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Ou BS, Baillet J, Picece VCT, Gale EC, Powell AE, Saouaf OM, Yan J, Nejatfard A, Lopez Hernandez H, Appel EA. Nanoparticle-Conjugated Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists Improve the Potency, Durability, and Breadth of COVID-19 Vaccines. ACS Nano 2024; 18:3214-3233. [PMID: 38215338 PMCID: PMC10832347 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Development of effective vaccines for infectious diseases has been one of the most successful global health interventions in history. Though, while ideal subunit vaccines strongly rely on antigen and adjuvant(s) selection, the mode and time scale of exposure to the immune system has often been overlooked. Unfortunately, poor control over the delivery of many adjuvants, which play a key role in enhancing the quality and potency of immune responses, can limit their efficacy and cause off-target toxicities. There is a critical need for improved adjuvant delivery technologies to enhance their efficacy and boost vaccine performance. Nanoparticles have been shown to be ideal carriers for improving antigen delivery due to their shape and size, which mimic viral structures but have been generally less explored for adjuvant delivery. Here, we describe the design of self-assembled poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles decorated with CpG, a potent TLR9 agonist, to increase adjuvanticity in COVID-19 vaccines. By controlling the surface density of CpG, we show that intermediate valency is a key factor for TLR9 activation of immune cells. When delivered with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, CpG nanoparticle (CpG-NP) adjuvant greatly improves the magnitude and duration of antibody responses when compared to soluble CpG, and results in overall greater breadth of immunity against variants of concern. Moreover, encapsulation of CpG-NP into injectable polymeric-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels enhances the spatiotemporal control over codelivery of CpG-NP adjuvant and spike protein antigen such that a single immunization of hydrogel-based vaccines generates humoral responses comparable to those of a typical prime-boost regimen of soluble vaccines. These delivery technologies can potentially reduce the costs and burden of clinical vaccination, both of which are key elements in fighting a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S. Ou
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Julie Baillet
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Vittoria C. T.
M. Picece
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Emily C. Gale
- Department
of Biochemistry, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Abigail E. Powell
- Department
of Biochemistry, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford
ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Olivia M. Saouaf
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jerry Yan
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Anahita Nejatfard
- Department
of Biochemistry, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hector Lopez Hernandez
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford
ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics - Endocrinology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Woods
Institute for the Environment, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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2
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Tzeng TT, Chai KM, Chen IH, Chang RY, Chiang JR, Liu SJ. A TLR9 agonist synergistically enhances protective immunity induced by an Alum-adjuvanted H7N9 inactivated whole-virion vaccine. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2249130. [PMID: 37585273 PMCID: PMC10467522 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Antigen sparing is an important strategy for pandemic vaccine development because of the limitation of worldwide vaccine production during disease outbreaks. However, several clinical studies have demonstrated that the current aluminum (Alum)-adjuvanted influenza vaccines fail to sufficiently enhance immune responses to meet licensing criteria. Here, we used pandemic H7N9 as a model virus to demonstrate that a 10-fold lower amount of vaccine antigen combined with Alum and TLR9 agonist can provide stronger protective effects than using Alum as the sole adjuvant. We found that the Alum/CpG 1018 combination adjuvant could induce more robust virus-specific humoral immune responses, including higher total IgG production, hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody activity, and neutralizing antibody titres, than the Alum-adjuvanted formulation. Moreover, this combination adjuvant shifted the immune response toward a Th1-biased immune response. Importantly, the Alum/CpG 1018-formulated vaccine could confer better protective immunity against H7N9 challenge than that adjuvanted with Alum alone. Notably, the addition of CpG 1018 to the Alum-adjuvanted H7N9 whole-virion vaccine exhibited an antigen-sparing effect without compromising vaccine efficacy. These findings have significant implications for improving Alum-adjuvanted influenza vaccines using the approved adjuvant CpG 1018 for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Teng Tzeng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Kit Man Chai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - I-Hua Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Yuan Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ron Chiang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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3
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Hajiabadi S, Alidadi S, Montakhab Farahi Z, Ghahramani Seno MM, Farzin H, Haghparast A. Immunotherapy with STING and TLR9 agonists promotes synergistic therapeutic efficacy with suppressed cancer-associated fibroblasts in colon carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1258691. [PMID: 37901237 PMCID: PMC10611477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1258691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune sensing of nucleic acids using effective immunoadjuvants is critical for increasing protective immune responses against cancer. Stimulators of interferon genes (STING) and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists are considered promising candidates in several preclinical tumor models with the potential to be used in clinical settings. However, the effects of such treatment on tumor stroma are currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the immunotherapeutic effects of ADU-S100 as a STING agonist and CpG ODN1826 as a TLR9 agonist in a preclinical model of colon carcinoma. Tumor-bearing mice were treated intratumorally on days 10 and 16 post-tumor inoculation with ADU-S100 and CpG ODN1826. Cytokine profiles in the tumor and spleen, tumor cell apoptosis, the infiltration of immune cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) were evaluated to identify the immunological mechanisms after treatment. The powerful antitumor activity of single and combination treatments, the upregulation of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the tumor and spleen, and the recruitment and infiltration of the TME by immune cells revealed the synergism of immunoadjuvants in the eradication of the colon carcinoma model. Remarkably, the significant downregulation of CAFs in the TME indicated that suppression of tumorigenesis occurred after immunoadjuvant therapy. The results illustrate the potential of targeting the STING and TLR9 pathways as powerful immunoadjuvants in the treatment of preclinical colon carcinoma and the possibility of harnessing these pathways in future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sare Hajiabadi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soodeh Alidadi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohreh Montakhab Farahi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hamidreza Farzin
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Marks KM, Kang M, Umbleja T, Avihingsanon A, Sugandhavesa P, Cox AL, Vigil K, Perazzo H, Price JC, Katsidzira L, Vernon C, Alston-Smith B, Sherman KE. Immunogenicity and Safety of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Vaccine With a Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonist Adjuvant in HBV Vaccine-Naïve People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:414-418. [PMID: 37017075 PMCID: PMC10681652 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this international, multicenter open-label study (ACTG A5379) of HepB-CpG vaccine in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) without prior hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination, all 68 participants achieved HBV seroprotective titers after the 3-dose series in the primary analysis. No unexpected safety issues were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Marks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Minhee Kang
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research in the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Triin Umbleja
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research in the Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and CE in Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Andrea L Cox
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Vigil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hugo Perazzo
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jennifer C Price
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Leolin Katsidzira
- Internal Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Beverly Alston-Smith
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth E Sherman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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5
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Klinman DM, Goguet E, Tross D. TLR Agonist Therapy of Metastatic Breast Cancer in Mice. J Immunother 2023; 46:170-177. [PMID: 37103328 PMCID: PMC10168108 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 and 9 agonists stimulate an innate immune response that supports the development of tumor-specific immunity. Previous studies showed that either agonist individually could cure mice of small tumors and that when used in combination, they could prevent the progression of larger tumors (>300 mm 3 ). To examine whether these agents combined could control metastatic disease, syngeneic mice were challenged with the highly aggressive 66cl4 triple-negative breast tumor cell line. Treatment was not initiated until pulmonary metastases were established, as verified by bioluminescent imaging of luciferase-tagged tumor cells. Results show that combined therapy with TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists delivered to both primary and metastatic tumor sites significantly reduced tumor burden and extended survival. The inclusion of cyclophosphamide and anti-PD-L1 resulted in optimal tumor control, characterized by a 5-fold increase in the average duration of survival.
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6
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Yang L, Lang Y, Wu H, Xiang K, Wang Y, Yu M, Liu Y, Yang B, He L, Lu G, Ni Q, Chen X, Zhang L. Engineered Toll-like Receptor Nanoagonist Binding to Extracellular Matrix Elicits Safe and Robust Antitumor Immunity. ACS Nano 2023; 17:5340-5353. [PMID: 36913671 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, such as the Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist including CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, has shown potency in clinical settings. However, it is still confronted with multiple challenges, which include the limited efficacy and severe adverse events caused by the rapid clearance and systemic diffusion of CpG. Here we report an improved CpG-based immunotherapy approach composed of a synthetic extracellular matrix (ECM)-anchored DNA/peptide hybrid nanoagonist (EaCpG) via (1) a tailor designed DNA template that encodes tetramer CpG and additional short DNA moieties, (2) generation of elongated multimeric CpG through rolling circle amplification (RCA), (3) self-assembly of densely packaged CpG particles composed of tandem CpG building blocks and magnesium pyrophosphate, and (4) incorporation of multiple copies of ECM binding peptide through hybridization to short DNA moieties. The structurally well-defined EaCpG shows dramatically increased intratumoral retention and marginal systemic dissemination through peritumoral administration, leading to potent antitumor immune response and subsequent tumor elimination, with minimal treatment-related toxicity. Combined with conventional standard-of-care therapies, peritumor administration of EaCpG generates systemic immune responses that lead to a curative abscopal effect on distant untreated tumors in multiple cancer models, which is superior to the unmodified CpG. Taken together, EaCpG provides a facile and generalizable strategy to simultaneously potentiate the potency and safety of CpG for combinational cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Lang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoguang Wu
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaiyan Xiang
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanzheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengqi Yu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Bowei Yang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Liangcan He
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianqian Ni
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Longjiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
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7
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Abstract
CpG, an agonist of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), has become a novel adjuvant that substantially potentiates cellular immunity. However, this agonist may increase systemic toxicity by diffusing into blood after administration and is difficult to be internalized by immune cells to reach TLR9 located in endosomes as a result of the characteristics of negative charge of CpG. Here, we applied a scalable and controllable flash nanocomplexation technology to prepare nanoparticulate CpG adjuvant (npCpG), CpG encapsulated in a physical cross-linking network of protamine and TPP. The nanoadjuvant could redirect CpG into draining lymph nodes to reduce systemic diffusion to improve safety. Further, a combination of npCpG and influenza H1N1 hemagglutinin antigen showed excellent humoral and cellular immunity, evoking high levels of antibodies and cytokines and inducing a great expansion of splenocytes in immunized mice. Also, the nanoadjuvant combined with ovalbumin antigen led to a potent cytotoxic T-cell response, substantially inhibited tumor growth, and improved the survival rate of mice in a melanoma model. This study showed the universal performances of npCpG in infectious disease prevention and tumor immunotherapy to demonstrate the translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, People's Republic of China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, People's Republic of China
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8
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Yao Y, Li J, Qu K, Wang Y, Wang Z, Lu W, Yu Y, Wang L. Immunotherapy for lung cancer combining the oligodeoxynucleotides of TLR9 agonist and TGF-β2 inhibitor. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 72:1103-1120. [PMID: 36326892 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapies have shown promising antitumor effects, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, only 12.46% of the patients benefit from the ICIs, the rest of them shows limited effects on ICIs or even accelerates the tumor progression due to the lack of the immune cell infiltration and activation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, we administrated a combination of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG ODN and Transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) antisense oligodeoxynucleotide TIO3 to mice intraperitoneally once every other day for a total of four injections, and the first injection was 24 h after LLC cell inoculation. We found that the combination induced the formation of TME toward the enrichment and activation of CD8+ T cells and NK cells, accompanied with a marked decrease of TGF-β2. The combined therapy also effectively inhibited the tumor growth and prolonged the survival of the mice, even protected the tumor-free mice from the tumor re-challenge. Both of CpG ODN and TIO3 are indispensable, because replacing CpG ODN with TLR9 inhibitor CCT ODN showed no antitumor effect, CpG ODN or TIO3 alone did not lead to ideal antitumor results. This effect was possibly initiated by the activation of dendritic cells at the tumor site. This systemic antitumor immunotherapy with a combination of the two oligonucleotides (an immune stimulant and an immunosuppressive cytokine inhibitor) before the tumor formation may provide a novel strategy for clinical prevention of the postoperative tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Yao
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuo Qu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Du K, Yang F, Zhang JT, Yu RC, Deng Z, Li WF, Chen Y, Li Q, Zhou CZ. Comparative genomic analysis of five freshwater cyanophages and reference-guided metagenomic data mining. Microbiome 2022; 10:128. [PMID: 35974417 PMCID: PMC9382816 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As important producers using photosynthesis on Earth, cyanobacteria contribute to the oxygenation of atmosphere and the primary production of biosphere. However, due to the eutrophication of urban waterbodies and global warming, uncontrollable growth of cyanobacteria usually leads to the seasonal outbreak of cyanobacterial blooms. Cyanophages, a group of viruses that specifically infect and lyse cyanobacteria, are considered as potential environment-friendly agents to control the harmful blooms. Compared to the marine counterparts, only a few freshwater cyanophages have been isolated and genome sequenced to date, largely limiting their characterizations and applications. RESULTS Here, we isolated five freshwater cyanophages varying in tail morphology, termed Pam1~Pam5, all of which infect the cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena mucicola Chao 1806 that was isolated from the bloom-suffering Lake Chaohu in Anhui, China. The whole-genome sequencing showed that cyanophages Pam1~Pam5 all contain a dsDNA genome, varying in size from 36 to 142 Kb. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that Pam1~Pam5 possess different DNA packaging mechanisms and are evolutionarily distinct from each other. Notably, Pam1 and Pam5 have lysogeny-associated gene clusters, whereas Pam2 possesses 9 punctuated DNA segments identical to the CRISPR spacers in the host genome. Metagenomic data-based calculation of the relative abundance of Pam1~Pam5 at the Nanfei estuary towards the Lake Chaohu revealed that the short-tailed Pam1 and Pam5 account for the majority of the five cyanophages. Moreover, comparative analyses of the reference genomes of Pam1~Pam5 and previously reported cyanophages enabled us to identify three circular and seven linear contigs of virtual freshwater cyanophages from the metagenomic data of the Lake Chaohu. CONCLUSIONS We propose a high-throughput strategy to systematically identify cyanophages based on the currently available metagenomic data and the very limited reference genomes of experimentally isolated cyanophages. This strategy could be applied to mine the complete or partial genomes of unculturable bacteriophages and viruses. Transformation of the synthesized whole genomes of these virtual phages/viruses to proper hosts will enable the rescue of bona fide viral particles and eventually enrich the library of microorganisms that exist on Earth. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Du
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Jun-Tao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Rong-Cheng Yu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Ziqing Deng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- BGI-Beijing, BGI-Shenzhen, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei-Fang Li
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Qiong Li
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
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10
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Zhang A, Li D, Song C, Jing H, Li H, Mi J, Zhang G, Jin S, Ren X, Huangfu H, Shi D, Chen R. Evaluation of different combination of pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and imiquimod enhance immune responses to H9N2 avian influenza antigen in dendritic cells and duck. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271746. [PMID: 35853030 PMCID: PMC9295992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current commercial H9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) vaccines cannot provide satisfactory antibody titers and protective immunity against AIVs in duck. Toll like receptors (TLR) ligand as AIVs adjuvants can activate dendritic cells to improve immune responses in multiple animals, while the studies were absent in duck. Therefore, we investigated TLR ligands pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and/or imiquimod enhance immune responses to inactivated H9N2 avian influenza antigen (H9N2 IAIV) in peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and duck. In vitro, we observed that transcription factor NF-κB, Th1/Th2 type cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-6) and the ability of catching H9N2 IAIV antigen were significantly up-regulated when H9N2 IAIV along with TLR ligands (pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and imiquimod, alone or combination) in duck MoDCs. Also, the best enhancement effects were showed in combination of pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and imiquimod group, whereas IFN-α showed no significant enhancement in all experimental groups. In vivo, the results demonstrated that the percentages of CD4+/ CD8+ T lymphocytes, the levels of Th1/Th2 type cytokines and H9N2 HI titers were significant enhanced in combination of pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and imiquimod group. However, pam2CSK4 alone or combining with imiquimod showed no enhancement or additive effects on Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2), Th2 cytokines (IL-6) and HI titers in Muscovy duck, respectively. Taken together, our results concluded that not all TLR ligands showed enhancement of immune responses to H9N2 IAIV in duck. The combination of poly (I:C), imiquimod and pam2CSK4 that can be an effectively adjuvant candidate for H9N2 AIVs inactivated vaccine in duck, which provide novel insights in explore waterfowl vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Huannong (Zhaoqing) Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- Henan Poultry Disease Prevention and Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (RC); (AZ)
| | - Deyin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huiyuan Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junxian Mi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuangxing Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Poultry Disease Prevention and Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Heping Huangfu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- Huannong (Zhaoqing) Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (RC); (AZ)
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11
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Lende SSF, Pahus MH, Monrad I, Olesen R, Mahr AR, Vibholm LK, Østergaard L, Søgaard OS, Andersen AHF, Denton PW, Tolstrup M. CD169 (Siglec-1) as a Robust Human Cell Biomarker of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonist Immunotherapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:919097. [PMID: 35865810 PMCID: PMC9294151 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.919097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic area in cancer and chronic viral infections. An important component of immunotherapy in these contexts is the activation of innate immunity. Here we investigate the potential for CD169 (Siglec 1) expression on monocytes to serve as a robust biomarker for activation of innate immunity and, particular, as a proxy for IFN-α production. Specifically, we investigated the effects of Toll-like receptor 9 agonism with MGN1703 (lefitolimod) across experimental conditions ex vivo, in humanized mice, and in clinical trial participants. Ex vivo we observed that the percentage of classical monocytes expressing CD169 increased dramatically from 10% pre-stimulation to 97% 24 hrs after MGN1703 stimulation (p<0.0001). In humanized NOG mice, we observed prominent upregulation of the proportions of monocytes expressing CD169 after two doses of MGN1703 where 73% of classical monocytes were CD169 positive in bone marrow following MGN1703 treatment vs 19% in vehicle treated mice (p=0.0159). Finally, in a clinical trial in HIV-infected individuals receiving immunotherapy treatment with MGN1703, we observed a uniform upregulation of CD169 on monocytes after dosing with 97% of classical monocytes positive for CD169 (p=0.002). Hence, in this comprehensive evaluation ex vivo, in an animal model, and in a clinical trial, we find increases in the percentage of CD169 positive monocytes to be a reliable and robust biomarker of immune activation following TLR9 agonist treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Høst Pahus
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ida Monrad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Olesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna R. Mahr
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Line K. Vibholm
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Paul W. Denton
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Martin Tolstrup,
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12
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Wei J, Wu D, Zhao S, Shao Y, Xia Y, Ni D, Qiu X, Zhang J, Chen J, Meng F, Zhong Z. Immunotherapy of Malignant Glioma by Noninvasive Administration of TLR9 Agonist CpG Nano-Immunoadjuvant. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2103689. [PMID: 35253404 PMCID: PMC9069387 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy with toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG ODN offers an emergent strategy to treat life-threatening malignant glioma. CpG is typically applied invasively by intracranial and intrathecal administration which induces not only poor compliance and lessened potency but also possibly strong adverse effects and immunotoxicity. Here, it is reported that immunotherapy of murine LCPN glioma is greatly boosted by polymersome-steered intravenous and intranasal brain delivery of CpG. CpG is efficiently loaded in apolipoprotein E peptide-directed polymersomes to give blood-brain barrier permeable and glioma and cervical lymph node-homing CpG nano-immunoadjuvant (t-NanoCpG) which strongly stimulates the maturation of dendritic cells, antigen cross-presentation, and production of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo. Intriguingly, both intravenous and intranasal administration of t-NanoCpG brings about significant survival benefits in murine LCPN glioma-bearing mice while free CpG and nontargeted CpG nano-immunoadjuvant (NanoCpG) afford modest therapeutic effects. Moreover, combination of t-NanoCpG with radiotherapy further boosts the immunotherapeutic effects leading to more improved survival rate of mice. This intelligent brain-permeable nano-immunoadjuvant provides a new, minimally invasive and highly potent strategy for immunotherapy of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wei
- Biomedical Polymers LaboratoryCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciencesand State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Songsong Zhao
- Biomedical Polymers LaboratoryCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciencesand State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Yu Shao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences (IBMS)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Xia
- Biomedical Polymers LaboratoryCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciencesand State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Dawei Ni
- Biomedical Polymers LaboratoryCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciencesand State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Xinyun Qiu
- Biomedical Polymers LaboratoryCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciencesand State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences (IBMS)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, BeijingResearch Unit of Medical NeurobiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU003)Beijing102206P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers LaboratoryCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciencesand State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers LaboratoryCollege of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciencesand State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
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13
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Abstract
In an endeavour to understand metastasis from oral squamous cell carcinomas, we characterised the metastatic potential of a human tongue derived cell line (SCC-4 cells) and compared this phenotype to pre-cancerous dysplastic oral keratinocyte (DOK) cells derived from human tongue and primary gingival keratinocytes (PGK). We demonstrate that SCC-4 cells constitutively synthesize and release significant amounts of IL-6, a process that is enhanced by the addition of the TLR2/TLR6 agonist, Pam2CSK4. The expression of TLR2/6 and IL-6Ra/gp130 receptors was also confirmed in SCC-4 cells. Cancerous SCC-4 human tongue cells also have a classic EMT profile, unlike precancerous human tongue DOK cells. We also established that IL-6 is driving anoikis resistance in an autocrine fashion and that anti-IL-6 neutralising antibodies, anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies and anti-TLR2 receptor antibodies inhibit anoikis resistance in cancerous SCC-4 human tongue cells. The data suggest a promising role for anti-IL-6 receptor antibody and anti-TLR2 receptor antibody treatment for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Karavyraki
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute (TBSI), Pearse Street, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Richard K Porter
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute (TBSI), Pearse Street, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland.
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14
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Grote K, Nicolai M, Schubert U, Schieffer B, Troidl C, Preissner KT, Bauer S, Fischer S. Extracellular Ribosomal RNA Acts Synergistically with Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonists to Promote Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091440. [PMID: 35563745 PMCID: PMC9103112 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-extracellular RNA (eRNA), which is released under pathological conditions from damaged tissue, has recently been identified as a new alarmin and synergistic agent together with toll-like receptor (TLR)2 ligands to induce proinflammatory activities of immune cells. In this study, a detailed investigation of these interactions is reported. The macrophage cell line J774 A.1 or C57 BL/6 J wild-type mice were treated with 18S rRNA and different TLR2 agonists. Gene and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor (Tnf)-α; interleukin (Il)-1β, Il-6; or monocyte chemoattractant protein (Mcp)-1 were analyzed and furthermore in vitro binding studies to TLR2 were performed. The TLR2/TLR6-agonist Pam2 CSK4 (Pam2) together with 18S rRNA significantly increased the mRNA expression of inflammatory genes and the release of TNF-α from macrophages in a TLR2- and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent manner. The injection of 18S rRNA/Pam2 into mice increased the cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 in the peritoneal lavage. Mechanistically, 18S rRNA built complexes with Pam2 and thus enhanced the affinity of Pam2 to TLR2. These results indicate that the alarmin eRNA, mainly consisting of rRNA, sensitizes TLR2 to enhance the innate immune response under pathological conditions. Thus, rRNA might serve as a new target for the treatments of bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Grote
- Cardiology & Angiology, Medical School, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (B.S.)
| | - Marina Nicolai
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (M.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Uwe Schubert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Bernhard Schieffer
- Cardiology & Angiology, Medical School, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (K.G.); (B.S.)
| | - Christian Troidl
- Medical Clinic I, Cardiology/Angiology, Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
- Department Cardiology, Kerckhoff-Heart Research Institute, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Department Cardiology, Kerckhoff-Heart Research Institute, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (M.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvia Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- Department Cardiology, Kerckhoff-Heart Research Institute, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Jeon D, McNeel DG. Toll-like receptor agonist combinations augment mouse T-cell anti-tumor immunity via IL-12- and interferon ß-mediated suppression of immune checkpoint receptor expression. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2054758. [PMID: 35340661 PMCID: PMC8942433 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2054758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that activated CD8+ T-cells increase expression of PD-1, which can be attenuated in the presence of specific Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, mediated by IL-12 secreted by professional antigen-presenting cells. While these CD8+ T-cells had greater anti-tumor activity, T-cells stimulated by different TLR had different gene expression profiles. Consequently, we sought to determine whether combinations of TLR agonists might further affect the expression of T-cell checkpoint receptors and improve T-cell anti-tumor immunity. Activation of CD8+ T-cells in the presence of specific TLR ligands resulted in decreased expression of PD-1, LAG-3, and CD160, notably with combinations of TLR1/2, TLR3, and TLR9 agonists. Immunization of E.G7-OVA or TRAMP-C1 tumor-bearing mice with peptide or DNA vaccines, co-administered with combination of TLR3 and TLR9 agonists, showed greater suppression of tumor growth. The anti-tumor effect of TLR1/2 and/or TLR9, but not TLR3, was abrogated in IL-12KO mice. RNA sequencing of TLR-conditioned CD8+ T-cells revealed IL-12 pathway activation, and type 1 IFN pathway activation following TLR3 stimulation. Our results provide a mechanistic rationale for the choice of optimal combinations of TLR ligands to use as adjuvants to improve the efficacy of anti-tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Jeon
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Okada H, Takahashi K, Yaku H, Kobiyama K, Iwaisako K, Zhao X, Shiokawa M, Uza N, Kodama Y, Ishii KJ, Seno H. In situ vaccination using unique TLR9 ligand K3-SPG induces long-lasting systemic immune response and synergizes with systemic and local immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2132. [PMID: 35136110 PMCID: PMC8825851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have changed the paradigm of cancer therapy, low response rates and serious systemic adverse events remain challenging. In situ vaccine (ISV), intratumoral injection of immunomodulators that stimulate innate immunity at the tumor site, allows for the development of vaccines in patients themselves. K3-SPG, a second-generation nanoparticulate Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand consisting of K-type CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) wrapped with SPG (schizophyllan), integrates the best of conventional CpG ODNs, making it an ideal cancer immunotherapy adjuvant. Focusing on clinical feasibility for pancreaticobiliary and gastrointestinal cancers, we investigated the antitumor activity of K3-SPG-ISV in preclinical models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). K3-SPG-ISV suppressed tumor growth more potently than K3-ISV or K3-SPG intravenous injections, prolonged survival, and enhanced the antitumor effect of CPIs. Notably, in PDAC model, K3-SPG-ISV alone induced systemic antitumor effect and immunological memory. ISV combination of K3-SPG and agonistic CD40 antibody further enhanced the antitumor effect. Our results imply that K3-SPG-based ISV can be applied as monotherapy or combined with CPIs to improve their response rate or, conversely, with CPI-free local immunotherapy to avoid CPI-related adverse events. In either strategy, the potency of K3-SPG-based ISV would provide the rationale for its clinical application to puncturable pancreaticobiliary and gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54-Syogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54-Syogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Yaku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54-Syogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Vaccine Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwaisako
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe-shi, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Xiangdong Zhao
- Division of HBP Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University, 54-Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shiokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54-Syogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Uza
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54-Syogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kodama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54-Syogoin Kawara-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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17
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Vitiello GAF, Ferreira WAS, Cordeiro de Lima VC, Medina TDS. Antiviral Responses in Cancer: Boosting Antitumor Immunity Through Activation of Interferon Pathway in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:782852. [PMID: 34925363 PMCID: PMC8674309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.782852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it became apparent that cancers either associated with viral infections or aberrantly expressing endogenous retroviral elements (EREs) are more immunogenic, exhibiting an intense intra-tumor immune cell infiltration characterized by a robust cytolytic apparatus. On the other hand, epigenetic regulation of EREs is crucial to maintain steady-state conditions and cell homeostasis. In line with this, epigenetic disruptions within steady-state cells can lead to cancer development and trigger the release of EREs into the cytoplasmic compartment. As such, detection of viral molecules by intracellular innate immune sensors leads to the production of type I and type III interferons that act to induce an antiviral state, thus restraining viral replication. This knowledge has recently gained momentum due to the possibility of triggering intratumoral activation of interferon responses, which could be used as an adjuvant to elicit strong anti-tumor immune responses that ultimately lead to a cascade of cytokine production. Accordingly, several therapeutic approaches are currently being tested using this rationale to improve responses to cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms operating in viral infections, show evidence that exogenous viruses and endogenous retroviruses in cancer may enhance tumor immunogenicity, dissect the epigenetic control of EREs, and point to interferon pathway activation in the tumor milieu as a promising molecular predictive marker and immunotherapy target. Finally, we briefly discuss current strategies to modulate these responses within tumor tissues, including the clinical use of innate immune receptor agonists and DNA demethylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira
- Translational Immuno-Oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SAMAM), Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago da Silva Medina
- Translational Immuno-Oncology Group, International Research Center, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Oncogenomics and Therapeutic Innovation, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Liang Z, Cui X, Yang L, Hu Q, Li D, Zhang X, Han L, Shi S, Shen Y, Zhao W, Ju Q, Deng X, Wu Y, Sheng W. Co-assembled nanocomplexes of peptide neoantigen Adpgk and Toll-like receptor 9 agonist CpG ODN for efficient colorectal cancer immunotherapy. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121091. [PMID: 34555477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines targeting tumor specific neoantigens derived from nonsynonymous mutations of tumor cells have emerged as an effective approach to induce antitumor T cells responses for personalized cancer immunotherapy. Despite the enormous potential of synthetic peptides as a common modality for neoantigen vaccines, their practical efficacy was limited due to their relatively low immunogenicity. Herein, we modify neoantigen peptide (Adpgk) derived from MC-38 colon carcinoma by supplementing ten consecutive positively-charged lysines (10 K-Adpgk) to obtain cationic polypeptide. And then we made them self-assemble with toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) agonist CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) adjuvant directly forming antigen/adjuvant integrated nanocomplexes (PCNPs) through electrostatic interaction for potent tumor immunotherapy. The optimal formed PCNPs were around 175 nm with uniform size distribution and could maintain stability in physiological saline solution. CpG ODN and 10 K-Adpgk in the formed PCNPs could be effectively uptake by dendritic cells (DCs) and stimulate the maturation of DCs as well as improving the efficiency of antigen cross-presentation efficiency in vitro. Furthermore, the PCNPs vaccine could markedly improve neoantigen and adjuvant co-delivery efficiency to lymphoid organs and activate cytotoxic T cells. In addition, vaccination with PCNPs could not only offer prophylactic to protect mice from challenged MC-38 colorectal tumors, but also achieve a better anti-tumor effect in an established colorectal tumor model, and significantly prolong the survival rate of tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, this work provided a versatile but effective method for neoantigen peptide and CpG ODN co-assembly vaccine platform for efficient colorectal cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyuan Liang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, NO. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Cui
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, NO. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Yang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, NO. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Hu
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, NO. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyang Li
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, NO. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, NO. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Han
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, NO. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwei Shi
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, NO. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Shen
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, NO. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijian Zhao
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, NO. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Ju
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, NO. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongwei Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wang Sheng
- The Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, NO. 100, Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Patel AG, Nehete PN, Krivoshik SR, Pei X, Cho EL, Nehete BP, Ramani MD, Shao Y, Williams LE, Wisniewski T, Scholtzova H. Innate immunity stimulation via CpG oligodeoxynucleotides ameliorates Alzheimer's disease pathology in aged squirrel monkeys. Brain 2021; 144:2146-2165. [PMID: 34128045 PMCID: PMC8502485 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and the only illness among the top 10 causes of death for which there is no disease-modifying therapy. The failure rate of clinical trials is very high, in part due to the premature translation of successful results in transgenic mouse models to patients. Extensive evidence suggests that dysregulation of innate immunity and microglia/macrophages plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Activated resident microglia and peripheral macrophages can display protective or detrimental phenotypes depending on the stimulus and environment. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune regulators known to play an important role in governing the phenotypic status of microglia. We have shown in multiple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse models that harnessing innate immunity via TLR9 agonist CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) modulates age-related defects associated with immune cells and safely reduces amyloid plaques, oligomeric amyloid-β, tau pathology, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) while promoting cognitive benefits. In the current study we have used a non-human primate model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease pathology that develops extensive CAA-elderly squirrel monkeys. The major complications in current immunotherapeutic trials for Alzheimer's disease are amyloid-related imaging abnormalities, which are linked to the presence and extent of CAA; hence, the prominence of CAA in elderly squirrel monkeys makes them a valuable model for studying the safety of the CpG ODN-based concept of immunomodulation. We demonstrate that long-term use of Class B CpG ODN 2006 induces a favourable degree of innate immunity stimulation without producing excessive or sustained inflammation, resulting in efficient amelioration of both CAA and tau Alzheimer's disease-related pathologies in association with behavioural improvements and in the absence of microhaemorrhages in aged elderly squirrel monkeys. CpG ODN 2006 has been well established in numerous human trials for a variety of diseases. The present evidence together with our earlier, extensive preclinical research, validates the beneficial therapeutic outcomes and safety of this innovative immunomodulatory approach, increasing the likelihood of CpG ODN therapeutic efficacy in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash G Patel
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pramod N Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sara R Krivoshik
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xuewei Pei
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Cho
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bharti P Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Margish D Ramani
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Division of Biostatistics, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lawrence E Williams
- Department of Comparative Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Henrieta Scholtzova
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
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20
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Garon EB, Spira AI, Johnson M, Bazhenova L, Leach J, Cummings AL, Candia A, Coffman RL, Janatpour MJ, Janssen R, Gamelin E, Chow LQM. A Phase Ib Open-Label, Multicenter Study of Inhaled DV281, a TLR9 Agonist, in Combination with Nivolumab in Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4566-4573. [PMID: 34108179 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although PD-(L)1 inhibitors have shown efficacy in advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), many patients do not respond to this treatment and more effective combinations with acceptable toxicities are needed. To assess the potential benefit of combining localized innate immune stimulation with checkpoint blockade, the TLR9 agonist DV281 was combined with nivolumab in a phase Ib study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients after one or two prior lines of systemic therapy were enrolled in a dose-escalation study with a 3+3 design. DV281 was administered via inhalation in five dose cohorts at 1 to 25 mg; nivolumab 240 mg was administered intravenously every 2 weeks. Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and response to treatment were assessed. RESULTS Twenty-six patients with advanced NSCLC enrolled. Baseline programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression was present in 16 patients (61.5%); 21 (80.7%) had received previous anti-PD-1/PD-L1. Thirteen patients (50%) had stable disease, nine (34.6%) had progressive disease, and four (15.4%) were not evaluable. Median duration of disease control was 124 days. Adverse events were seen in 16 patients (61.5%), mostly grade 1/2 chills, fatigue, flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, and rash; there was only one grade 3 adverse event (dyspnea). Pharmacodynamic assessment, measured by IFN- inducible gene expression, showed target engagement in all dose cohorts. Systemic pharmacodynamic responses plateaued in the 2 highest dose cohorts. CONCLUSIONS DV281 with nivolumab was well tolerated with target engagement observed at every dose. Pharmacodynamic advantages at doses above 10 mg were unclear. The long duration of disease control in 50% of patients suggests clinically relevant activity in this population of heavily pretreated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Garon
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Santa Monica, California.
| | - Alexander I Spira
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Cancer Specialists, Fairfax, Virginia
| | | | | | - Joseph Leach
- Allina Health Virginia Piper Cancer Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amy L Cummings
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Santa Monica, California
| | - Albert Candia
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Emeryville, California
| | | | | | - Robert Janssen
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Emeryville, California
| | - Erick Gamelin
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Emeryville, California
| | - Laura Q M Chow
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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21
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Atalis A, Dixon JB, Roy K. Soluble and Microparticle-Based Delivery of TLR4 and TLR9 Agonists Differentially Modulate 3D Chemotaxis of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001899. [PMID: 33928762 PMCID: PMC9211062 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are commonly administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, and local immune cells, notably dendritic cells (DCs), play a significant role in transporting vaccine antigens and adjuvants to draining lymph nodes. Here, it is compared how soluble and biomaterial-mediated delivery of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-targeted adjuvants, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA, TLR4 ligand) and 5'-C-phosphate-G-3' DNA (CpG DNA, TLR9 ligand), modulate 3D chemotaxis of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) toward lymphatic chemokine gradients. Within microfluidic devices containing 3D collagen-based matrices to mimic tissue conditions, soluble MPLA increases BMDC chemotaxis toward gradients of CCL19 and CCL21, while soluble CpG has no effect. Delivering CpG on poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid microparticles (MPs) enhances BMDC chemotaxis compared to MPLA-encapsulated MPs, and when co-delivered, MPLA and CpG do not synergistically enhance BMDC migration. It is concluded that supplementing granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor-derived BMDC culture with interleukin-4 is necessary to induce CCR7 expression and chemotaxis of BMDCs. Different cell subsets in BMDC culture upregulate CCR7 in response to soluble versus biomaterial-loaded MPLA and CpG, and CCR7 expression does not consistently correlate with functional migration. The results show both adjuvant type and delivery method influence chemotaxis of DCs, and these findings uncover new directions for the rational design of vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Atalis
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - J Brandon Dixon
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing (MC3M), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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22
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Aldawsari MF, Alalaiwe A, Khafagy ES, Al Saqr A, Alshahrani SM, Alsulays BB, Alshehri S, Abu Lila AS, Danish Rizvi SM, Hegazy WAH. Efficacy of SPG-ODN 1826 Nanovehicles in Inducing M1 Phenotype through TLR-9 Activation in Murine Alveolar J774A.1 Cells: Plausible Nano-Immunotherapy for Lung Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136833. [PMID: 34202080 PMCID: PMC8268145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages are the first line of defense against intruding pathogens and play a critical role in cancer immunology. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family mediates an important role in recognizing and mounting an immune response against intruding microbes. TLR-9 is a member of the intracellular TLR family, which recognizes unmethylated CG motifs from the prokaryotic genome. Upon its activation, TLR-9 triggers downstream of the MyD-88-dependent transcriptional activation of NF-κB, and subsequently results in abundant inflammatory cytokines expression that induces a profound inflammatory milieu. The present exploratory investigation aimed at elucidating the potency of schizophyllan for entrapping ODN 1826 (SPG-ODN 1826)-mediated stimulation of TLR-9 in provoking an inflammatory-type response in murine alveolar macrophages. Schizophyllan (SPG), a representative of the β-glucan family, was used in the present study as a nanovehicle for endosomal trafficking of CpG ODN 1826. TEM analysis of SPG-ODN 1826 nanovehicles revealed that the prepared nanovehicles are spherical and have an average size of about 100 nm. Interestingly, SPG-ODN 1826 nanovehicles were competent in delivering their therapeutic payload within endosomes of murine alveolar macrophage (J774A.1) cells. Exposure of these nanovehicles within LPS stimulated J774A.1, resulted in a significant provocation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < 0.01) in comparison to CpG ODN 1826 alone. Moreover, the formulated nanovehicles succeeded in generating a profound Th1-based cytokine profile constituted by enhanced expression of IFN-γ (p < 0.001) and IL-1β (p < 0.001) inflammatory cytokines. These findings clearly indicated the immunostimulatory potential of SPG-ODN 1826 nanovehicles for inducing the Th1-type phenotype, which would certainly assist in skewing M2 phenotype into the much-desired M1 type during lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F. Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.S.); (S.M.A.); (B.B.A.)
| | - Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.S.); (S.M.A.); (B.B.A.)
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.S.); (S.M.A.); (B.B.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-533-564-286
| | - Ahmed Al Saqr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.S.); (S.M.A.); (B.B.A.)
| | - Saad M. Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.S.); (S.M.A.); (B.B.A.)
| | - Bader B. Alsulays
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.S.); (S.M.A.); (B.B.A.)
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amr S. Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
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23
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Kennedy E, Coulter E, Halliwell E, Profitos-Peleja N, Walsby E, Clark B, Phillips EH, Burley TA, Mitchell S, Devereux S, Fegan CD, Jones CI, Johnston R, Chevassut T, Schulz R, Seiffert M, Agathanggelou A, Oldreive C, Davies N, Stankovic T, Liloglou T, Pepper C, Pepper AGS. TLR9 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia identifies a promigratory subpopulation and novel therapeutic target. Blood 2021; 137:3064-3078. [PMID: 33512408 PMCID: PMC8176769 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains incurable despite B-cell receptor-targeted inhibitors revolutionizing treatment. This suggests that other signaling molecules are involved in disease escape mechanisms and resistance. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a promising candidate that is activated by unmethylated cytosine guanine dinucleotide-DNA. Here, we show that plasma from patients with CLL contains significantly more unmethylated DNA than plasma from healthy control subjects (P < .0001) and that cell-free DNA levels correlate with the prognostic markers CD38, β2-microglobulin, and lymphocyte doubling time. Furthermore, elevated cell-free DNA was associated with shorter time to first treatment (hazard ratio, 4.0; P = .003). We also show that TLR9 expression was associated with in vitro CLL cell migration (P < .001), and intracellular endosomal TLR9 strongly correlated with aberrant surface expression (sTLR9; r = 0.9). In addition, lymph node-derived CLL cells exhibited increased sTLR9 (P = .016), and RNA-sequencing of paired sTLR9hi and sTLR9lo CLL cells revealed differential transcription of genes involved in TLR signaling, adhesion, motility, and inflammation in sTLR9hi cells. Mechanistically, a TLR9 agonist, ODN2006, promoted CLL cell migration (P < .001) that was mediated by p65 NF-κB and STAT3 transcription factor activation. Importantly, autologous plasma induced the same effects, which were reversed by a TLR9 antagonist. Furthermore, high TLR9 expression promoted engraftment and rapid disease progression in a NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγnull mouse xenograft model. Finally, we showed that dual targeting of TLR9 and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) was strongly synergistic (median combination index, 0.2 at half maximal effective dose), which highlights the distinct role for TLR9 signaling in CLL and the potential for combined targeting of TLR9 and BTK as a more effective treatment strategy in this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kennedy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Eve Coulter
- Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Halliwell
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Profitos-Peleja
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Walsby
- Cardiff CLL Research Group, Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby Clark
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth H Phillips
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Burley
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Mitchell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Devereux
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Fegan
- Cardiff CLL Research Group, Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher I Jones
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalynd Johnston
- Department of Haematology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Trust, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Chevassut
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Trust, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph Schulz
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Angelo Agathanggelou
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ceri Oldreive
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nicholas Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tatjana Stankovic
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea G S Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, United Kingdom
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24
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Mattijssen S, Kozlov G, Gaidamakov S, Ranjan A, Fonseca BD, Gehring K, Maraia RJ. The isolated La-module of LARP1 mediates 3' poly(A) protection and mRNA stabilization, dependent on its intrinsic PAM2 binding to PABPC1. RNA Biol 2021; 18:275-289. [PMID: 33292040 PMCID: PMC7928023 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1860376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein domain arrangement known as the La-module, comprised of a La motif (LaM) followed by a linker and RNA recognition motif (RRM), is found in seven La-related proteins: LARP1, LARP1B, LARP3 (La protein), LARP4, LARP4B, LARP6, and LARP7 in humans. Several LARPs have been characterized for their distinct activity in a specific aspect of RNA metabolism. The La-modules vary among the LARPs in linker length and RRM subtype. The La-modules of La protein and LARP7 bind and protect nuclear RNAs with UUU-3' tails from degradation by 3' exonucleases. LARP4 is an mRNA poly(A) stabilization factor that binds poly(A) and the cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein PABPC1 (also known as PABP). LARP1 exhibits poly(A) length protection and mRNA stabilization similar to LARP4. Here, we show that these LARP1 activities are mediated by its La-module and dependent on a PAM2 motif that binds PABP. The isolated La-module of LARP1 is sufficient for PABP-dependent poly(A) length protection and mRNA stabilization in HEK293 cells. A point mutation in the PAM2 motif in the La-module impairs mRNA stabilization and PABP binding in vivo but does not impair oligo(A) RNA binding by the purified recombinant La-module in vitro. We characterize the unusual PAM2 sequence of LARP1 and show it may differentially affect stable and unstable mRNAs. The unique LARP1 La-module can function as an autonomous factor to confer poly(A) protection and stabilization to heterologous mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Mattijssen
- Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Guennadi Kozlov
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sergei Gaidamakov
- Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Amitabh Ranjan
- Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Richard J. Maraia
- Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Commissioned Corps, U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, USA
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25
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Jia X, Guo J, Guo S, Zhao T, Liu X, Cheng C, Wang L, Zhang B, Meng C, Jia H, Luo E. Antitumor effects and mechanisms of CpG ODN combined with attenuated Salmonella-delivered siRNAs against PD-1. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 90:107052. [PMID: 33310296 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have focused on the treatment of melanoma, but the current therapies for melanoma have limited therapeutic effects. To find a more effective therapy for melanoma, we combined artificially designed CpG ODN (cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides) and siRNAs (small-interfering ribonucleic acids) targeting PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), which were delivered by attenuated Salmonella to treat melanoma in mice, and explored the underlying antitumor mechanisms. We found that mice receiving the combination therapy had the smallest tumor size and the longest survival time. The possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon include pathways mediated by cyclin D1, p-STAT3 (phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription protein 3), MMP2 (matrix metallopeptidase 2) and cleaved caspase 3, since after treatment, the expression of cyclin D1, p-STAT3, and MMP2 decreased but that of cleaved caspase 3 increased; additional mechanisms include increases in the recruitment of immune cells to tumor sites and in the number of immune cells in mouse spleens and the upregulation of TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor) and IL-6 (interleukin 6). We demonstrated that the combination therapy composed of CpG ODN and PD-1-siRNA delivered by attenuated Salmonella exhibited a strong ability to inhibit melanoma and improve the antitumor immune responses of tumor-bearing mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cytokines/blood
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Vectors
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNAi Therapeutics
- Salmonella/genetics
- Time Factors
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/agonists
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/metabolism
- Tumor Burden
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Jia
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Tiesuo Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, 5 Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Chenchen Cheng
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Chenchen Meng
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China
| | - Huijie Jia
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, 5 Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China; Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, PR China.
| | - Enjie Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, PR China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Evans
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - A. Magnus Höök
- Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas
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Scheetz L, Kadiyala P, Sun X, Son S, Hassani Najafabadi A, Aikins M, Lowenstein PR, Schwendeman A, Castro MG, Moon JJ. Synthetic High-density Lipoprotein Nanodiscs for Personalized Immunotherapy Against Gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:4369-4380. [PMID: 32439701 PMCID: PMC7442596 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliomas are brain tumors with dismal prognoses. The standard-of-care treatments for gliomas include surgical resection, radiation, and temozolomide administration; however, they have been ineffective in providing significant increases in median survival. Antigen-specific cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade may provide promising immunotherapeutic approaches for gliomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have developed immunotherapy delivery vehicles based on synthetic high-density lipoprotein (sHDL) loaded with CpG, a Toll-like receptor-9 agonist, and tumor-specific neoantigens to target gliomas and elicit immune-mediated tumor regression. RESULTS We demonstrate that vaccination with neoantigen peptide-sHDL/CpG cocktail in combination with anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint blocker elicits robust neoantigen-specific T-cell responses against GL261 cells and eliminated established orthotopic GL261 glioma in 33% of mice. Mice remained tumor free upon tumor cell rechallenge in the contralateral hemisphere, indicating the development of immunologic memory. Moreover, in a genetically engineered murine model of orthotopic mutant IDH1 (mIDH1) glioma, sHDL vaccination with mIDH1 neoantigen eliminated glioma in 30% of animals and significantly extended the animal survival, demonstrating the versatility of our approach in multiple glioma models. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our strategy provides a general roadmap for combination immunotherapy against gliomas and other cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Scheetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Padma Kadiyala
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiaoqi Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sejin Son
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alireza Hassani Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marisa Aikins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Karlis GD, Schöningh E, Jansen IDC, Schoenmaker T, Hogervorst JMA, van Veen HA, Moonen CGJ, Łagosz-Ćwik KB, Forouzanfar T, de Vries TJ. Chronic Exposure of Gingival Fibroblasts to TLR2 or TLR4 Agonist Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis but Does Not Affect Osteogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1693. [PMID: 32793243 PMCID: PMC7390923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to periodontopathogenic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and the products of these bacteria that interact with the cells of the tooth surrounding tissues can ultimately result in periodontitis. This is a disease that is characterized by inflammation-related alveolar bone degradation by the bone-resorbing cells, the osteoclasts. Interactions of bacterial products with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in particular TLR2 and TLR4, play a significant role in this chronic inflammatory reaction, which possibly affects osteoclastic activity and osteogenic capacity. Little is known about how chronic exposure to specific TLR activators affects these two antagonistic activities. Here, we studied the effect of TLR activation on gingival fibroblasts (GF), cells that are anatomically close to infiltrating bacterial products in the mouth. These were co-cultured with naive osteoclast precursor cells (i.e., monocytes), as part of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Activation of GF co-cultures (GF + PBMCs) with TLR2 or TLR4 agonists resulted in a weak reduction of the osteoclastogenic potential of these cultures, predominantly due to TLR2. Interestingly, chronic exposure, especially to TLR2 agonist, resulted in increased release of TNF-α at early time points. This effect, was reversed at later time points, thus suggesting an adaptation to chronic exposure. Monocyte cultures primed with M-CSF + RANKL, led to the formation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, irrespective of being activated with TLR agonists. Late activation of these co-cultures with TLR2 and with TLR4 agonists led to a slight decrease in bone resorption. Activation of GF with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists did not affect the osteogenic capacity of the GF cells. In conclusion, chronic exposure leads to diverse reactions; inhibitory with naive osteoclast precursors, not effecting already formed (pre-)osteoclasts. We suggest that early encounter of naive monocytes with TLR agonists may result in differentiation toward the macrophage lineage, desirable for clearing bacterial products. Once (pre-)osteoclasts are formed, these cells may be relatively insensitive for direct TLR stimulation. Possibly, TLR activation of periodontal cells indirectly stimulates osteoclasts, by secreting osteoclastogenesis stimulating inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos D. Karlis
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emily Schöningh
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam University College, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ineke D. C. Jansen
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M. A. Hogervorst
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henk A. van Veen
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Electron Microscopy Centre Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolyn G. J. Moonen
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Katarzyna B. Łagosz-Ćwik
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tim Forouzanfar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Wheat W, Chow L, Rozo V, Herman J, Still Brooks K, Colbath A, Hunter R, Dow S. Non-specific protection from respiratory tract infections in cattle generated by intranasal administration of an innate immune stimulant. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235422. [PMID: 32584899 PMCID: PMC7316291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternatives to antibiotics for prevention of respiratory tract infections in cattle are urgently needed given the increasing public and regulatory pressure to reduce overall antibiotic usage. Activation of local innate immune defenses in the upper respiratory tract is one strategy to induce non-specific protection against infection with the diverse array of viral and bacterial pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), while avoiding the use of antibiotics. Our prior studies in rodent models demonstrated that intranasal administration of liposome-TLR complexes (LTC) as a non-specific immune stimulant generated high levels of protection against lethal bacterial and viral pathogens. Therefore, we conducted studies to assess LTC induction of local immune responses and protective immunity to BRDC in cattle. In vitro, LTC were shown to activate peripheral blood mononuclear cells in cattle, which was associated with secretion of INFγ and IL-6. Macrophage activation with LTC triggered intracellular killing of Mannheimia hemolytica and several other bacterial pathogens. In studies in cattle, intranasal administration of LTC demonstrated dose-dependent activation of local innate immune responses in the nasopharynx, including recruitment of monocytes and prolonged upregulation (at least 2 weeks) of innate immune cytokine gene expression by nasopharyngeal mucosal cells. In a BRDC challenge study, intranasal administration of LTC prior to pathogen exposure resulted in significant reduction in both clinical signs of infection and disease-associated euthanasia rates. These findings indicate that intranasal administration of a non-specific innate immune stimulant can be an effective method of rapidly generating generalized protection from mixed viral and bacterial respiratory tract infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wheat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lyndah Chow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Rozo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julia Herman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kelly Still Brooks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Aimee Colbath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Randy Hunter
- Hunter Cattle Company, Wheatland, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Clinical Sciences, From the Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sharma N, Drobinski P, Kayed A, Chen Z, Kjelgaard-Petersen CF, Gantzel T, Karsdal MA, Michaelis M, Ladel C, Bay-Jensen AC, Lindemann S, Thudium CS. Inflammation and joint destruction may be linked to the generation of cartilage metabolites of ADAMTS-5 through activation of toll-like receptors. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:658-668. [PMID: 31734268 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Links between pain and joint degradation are poorly understood. We investigated the role of activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR) by cartilage metabolites in initiating and maintaining the inflammatory loop in OA causing joint destruction. METHODS Synovial membrane explants (SMEs) were prepared from OA patients' synovial biopsies. SMEs were cultured for 10 days under following conditions: culture medium alone, OSM + TNFα, TLR2 agonist - Pam2CSK4, Pam3CSK4 or synthetic aggrecan 32-mer, TLR4 agonist - Lipid A. Release of pro-inflammatory and degradation biomarkers (acMMP3 and C3M) were measured by ELISA in conditioned media along with IL-6. Additionally, human cartilage was digested with ADAMTS-5, with or without the ADAMTS-5 inhibiting nanobody - M6495. Digested cartilage solution (DCS) and synthetic 32-mer were tested for TLR activation in SEAP based TLR reporter assay. RESULTS Western blotting confirmed TLR2 and TLR4 in untreated OA synovial biopsies. TLR agonists showed an increase in release of biomarkers - acMMP3 and C3M in SME. Synthetic 32-mer showed no activation in the TLR reporter assay. ADAMTS-5 degraded cartilage fragments activated TLR2 in vitro. Adding M6495 - an anti-ADAMTS-5 inhibiting nanobody®, blocked ADAMTS-5-mediated DCS TLR2 activation. CONCLUSION TLR2 is expressed in synovium of OA patients and their activation by synthetic ligands causes increased tissue turnover. ADAMTS-5-mediated cartilage degradation leads to release of aggrecan fragments which activates the TLR2 receptor in vitro. M6495 suppressed cartilage degradation by ADAMTS-5, limiting the activation of TLR2. In conclusion, pain and joint destruction may be linked to generation of ADAMTS-5 cartilage metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sharma
- Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - P Drobinski
- Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - A Kayed
- Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Z Chen
- Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | | | - T Gantzel
- Orthopaedic Surgery Unit, Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - M A Karsdal
- Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - M Michaelis
- Head of Osteoarthritis Research and Early Clinical Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - C Ladel
- Clinical Biomarker & Diagnostics Lead, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - A C Bay-Jensen
- Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark.
| | - S Lindemann
- Head of Exploratory Osteoarthritis, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - C S Thudium
- Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Persons with HIV are at a higher risk for acquiring HBV (hepatitis B virus) than the general population due to shared modes of transmission and are significantly more likely to develop and die from sequelae of chronic HBV infection. Early vaccination is key to achieving HBV protective immunity, but response rates are still much lower than in the general population, ranging from 35 to 70%. Individuals with HIV also experience more rapidly waning immunity than those without HIV. Strategies to augment initial response and improve long-term immunity in individuals with HIV include alterations in dose, frequency, and the use of immune adjuvants. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have focused on the use of different vaccine formulations, the use of vaccine adjuvants, increased number and strength of vaccine dosages, increased dose frequency, alternative routes of administration, dual vaccinations, and the use of booster vaccines. Although no consensus has been reached on the use of certain vaccination regimens, three and four double-dose vaccine schedules via the intramuscular route have demonstrated higher initial response rates. Early vaccination when CD4 cell counts are greater than 350/mm3 with low viral loads has been shown to improve initial response, along with completion of immunization series. Adjuvants such as TLR4 and TLR9 agonists appear to improve response to HBV vaccination, but further research is needed in individuals with HIV. Persons with HIV have significant lower initial and long-term seroresponse rates after HBV vaccination than immunocompetent individuals. Recent and ongoing studies continue to evaluate multiple strategies to improve these rates within a uniquely susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya D Farooq
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA
| | - Kenneth E Sherman
- Division of Digestive Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0595, USA.
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32
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Deak P, Kimani F, Cassaidy B, Esser-Kahn A. Determining Whether Agonist Density or Agonist Number Is More Important for Immune Activation via Micoparticle Based Assay. Front Immunol 2020; 11:642. [PMID: 32328073 PMCID: PMC7161694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown if surface bound toll-like-receptor (TLR) agonists activate cells via density or total molecular number. To answer this question, we developed a TLR agonist surface conjugated polystyrene microparticle (MP) system. Using a library of MPs with varying TLR agonist density and number, we simultaneously observed innate immune cell MP uptake and TNFα expression using ImageStream flow cytometry on a cell by cell basis. The data shows that total TLR number and not density drives cellular activation with a threshold of approximately 105-106 TLR agonists. We believe that this information will be crucial for the design of particulate vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aaron Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Cao Q, Wang W, Zhou M, Huang Q, Wen X, Zhao J, Shi S, Geng K, Li F, Hatakeyama H, Xu C, Piwnica-Worms D, Peng W, Zhou D, Sood AK, Li C. Induction of antitumor immunity in mice by the combination of nanoparticle-based photothermolysis and anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibition. Nanomedicine 2020; 25:102169. [PMID: 32059873 PMCID: PMC7181381 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Generation of durable tumor-specific immune response without isolation and expansion of dendritic cells or T cells ex vivo remains a challenge. In this study, we investigated the impact of nanoparticle-mediated photothermolysis in combination with checkpoint inhibition on the induction of systemic antitumor immunity. Photothermolysis based on near-infrared light-absorbing copper sulfide nanoparticles and 15-ns laser pulses combined with the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1 antibody (αPD-1) increased tumor infiltration by antigen-presenting cells and CD8-positive T lymphocytes in the B16-OVA mouse model. Moreover, combined photothermolysis, polymeric conjugate of the Toll-like receptor 9 agonist CpG, and αPD-1 significantly prolonged mouse survival after re-inoculation of tumor cells at a distant site compared to individual treatments alone in the poorly immunogenic syngeneic ID8-ip1-Luc ovarian tumor model. Thus, photothermolysis is a promising interventional technique that synergizes with Toll-like receptor 9 agonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance the abscopal effect in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhen Cao
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wanqin Wang
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Wen
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sixiang Shi
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ku Geng
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fenge Li
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hiroto Hatakeyama
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology & Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunyu Xu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weiyi Peng
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dapeng Zhou
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology & Reproductive Medicine and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Edwards MR, Dai R, Heid B, Cowan C, Werre SR, Cecere T, Ahmed SA. Low-dose 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE) exposure exacerbates lupus renal disease and modulates immune responses to TLR7/9 agonists in genetically autoimmune-prone mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5210. [PMID: 32251357 PMCID: PMC7090002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens have been shown to regulate the immune system and modulate multiple autoimmune diseases. 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE), a synthetic analog of 17β-estradiol, is prescribed commonly and found in oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapies. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated the immunoregulatory effects of exposure to EE, especially in autoimmunity. In this study, we exposed autoimmune-prone female MRL/lpr mice to a human-relevant dose of EE through the oral route of exposure. Since lupus patients are prone to infections, groups of mice were injected with viral (Imiquimod, a TLR7 agonist) or bacterial (ODN 2395, a TLR9 agonist) surrogates. We then evaluated autoimmune disease parameters, kidney disease, and response to in vivo TLR7/9 pathogenic signals. EE-exposed mice had increased proteinuria as early as 7 weeks of age. Proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, and glomerular immune complex deposition were also exacerbated when compared to controls. Production of cytokines by splenic leukocytes were altered in EE-exposed mice. Our study shows that oral exposure to EE, even at a very low dose, can exacerbate azotemia, increase clinical markers of renal disease, enhance glomerular immune complex deposition, and modulate TLR7/9 cytokine production in female MRL/lpr mice. This study may have implications for EE-exposure risk for genetically lupus-prone individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Edwards
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rujuan Dai
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Bettina Heid
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Catharine Cowan
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Population Health Sciences, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Thomas Cecere
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - S Ansar Ahmed
- Infectious Disease Research Facility (IDRF), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Vet. Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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35
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Scheetz LM, Yu M, Li D, Castro MG, Moon JJ, Schwendeman A. Synthetic HDL Nanoparticles Delivering Docetaxel and CpG for Chemoimmunotherapy of Colon Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051777. [PMID: 32150841 PMCID: PMC7084365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon carcinomas comprise over two-thirds of all colorectal cancers with an overall 5-year survival rate of 64%, which rapidly decreases to 14% when the cancer becomes metastatic. Depending on the stage of colon carcinoma at diagnosis, patients can undergo surgery to attempt complete tumor resection or move directly to chemotherapy with one or a combination of drugs. As with most cancers, colon carcinomas do not always respond to chemotherapies, so targeted therapies and immunotherapies have been developed to aid chemotherapy. We report the development of a local combination therapy for colon carcinoma whereby chemo- and immunotherapeutic entities are delivered intratumorally to maximize efficacy and minimize off-target side effects. A hydrophobic chemotherapeutic agent, docetaxel (DTX), and cholesterol-modified Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG (cho-CpG) oligonucleotide are co-loaded in synthetic HDL (sHDL) nanodiscs. In vivo survival analysis of MC-38 tumor-bearing mice treated intratumorally with DTX-sHDL/CpG (median survival; MS = 43 days) showed significant improvement in overall survival compared to mice treated with single agents, free DTX (MS = 23 days, p < 0.0001) or DTX-sHDL (MS = 28 days, p < 0.0001). Two of seven mice treated with DTX-sHDL/CpG experienced complete tumor regression. None of the mice experienced any systemic toxicity as indicated by body weight maintenance and normal serum enzyme and protein levels. In summary, we have demonstrated that chemo- and immunotherapies can be co-loaded into sHDLs, delivered locally to the tumor, and can be used to improve survival outcomes significantly compared to chemotherapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Scheetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (L.M.S.); (M.Y.); (D.L.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Minzhi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (L.M.S.); (M.Y.); (D.L.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (L.M.S.); (M.Y.); (D.L.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - María G. Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James J. Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (L.M.S.); (M.Y.); (D.L.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: (J.J.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +734-763-4056 (A.S.)
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (L.M.S.); (M.Y.); (D.L.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: (J.J.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +734-763-4056 (A.S.)
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Khanna V, Li L, Fung J, Ranganathan S, Petrovsky N. Prediction of novel mouse TLR9 agonists using a random forest approach. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:56. [PMID: 31856726 PMCID: PMC6924143 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-019-0241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 9 is a key innate immune receptor involved in detecting infectious diseases and cancer. TLR9 activates the innate immune system following the recognition of single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine (CpG) motifs. Due to the considerable number of rotatable bonds in ODNs, high-throughput in silico screening for potential TLR9 activity via traditional structure-based virtual screening approaches of CpG ODNs is challenging. In the current study, we present a machine learning based method for predicting novel mouse TLR9 (mTLR9) agonists based on features including count and position of motifs, the distance between the motifs and graphically derived features such as the radius of gyration and moment of Inertia. We employed an in-house experimentally validated dataset of 396 single-stranded synthetic ODNs, to compare the results of five machine learning algorithms. Since the dataset was highly imbalanced, we used an ensemble learning approach based on repeated random down-sampling. RESULTS Using in-house experimental TLR9 activity data we found that random forest algorithm outperformed other algorithms for our dataset for TLR9 activity prediction. Therefore, we developed a cross-validated ensemble classifier of 20 random forest models. The average Matthews correlation coefficient and balanced accuracy of our ensemble classifier in test samples was 0.61 and 80.0%, respectively, with the maximum balanced accuracy and Matthews correlation coefficient of 87.0% and 0.75, respectively. We confirmed common sequence motifs including 'CC', 'GG','AG', 'CCCG' and 'CGGC' were overrepresented in mTLR9 agonists. Predictions on 6000 randomly generated ODNs were ranked and the top 100 ODNs were synthesized and experimentally tested for activity in a mTLR9 reporter cell assay, with 91 of the 100 selected ODNs showing high activity, confirming the accuracy of the model in predicting mTLR9 activity. CONCLUSION We combined repeated random down-sampling with random forest to overcome the class imbalance problem and achieved promising results. Overall, we showed that the random forest algorithm outperformed other machine learning algorithms including support vector machines, shrinkage discriminant analysis, gradient boosting machine and neural networks. Due to its predictive performance and simplicity, the random forest technique is a useful method for prediction of mTLR9 ODN agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Khanna
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042 Australia
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Adelaide, SA 5042 Australia
| | - Lei Li
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042 Australia
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Adelaide, SA 5042 Australia
| | - Johnson Fung
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Adelaide, SA 5042 Australia
| | - Shoba Ranganathan
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042 Australia
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Adelaide, SA 5042 Australia
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Czerwiński M, Gilligan K, Westland K, Ogilvie BW. Effects of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, and interferon-α2a on P450 enzymes in human hepatocytes in vitro. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00551. [PMID: 31857909 PMCID: PMC6902742 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some immunomodulatory agents stimulate the release of cytokines capable of suppressing P450 enzymes and potentially affecting pharmacokinetics of coadministered medications. Cytokines released in response to an immunomodulator in the blood ex vivo can be used to screen for the potential for drug-drug interactions. Tilsotolimod, an investigational agonist of Toll-like receptor 9, stimulated the release of macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and interferon-α2a (INF-α2a) in blood obtained from healthy donors. Although tilsotolimod did not directly affect CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4 expression or activity, the cytokines stimulated by the drug reduced CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 enzyme activities in cultured human hepatocytes. This study sought to identify which cytokines were responsible for tilsotolimod's indirect effects on P450 enzymes in vitro. A 72-h treatment with recombinant human chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1α did not alter CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, or signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) mRNA expression or CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4/5 enzyme activity in cocultures of human hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. INF-α2a, at 2.5 ng/mL but not at the lower concentrations applied to the cells, increased CYP1A2 and STAT1 mRNA by 2.4- and 5.2-fold, respectively, and reduced CYP2B6 enzyme activity to 46% of control. This study established that INF-α2a, but not MCP-1 or MIP-1α, mediated tilsotolimod effects on CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 expression in human hepatocytes.
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Li J, Pan X, Yang J, Jia L, Wu C, Liu H, Ren Z, Pan LL, Sun J. Enteral virus depletion modulates experimental acute pancreatitis via toll-like receptor 9 signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 171:113710. [PMID: 31726046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses that inhabit the intestine have profound effects on innate and adaptive immunity of the gut and thus distant organs. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common abdominal inflammatory disease, in which gut bacteria play an indispensable part, particularly in the severe form with local and systemic complications. So far, little is known about the role of enteric viruses in the pathophysiology of AP. In this study, we evaluated the effect of enteric virus depletion by oral anti-viral cocktail (AVC) on caerulein (Cae)-hyperstimulation induced experimental AP and underlying mechanisms. We found that AVC treatment alleviated experimental AP, accompanied by suppressed innate immune cell infiltration and TLR9 expression and signaling in pancreas and intestine. Furthermore, AVC administration reduced AP-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production, IL-6-activated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. Concordantly, expression of AP-induced STAT3-responsive chemokines, especially monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) was reduced, thereby contributing to modulated pancreatic immune milieu. Treatment of mice with a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist abolished the protective effect of AVC by activation of IL6/STAT3 signaling and downstream chemokine production. Conversely, treatment of mice with TLR9 antagonists, mimicking AVC, exerted protective effects against AP. Collectively, these results suggest that depletion of enteric viruses protects mice from experimental AP through inhibiting TLR9 signaling. Our study therefore implies a previously unrecognized role of enteric viruses in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lingling Jia
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - He Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhengnan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Wisgrill L, Wessely I, Netzl A, Pummer L, Sadeghi K, Spittler A, Berger A, Förster‐Waldl E. Diminished secretion and function of IL-29 is associated with impaired IFN-α response of neonatal plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1177-1185. [PMID: 31211458 PMCID: PMC6852569 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0518-189r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are key players in the antiviral immune response and type III IFNs such as IL-29 appear to play a pivotal role in pDC function. Pronounced susceptibility to viral infections in neonates is partly resulting from diminished antiviral immune mechanisms. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of IL-29 in the altered immune response of neonatal pDCs. PBMCs of adult and term newborns were stimulated with CpG-ODN2216 in the presence or absence of IL-29 and assessed for IFN-α production, downstream-signaling, and activation marker expression. A significantly lower IL-29 production after TLR9-specific stimulation was demonstrated in neonatal pDCs. IL-29 enhanced the IFN-α production of pDCs in adults compared to newborns. Newborn pDCs displayed a significantly lower surface expression of IL-10 and IL-28Rα receptor resulting in diminished STAT1 and IRF7 activation. Interestingly, concomitant stimulation with CpG-ODN2216/IL-29 had no impact on the expression of surface activation and maturation markers of pDCs in neither population. The diminished antiviral immune response of neonatal pDCs is associated with reduced production and cellular responses toward IL-29. Potential therapeutic agents enhancing the IL-29 response in neonatal pDCs possibly augment viral protection in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wisgrill
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineDivision of NeonatologyPediatric Intensive Care & NeuropediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Isabelle Wessely
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineDivision of NeonatologyPediatric Intensive Care & NeuropediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Antonia Netzl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineDivision of NeonatologyPediatric Intensive Care & NeuropediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Linda Pummer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineDivision of NeonatologyPediatric Intensive Care & NeuropediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Kambis Sadeghi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineDivision of NeonatologyPediatric Intensive Care & NeuropediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Department of Surgery & Core Facility Flow CytometryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Angelika Berger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineDivision of NeonatologyPediatric Intensive Care & NeuropediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Elisabeth Förster‐Waldl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineDivision of NeonatologyPediatric Intensive Care & NeuropediatricsMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Center for Congenital ImmunodeficienciesMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Butterfield JS, Biswas M, Shirley JL, Kumar SR, Sherman A, Terhorst C, Ling C, Herzog RW. TLR9-Activating CpG-B ODN but Not TLR7 Agonists Triggers Antibody Formation to Factor IX in Muscle Gene Transfer. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2019; 30:81-92. [PMID: 31140323 PMCID: PMC6590725 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2019.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signals that promote B cell responses in gene transfer are generally ill-defined. In this study, we evaluate the effect of activating endosomal Toll-like receptors 7, 8, and 9 (TLR7, TLR7/8, and TLR9) on antibody formation during muscle-directed gene therapy with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. We examined whether activation of endosomal TLRs, by adenine analog CL264 (TLR7 agonist), imidazolquinolone compound R848 (TLR7/8 agonist), or class B CpG oligodeoxynucleotides ODN1826 (TLR9 agonist), could augment antibody formation upon intramuscular administration of AAV1 expressing human clotting factor IX (AAV1-hFIX) in mice. The TLR9 agonist robustly enhanced antibody formation by the 1st week, thus initially eliminating systemic hFIX expression. By contrast, the TLR7 and TLR7/8 agonists did not markedly promote antibody formation, or significantly reduce circulating hFIX. We concurrently investigated the effects of these TLR agonists during muscle gene transfer on mature B cells and dendritic cells (DCs) in the draining lymph nodes including conventional DCs (CD11b+ or CD8α+ cDCs), monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Only TLR9 stimulation caused a striking increase in the frequency of moDCs within 24 h. The TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists activated pDCs, both subsets of cDCs, and mature B cells, whereas the TLR7 agonist had only mild effects on these cells. Thus, these TLR ligands have distinct effects on DCs and mature B cells, yet only the TLR9 agonist enhanced the humoral immune response against AAV-expressed hFIX. These new findings indicate a unique ability of certain TLR9 agonists to stimulate B cell responses in muscle gene transfer through enrichment of moDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jamie L. Shirley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sandeep R.P. Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IAPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Alexandra Sherman
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IAPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chen Ling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Roland W. Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IAPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Vibholm LK, Lorenzi JCC, Pai JA, Cohen YZ, Oliveira TY, Barton JP, Garcia Noceda M, Lu CL, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Del Rio Estrada PM, Reyes-Teran G, Tolstrup M, Denton PW, Damsgaard T, Søgaard OS, Nussenzweig MC. Characterization of Intact Proviruses in Blood and Lymph Node from HIV-Infected Individuals Undergoing Analytical Treatment Interruption. J Virol 2019; 93:e01920-18. [PMID: 30700598 PMCID: PMC6450127 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01920-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of lymphoid tissue as a potential source of HIV-1 rebound following interruption of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is uncertain. To address this issue, we compared the latent viruses obtained from CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood and lymph nodes to viruses emerging during treatment interruption. Latent viruses were characterized by sequencing near-full-length (NFL) proviral DNA and env from viral outgrowth assays (VOAs). Five HIV-1-infected individuals on ART were studied, four of whom participated in a clinical trial of a TLR9 agonist that included an analytical treatment interruption. We found that 98% of intact or replication-competent clonal sequences overlapped between blood and lymph node. In contrast, there was no overlap between 205 latent reservoir and 125 rebound sequences in the four individuals who underwent treatment interruption. However, rebound viruses could be accounted for by recombination. The data suggest that CD4+ T cells carrying latent viruses circulate between blood and lymphoid tissues in individuals on ART and support the idea that recombination may play a role in the emergence of rebound viremia.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 persists as a latent infection in CD4+ T cells that can be found in lymphoid tissues in infected individuals during ART. However, the importance of this tissue reservoir and its contribution to viral rebound upon ART interruption are not clear. In this study, we sought to compare latent HIV-1 from blood and lymph node CD4+ T cells from five HIV-1-infected individuals. Further, we analyzed the contribution of lymph node viruses to viral rebound. We observed that the frequencies of intact proviruses were the same in blood and lymph node. Moreover, expanded clones of T cells bearing identical proviruses were found in blood and lymph node. These latent reservoir sequences did not appear to be the direct origin of rebound virus. Instead, latent proviruses were found to contribute to the rebound compartment by recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line K Vibholm
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joy A Pai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yehuda Z Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - John P Barton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Marco Garcia Noceda
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ching-Lan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Perla M Del Rio Estrada
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Teran
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paul W Denton
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tine Damsgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole S Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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Benbenishty A, Gadrich M, Cottarelli A, Lubart A, Kain D, Amer M, Shaashua L, Glasner A, Erez N, Agalliu D, Mayo L, Ben-Eliyahu S, Blinder P. Prophylactic TLR9 stimulation reduces brain metastasis through microglia activation. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e2006859. [PMID: 30921319 PMCID: PMC6469801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are prevalent in various types of cancer and are often terminal, given the low efficacy of available therapies. Therefore, preventing them is of utmost clinical relevance, and prophylactic treatments are perhaps the most efficient strategy. Here, we show that systemic prophylactic administration of a toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 agonist, CpG-C, is effective against brain metastases. Acute and chronic systemic administration of CpG-C reduced tumor cell seeding and growth in the brain in three tumor models in mice, including metastasis of human and mouse lung cancer, and spontaneous melanoma-derived brain metastasis. Studying mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of CpG-C, we found that in the brain, unlike in the periphery, natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes are not involved in controlling metastasis. Next, we demonstrated that the systemically administered CpG-C is taken up by endothelial cells, astrocytes, and microglia, without affecting blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and tumor brain extravasation. In vitro assays pointed to microglia, but not astrocytes, as mediators of CpG- C effects through increased tumor killing and phagocytosis, mediated by direct microglia-tumor contact. In vivo, CpG-C-activated microglia displayed elevated mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-inducing and phagocytosis-related genes. Intravital imaging showed that CpG-C-activated microglia cells contact, kill, and phagocytize tumor cells in the early stages of tumor brain invasion more than nonactivated microglia. Blocking in vivo activation of microglia with minocycline, and depletion of microglia with a colony-stimulating factor 1 inhibitor, indicated that microglia mediate the antitumor effects of CpG-C. Overall, the results suggest prophylactic CpG-C treatment as a new intervention against brain metastasis, through an essential activation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Benbenishty
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Neurobiology Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Meital Gadrich
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- School for Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Azzurra Cottarelli
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alisa Lubart
- Neurobiology Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Kain
- Neurobiology Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Malak Amer
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lee Shaashua
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariella Glasner
- The Lautenberg Centre for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lior Mayo
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- School for Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pablo Blinder
- Neurobiology Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Tostanoski LH, Eppler HB, Xia B, Zeng X, Jewell CM. Engineering release kinetics with polyelectrolyte multilayers to modulate TLR signaling and promote immune tolerance. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:798-808. [PMID: 30656310 PMCID: PMC6391195 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01572d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes, occur when immune cells fail to recognize "self" molecules. Recently, studies have revealed aberrant inflammatory signaling through pathogen sensing pathways, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), during autoimmune disease. Therapeutic inhibition of these pathways might attenuate disease development, skewing disease-causing inflammatory cells towards cell types that promote tolerance. Delivering antagonistic ligands to a TLR upstream of an inflammatory signaling cascade, TLR9, has demonstrated exciting potential in a mouse model of MS; however, strategies that enable sustained delivery could reduce the need for repeated administration or enhance therapeutic efficacy. We hypothesized that GpG - an oligonucleotide TLR9 antagonist - which is inherently anionic, could be self-assembled into polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) with a cationic, degradable poly(β-amino ester) (Poly1). We hypothesized that degradable Poly1/GpG PEMs could promote sustained release of GpG and modulate inflammatory immune cell functions. Here we demonstrate layer-by-layer assembly of degradable PEMs, as well as subsequent degradation and release of GpG. Following assembly and release, GpG maintains the ability to reduce dendritic cell activation and inflammatory cytokine secretion, restrain TLR9 signaling, and polarize myelin specific T cells towards regulatory phenotypes and functions in primarily immune cells. These results indicate that degradable PEMs may be able to promote tolerogenic immune function in the context of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Tostanoski
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, A. James Clark Hall, Room 5110, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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Thomalla M, Schmid A, Neumann E, Pfefferle PI, Müller-Ladner U, Schäffler A, Karrasch T. Evidence of an anti-inflammatory toll-like receptor 9 (TLR 9) pathway in adipocytes. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:325-343. [PMID: 30508414 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and actively participate in anti-bacterial and anti-viral host defence. Obesity is associated with adipose tissue PRR expression. The potential role of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in adipocytes has not yet been investigated. Here, we evaluated TLR9 expression during adipocyte differentiation (AD) of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, in primary murine adipocytes and in different murine and human adipose tissue depots by real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry. TLR9 expression was inhibited using specific siRNA-mediated knockdown, and TLR9 signaling was induced using specific class A, B and C agonistic CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) treatment vs ODN controls in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in primary murine adipocytes from Tlr9wt/wt vs Tlr9-/- mice. We found that TLR9 gene expression is induced during AD and that TLR9 protein is expressed in murine gonadal and human visceral adipocytes. AD depends on intact TLR9 expression. Tlr9-/- mice demonstrate significantly reduced adiponectin serum levels, while siRNA-mediated TLR9 knockdown led to reduced adiponectin mRNA expression in adipocytes. TLR9 ligands (CpG-ODNs) inhibit pro-inflammatory resistin secretion in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Tlr9-/- as compared to Tlr9wt/wt adipocytes exhibit increased resistin and MCP1 secretion and reduced adiponectin secretion into cell culture supernatants, while TLR9 ligands (ODNs) show differential effects in Tlr9-/- vs Tlr9wt/wt primary murine adipocytes. TLR9 expression is significantly increased in visceral compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue depots in non-diabetic obese patients and correlates with systemic resistin levels in a compartment-specific manner. Thus, adipocytic TLR9 is a putative, new protective factor during (obesity-associated) adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Thomalla
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elena Neumann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Giessen and Kerckhoff Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Petra Ina Pfefferle
- Comprehensive Biomaterial Bank Marburg (CBBMR), Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Giessen and Kerckhoff Clinic, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
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Sharma RK, Sehgal S, Sachdeva N, Kumar R, Gupta A. Direct Engagement of TLR9 Ligand with T Helper Cells Leads to Cell Proliferation & Up-regulation of Cytokines. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:79-95. [PMID: 30239236 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1515223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Toll like receptor (TLR) engagement is primarily a function of the innate immune cells. The purpose of the study was to assess direct uptake of ODN 2216 in T helper cells and effects on cell proliferation and cytokine expression. METHODS We isolated CD4+ CD25- T helper cells by magnetic sorting and studied the uptake of ODN 2216 using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. We then studied the effect of ODN 2216 engagement on cell proliferation and cytokine expression using flow cytometry and gene expression of TLR9 signaling genes using real time RT-PCR. RESULTS We made a chance observation that purified T helper cells from healthy individuals consistently bind to the TLR9 ligand ODN 2216. In PBMCs, on the other hand, 98% of monocytes preferentially bound to ODN 2216 FITC, indicating that they competed with the lymphocytes. We confirmed intracellular localization of ODN 2216 FITC as well as intracellular expression of TLR9 in Thelper cells. Furthermore, ODN 2216 FITC was also co-localized with the lysosomal membrane associated protein 1. The uptake of TLR9 ligand culminated in cellular proliferation, up-regulation of cytokines and increased mRNA expression of TLR9 and IRF7 in T helper cells, in the absence of antigen presenting cells. ODN 2216 uptake was inhibited by promethazine as well as by TLR9 antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Our results show a direct engagement of TLR9 ligand in T helper cells and suggest involvement of TLR9 signalling in CD4+T cells, which may envisage novel targets for TLR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Sharma
- a Advanced Eye Center , Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Shobha Sehgal
- b Department of Immunopathology , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Naresh Sachdeva
- c Department of Endocrinology , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali , Punjab , India
| | - Amod Gupta
- a Advanced Eye Center , Post graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India
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Weaver LK, Niansheng C, Behrens EM. Brief Report: Interferon-γ-Mediated Immunopathology Potentiated by Toll-Like Receptor 9 Activation in a Murine Model of Macrophage Activation Syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:161-168. [PMID: 30073799 PMCID: PMC6310087 DOI: 10.1002/art.40683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening cytokine storm syndrome that occurs in patients with underlying rheumatic diseases. Preclinical and clinical data suggest that interferon-γ (IFNγ) is pathogenic in MAS, but how IFNγ may be linked to disease pathogenesis remains unknown. This study was undertaken to determine whether IFNγ signals synergize with systemic innate immune responses to drive the cytokine storm in a murine model of MAS. METHODS IFNγ-deficient mice were treated with 5 doses of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) agonist CpG 1826, IFNγ, or a combination of the 2 stimuli over the course of 10 days. Immunopathologic features of MAS, including cytopenias, hepatitis, hepatosplenomegaly, and induction of inflammatory myelopoiesis, were assessed. Mixed bone marrow chimeras were created to determine whether TLR-9- and IFNγ receptor 1 (IFNγR1)-dependent signals induce enhanced myelopoiesis in a cell-intrinsic or cell-extrinsic manner. RESULTS IFNγ-deficient mice did not develop features of MAS when treated with repeated doses of either the TLR-9 agonist or IFNγ alone. In contrast, IFNγ-deficient mice treated with both the TLR-9 agonist and IFNγ developed cytopenias, hepatitis, and hepatosplenomegaly, reproducing major clinical features of MAS. TLR-9- and IFNγR1-dependent signals synergized to enhance myeloid progenitor cell function and induce myelopoiesis in vivo, which occurred through cell-extrinsic mechanisms and correlated with the induction of disease. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that TLR-9-driven signals potentiate the effects of IFNγ to initiate murine MAS, and provide evidence that induction of inflammatory myelopoiesis is a common TLR-9- and IFNγ-dependent pathway that may contribute to the pathogenesis of MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehn K. Weaver
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Chu Niansheng
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Edward M. Behrens
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Kell SA, Kachura MA, Renn A, Traquina P, Coffman RL, Campbell JD. Preclinical development of the TLR9 agonist DV281 as an inhaled aerosolized immunotherapeutic for lung cancer: Pharmacological profile in mice, non-human primates, and human primary cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 66:296-308. [PMID: 30502651 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CpG-motif-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) activate innate immunity through Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 9 signaling and generate local immune responses when delivered directly to the lung. Herein we describe pharmacological studies in mice, cynomolgus monkeys, and in human primary cells which support the development of DV281, a C-class CpG-ODN, as an inhaled aerosolized immunotherapeutic for lung cancer to be combined with an inhibitor of the anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‑1) immune checkpoint. In vitro, DV281 potently induced Interferon (IFN)‑α from monkey and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), stimulated interleukin‑6 production and proliferation in human B cells, and induced TLR9-dependent cytokine responses from mouse splenocytes. Intranasal delivery of DV281 to mice led to substantial but transient cytokine and chemokine responses in the lung. Lung responses to repeated intranasal DV281 were partially to fully reversible 2 weeks after the final dose and were absent in TLR9-deficient mice. Single escalating doses of aerosolized DV281 in monkeys induced dose-dependent induction of IFN-regulated genes in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and blood. In a repeat-dose safety study in monkeys, inhaled DV281 was well-tolerated, and findings were mechanism of action-related and non-adverse. Co-culture of human PBMC with DV281 and anti-PD‑1 antibody did not augment cytokine or cellular proliferation responses compared to DV281 alone, indicating that the combination did not lead to dysregulated cytokine responses. These studies support clinical development of inhaled aerosolized DV281 as a combination therapy with anti-PD‑1 antibody for lung cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex Renn
- Dynavax Technologies, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Hayashi T, Momota M, Kuroda E, Kusakabe T, Kobari S, Makisaka K, Ohno Y, Suzuki Y, Nakagawa F, Lee MSJ, Coban C, Onodera R, Higashi T, Motoyama K, Ishii KJ, Arima H. DAMP-Inducing Adjuvant and PAMP Adjuvants Parallelly Enhance Protective Type-2 and Type-1 Immune Responses to Influenza Split Vaccination. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2619. [PMID: 30515151 PMCID: PMC6255964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, it was reported that 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD), a common pharmaceutical additive, can act as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance protective type-2 immunogenicity to co-administered seasonal influenza split vaccine by inducing host-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). However, like most other DAMP-inducing adjuvants such as aluminum hydroxide (Alum), HP-β-CyD may not be sufficient for the induction of protective type-1 (cellular) immune responses, thereby leaving room for improvement. Here, we demonstrate that a combination of HP-β-CyD with a humanized TLR9 agonist, K3 CpG-ODN, a potent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), enhanced the protective efficacy of the co-administered influenza split vaccine by inducing antigen-specific type-2 and type-1 immune responses, respectively. Moreover, substantial antigen-specific IgE induction by HP-β-CyD, which can cause an allergic response to immunized antigen was completely suppressed by the addition of K3 CpG-ODN. Furthermore, HP-β-CyD- and K3 CpG-ODN-adjuvanted influenza split vaccination protected the mice against lethal challenge with high doses of heterologous influenza virus, which could not be protected against by single adjuvant vaccines. Further experiments using gene deficient mice revealed the unique immunological mechanism of action in vivo, where type-2 and type-1 immune responses enhanced by the combined adjuvants were dependent on TBK1 and TLR9, respectively, indicating their parallel signaling pathways. Finally, the analysis of immune responses in the draining lymph node suggested that HP-β-CyD promotes the uptake of K3 CpG-ODN by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells, which may contributes to the activation of these cells and enhanced production of IgG2c. Taken together, the results above may offer potential clinical applications for the combination of DAMP-inducing adjuvant and PAMP adjuvant to improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy by enhancing both type-2 and type-1 immune responses in a parallel manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Hayashi
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Momota
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takato Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Kobari
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Makisaka
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ohno
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented Program”, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fumika Nakagawa
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Michelle S. J. Lee
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Risako Onodera
- Building Regional Innovation Ecosystems, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ken J. Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Program for Leading Graduate Schools “Health Life Science: Interdisciplinary and Global Oriented Program”, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Atreya R, Reinisch W, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Scaldaferri F, Admyre C, Knittel T, Kowalski J, Neurath MF, Hawkey C. Clinical efficacy of the Toll-like receptor 9 agonist cobitolimod using patient-reported-outcomes defined clinical endpoints in patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50:1019-1029. [PMID: 30120066 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Toll-like-receptor 9 (TLR-9) agonist cobitolimod (DIMS0150, Kappaproct®) is a promising therapeutic option for ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. AIMS The objectives of this post-hoc analysis using the COLLECT study data was to investigate the clinical effects of cobitolimod using patient-reported-outcomes (PRO) defined endpoints. METHODS Dual topical administration of cobitolimod was studied in a randomised, multicentre clinical trial named COLLECT in moderate-to-severe UC patients. Symptomatic remission (SR) was studied in 104 patients based on their e-diary records and was defined as absence of blood in stool and a mean daily stool frequency (SF) < 4. RESULTS SR was achieved at week 4 in 17.1% of cobitolimod vs. 5.9% of placebo treated patients (p = 0.13), at week 8 in 35.7% vs. 17.6% (p = 0.07), and at week 12 in 38.6% vs. 17.6% (p = 0.04) of the patients, respectively. SR rates with cobitolimod and placebo in anti-TNFα experienced patients were smaller but with a broadly similar relative effect-size to anti-TNFα naïve patients. Clinical efficacy was higher in patients with moderate compared to severe disease. CONCLUSIONS Application of the Toll-like-receptor 9 (TLR-9) agonist cobitolimod is able to induce remission as assessed by PRO measures in UC patients with moderate-to-severe activity as well as in anti-TNFα experienced and naïve patients supporting the overall efficacy of the substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Atreya
- University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Medicine 1, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter Reinisch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Inserm U954 and Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Nancy, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Franco Scaldaferri
- Catholic University of Rome, Internal Medicine Department/Gastroenterology Division, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher Hawkey
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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Laustsen A, Bak RO, Krapp C, Kjær L, Egedahl JH, Petersen CC, Pillai S, Tang HQ, Uldbjerg N, Porteus M, Roan NR, Nyegaard M, Denton PW, Jakobsen MR. Interferon priming is essential for human CD34+ cell-derived plasmacytoid dendritic cell maturation and function. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3525. [PMID: 30166549 PMCID: PMC6117296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05816-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are essential for immune competence. Here we show that pDC precursor differentiated from human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) has low surface expression of pDC markers, and has limited induction of type I interferon (IFN) and IL-6 upon TLR7 and TLR9 agonists treatment; by contrast, cGAS or RIG-I agonists-mediated activation is not altered. Importantly, after priming with type I and II IFN, these precursor pDCs attain a phenotype and functional activity similar to that of peripheral blood-derived pDCs. Data from CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing of HSPCs further show that HSPC-pDCs with genetic modifications can be obtained, and that expression of the IFN-α receptor is essential for the optimal function, but dispensable for the differentiation, of HSPC-pDC percursor. Our results thus demonstrate the biological effects of IFNs for regulating pDC function, and provide the means of generating of gene-modified human pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laustsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - R O Bak
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - C Krapp
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - L Kjær
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J H Egedahl
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - C C Petersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - S Pillai
- University of California, San Francisco, Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, 94118-4417, CA, USA
| | - H Q Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - N Uldbjerg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - M Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - N R Roan
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - M Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - P W Denton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | - M R Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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