2 associated with Di George syndrome suggest that this disease may be dominant but not Mendelian, possibly involving several genes. The clinical and genetic features of six novel autosomal-dominant primary immunodeficiencies have however been described in recent years. These primary immunodeficiencies are caused by germline mutations in seven genes: ELA2, encoding a neutrophil elastase, and GFI1, encoding a regulator of ELA2 (mutations associated with severe congenital neutropenia); CXCR4, encoding a chemokine receptor (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections and myelokathexis syndrome); LCRR8, encoding a key protein for B-cell development (agammaglobulinemia); IFNGR1, encoding the ligand-binding chain of the interferon-gamma receptor; STAT1, encoding the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 downstream from interferon-gammaR1 (Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases); and IKBA, encoding IkappaBalpha, the inhibitor alpha of NF-kappaB (anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency). These recent data suggest that many more autosomal-dominant PIDs are likely to be identified in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lawrence
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris, René Descartes INSERM U550, Paris, France
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184
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Abstract
Leishmania are digenetic protozoa which inhabit two highly specific hosts, the sandfly where they grow as motile, flagellated promastigotes in the gut, and the mammalian macrophage where they grow intracellularly as non-flagellated amastigotes. Leishmaniasis is the outcome of an evolutionary 'arms race' between the host's immune system and the parasite's evasion mechanisms which ensure survival and transmission in the population. The spectrum of disease manifestations and severity reflects the interaction between the genome of the host and that of the parasite, and the pathology is caused by a combination of host and parasite molecules. This chapter examines the genetic basis of host susceptibility to disease in humans and animal models. It describes the genetic tools used to map and identify susceptibility genes, and the lessons learned from murine and human cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Handman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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185
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Abstract
Human mannose-binding lectin (MBL) recognizes a wide range of microorganisms and triggers the most ancient pathway of complement activation. However, ∼5% of individuals lack functional serum MBL and have not been found to be prone to severe infections in prospective studies. These data suggest that human MBL is largely redundant for protective immunity and may even have been subject to counter selection because of a deleterious impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris, France.
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186
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Warnatz K, Peter HH. [Classification and diagnosis of immunodeficiency syndromes]. Internist (Berl) 2004; 45:868-81. [PMID: 15235788 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-004-1239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases of the adult are rare disorders, but often lead to serious consequences. Therefore an early diagnosis is critical. The variety in the clinical presentation, the complexity of the immune system and the ongoing discovery of new defects render it a difficult area for the involved physician. Due to the often imprecise complaint of a weak immune system the primary task is the identification of patients with true immunodeficiency. Subsequently, the immune defect needs to be identified in collaboration with a center for immunodeficiency disorders. The diagnostic procedure is dependent on the pattern of infections and follows a defined series of steps. This procedure should prevent costly diagnostic evaluation when not indicated, and also prevent the delayed diagnosis of patients with manifest immunodeficiency disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Warnatz
- Abteilung für Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Medizinische Universitätsklinik Freiburg.
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187
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An unlikely association? Nat Rev Genet 2004. [DOI: 10.1038/nrg1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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