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Mooradian MJ, Sullivan RJ. Immunotherapy in Melanoma: Recent Advancements and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4176. [PMID: 37627204 PMCID: PMC10452647 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibition has fundamentally altered the treatment paradigm of resectable and unresectable melanoma, resulting in dramatic improvements in patient outcomes. With these advances, the five-year overall survival in patients with newly diagnosed unresectable disease has eclipsed 50%. Ongoing research is focused on improving outcomes further, with a considerable emphasis on preventing de novo and acquired resistance and personalizing therapeutic options. Here, we review the ongoing advancements in the treatment of malignant melanoma, focusing on novel combination strategies that aim to build upon the successes of the last decade.
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Alaqla A, Hu Y, Huang S, Ruiz S, Kawai T, Han X. TLR9 Signaling Is Required for the Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Activation of IL-10-Expressing B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6693. [PMID: 37047666 PMCID: PMC10094902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cell pattern-recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in the regulation of host responses to periodontal pathogens. Our previous studies have demonstrated that immune regulatory B cells were activated by TLRs and alleviated periodontitis inflammation and bone loss. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of TLR9 signaling in the activation and IL-10 production of the primed-immune B cells in vitro. Wild-type (WT) and TLR9 knockout (TLR9KO) mice (C57BL/6 background, n = 5) were pre-immunized intraperitoneally with 1 × 108 formalin-fixed P. gingivalis and boosted once with 1 × 107 formalin-fixed P. gingivalis. Isolated splenocytes and purified B cells from each mouse were cultured with 1 × 108 formalin-fixed P. gingivalis for 48 h. Immunocytochemistry was performed to detect CD45+ IL-10+ cells. Levels of IL-10 expression and secretion in splenocytes and B cells were detected using qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. After stimulation with fixed P. gingivalis, the percentage of CD45+ IL-10+ B cells and the level of IL-10 expression were significantly increased (p < 0.01) in splenocytes and purified B cells isolated from WT mice. However, these changes were not observed in splenocytes and purified B cells from TLR9KO mice when the cells were treated with fixed P. gingivalis. The percentage of CD45+ IL-10+ B cells was significantly reduced in splenocytes and purified B cells from TLR9KO mice compared to those from WT mice when challenged with P. gingivalis. IL-10 expression in B cells from TLR9KO mice was significantly decreased compared to those from WT mice at both the mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, P. gingivalis-induced up-regulation of TNF-α mRNA expressions were consistently observed in B cells from both WT and TLR9KO mice. P. gingivalis-induced B10 activation and IL-10 production during adaptive responses by primed B cells requires TLR9 signaling and can be achieved independent of T-cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alaqla
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shengyuan Huang
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Sunniva Ruiz
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Ave., Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
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Knight A, Karapetyan L, Kirkwood JM. Immunotherapy in Melanoma: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15. [PMID: 36831449 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of advanced and high-risk melanoma has led to a striking improvement in outcomes. Although the incidence of melanoma has continued to rise, median survival has improved from approximately 6 months to nearly 6 years for patients with advanced inoperable stage IV disease. Recent understanding of the tumor microenvironment and its interplay with the immune system has led to the explosive development of novel immunotherapy treatments. Since the approval of the therapeutic cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2 in the 1990s, the development of novel immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), oncolytic virus therapy, and modulators of the tumor microenvironment have given way to a new era in melanoma treatment. Monoclonal antibodies directed at programmed cell death protein 1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligand (PDL-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) have provided robust activation of the adaptive immune system, restoring immune surveillance leading to host tumor recognition and destruction. Multiple other immunomodulatory therapeutics are under investigation to overcome resistance to ICI therapy, including the toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) and 7/8 (TLR-7/8) agonists, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists, and fecal microbiota transplantation. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of melanoma and provide an update on novel therapies currently under investigation.
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Jha A, Nath N, Kumari A, Kumari N, Panda AK, Mishra R. Polymorphisms and haplotypes of TLR-4/9 associated with bacterial infection, gingival inflammation/recession and oral cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 241:154284. [PMID: 36563560 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression and SNPs of innate immunity genes TLR-4/9 for bacterial infection, gingival inflammation/gingival recession (GIGR), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are largely unknown. PATIENTS AND METHOD 235 specimens (120 OSCC cases, among which 85 cases with either Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum or Treponema denticola infection and GIGR) and 115 healthy controls were used to know the expression and polymorphisms (TLR-4: N1:rs10759931, N2:rs11536889, N3:rs1927911, N4:rs4986790; TLR-9: N5:rs5743836, N6:rs352140, N7:rs187084 and N8:rs352139) of TLR-4/9 by western blot, RT-PCR, and allele-specific (AS)-PCR followed by sequencing. RESULTS Increased TLR-4/9 mRNA/protein expression, bacterial infection (BI) and GIGR were associated with OSCC incidence. One of the three BI and GIGR was observed in 70.83% of OSCC cases, whereas all the HC used were free from any of these three BI/GIGR. The N3: CT-genotype (Odds Ratio hereafter as O.R.=1.811, p = 0.0338), TT-genotype (O.R.=3.094, p = 0.0124), 'T'-allele (O.R.=1.821, p = 0.003), N4: AG-genotype (O.R.=2.015, p = 0.0222) and 'G'-allele (O.R.=1.86, p = 0.018) of TLR-4 as well as the N5: CC-genotype (O.R.=3.939, p = 0.0017), 'C'-allele (O.R.=1.839, p = 0.0042), N6: AA-genotype (O.R.=2.195, p = 0.0234), 'A'-allele (O.R.=1.569, p = 0.0163), N7: TC-genotype (O.R.=2.083, p = 0.0136), CC-genotype (O.R.=2.984, p = 0.003) and 'C'-allele (O.R.=1.885, p = 0.0008) of TLR-9 were associated with increased OSCC risk. Similarly, the N2:'C'-allele (O.R.=1.615, p = 0.0382), N3: TT-genotype (O.R.=2.829, p = 0.0336), 'T'-allele (O.R.=1.742, p = 0.0115), N4: AG-genotype (O.R.=2.221, p = 0.0147) and 'G'-allele (O.R.=1.890, p = 0.0238) of TLR-4 as well as the N5: CC-genotype (O.R.=2.830, p = 0.031), N6: AA-genotype (O.R.=2.6, p = 0.0122) and 'A'-allele (O.R.=1.746, p = 0.0064), N7:CC-genotype (O.R.2.706, p = 0.0111) and 'C'-allele (O.R. 1.774, p = 0.0055) of TLR-9 were correlated with GIGR and BI. TLR-4 (N1-N2-N3-N4: A-C-T-A (O.R.=2.1, p = 0.0069) and TLR-9 (N5-N6-N7-N8: T-A-C-A (O.R.=2.019, p = 0.0263); C-A-C-A (O.R.=6.0, p = 0.0084); C-A-C-G (O.R.=4.957, p = 0.0452) haplotypes were linked with OSCC vulnerability, while the TLR-4 (N1-N2-N3-N4: G-C-C-A (O.R.=0.5752, p = 0.0131) and TLR-9 (N5-N6-N7-N8: T-G-T-A (O.R.=0.5438, p = 0.0314); T-G-T-G (O.R.=0.5241, p = 0.036) haplotypes offered protection. CONCLUSION TLR-4/9 expression, polymorphisms, and BI-induced GIGR could increase OSCC risk. This may be used in pathogenesis and oral cancer prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Jha
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Nidhi Nath
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Anjali Kumari
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Nidhi Kumari
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Aditya K Panda
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur 760007, Odisha, India.
| | - Rajakishore Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Brambe, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India.
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Madanchi H, Danaei N, Safarieh E, Mousavi Maleki MS, Rostamian M, Taheri R, Mirmohammadkhani M. Expression of cathelicidin, ERK, MyD88, and TLR-9 in the blood of women in the pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, and their infant cord blood. Hum Immunol 2022:S0198-8859(22)00169-0. [PMID: 36058765 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, the immune responses are modulated to protect mothers and infants from different pathogens. Cathelicidin as an antimicrobial peptide has a defending role against many pathogens. In this study, to better understand the role of cathelicidin peptide and three of its related proteins in immune pathways (ERK, MyD88, and TLR-9) in the immune system during pregnancy, we examined their expression in the blood of non-pregnant and pregnant mothers and their infant's cord blood. Blood samples were taken, and their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained. The expression level of cathelicidin was determined by quantitative PCR. Also, the expression of cathelicidin, ERK, MyD88, and TLR-9 was assessed by Western blotting. Higher level of cathelicidin mRNA was detected in the cord blood samples compared to other samples. The Western blotting results showed higher levels of cathelicidin, ERK, MyD88, and TLR-9 in the cord blood samples than in the blood of both pregnant and non-pregnant samples. Also, the level of all molecules was higher in pregnant than non-pregnant women. These high levels of the mentioned molecules are necessary to protect the mother and fetus against various pathogens, although understanding their mechanism of action needs more studies.
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Görander S, Honda-Okubo Y, Bäckström M, Baldwin J, Bergström T, Petrovsky N, Liljeqvist JÅ. A truncated glycoprotein G vaccine formulated with Advax-CpG adjuvant provides protection of mice against genital herpes simplex virus 2 infection. Vaccine 2021; 39:5866-5875. [PMID: 34456075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common sexually transmitted disease that affects approximately 500 million individuals globally. There is currently no approved vaccine to prevent HSV-2 infection. EXCT4 is a truncated form of the mature glycoprotein G-2 (mgG-2) that unlike full mature form is secreted by expressing cells enabling it to be rapidly scaled up for production. The current study examined whether EXCT4 immunity in mice could be further enhanced through use of adjuvants. EXCT4 formulated with Advax-CpG adjuvant induced a strong Th1-type immune response characterized by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and protected animals against a lethal genital challenge with HSV-2. This response was associated with reduced viral load in vaginal washes, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia. Together the results provide proof of concept that EXCT4 formulated with Advax-CpG adjuvant is a promising HSV-2 vaccine candidate warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Görander
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide 5046, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Malin Bäckström
- Mammalian Protein Expression Core Facility, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Baldwin
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide 5046, Australia
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Adelaide 5046, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia.
| | - Jan-Åke Liljeqvist
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Zheng H, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhang R, Luo Z, Yang Z, Ye Y, He J, Sun Q. Depletion of Toll-Like Receptor-9 Attenuates Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis After Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641527. [PMID: 33644078 PMCID: PMC7907438 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) is a potent proinflammatory receptor that mediates renal injury. However, the reported effects of TLR-9 are contradictory. Here, using a traditional mouse AKI→CKD transition model, the roles of TLR-9 during the transition from acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD) were further explored. Using a TLR-9–/– mouse, the effects and mechanisms of TLR-9 were investigated. Loss of TLR-9 elicited no obvious effects as regards renal function or histology during AKI in the early phases (24–48 h), while TLR-9 KO attenuated renal fibrosis (as shown using fibronectin and collagen III) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) [E-cadherin (E-Cad) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)] on the long-term after AKI through the inhibition of macrophages infiltration, especially M2 macrophages. The roles of TLR-9 on macrophages were also explored using Raw264.7 macrophage cell line, and results indicated that the inhibition of TLR-9 on Raw 264.7 macrophages decreased the induction of M2 type macrophage in a dose-dependent manner. The roles of TLR-9 on renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells were also explored. Conversely, TLR-9 depletion did not contribute to the improvement of fibrosis and EMT in vitro. Therefore, TLR-9 plays a critical role in the AKI→CKD transition. Attenuation of CKD post-AKI in the TLR-9 KO group mainly relies on the effects of TLR-9 on macrophages. These results also suggest that TLR-9 could be a therapeutic target for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Zheng
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihuan Luo
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongrong Ye
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiannan He
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiquan Sun
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhou J, Deng GM. The role of bacterial DNA containing CpG motifs in diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:991-998. [PMID: 33527516 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1220-748rrrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial DNA containing unmethylated CpG motifs can activate immune cells to release proinflammatory cytokines. Here, the role of bacterial DNA containing CpG motifs in diseases with a focus on arthritis is discussed. Our studies demonstrate that the intraarticular injection of bacterial DNA and oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) induced arthritis. The induction of arthritis involves the role of macrophages over other cells such as neutrophils, NK cells, and lymphocytes. TNF-α and TNFRI play an important role in the development of arthritis. NF-κB also plays a critical regulatory role in arthritis. Systemic anti-inflammatory treatment, along with antibiotic therapy, has beneficial effects on the course and the outcome of bacterial arthritis. Thus, future treatment strategies for bacterial arthritis should include attempts to minimizing bacterial growth while blocking the proinflammatory effects of the bacterial DNA. Significant therapeutic efficiency has also been shown by CpG ODN-mediated Th1 immune activation in mouse models of cancer, infectious disease, and allergy/asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Min Deng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Rasmussen NS, Nielsen CT, Nielsen CH, Jacobsen S. Microvesicles in active lupus nephritis show Toll-like receptor 9-dependent co-expression of galectin-3 binding protein and double-stranded DNA. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:64-77. [PMID: 33354779 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microvesicles (MVs) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) express the type 1 interferon (IFN)-inducible protein galectin-3 binding protein (G3BP), which may enhance their deposition in the glomerular basement membrane. The release of G3BP-expressing MVs from normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is induced by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) ligands, and these vesicles contain autoantibody-accessible double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). This study compares the release of MVs expressing G3BP and dsDNA from PBMCs derived from SLE patients with or without active lupus nephritis (LN) and from healthy donors, and taps further into the potential dependency on IFN-α for their generation and impacts of TLR-7/TLR-9 co-stimulation. PBMCs from 10 healthy donors and 12 SLE patients, six of whom had active LN at study inclusion, were stimulated in-vitro with recombinant human IFN-α and the TLR-9 agonists oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)2216 or ODN2395 alone or in combination with the TLR-7 agonist gardiquimod. MVs in the supernatants were subsequently isolated by differential centrifugation and their expression of G3BP and dsDNA was quantified by flow cytometry. Stimulation with ODN2395 significantly increased the release of MVs co-expressing G3BP and dsDNA from PBMCs isolated from healthy donors and SLE patients. The expression of G3BP on individual MVs and the proportion of G3BP and dsDNA double-positive MVs released were increased in active LN patients. Neither co-stimulation with gardiquimod nor with the IFN-α inhibitor IN-1 had any effect on the MV release induced by ODN2395. In conclusion, the TLR-9-mediated inducibility of MVs co-expressing G3BP and dsDNA is increased in SLE patients with active LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Rasmussen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C T Nielsen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Jacobsen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abdelwahab SF, Hamdy S, Osman AM, Zakaria ZA, Galal I, Sobhy M, Hashem M, Allam WR, Abdel‐Samiee M, Rewisha E, Waked I. Association of the polymorphism of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and TLR-9 genes with hepatitis C virus-specific cell-mediated immunity outcomes among Egyptian health-care workers. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 203:3-12. [PMID: 32939755 PMCID: PMC7744502 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in the immune response could explain resistance to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Toll-like receptor gene (TLR)-3 is an innate detector of dsRNA viruses, and the TLR-9 gene recognizes bacterial and viral unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) motifs. We previously reported that the TLR-3.rs3775290 CC genotype was associated with HCV chronicity and that the TLR-9 gene played no major role in this infection. This study identified the role of TLR-3.rs3775290 (c.1377C/T), TLR-9.rs5743836 (-1237T→C) and TLR-9.rs352140 (G2848A) gene polymorphisms in predicting the outcome of HCV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) among Egyptian health-care workers (HCWs). We enrolled 265 HCWs in this study and divided them into four groups. Group 1: 140 seronegative-aviraemic HCWs; group 2: 20 seronegative-viraemic HCWs; group 3: 35 subjects with spontaneously resolved HCV infection; and group 4: 70 chronic HCV HCWs (patients). All subjects were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis for the TLR-3.rs3775290, TLR-9.rs5743836 and TLR-9.rs352140 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We also quantified HCV-specific CMI in the four groups using an interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay in response to nine HCV genotype 4a, overlapping 15mer peptide pools covering the whole viral genome. No statistically significant difference was found between CMI-responding subjects with different HCV states and TLR-3.rs3775290 or TLR-9.rs352140 genotypes. However, there was a significant relationship between the outcome of the HCV-specific CMI and the TLR-9.rs5743836 genotype among the responding subjects (P = 0·005) and the chronic HCV patients (P = 0·044). In conclusion, TLR-9.rs5743836 SNP, but not TLR-3.rs3775290 or TLR-9.rs352140 genotypes, could predict the outcome of HCV-specific CMI responses among Egyptians infected with genotype-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. Abdelwahab
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Division of MicrobiologyDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Industrial PharmacyTaif College of PharmacyAl‐Haweiah, TaifSaudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineMinia UniversityMiniaEgypt
| | - S. Hamdy
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - A. M. Osman
- Department of ZoologyFaculty of ScienceCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - Z. A. Zakaria
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Biomedical Research LaboratoryFaculty of PharmacyHeliopolis University for Sustainable DevelopmentCairoEgypt
| | - I. Galal
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
| | - M. Sobhy
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
| | - M. Hashem
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - W. R. Allam
- The Egyptian Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)GizaEgypt
- Centre for GenomicsUniversity of Science and TechnologyZewail City of Science and TechnologyGizaEgypt
| | - M. Abdel‐Samiee
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyNational Liver InstituteMenoufia UniversityMenoufiaEgypt
| | - E. Rewisha
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyNational Liver InstituteMenoufia UniversityMenoufiaEgypt
| | - I. Waked
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyNational Liver InstituteMenoufia UniversityMenoufiaEgypt
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11
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Kogan EA, Berezovsky YS, Kukleva AD, Kurilina EV, Semenova LA, Blagova OV, Zharkov NV. [Lymphocytic myocarditis in patients with COVID-19 (4 autopsy cases)]. Arkh Patol 2020; 82:57-62. [PMID: 33054033 DOI: 10.17116/patol20208205157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes 4 autopsy cases of myocarditis in elderly patients with confirmed coronavirus infection. It gives the data of a morphological study of heart specimens and a detailed characterization of a myocardial infiltrate. An immunohistochemical study with cellular infiltrate typing was performed. The fact that lymphocytic viral myocarditis can develop in COVID-19 was morphologically and immunohistochemically confirmed. The features of myocarditis in COVID-19 are the development of the former in the presence of coronaritis and the possibility of its concurrence with lymphocytic endo- and pericarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kogan
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A D Kukleva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Kurilina
- Myasnikov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Semenova
- Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Blagova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Zharkov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Zhang L, Li X. Toll-like receptor-9 ( TLR-9) deficiency alleviates optic nerve injury (ONI) by inhibiting inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112159. [PMID: 32652081 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic optic neuropathy is a common clinical problem. Damage to the optic nerve leads to shear stress and triggers secondary swelling within the optic canal. The study aims to explore the role of the inflammatory response following optic nerve injury (ONI) in toll-like receptor-9 knockout mice (TLR-9-/-) compared to wild-type mice (WT). At first, TLR-9-/- and WT mice were subjected to ONI. We then found that ONI significantly up-regulated TLR-9 expression levels in retinal tissues of WT mice. The retinal degeneration after ONI was alleviated in TLR-9-/- mice, as evidenced by the increased number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and thickness of inner retinal layer (IRL). TUNEL staining and immunofluorescence staining of BRN3A indicated that TLR-9 knockout effectively improved the survival of RGCs. ONI-enhanced expression of Iba-1 and TMEM119 was markedly reduced in TLR-9-/- mice, indicating the suppression of microglial activation. Moreover, production of pro-inflammatory regulators, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), macrophage chemo-attractant protein (MCP)-1, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), was significantly decreased in TLR-9-/- mice following ONI. TLR-9 knockout-attenuated inflammation was mainly through repressing myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4). Furthermore, ONI greatly up-regulated the protein expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-IKKα, p-IκBα and p-nuclear factor (NF)-κB, whereas being repressed in TLR-9-/- mice. The effects of TLR-9 on ONI were verified in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated retinal microglial cells transfected with small interfering RNA TLR-9 (siTLR-9). As expected, promoting TLR-9 with its agonist markedly restored inflammation in TLR-9 knockdown cells stimulated by LPS. Therefore, all findings above suggested that suppressing TLR-9 showed neuroprotective effects against ONI through reducing inflammatory response, and TILR-9 might be a promising therapeutic target to develop effective strategies for the treatment of optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an Fourth Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Xueying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China.
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13
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its advanced complication, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), have become leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. In this review, we discuss the role of metabolic, gut microbial, immune and endocrine mediators which promote the progression of NAFLD to HCC. In particular, this progression involves multiple hits resulting from lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, inhibition of hepatic autophagy and inflammation. Furthermore, dysbiosis in the gut associated with obesity also promotes HCC via induction of proinflammatory cytokines and Toll like receptor signalling as well as altered bile metabolism. Additionally, compromised T-cell function and impaired hepatic hormonal action promote the development of NASH-associated HCC. Lastly, we discuss the current challenges involved in the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD/NASH-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Raza
- Department of Bioscience, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Sangam Rajak
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Baby Anjum
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Rohit A Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
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14
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Kalantari E, Abolhasani M, Roudi R, Farajollahi MM, Farhad S, Madjd Z, Askarian-Amiri S, Mohsenzadegan M. Co-expression of TLR-9 and MMP-13 is associated with the degree of tumour differentiation in prostate cancer. Int J Exp Pathol 2019; 100:123-132. [PMID: 31090157 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro experiments demonstrated that stimulation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) by synthetic TLR-9 ligands induces the invasion of TLR-9-expressing prostate cancer cells through matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13). However, the clinical value of TLR-9 and MMP-13 co-expression in the pathophysiology of the prostate is unknown. In the study, we evaluated the expression levels and clinical significance of the TLR-9 and MMP-13 in a series of prostate tissues. One hundred and eighty prostate tissues including prostate cancer (PCa) (n = 137), high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HPIN) (n = 18) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (n = 25) were immunostained for the TLR-9 and MMP-13 markers. Subsequently, the correlation between the TLR-9 and MMP-13 staining scores and clinicopathological parameters was obtained. Higher expressions of TLR-9 and MMP-13 were found in PCa and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues. Among PCa samples, a positive relationship was revealed between the MMP-13 expression and Gleason score (P < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between TLR-9 expression and regional lymph node involvement (P = 0.04). The expression patterns of TLR-9 and MMP-13 markers demonstrated a reciprocal significant correlation between the two markers in the same series of prostate samples (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the Gleason score of TLR-9high /MMP-13high and TLR-9low /MMP-13low phenotypes showed a significant difference (P = 0.002). Higher expressions of TLR-9 and MMP-13 can confer aggressive behaviour to PCa. Therefore, these markers may be used as a valuable target for tailored therapy of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Kalantari
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abolhasani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pathology, Hasheminejad Urology-Nephrology Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Roudi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seif Farhad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Askarian-Amiri
- Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Mohsenzadegan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Ruiz A, Guzmán-Beltrán S, Carreto-Binaghi LE, Gonzalez Y, Juárez E. DNA from virulent M. tuberculosis induces TNF-α production and autophagy in M1 polarized macrophages. Microb Pathog 2019; 132:166-177. [PMID: 31054870 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The macrophage innate immune response is outlined through recognition of the components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. DNA of M. tuberculosis (MtbDNA) is recognized by macrophages, but the implications of this recognition are poorly characterized. Stimulation of murine macrophages with MtbDNA induces autophagy, a process that promotes elimination of intracellular pathogens. However, it remains unknown whether this or other phenomena also occur in human cells. In this work, we studied the innate response profiles of human macrophages after stimulation with DNA from virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Human monocyte-derived macrophages were polarized into M1 and M2 phenotypes and stimulated with MtbDNA. The plasma membrane markers of the phenotype, production of TNF-α, and induction of autophagy were evaluated. Our results indicate that MtbDNA induced phenotypical changes, the significant production of TNF-α, and autophagy confirmed by the augmented expression of immunity related GTPase M (IRGM) and autophagy related ATG16L1 genes in M1 macrophages, whereas M2 macrophages exhibited limited responses. In addition, MtbDNA activation was TLR-9-dependent. Although TLR-9 expression was similar between M1 and M2 macrophages, only M1 macrophages were fully responsive to MtbDNA. In conclusion, MtbDNA recognition enhanced the antimicrobial mechanisms of M1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Ruiz
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, CDMX, 14080, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Silvia Guzmán-Beltrán
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, CDMX, 14080, Mexico
| | - Laura E Carreto-Binaghi
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, CDMX, 14080, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Gonzalez
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, CDMX, 14080, Mexico
| | - Esmeralda Juárez
- Departamento de Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, CDMX, 14080, Mexico.
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16
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Atreya R, Reinisch W, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Scaldaferri F, Admyre C, Knittel T, Kowalski J, Neurath MF, Hawkey C. Clinical efficacy of the Toll-like receptor 9 agonist cobitolimod using patient-reported-outcomes defined clinical endpoints in patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50:1019-1029. [PMID: 30120066 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Toll-like-receptor 9 (TLR-9) agonist cobitolimod (DIMS0150, Kappaproct®) is a promising therapeutic option for ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. AIMS The objectives of this post-hoc analysis using the COLLECT study data was to investigate the clinical effects of cobitolimod using patient-reported-outcomes (PRO) defined endpoints. METHODS Dual topical administration of cobitolimod was studied in a randomised, multicentre clinical trial named COLLECT in moderate-to-severe UC patients. Symptomatic remission (SR) was studied in 104 patients based on their e-diary records and was defined as absence of blood in stool and a mean daily stool frequency (SF) < 4. RESULTS SR was achieved at week 4 in 17.1% of cobitolimod vs. 5.9% of placebo treated patients (p = 0.13), at week 8 in 35.7% vs. 17.6% (p = 0.07), and at week 12 in 38.6% vs. 17.6% (p = 0.04) of the patients, respectively. SR rates with cobitolimod and placebo in anti-TNFα experienced patients were smaller but with a broadly similar relative effect-size to anti-TNFα naïve patients. Clinical efficacy was higher in patients with moderate compared to severe disease. CONCLUSIONS Application of the Toll-like-receptor 9 (TLR-9) agonist cobitolimod is able to induce remission as assessed by PRO measures in UC patients with moderate-to-severe activity as well as in anti-TNFα experienced and naïve patients supporting the overall efficacy of the substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Atreya
- University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Medicine 1, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter Reinisch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Inserm U954 and Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Nancy, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Franco Scaldaferri
- Catholic University of Rome, Internal Medicine Department/Gastroenterology Division, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher Hawkey
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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17
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Abstract
The promising results of clinical trials using immune checkpoint inhibitors revived interests in cancer immunotherapy. However, it also became apparent that efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade can benefit from combining it with immunostimulatory strategies. Here, we review prior and re-emerging approaches using Toll-like Receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), focused on the generation of antitumor immune responses in cancer patients. While numerous early clinical trials using TLR9 ligands in monotherapies provided evidence of CpG ODNs tolerability and safety, they failed to demonstrate sufficient antitumor efficacy. Recent studies unraveled multiple levels of negative regulation of immunostimulatory TLR9 signaling in immune cells by the tumor microenvironment that can stifle immune activity in cancer patients. Therefore, CpG ODNs-based strategies can greatly benefit from combination with strategies targeting immune checkpoint regulation. The most recent clinical trials of CpG ODNs together with immune checkpoint inhibitors have a chance to generate novel, more effective and safer cancer immunotherapies.
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18
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Abstract
The development of aluminum salts (alum) as vaccine adjuvants was an empirical process with little understanding of the mechanism of action and, with decades of use, it has become clear that there is a need for alternatives where alum-based adjuvants are suboptimal. Oligonucleotides containing unmethylated CpG sequences represent one alternative as they are potent stimulators of the vertebrate innate immune system through activation of Toll-like receptor-9. This chapter outlines the methods used by Dynavax Technologies to progress a CpG-containing oligonucleotide sequence termed 1018 through preclinical and clinical testing as an adjuvant for immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV). 1018 is a short (22-mer) oligonucleotide sequence containing CpG motifs active in both rodents and primates. Preclinical testing of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) + 1018 in comparison to HBsAg + alum demonstrated induction of substantially higher antibody titers and a favorable safety profile for 1018. Most importantly, clinical studies with HBsAg vaccination consistently demonstrate more rapid induction of protective antibody titers with 1018 compared to alum in all populations studied, including groups that are harder to immunize such as the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. These studies represent the basis for use of the CpG-motif-containing oligonucleotide 1018 as an improved adjuvant for HBsAg immunogenicity. HBsAg + 1018 (HEPLISAV-B™) is currently in late-stage clinical testing for prophylactic immunization against HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Campbell
- Dynavax Technologies Corporation, 2929 Seventh Street, Suite 100, Berkeley, CA, 94710, USA.
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19
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Martin P, Martínez-Velasquez J, Coronado MJ, Krsnik I, Provencio M, Navarro B, Moraru M, Bellas C, Vilches C, Gomez-Lozano N. Association of DDX58 177 C > T polymorphism with decreased risk of Epstein-Barr virus-related nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:438-444. [PMID: 27267403 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1190972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is frequently related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Its malignant capacity is attributed to disruption of an EBV-host balance influenced by environmental and genetic drivers. EBV structures activate Type I interferon (IFN) pathway of the innate immunity, therefore, genetic polymorphisms could influence this response. We explored the impact of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on EBV-associated cHL susceptibility. Toll-like receptors 9 (TLR9_rs5743836), and 3 (TLR3_rs3775291), Interleukin-28B (IL28B_rs12979860), and DEAD-box polypeptide 58 (DDX58_rs10813831) were genotyped in 73 EBV-positive and 106 EBV-negative cHL patients and 396 controls. Only DDX58_rs10813831 T-allele was decreased among EBV-positive cHL compared to controls. A stratified analysis in EBV-positive cHL showed that the reduced rate was associated with younger age and nodular sclerosis. In conclusion, DDX58_rs10813831 T-allele may be associated with a reduced risk of nodular sclerosis EBV-related cHL, which suggests a role for RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I), encoded by DDX58, in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Martin
- a Group of Molecular Pathology , Instituto de Investigación Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM) , Majadahonda , Spain
| | - Jimena Martínez-Velasquez
- b Group of Immunity and Lymphoproliferative Diseases , Instituto de Investigación Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM) , Majadahonda , Spain
| | - Maria Jose Coronado
- c Confocal Microscopy Unit , Instituto de Investigación Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM) , Majadahonda , Spain
| | - Isabel Krsnik
- d Department of Hematology , Instituto de Investigación Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM) , Majadahonda , Spain
| | - Mariano Provencio
- e Department of Oncology , Instituto de Investigación Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM) , Majadahonda , Spain
| | - Belen Navarro
- d Department of Hematology , Instituto de Investigación Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM) , Majadahonda , Spain
| | - Manuela Moraru
- f Group of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility , Instituto de Investigación Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM) , Majadahonda , Spain
| | - Carmen Bellas
- a Group of Molecular Pathology , Instituto de Investigación Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM) , Majadahonda , Spain
| | - Carlos Vilches
- f Group of Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility , Instituto de Investigación Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM) , Majadahonda , Spain
| | - Natalia Gomez-Lozano
- b Group of Immunity and Lymphoproliferative Diseases , Instituto de Investigación Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM) , Majadahonda , Spain
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20
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Jiang J, Wang M, Liang B, Shi Y, Su Q, Chen H, Huang J, Su J, Pan P, Li Y, Wang H, Chen R, Liu J, Zhao F, Ye L, Liang H. In vivo effects of methamphetamine on HIV-1 replication: A population-based study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 159:246-54. [PMID: 26790825 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a number of in vitro studies have shown that methamphetamine (METH) can increase HIV-1 replication in human immune cells, a direct link between METH use and HIV-1 pathogenesis remains to be determined among HIV-1 patients. METHODS According to the status of METH use and HIV-1 infection, we enrolled participants and divided them into four groups: METH+HIV+, METH-HIV+, METH+HIV-, and METH-HIV-. HIV viral loads and HIV-1-related cellular factors were measured and compared among different groups. RESULTS A total of 60 participants were enrolled into this study, 15 within each group. HIV viral loads in METH+HIV+ group were significantly higher than those in METH-HIV+ group, while CD4+ T cell counts had an inverse trend between the two groups (p<0.05). METH users or HIV-1 infected patients had lower CCR5+, CXCR4+ percentages in CD4+ T cells than METH-HIV- subjects (p<0.01). However, METH use had little effect on CD3 expression in PBMCs and the levels of MIP-1α, MIP-1β and IL-6 in PBMCs or plasma, which were increased by HIV-1 infection with or without METH. TLR-9 and IFN-α levels in PBMCs of METH users with or without HIV infection were higher than non-METH users (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS METH use is associated with higher viral loads and lower CD4+ T cell counts in HIV-infected individuals. This finding may be mediated by activation of innate immunity (TLR-9, IFN-α) by METH use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Minlian Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Yi Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Qijian Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinming Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Peijiang Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Fangning Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.
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21
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Ursu R, Taillibert S, Banissi C, Vicaut E, Bailon O, Le Rhun E, Guillamo JS, Psimaras D, Tibi A, Sacko A, Marantidou A, Belin C, Carpentier AF. Immunotherapy with CpG-ODN in neoplastic meningitis: A phase I trial. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1212-8. [PMID: 26094710 PMCID: PMC4582991 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR-9 agonists are immunostimulating agents that have antitumor effects in animal models. A phase I trial was conducted to define the safety profile of subcutaneous injections, combined with intrathecally administration of CpG-28, a TRL 9 agonist, in patients with neoplastic meningitis (NM). Cohorts of 3–6 patients with NM were treated for 5 weeks with escalating doses of CpG-28. The primary endpoint was tolerance. Secondary endpoints were progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Twenty-nine patients were treated with CpG-28. The primary cancers were malignant glioma, lung carcinoma, breast cancer, melanoma or melanocytoma, ependymoma, and colorectal cancer. The median age was 56 years and median Karnovsky Performance status (KPS) was 70%. The treatment was well tolerated. Adverse effects that were possibly or probably related to the studied drug were grade 2 lymphopenia, anemia and neutropenia, local erythema at injection sites, fever and seizure. There were five serious adverse events: two confusions, two infections of ventricular devices and one grade 4 thrombopenia and neutropenia. The median PFS was 7 weeks and median OS was 15 weeks. Interestingly, the median survival was slightly (but not significantly) higher in the eight patients who were concomitantly treated with bevacizumab (19 weeks vs 15 weeks; P = 0.11). CpG-28 was well tolerated at doses up to 0.3 mg/kg subcutaneously and 18 mg intrathecally. Additional trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Ursu
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Sophie Taillibert
- Department of Neurology Mazarin, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Claire Banissi
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Eric Vicaut
- Methodology and Statistical Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Bailon
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Emilie Le Rhun
- Breast Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Oscar Lambert Center, Lille, France
| | | | - Dimitri Psimaras
- Department of Neurology Mazarin, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Annick Tibi
- Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), Paris, France
| | - Adama Sacko
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France.,UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine de Bobigny - Université Paris 13, Paris, France
| | - Athina Marantidou
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France.,UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine de Bobigny - Université Paris 13, Paris, France
| | | | - Antoine F Carpentier
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France.,UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine de Bobigny - Université Paris 13, Paris, France
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22
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Luckey AM, Anderson T, Silverman MH, Webster G. Safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamics of a novel immunomodulator, MIS416, in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2015; 1:2055217315583385. [PMID: 28607691 PMCID: PMC5433401 DOI: 10.1177/2055217315583385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preclinical studies have demonstrated that MIS416, a bacterially derived immune modulator, targets myeloid cells following systemic delivery. MIS416 stimulated myeloid cells have the capacity to regulate innate inflammation, a potential therapeutic target for progressive multiple sclerosis. Objectives To determine the safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and maximum tolerated dose and/or recommended Phase 2 dose of MIS416. Methods An open-label, non-randomized, phase II, dose-escalation study, in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: dose-escalation phase, with MIS416 administered once weekly for four weeks to determine maximum tolerated dose; and dose-confirmation phase, administered once weekly for up to 12 weeks. Results The safety profile indicates the majority of adverse events were mild or moderate, tolerable, self-limiting and consistent with the known bioactivity of MIS416 (acute flu-like symptoms). Maximum tolerated dose was not reached. A dose of 500 µg/week was recommended for the Phase 2 dose. Conclusion MIS416 is well tolerated at a dose of 500 µg/week. The adverse event profile is consistent with the mechanism of action of MIS416, indicating bioactivity within the signal transduction pathways and supported by induction of a known MIS416 pharmacodynamic marker. It is recommended that safety and efficacy of MIS416 is investigated further in a larger randomized controlled trial. http://clinicaltrials.gov reference NCT01191996
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Anderson
- Primorus Clinical Trials Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Gill Webster
- Innate Immunotherapeutics Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
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23
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Karki K, Pande D, Negi R, Khanna S, Khanna RS, Khanna HD. Correlation of serum toll like receptor 9 and trace elements with lipid peroxidation in the patients of breast diseases. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 30:11-6. [PMID: 25744504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors are recognized as redox sensitive receptor proteins and have been implicated in cellular response to oxidative stress. Altered pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance leads to an increased oxidative damage and consequently play an important role in breast diseases. The study was designed to access the oxidative stress status by quantification of byproducts generated during lipid peroxidation and inadequate trace elements during oxidative damage and its effects on the toll like receptor (TLR) activity in patients of breast diseases. Decreased levels of selenium, copper, zinc, magnesium and iron with elevated levels of malondialdehyde (marker of lipid peroxidation) were accompanied by decreased TLR activity in patients of benign breast diseases as well as breast carcinoma. A similar pattern was observed with the advancement of disease and its subsequent progression in breast carcinoma patients. Results of multinomial regression analysis suggest benign breast disease patients are at higher risk of developing breast cancer with high odds ratio of lipid damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Karki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Deepti Pande
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Reena Negi
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Seema Khanna
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ranjana S Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Hari D Khanna
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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24
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Melisi D, Frizziero M, Tamburrino A, Zanotto M, Carbone C, Piro G, Tortora G. Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2014; 2:211-228. [PMID: 28548068 PMCID: PMC5344222 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has acquired increasing importance as a key player in cancer maintenance and growth. Thus, modulating anti-tumor immune mediators has become an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have gradually emerged as potential targets of newer immunotherapies. TLR-9 is preferentially expressed on endosome membranes of B-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and is known for its ability to stimulate specific immune reactions through the activation of inflammation-like innate responses. Several synthetic CpG oligonucleotides (ODNs) have been developed as TLR-9 agonists with the aim of enhancing cancer immune surveillance. In many preclinical models, CpG ODNs were found to suppress tumor growth and proliferation both in monotherapy and in addition to chemotherapies or target therapies. TLR-9 agonists have been also tested in several clinical trials in patients with solid tumors. These agents showed good tolerability and usually met activity endpoints in early phase trials. However, they have not yet been demonstrated to significantly impact survival, neither as single agent treatments, nor in combination with chemotherapies or cancer vaccines. Further investigations in larger prospective studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Melisi
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Melissa Frizziero
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Anna Tamburrino
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Marco Zanotto
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Carmine Carbone
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Geny Piro
- Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 10, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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25
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Rubsamen RM, Herst CV, Lloyd PM, Heckerman DE. Eliciting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses from synthetic vectors containing one or two epitopes in a C57BL/6 mouse model using peptide-containing biodegradable microspheres and adjuvants. Vaccine 2014; 32:4111-6. [PMID: 24912025 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe a vaccine delivery mechanism consisting of a synthetic, non-living vector of large d,l poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres that carry specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes. We demonstrate in mice that it can be used to elicit substantial interferon gamma ELISPOT responses to more than one specific epitope in the same individual. Our data suggest that a superior adjuvant configuration for the formulation is to place a TLR-9 agonist CpG inside the microsphere and a TLR-4 agonist MPLA in the injectate solution. This finding contrasts with the observations of others. Our approach provides a means to elicit immune responses efficiently to select epitopes, which may be important for an effective vaccine against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Rubsamen
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 1900 University Avenue, Suite 200, East Palo Alto, CA 94303, United States; Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - C V Herst
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 1900 University Avenue, Suite 200, East Palo Alto, CA 94303, United States
| | - P M Lloyd
- Flow Pharma, Inc., 1900 University Avenue, Suite 200, East Palo Alto, CA 94303, United States
| | - D E Heckerman
- Microsoft Research, 1100 Glendon Ave, PH1, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States
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26
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Bereswill S, Kühl AA, Alutis M, Fischer A, Möhle L, Struck D, Liesenfeld O, Göbel UB, Dunay IR, Heimesaat MM. The impact of Toll-like-receptor-9 on intestinal microbiota composition and extra-intestinal sequelae in experimental Toxoplasma gondii induced ileitis. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:19. [PMID: 24932221 PMCID: PMC4057803 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Following peroral Toxoplasma (T.) gondii infection, susceptible mice develop acute ileitis due to a microbiota-dependent Th1 type immunopathology. Toll-like-receptor (TLR)-9 is known to recognize bacterial DNA and mediates intestinal inflammation, but its impact on intestinal microbiota composition and extra-intestinal sequelae following T. gondii infection has not yet been elucidated. Methods and results Seven days following peroral infection (p.i.) with 100 cysts of T. gondii ME49 strain, TLR-9-/- and wildtype (WT) mice suffered from comparable ileitis, whereas ileal parasitic loads as well as IFN-γ and nitric oxide levels were higher in TLR-9-/- compared to WT mice. Locally, TLR-9-/- mice exhibited increased ileal CD3+, but not FOXP3+ cell numbers at day 7 p.i.; in mesenteric lymph nodes IFN-γ-producing CD4+ cell numbers and TNF-α and IFN-γ concentrations were also increased in TLR-9-/- compared to WT mice. T. gondii DNA levels, however, did not differ in mice of either genotype. Differences in intestinal microbiota were rather subtle except for bifidobacteria that were virtually absent in both, naïve and T. gondii infected TLR-9-/-, but not WT mice. Extra-intestinally, TLR-9-/- mice displayed less distinct systemic immune responses as indicated by lower serum IL-6, and splenic TNF-α and IFN-γ levels as compared to WT mice despite higher translocation rates of intestinal bacteria to extra-intestinal compartments such as liver, spleen, kidney, and cardiac blood. Most importantly, brains were also affected in this inflammatory scenario as early as day 7 p.i. Remarkably, TLR-9-/- mice exhibited more pronounced inflammatory infiltrates with higher numbers of F4/80+ macrophages and microglia in the cortex and meninges as compared to WT mice, whereas T. gondii DNA levels did not differ. Conclusion We here show that TLR-9 is not required for the development of T. gondii induced ileitis but mediates distinct inflammatory changes in intestinal and extra-intestinal compartments including the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Research Center ImmunoSciences (RCIS), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Alutis
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Möhle
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Struck
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Liesenfeld
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf B Göbel
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ildikò R Dunay
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus M Heimesaat
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Centrum 5, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Taraldsrud E, Fevang B, Aukrust P, Beiske KH, Fløisand Y, Frøland S, Rollag H, Olweus J. Common variable immunodeficiency revisited: normal generation of naturally occurring dendritic cells that respond to Toll-like receptors 7 and 9. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:439-48. [PMID: 24237110 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have reduced numbers and frequencies of dendritic cells (DCs) in blood, and there is also evidence for defective activation through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Collectively, these observations may point to a primary defect in the generation of functional DCs. Here, we measured frequencies of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and myeloid DCs (mDCs) in peripheral blood of 26 CVID patients and 16 healthy controls. The results show that the patients have reduced absolute counts of both subsets. However, the decreased numbers in peripheral blood were not reflected in reduced frequencies of CD34(+) pDC progenitors in the bone marrow. Moreover, studies at the single cell level showed that DCs from CVID patients and healthy controls produced similar amounts of interferon-α or interleukin-12 and expressed similar levels of activation markers in response to human cytomegalovirus and ligands for TLR-7 and TLR-9. The study represents the most thorough functional characterization to date, and the first to assess bone marrow progenitor output, of naturally occurring DCs in CVID. In conclusion, it seems unlikely that CVID is secondary to insufficient production of naturally occurring DCs or a defect in their signalling through TLR-7 or TLR-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Taraldsrud
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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28
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Chen N, Wei M, Sun Y, Li F, Pei H, Li X, Su S, He Y, Wang L, Shi J, Fan C, Huang Q. Self-assembly of poly-adenine-tailed CpG oligonucleotide-gold nanoparticle nanoconjugates with immunostimulatory activity. Small 2014; 10:368-375. [PMID: 23963797 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic unmethylated cytosine-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) possess high immunostimulatory activity and have been widely used as a therapeutic tool for various diseases including infection, allergies, and cancer. A variety of nanocarriers have been developed for intracellular delivery of CpG ODNs that are otherwise nonpermeable through the cellular membrane. For example, previous studies showed that gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) could efficiently deliver synthetic thiolated CpG ODNs into cultured cells and induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Nevertheless, the necessity of using thiolated CpG ODNs for the modification of AuNPs inevitably complicates the synthesis of the nanoconjugates and increases the cost. A new approach is demonstrated for facile assembly of AuNP-CpG nanoconjugates for cost-effective drug delivery. It is found that non-thiolated, diblock ODNs containing a CpG motif and a poly-adenine (polyA) tail can readily self-assemble on the surface of AuNPs with controllable and tunable density. Such nanoconjugates are efficiently delivered into RAW264.7 cells and induce immune response in a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-dependent manner. Under optimal conditions, polyA-CpG-AuNPs show significantly higher immunostimulatory activity than their thiolated counterpart. In addition, the immunostimulatory activity of CpG-AuNPs can be modulated by varying the length of the polyA tail. In vivo induction of immune responses in mice is demonstrated by using polyA-tailed CpG-AuNP nanoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Division of Physical Biology & Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Sychrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
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29
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Low PT, Lai MI, Ngai SC, Abdullah S. Transgene expression from CpG-reduced lentiviral gene delivery vectors in vitro. Gene 2013; 533:451-5. [PMID: 24120896 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Current viral gene delivery vectors for gene therapy are inefficient due to short-lived transgene expression attributed to the cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motifs in the transgene. Here we assessed the effects of CpG motif reduction in lentiviral (LV) gene delivery context on the level and duration of reporter gene expression in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, Human Immortalized Myelogenous Leukemia (K562) cells and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The cells were transduced with LV carrying Zero-CpG green fluorescent protein (ZGFP) reporter gene, LV/CMV/ZGFP. The GFP expression was compared to its non CpG-depleted GFP reporter gene LV (LV/CMV/GFP) counterpart. The LV/CMV/ZGFP exhibited prolonged transgene expression in CHO cells and HSCs up to 10 days and 14 days, in the respective cells. This effect was not seen in the transduced K562 cells, which may be due to the DNA hypomethylation status of the cancer cell line. Transgene copy number analysis verified that the GFP expression was not from pseudo-transduction and the transgene remained in the genome of the cells throughout the period of the study. The modest positive effects from the LV/CMV/ZGFP suggest that the reduction of CpG in the LV construct was not substantial to generate higher and more prolonged transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poh Tee Low
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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30
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Własiuk P, Tomczak W, Zając M, Dmoszyńska A, Giannopoulos K. Total expression of HLA-G and TLR-9 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1592-7. [PMID: 23994589 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.08.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Suppressed immune status facilitates immune escape mechanisms that allow chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to proliferate and expand. The expression of HLA-G could effectively inhibit the immune response. In immune response inhibitory signals follow activation of immune system which might be occur during bacterial or viral infection in CLL patients. In the current study we characterized two components of immune system, inhibitory molecule HLA-G with its receptor - CD85j and Toll-like receptor 9. The material was obtained from 41 CLL patients and 41 HV with similar median age. In CLL patients expression of intracellular and surface HLA-G and soluble HLA-G levels were significantly higher than in HV. We found higher expression of CD85j compared to HV and the positive correlation between expression of HLA-G and CD85j. All the CLL cells expressed TLR-9, and the level of expression positively correlated with expression of HLA-G and CD85j. Patients with higher expression of intracellular expression of TLR-9 have significantly longer treatment-free survival than patients with low expression of TLR-9 (57 months vs. 8 months, respectively). Summarizing in CLL we characterized activatory and inhibitory components of immune system that might be connected functionally. Analysis of TLR-9 expression might have additional prognostic value for CLL patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Female
- HLA-G Antigens/blood
- HLA-G Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-like Receptor B1
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Własiuk
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, 20950 Lublin, Poland
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31
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Hata TR, Afshar M, Miller J, Two AM, Kotol P, Jackson M, Alexandrescu DT, Kabigting F, Gerber M, Lai Y, Gallo RL. Etanercept decreases the innate immune wounding response in psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:599-601. [PMID: 23802569 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin is increased when normal skin is injured and in psoriasis lesions where it has been suggested to play a pivotal role in inflammation through interactions with self-DNA and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) in keratinocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Because of etanercept's success in treating psoriasis, we hypothesized that etanercept may suppress TLR-9 and cathelicidin induction. Examination of experimentally induced wounds of psoriatic lesional and non-lesional skin, and comparison with wounded normal skin, shows that the induction of cathelicidin and TLR-9 is greatly enhanced in lesional psoriatic skin. Six weeks of etanercept appears not to affect the baseline expression of cathelicidin or TLR-9, but does blunt the induction of cathelicidin in psoriasis with wounding. These findings support the role of cathelicidin in the enhancement of local inflammation in psoriasis and may partially explain one of the mechanisms enabling TNF-α inhibitors to successfully treat this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tissa R Hata
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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